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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Naval technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_changes_in_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_changes_in_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Possible changes in design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_changes_in_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Birlinn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADrlinn" title="Bírlinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bírlinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACrlinn" title="Bìrlinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bìrlinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Birlinn" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Middle ages Scottish ship</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Scottish publisher, see <a href="/wiki/Birlinn_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Birlinn Limited">Birlinn Limited</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel,_Oronsay,_1772_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png/340px-A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png/510px-A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/A_tomb_in_MacDufie%27s_Chapel%2C_Oronsay%2C_1772_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A carving of a birlinn from a sixteenth-century tombstone in MacDufie's Chapel, Oronsay, as engraved in 1772.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>birlinn</b> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i lang="gd">bìrlinn</i>) or <b>West Highland galley</b> was a wooden vessel propelled by sail and oar, used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="West Highlands">West Highlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> on. Variants of the name in English and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Lowland Scots</a> include "berlin" and "birling". The Gaelic term may derive from the Norse <i>byrðingr</i> (ship of boards), a type of cargo vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERixson199830_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERixson199830-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that a local design lineage might also be traceable to vessels similar to the <a href="/wiki/Broighter_Gold" title="Broighter Gold">Broighter-type boat</a> (first century BC), equipped with oars and a square sail, without the need to assume a specific Viking design influence.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain, however, whether the Broighter model represents a wooden vessel or a skin-covered boat of the <a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">currach</a> type.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of scholars emphasise the Viking influence on the birlinn.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The birlinn was <a href="/wiki/Clinker-built" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinker-built">clinker-built</a> and could be sailed or rowed. It had a single mast with a square sail. Smaller vessels of this type might have had as few as twelve oars, with the larger West Highland galley having as many as forty. For over four hundred years, down to the seventeenth century, the birlinn was the dominant vessel in the Hebrides. </p><p>In 1310, King <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Randolph,_1st_Earl_of_Moray" title="Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray">Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray</a> a reddendo or charter making him Lord of the Isle of Man in exchange for six birlinns of 26 oars.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1615 report to the Scottish Privy Council made a distinction between galleys, having between 18 and 20 oars, and birlinns, with between 12 and 18 oars. There was no suggestion of structural differences. The report stated that there were three men per oar.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The birlinn appears in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_heraldry" title="Scottish heraldry">Scottish heraldry</a> as the "<a href="/wiki/Lymphad" title="Lymphad">lymphad</a>", from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <i>long fhada</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of design and function, there was considerable similarity between the local birlinn and the ships used by Norse incomers to the Isles. In an island environment ships were essential for the warfare which was endemic in the area, and local lords used the birlinn extensively from at least the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strongest of the regional naval powers were the <a href="/wiki/MacDonalds_of_Islay" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonalds of Islay">MacDonalds of Islay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of the Isles">Lords of the Isles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> maintained the largest fleet in the Hebrides. It is likely that vessels of the birlinn type of galley were used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">1156 sea battle</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Somerled" title="Somerled">Somerled, Lord of Argyll</a>, the ancestor of the lords, firmly established himself in the Hebrides by confronting his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Godred_Olafsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Godred Olafsson">Godred Olafsson, King of the Isles</a>. </p><p>In 1433, Alexander of Islay, Lord of the Isles brought his fleet of war galleys to Ulster to aid his cousin Donald Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, and the O'Neills of Tirowen (Tyrone) in defeating the O'Donnells, who were allied with King James of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1608 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stuart,_1st_Baron_Castle_Stuart" title="Andrew Stuart, 1st Baron Castle Stuart">Andrew Stewart, Lord Ochiltree</a> was sent by <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a> to quell feuds in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>. His orders included the destruction of shipping, named in his commissions as <a href="/wiki/Lymphad" title="Lymphad">lymphads</a>, galleys, and birlinns belonging to rebellious subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the surviving evidence has mostly to do with the birlinn in a naval context, there is independent evidence of mercantile activity for which such shipping would have been essential. There is some evidence for mercantile centres in <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigha" title="Gigha">Gigha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knapdale" title="Knapdale">Knapdale</a>, and in the fourteenth century there was constant trade between the Isles, Ireland and England under the patronage of local lords. It is possible that the resources of the Highlands and Islands were not sufficient to support both naval and trading types of ship, leaving the galley with both roles. The derivation of the word birlinn from the name of a Nordic cargo vessel is suggestive of that situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERixson199830-32_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERixson199830-32-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise the chief uses of the birlinn would have been troop-carrying, fishing and cattle transport.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_maintenance">Construction and maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some ways the birlinn paralleled the more robust ocean-going craft of Norse design. Viking ships were double-ended, with a <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> scarfed to stems fore and aft. A shell of thin planking (<a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">strake</a>) was constructed on the basis of the keel, the planks being edge-joined and clenched with iron nails. Symmetrical ribs or frames were then lashed to the strakes or secured with <a href="/wiki/Trenail" class="mw-redirect" title="Trenail">trenails</a>. Over most of the ribs was laid a slender crossbeam and a <a href="/wiki/Thwart" title="Thwart">thwart</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a> was stepped amidships or nearly so, and oars, including a steering oar, were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stem and stern post sometimes had carefully carved notches for plank ends, with knees securing the thwarts to the strakes and beams joining the heads of the frames.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner_Hebrides.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inner_Hebrides.png/220px-Inner_Hebrides.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inner_Hebrides.png/330px-Inner_Hebrides.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inner_Hebrides.png/440px-Inner_Hebrides.png 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="3411" /></a><figcaption>Western Scotland, with the Inner Hebrides shown in dark blue. It was there and on the mainland that timber was most readily obtainable.</figcaption></figure><p> The hull bore a general resemblance to the Norse pattern, but stem and stern may have been more steeply pitched (though allowance must be paid for distortion in representation). Surviving images show a rudder. Nineteenth-century boat-building practices in the Highlands are likely to have applied also to the birlinn: examples are the use of dried moss, steeped in <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a>, and the use of stocks in construction.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> was the wood favoured both in Western Scotland and in Scandinavia, being tough and resistant to decay. Other types of timber were less often used. It is likely that the Outer Isles of Western Scotland had always been short of timber, but <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, oak and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> abounded in the Inner Isles and on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abundance of timber at <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a> was proverbial: "<i>B'e sin fiodh a chur do Loch Abar</i>" ("Bringing wood to Lochaber") was said of any superfluous undertaking. </p><p>The tools used are likely to have included <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auger_(drill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auger (drill)">augers</a> and spoon bits, <a href="/wiki/Awl_(disambiguation)#Tools" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Awl (disambiguation)">awls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">planes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">draw knives</a> and moulding irons, together with other tools typical of the Northern European carpenter's kit.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in traditional shipbuilding, generally, measurements were largely by eye.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional practice of sheltering boats in bank-cuttings ("nausts") – small artificial <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a> – was probably also employed with the birlinn. There is evidence in fortified sites of constructed harbours, boat-landings and sea-gates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of Norse shipbuilding techniques, though plausible, is conjectural, since to date no substantial remnants of a birlinn have been found. Traditional boat-building techniques and terms, however, may furnish a guide as to the vessel's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rigging_and_sails">Rigging and sails</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rigging and sails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carved images of the birlinn from the sixteenth century and earlier show the typical rigging: braces, <a href="/wiki/Forestay" title="Forestay">forestay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backstay" title="Backstay">backstay</a>, shrouds (fore and aft), <a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyard</a> and a parrel (a movable loop used to secure a yard or gaff to a mast). There is a rudder with <a href="/wiki/Pintle" title="Pintle">pintles</a> on the leading edge, inserted into <a href="/wiki/Gudgeon" title="Gudgeon">gudgeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that use was made of a wooden bowline or reaching spar (called a <i><a href="/wiki/Beitass" title="Beitass">beitass</a></i> by the Norse). This was used to push the <a href="/wiki/Luff_(sail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luff (sail)">luff</a> of the sail out into the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Highland practice was to make sails of tough, thick-threaded <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, with ropes being made of moss-fir or heather.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval sails, in the Highlands as elsewhere, are shown as being sewn out of many small squares, and there is possible evidence of reef points.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aileach:_a_reconstruction"><i>Aileach</i>: a reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aileach: a reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileach_birlinn_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aileach_birlinn_reconstruction.jpg/310px-Aileach_birlinn_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aileach_birlinn_reconstruction.jpg/465px-Aileach_birlinn_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Aileach_birlinn_reconstruction.jpg/620px-Aileach_birlinn_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <i>Aileach</i>, a reconstruction of a Highland galley,<br />in <a href="/wiki/Loch_Etive" title="Loch Etive">Loch Etive</a> <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A reproduction of a 16-oar Highland galley, the <i>Aileach</i>, was built in 1991 at <a href="/wiki/Moville" title="Moville">Moville</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>. It was based on representations of such vessels in West Highland sculpture. Despite the good seagoing performance of the vessel, its design has been described as misleading because of an over-reliance in the plan on cramped sculptural images. The vessel was designed with a high, almost vertical, stern and stem. It proved difficult to fit in more than one rower per oar and the thwarts were too close together. Less constricted images from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries show vessels which are longer and larger.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_galley" title="Irish galley">Irish galley</a></div> <p>The Irish <i>long fhada</i> seems, from contemporary sources, to have resembled its West Highland equivalent, though there is as yet no archaeological confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters" title="Annals of the Four Masters">Annals of the Four Masters</a></i> record the use of fleets in an Irish context, often with a Scottish connection. In 1413 Tuathal Ó Máille, returning from Ulster to Connacht with seven ships, encountered a severe storm (<i>anfadh na mara</i>) which drove them northwards to Scotland: only one of the ships survived.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1433 Alexander Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, arrived in Ulster with a large fleet (<i>co c-cobhlach mór</i>) to assist the O'Neills and his cousin, Donald Macdonald, Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens, in a war with the O'Donnells.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Ireland oared vessels were employed extensively for warfare and piracy by the O'Malleys and the O'Flathertys, western lords whose base was in <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>. English officials found it necessary to counter them with similar vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous of these local rulers was <a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a>, of whom <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Bingham">Sir Richard Bingham</a> reported in 1591 that she had twenty vessels at her command.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She, like her father, was engaged in extensive seaborne trade.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was constant maritime traffic between Ireland and Scotland, and Highland mercenaries were commonly transported by birlinn to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-Rixsonpp_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rixsonpp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_technology">Naval technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naval technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The birlinn, when rowed, was distinguished by its speed, and could often evade pursuers as a result. No cannon were mounted even in the later period: the birlinn was too lightly built and its freeboard was too low.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was highly suitable for raiding, however, and with experienced marksmen on board, could mount a formidable defence against small craft. Vessels of this type were at their most vulnerable when beached or when cornered by a heavier vessel carrying cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_changes_in_design">Possible changes in design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible changes in design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_of_John_Moydartach_(1572).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seal_of_of_John_Moydartach_%281572%29.jpg/220px-Seal_of_of_John_Moydartach_%281572%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seal_of_of_John_Moydartach_%281572%29.jpg/330px-Seal_of_of_John_Moydartach_%281572%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seal_of_of_John_Moydartach_%281572%29.jpg/440px-Seal_of_of_John_Moydartach_%281572%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> of John Moidartach (from 1572). It shows a birlinn with raised decks.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is some evidence that by the end of the sixteenth century new influences were affecting birlinn design. A carving made at Arasaig in 1641 shows a vessel with a lowered stem and stern. An English map of north-east Ireland made no later than 1603 shows "fleetes of the <a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a> [Highlanders] of Cantyre" with vessels one-masted as before but with a square sail mounted on a sloping yard arm and a small cabin at the stern projecting backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Clanranald seals attached to documents dated 1572 show a birlinn with raised decks at stem and stern, a motif repeated in later heraldic devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Rixsonpp_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rixsonpp-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If such changes occurred, they would reflect influences from the south-east and ultimately from the Mediterranean. The supporting evidence has been criticised for being slight and unconvincing,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is pictorial evidence for similar developments in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_galley" title="Irish galley">Irish galley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_galley" title="Irish galley">Irish galley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERixson199830-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERixson199830_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRixson1998">Rixson 1998</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie Alcock, <i>Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850</i> (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series, 2003), p. 130,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Broighter boat, circa 100 BC,' 5 May 2011, <i>Irish Times</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2011/0528/1224297912869.html">http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2011/0528/1224297912869.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Caldwell, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1988" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, Geoffrey W.S. (1988). <i>Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland</i>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Bruce+and+the+Community+of+the+Realm+of+Scotland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirlinn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egan, S. (2018) <i>The Early Stewart Kings, the Lordship of the Isles, and Ireland</i>, c.1371-c.1433. Northern Studies, 49, pp. 61-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>HMC 6th Report: Duke of Argyll</i> (London, 1877), p. 623 "lumfaddis" and "birlinges".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERixson199830-32-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERixson199830-32_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRixson1998">Rixson 1998</a>, p. 30-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhill, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhill, p. 219-220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, pp. 158, 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, pp. 104–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhill, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhill, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson pp. 167–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "bìrlinn" in the on-line edition of Edward Dwelly's <i>Illustrated Gaelic-English Dictionary</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dwelly.org/">http://www.dwelly.org/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531072241/http://dwelly.org/">Archived</a> 31 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dwelly-d Dwelly air loighne. This gives a comprehensive list of traditional Gaelic words and terms to do with boats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhill, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, pp. 158–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, pp. 128–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ardchattan.wikidot.com/boats">Boats: Aileach birlinn reconstruction</a>, Ardchattan Parish Archive.Accessed 26 December 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, pp. 148–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Irish equivalent of the name <i>bìrlinn</i> is <i>birling</i>, but this refers only to a commander's vessel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005D/index.html">"M1413.3"</a>. Ucc.ie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M1413.3&rft.pub=Ucc.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FG100005D%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirlinn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100005D/index.html">"M1433.1"</a>. Ucc.ie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M1433.1&rft.pub=Ucc.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fpublished%2FG100005D%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirlinn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1593 Petition of Gráinne Ní Mháille to Queen Elizabeth, State Papers Relating to Ireland (on microfilm, originals in the Public Record Office, London) SP 63/171/18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rixsonpp-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rixsonpp_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rixsonpp_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, pp. 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rixson, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Dartmouth Collection of the British National Maritime Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caldwell, p. 146</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caldwell, David H. (2007), 'Having the right kit: West Highlanders fighting in Ireland' in <i>The World of the Gallowglass: kings, warlords and warriors in Ireland and Scotland, 1200–1600</i>. Duffy, Seán (ed.). Dublin: Four Courts Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-946-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-946-0">978-1-85182-946-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill1976" class="citation cs2">Greenhill, Basil, ed. (1976), <i>Archaeology of the Boat: A new introductory study</i> (first ed.), London: Adam and Charles Black, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-1645-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7136-1645-8"><bdi>0-7136-1645-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Boat%3A+A+new+introductory+study&rft.place=London&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7136-1645-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirlinn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRixson1998" class="citation cs2">Rixson, Denis (1998), <i>The West Highland Galley</i> (first ed.), Edinburgh: Birlinn, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874744-86-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-874744-86-6"><bdi>1-874744-86-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Highland+Galley&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-874744-86-6&rft.aulast=Rixson&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirlinn" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watson, J. Carmichael (ed.) (1934). <i>Gaelic Songs of Mary MacLeod</i>. Blackie & Son Limited <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/gaelicsongsofmar00macl/gaelicsongsofmar00macl_djvu.txt">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Macauley, John (1996), <i>Birlinn – Longships of the Hebrides</i>. The White Horse Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781874267300" title="Special:BookSources/9781874267300">9781874267300</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galgael.org">GalGael</a> – using the Birlinn to rebuild community in Scotland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060510010157/http://www.mallaigheritage.org.uk/exhibit/galleys.htm">Highland Galleys</a>, from Mallaig Heritage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/flambard/5896069337/">Image of fifteenth-century engraved Birlinn, in Rodel Chapel, Harris</a>, on Flickr</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> vessels and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja rig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistico_(boat)" title="Mistico (boat)">Mistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamaran">Pentamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrimaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrimaran">Quadrimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungalawa">Ungalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a-tele" title="Va'a-tele">Va'a-tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and merchant<br /><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a><br />and other vessels <br />(by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita" title="Boita">Boita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriremes">Quadriremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtepe" title="Mtepe">Mtepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinger" title="Balinger">Balinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">Bomb vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">Kondura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitik" title="Shitik">Shitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">Zabra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(boat)" title="Hoy (boat)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabaccolo" title="Trabaccolo">Trabaccolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crommesteven" title="Crommesteven">Crommesteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">Flyboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">Full-rigged pinnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchua" title="Manchua">Manchua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">Patache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speronara" title="Speronara">Speronara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square-rigged_caravel" title="Square-rigged caravel">Square-rigged caravel (<i>round</i> or <i>de armada</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeas" title="Galeas">Galeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koff_(ship_type)" title="Koff (ship type)">Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper" title="Baltimore Clipper">Baltimore Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallivat" title="Gallivat">Gallivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(ship)" title="Grab (ship)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundalow" title="Gundalow">Gundalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadour" title="Trincadour">Trincadour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall_frigate" title="Blackwall frigate">Blackwall frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Easter_(ship)" title="Down Easter (ship)">Down Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship" title="Iron-hulled sailing ship">Iron-hulled sailing ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Warship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_barge" title="Tamar barge">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Ketch" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Ketch">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_whaler" title="Montagu whaler">Montagu whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca-longa" title="Barca-longa">Barca-longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masula_boat" title="Masula boat">Masula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth_Niseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgoth Niseach">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">Tartane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_sailboat" title="Ljungström sailboat">Ljungström sailboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_yacht" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsboat" title="Sportsboat">Sportsboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_sailer" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram" title="James Wharram">Wharrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">Inflatable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee" title="Razee">Razee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenailed_boat" title="Treenailed boat">Treenailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_light_displacement_boat" title="Ultra light displacement boat">ULDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_pilot_cutter" title="Bristol Channel pilot cutter">Bristol Channel pilot cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">Fusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_punt" title="Norfolk punt">Norfolk punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausik">Pausik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">Pinnace (ship's boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">Scow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scandinavian_Scotland236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Template:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Template talk:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavian Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scandinavian_Scotland236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scandinavian Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles">List of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earls of Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovan_dynasty" title="Crovan dynasty">Crovan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Argyll" title="Lord of Argyll">Lords of Argyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormaer_of_Caithness" title="Mormaer of Caithness">Mormaers of Caithness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth%C3%B3c,_Prioress_of_Iona" title="Bethóc, Prioress of Iona">Bethóc, Prioress of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bja%C3%B0%C7%ABk" title="Bjaðǫk">Bjaðǫk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacht_ingen_Ragnaill" title="Cacht ingen Ragnaill">Cacht ingen Ragnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormflaith_ingen_Murchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gormflaith ingen Murchada">Gormflaith ingen Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnhild,_Mother_of_Kings" title="Gunnhild, Mother of Kings">Gunnhild Gormsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Moddansd%C3%B3ttir" title="Helga Moddansdóttir">Helga Moddansdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Norway" title="Ingeborg of Norway">Ingeborg of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bruce" title="Isabel Bruce">Isabel Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_Muire_ingen_Amla%C3%ADb" title="Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb">Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Queen_of_Norway" title="Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway">Margaret, Queen of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhildis_Olafsdottir" title="Ragnhildis Olafsdottir">Ragnhildis Olafsdottir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caittil_Find" title="Caittil Find">Caittil Find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingimundr_(eleventh_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingimundr (eleventh century)">Ingimundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj%C3%B3t%C3%B3lfr" title="Ljótólfr">Ljótólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olvir_Rosta" title="Olvir Rosta">Olvir Rosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_B%C3%A1lkason" title="Páll Bálkason">Páll Bálkason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorbjorn_Thorsteinsson" title="Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson">Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Gall-Ghàidheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochlann" title="Lochlann">Lochlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Outer Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War" title="Scottish–Norwegian War">Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornish" title="Bornish">Bornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsay" title="Birsay">Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_Palace,_Kirkwall" title="Bishop's Palace, Kirkwall">Bishop's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brough_of_Birsay" title="Brough of Birsay">Brough of Birsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camas_Uig" title="Camas Uig">Camas Uig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubbie_Roo%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubbie Roo's Castle">Cubbie Roo's Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl%27s_Bu" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl's Bu">Earl's Bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarlshof" title="Jarlshof">Jarlshof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwall_Castle" title="Kirkwall Castle">Kirkwall Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linton_Chapel" title="Linton Chapel">Linton Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Scatness" title="Old Scatness">Old Scatness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_an_Eilean_Mh%C3%B2ir_boat_burial" title="Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial">Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubha_an_D%C3%B9nain" title="Rubha an Dùnain">Rubha an Dùnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_boat_burial" title="Scar boat burial">Scar boat burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Church,_Egilsay" title="St Magnus Church, Egilsay">St Magnus Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birlinn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Mann" title="Chronicles of Mann">Chronicles of Mann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galloway_Hoard" title="Galloway Hoard">Galloway Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)" title="Hogback (sculpture)">Hogbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones" title="Manx runestones">Manx runestones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkneyinga_saga" title="Orkneyinga saga">Orkneyinga saga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounceland" title="Ounceland">Ounceland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sen_dollotar_Ulaid_..." class="mw-redirect" title="Sen dollotar Ulaid ...">Sen dollotar Ulaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Magnus_Cathedral" title="St Magnus Cathedral">St Magnus Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Althings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delting" title="Delting">Delting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingwall" title="Dingwall">Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Ting_Holm" title="Law Ting Holm">Law Ting Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunnasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunnasting">Lunnasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting,_Shetland" title="Nesting, Shetland">Nesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandsting" title="Sandsting">Sandsting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingwall,_Shetland" title="Tingwall, Shetland">Tingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etymology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_island_names" title="Scottish island names">Scottish island names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles#Island_names" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides#Etymology" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Battle of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestraj%C7%ABr%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestrajǫrðr">Vestrajǫrðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot#First_Irish_Sea_campaign" title="Magnus Barefoot">Treaty of 1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Associated clans and septs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Gunn" title="Clan Gunn">Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Somhairle" title="Clann Somhairle">Somhairle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaulay_family_of_Lewis" title="Macaulay family of Lewis">Macaulay of Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotter_family" title="Cotter family">Mac Coitir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDougall" title="Clan MacDougall">MacDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">MacLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Macruari" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Macruari">Macruari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&oldid=1279018463">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birlinn&oldid=1279018463</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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