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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Defunct federal court</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">United States Court of Federal Claims</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Court of Claims</b> was a federal court that heard claims against the United States government. It was established in 1855, renamed in 1948 to the <b>United States Court of Claims</b> (67 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-67-226">226</a>), and abolished in 1982. Then, its jurisdiction was assumed by the newly created <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">United States Claims Court</a> (96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a>), which was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Federal_Claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Federal Claims">Court of Federal Claims</a>. </p><p>Before the Court of Claims was established, monetary claims against the federal government were normally submitted through petitions to Congress. By the time of the Court's creation, the workload had become unwieldy so Congress gave the Court jurisdiction to hear all monetary claims based upon a law, a regulation, or a federal <a href="/wiki/Government_contracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Government contracts">government contract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court was required to report its findings to Congress and to prepare bills for payments to claimants whose petitions were approved by the Court. Since only Congress was constitutionally empowered to make appropriations, Congress still had to approve the bills and reports, but it usually did so <a href="/wiki/Pro_forma" title="Pro forma">pro forma</a>. </p><p>The Court originally had three judges, who were given lifetime appointments. The judges were authorized to appoint commissioners to take depositions and issue subpoenas. The federal government was represented in the Court by a solicitor appointed by the President. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_Court">Establishment of Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment of Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the establishment of the Court, members of Congress believed that it would be a violation of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> to empower an institution to provide monetary awards from the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, over time, the workload related to the assessment of monetary claims became heavier, leading members of Congress to change its interpretation of the Constitution and seek to establish an institution to alleviate the workload.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court of Claims was established in 1855 to adjudicate certain claims brought against the United States government by veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Initially, the court met at the <a href="/wiki/Willard_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Hotel">Willard Hotel</a>, from May to June 1855, when it moved to the US Capitol.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, the court met in the Supreme Court's chamber in the basement of the Capitol until it was given its space to use.<sup id="cite_ref-USC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1861, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in his <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">Annual Message to Congress</a> asked that the court be given the power to issue final judgments. Congress granted the power with the Act of March 3, 1863,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it explicitly allowed the judgments to be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>. However, it also modified the law governing the Court so that its reports and bills were sent to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a> rather than directly to Congress. The moneys to cover these costs were then made a part of the appropriation for the Treasury Department. </p><p>The conflict inherent between the two provisions was made manifest when in 1864, the decision in <i>Gordon v. United States</i> was appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court denied that it had jurisdiction because the decisions of the Court of Claims, hence any appeals, were subject to review by an executive department.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a year later, Congress passed a law removing review of the Court of Claims from the Treasury Department.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tucker_Act">Tucker Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tucker Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Act" title="Tucker Act">Tucker Act</a> (24 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-24-505">505</a>), which further restricted the claims that could be submitted directly to Congress and required the claims instead to be submitted to the Court of Claims. It broadened the court's jurisdiction so that "claims founded upon the Constitution" could be heard. In particular, this meant that monetary claims based on takings under the <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Eminent domain in the United States">eminent domain</a> clause of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> could be brought before the Court of Claims. The Tucker Act also opened the Court to tax refund suits. </p><p>Depredations against American shipping committed by the French during the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> of 1793 to 1800 led to claims against France that were relinquished by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1800_(Treaty_of_Mortefontaine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of 1800 (Treaty of Mortefontaine)">Treaty of 1800</a>. Since the claims against France were no longer valid, claimants continually petitioned Congress for the relief that had been waived by the treaty. Only on January 20, 1885, a law was passed, 23 Stat. 283, to provide for consideration of the matter before the Court of Claims. The lead case, <i>Gray v. United States</i>, 21 Ct. Cl. 340, written by Judge John Davis, includes a complete discussion of the historical and political circumstances that led to the hostilities between the United States and France and their resolution by treaty. The cases, termed "French Spoliation Claims", continued in the court until 1915. </p><p>In 1925, Congress changed the structure of the Court of Claims by authorizing the Court to appoint seven commissioners who were empowered to hear evidence in judicial proceedings and report on findings of fact. The judges of the Court of Claims would then serve as a board of review for the commissioners. </p><p>In 1932, Congress reduced the salary of the judges of the Court of Claims as part of the Legislative Appropriation Act of 1932. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutler_Williams" title="Thomas Sutler Williams">Thomas Sutler Williams</a> was one of the judges of the Court, and he sued the federal government by claiming that his salary could not be cut because the Constitution had specified that judicial salaries could not be reduced. The Supreme Court ruled on <i>Williams v. United States</i> in 1933, deciding that the Court of Claims was an <a href="/wiki/Article_I_and_Article_III_tribunals" class="mw-redirect" title="Article I and Article III tribunals">Article I or legislative court</a> and so Congress had the authority to reduce the salaries of the judges of the Court of Claims.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1948, Congress directed that when directed by the court, the commissioner could make recommendations for conclusions of law (62 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-62-976">976</a>). Chief Judge <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson_Cowen" title="Arnold Wilson Cowen">Wilson Cowen</a> made that mandatory under the court rules in 1964. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elevation_to_Article_III_status">Elevation to Article III status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elevation to Article III status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 28, 1953, Congress passed a law to convert the Court of Claims into an <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a> court and to raise the number of commissioners to 15.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of the Congressional statement of the Court's status, when Judge <a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Madden" title="J. Warren Madden">J. Warren Madden</a> was sitting <a href="/wiki/By_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="By designation">by designation</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a>, one of the parties asked for the decision to be thrown out on the basis that Madden was not a valid judge in that court. On appeal, the Supreme Court, in <i>Glidden Co. v. Zdanok</i>, held that the Court of Claims was a proper Article III court, and its judges could sit by designation and assignment on other courts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically, the judges could no longer sit on Congressional reference cases because of this change since an independent court could not act in an advisory role to Congress. The solution, enacted by Congress in 1966, was to have the trial judges hear the cases, upon assignment by the chief judge of the trial division.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two more judges were added to the court in 1966, bringing the total to seven.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress terminated the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Claims Commission (United States)">Indian Claims Commission</a> in 1978 and required that any pending cases to be transferred to the Court of Claims. Of the 170 cases so transferred, many were complicated longstanding accounting claims that had been before the Commission for years. One of the most famous of these cases was <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></i>, which ultimately reached the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from its large judgment awarded to the Sioux, the case also featured interesting questions about judicial power and the ability of Congress to waive the Federal government's legal defense of <a href="/wiki/Res_judicata" title="Res judicata">res judicata</a> to allow a claim to be judicially determined.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition">Abolition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abolition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, Congress abolished the court, transferring its trial level jurisdiction to the new United States Claims Court, now known as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Federal_Claims" title="United States Court of Federal Claims">United States Court of Federal Claims</a>, and its appellate jurisdiction to the equally-new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit</a>. By then, the Court had expanded to have seven judges; they were transferred to the Federal Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_judges">Former judges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Former judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="clear: both"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th># </th> <th>Judge </th> <th>State </th> <th>Born–died </th> <th>Active service </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chief_judge_(United_States)" title="Chief judge (United States)">Chief Judge</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">Senior status</a> </th> <th>Appointed by </th> <th>Reason for<br />termination </th></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Blackford" title="Isaac Blackford">Isaac Blackford</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1786–1859 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1855–1859 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1858–1859 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilchrist_(judge)" title="John Gilchrist (judge)">John Gilchrist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1809–1858 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1855–1858 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1855–1858 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/George_Parker_Scarburgh" title="George Parker Scarburgh">George Parker Scarburgh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1807–1879 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1855–1861<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Loring" title="Edward G. Loring">Edward G. Loring</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1802–1890 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1858–1877 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1859–1863 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Buchanan" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/James_Hughes_(representative)" title="James Hughes (representative)">James Hughes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1823–1873 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1860–1864 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Buchanan" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Casey_(congressman)" title="Joseph Casey (congressman)">Joseph Casey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1814–1879 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1861–1870<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1863–1870 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">David Wilmot</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1814–1868 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1863–1868 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Peck" title="Ebenezer Peck">Ebenezer Peck</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1805–1881 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1863–1878 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Nott" title="Charles C. Nott">Charles C. Nott</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1827–1916 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1865–1905 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1896–1905 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland" title="List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Milligan" title="Samuel Milligan">Samuel Milligan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1814–1874 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1868–1974 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Drake" title="Charles D. Drake">Charles D. Drake</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1811–1892 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1870–1885 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1870–1885 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="List of federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">William Adams Richardson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1821–1896 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1874–1896 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1885–1896 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="List of federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur" title="List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Davis" title="Bancroft Davis">Bancroft Davis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1822–1907 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1877–1881<br />1882–1883 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur" title="List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation<br />resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1823–1884 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1878–1881 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Glenni_William_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenni William Scofield">Glenni William Scofield</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1817–1891 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1881–1891 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_A._Garfield" title="List of federal judges appointed by James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weldon" title="Lawrence Weldon">Lawrence Weldon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1829–1905 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1883–1905<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur" title="List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(United_States_Court_of_Claims_judge)" title="John Davis (United States Court of Claims judge)">John Davis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">DC</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1851–1902 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1885–1902 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Chester_A._Arthur" title="List of federal judges appointed by Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stanton_J._Peelle" title="Stanton J. Peelle">Stanton J. Peelle</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1843–1928 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1892–1913 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–1913 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Benjamin_Harrison" title="List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>19 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bowen_Howry" title="Charles Bowen Howry">Charles Bowen Howry</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1844–1928 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1896–1915<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Grover_Cleveland" title="List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>20 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion_Wright" title="Francis Marion Wright">Francis Marion Wright</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1844–1917 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1903–1905 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">appointment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois">E.D. Ill.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>21 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fenton_Whitlock_Booth" title="Fenton Whitlock Booth">Fenton Whitlock Booth</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1869–1947 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–1939 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1928–1939 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1939–1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>22 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Atkinson" title="George W. Atkinson">George W. Atkinson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1845–1925 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–1916<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>23 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Barney" title="Samuel S. Barney">Samuel S. Barney</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1846–1919 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–1919 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">retirement </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>24 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kernan_Campbell" title="Edward Kernan Campbell">Edward Kernan Campbell</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1858–1938 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913–1928 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913–1928 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1928–1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>25 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/George_Eddy_Downey" title="George Eddy Downey">George Eddy Downey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1860–1926 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1915–1926<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>26 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/James_Hay_(politician)" title="James Hay (politician)">James Hay</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1856–1931 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1916–1927 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1927–1931 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>27 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jordan_Graham" title="Samuel Jordan Graham">Samuel Jordan Graham</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1859–1951 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1919–1930 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1930–1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Woodrow_Wilson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>28 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J._McKenzie_Moss" title="J. McKenzie Moss">J. McKenzie Moss</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1868–1929 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1926–1929 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>29 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Green" title="William R. Green">William R. Green</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1856–1947 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1928–1940 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1940–1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>30 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Sinnott" title="Nicholas J. Sinnott">Nicholas J. Sinnott</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1870–1929 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1928–1929 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Calvin_Coolidge" title="List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>31 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutler_Williams" title="Thomas Sutler Williams">Thomas Sutler Williams</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1872–1940 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1929–1940 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>32 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Horsley_Littleton" title="Benjamin Horsley Littleton">Benjamin Horsley Littleton</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1889–1966 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1929–1958 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1958–1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>33 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Whaley" title="Richard S. Whaley">Richard S. Whaley</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1874–1951 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1930–1947 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1939–1947 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1947–1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>34 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Estill_Whitaker" title="Samuel Estill Whitaker">Samuel Estill Whitaker</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1886–1967 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1939–1964 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1964–1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>35 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/John_Marvin_Jones" title="John Marvin Jones">John Marvin Jones</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1882–1976 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1940–1964 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1947–1964 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1964–1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman" title="List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (as chief justice) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>36 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Madden" title="J. Warren Madden">J. Warren Madden</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1890–1972 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1941–1961 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1961–1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman" title="List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>37 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/George_Evan_Howell" title="George Evan Howell">George Evan Howell</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–1980 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1947–1953 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman" title="List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">resignation </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>38 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Don_Nelson_Laramore" title="Don Nelson Laramore">Don Nelson Laramore</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1906–1989 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1954–1972 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1972–1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>39 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/James_Randall_Durfee" title="James Randall Durfee">James Randall Durfee</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1897–1977 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1960–1972 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1972–1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>40 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hirsh_Davis" title="Oscar Hirsh Davis">Oscar Hirsh Davis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1914–1988 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1962–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>41 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson_Cowen" title="Arnold Wilson Cowen">Arnold Wilson Cowen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–1907 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1964–1977 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1964–1977 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1977–1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> (as chief judge) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>43 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Linton_McGee_Collins" title="Linton McGee Collins">Linton McGee Collins</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">DC</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1902–1972 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1964–1972 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>42 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nichols_Jr." title="Philip Nichols Jr.">Philip Nichols Jr.</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1907–1990 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1966–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>44 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Byron_George_Skelton" title="Byron George Skelton">Byron George Skelton</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–2004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1966–1977 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1977–1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>45 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shiro_Kashiwa" title="Shiro Kashiwa">Shiro Kashiwa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1912–1998 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1972–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>46 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe_Kunzig" title="Robert Lowe Kunzig">Robert Lowe Kunzig</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1918–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1972–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">death </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>47 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Marion_T._Bennett" title="Marion T. Bennett">Marion T. Bennett</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1914–2000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1972–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>48 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mortimer_Friedman" title="Daniel Mortimer Friedman">Daniel Mortimer Friedman</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">DC</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1916–2011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (as chief judge) </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:{{{rowcolor}}};"> <td>49 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Samuel_Smith" title="Edward Samuel Smith">Edward Samuel Smith</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1919–2001 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978–1982 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">reassignment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Federal_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit">Fed. Cir.</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a>; formally nominated on January 22, 1856, confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on February 11, 1856, and received commission the same day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recess appointment; formally nominated on July 9, 1861, confirmed by the Senate on July 22, 1861, and received commission the same day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 12, 1883, confirmed by the Senate on December 18, 1883, and received commission the same day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 8, 1896, confirmed by the Senate on January 28, 1897, and received commission the same day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recess appointment; formally nominated on December 5, 1905, confirmed by the Senate on January 16, 1906, and received commission the same day</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recess appointment; formally nominated on January 7, 1916, confirmed by the Senate on January 17, 1916, and received commission the same day</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession_of_seats">Succession of seats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Succession of seats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#999999;" width="200">Seat 1 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Established as Judge of the Court of Claims on February 24, 1855, by 10 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-10-612">612</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Blackford" title="Isaac Blackford">Blackford</a></td> <td>IN</td> <td>1855–1859 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Hughes_(representative)" title="James Hughes (representative)">Hughes</a></td> <td>IN</td> <td>1860–1864 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Nott" title="Charles C. Nott">Nott</a></td> <td>NY</td> <td>1865–1896 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bowen_Howry" title="Charles Bowen Howry">Howry</a></td> <td>MS</td> <td>1896–1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Eddy_Downey" title="George Eddy Downey">Downey</a></td> <td>IN</td> <td>1915–1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._McKenzie_Moss" title="J. McKenzie Moss">Moss</a></td> <td>KY</td> <td>1926–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Horsley_Littleton" title="Benjamin Horsley Littleton">Littleton</a></td> <td>TN</td> <td>1929–1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Redesignated as Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims on September 1, 1948, by 62 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-62-898">898</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Horsley_Littleton" title="Benjamin Horsley Littleton">Littleton</a></td> <td>TN</td> <td>1948–1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Randall_Durfee" title="James Randall Durfee">Durfee</a></td> <td>WI</td> <td>1960–1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiro_Kashiwa" title="Shiro Kashiwa">Kashiwa</a></td> <td>HI</td> <td>1972–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Reassigned to United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, by 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#999999;" width="200">Seat 2 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Established as Judge of the Court of Claims on February 24, 1855, by 10 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-10-612">612</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Gilchrist_(judge)" title="John Gilchrist (judge)">Gilchrist</a></td> <td>NH</td> <td>1855–1858 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Loring" title="Edward G. Loring">Loring</a></td> <td>MA</td> <td>1858–1877 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Davis" title="Bancroft Davis">B. Davis</a></td> <td>NY</td> <td>1877–1881<br />1882–1883 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weldon" title="Lawrence Weldon">Weldon</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1883–1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Atkinson" title="George W. Atkinson">Atkinson</a></td> <td>WV</td> <td>1905–1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Hay_(politician)" title="James Hay (politician)">Hay</a></td> <td>VA</td> <td>1916–1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_R._Green" title="William R. Green">Green</a></td> <td>IA</td> <td>1928–1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Madden" title="J. Warren Madden">Madden</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1941–1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Redesignated as Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims on September 1, 1948, by 62 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-62-898">898</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Madden" title="J. Warren Madden">Madden</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1948–1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hirsh_Davis" title="Oscar Hirsh Davis">O. Davis</a></td> <td>NY</td> <td>1962–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Reassigned to United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, by 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#999999;" width="200">Seat 3 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Established as Judge of the Court of Claims on February 24, 1855, by 10 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-10-612">612</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Parker_Scarburgh" title="George Parker Scarburgh">Scarburgh</a></td> <td>VA</td> <td>1855–1861 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Casey_(congressman)" title="Joseph Casey (congressman)">Casey</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1861–1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Redesignated as Chief Justice of the Court of Claims on March 3, 1863, by 12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-765">765</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Casey_(congressman)" title="Joseph Casey (congressman)">Casey</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1863–1870 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Drake" title="Charles D. Drake">Drake</a></td> <td>MO</td> <td>1870–1885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></td> <td>MA</td> <td>1885–1896 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Nott" title="Charles C. Nott">Nott</a></td> <td>NY</td> <td>1896–1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanton_J._Peelle" title="Stanton J. Peelle">Peelle</a></td> <td>IN</td> <td>1905–1913 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kernan_Campbell" title="Edward Kernan Campbell">Campbell</a></td> <td>AL</td> <td>1913–1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenton_Whitlock_Booth" title="Fenton Whitlock Booth">Booth</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1928–1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Whaley" title="Richard S. Whaley">Whaley</a></td> <td>SC</td> <td>1939–1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Marvin_Jones" title="John Marvin Jones">Jones</a></td> <td>TX</td> <td>1947–1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Redesignated as Chief Judge of the United States Court of Claims on September 1, 1948, by 62 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-62-898">898</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Marvin_Jones" title="John Marvin Jones">Jones</a></td> <td>TX</td> <td>1948–1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson_Cowen" title="Arnold Wilson Cowen">Cowen</a></td> <td>MD</td> <td>1964–1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mortimer_Friedman" title="Daniel Mortimer Friedman">Friedman</a></td> <td>DC</td> <td>1978–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Reassigned to United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, by 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#999999;" width="200">Seat 4 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Established as Judge of the Court of Claims on March 3, 1863, by 12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-765">765</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">Wilmot</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1863–1868 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Milligan" title="Samuel Milligan">Milligan</a></td> <td>TN</td> <td>1868–1874 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></td> <td>MA</td> <td>1874–1885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(United_States_Court_of_Claims_judge)" title="John Davis (United States Court of Claims judge)">J. Davis</a></td> <td>DC</td> <td>1885–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion_Wright" title="Francis Marion Wright">Wright</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1903–1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fenton_Whitlock_Booth" title="Fenton Whitlock Booth">Booth</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1905–1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Sinnott" title="Nicholas J. Sinnott">Sinnott</a></td> <td>OR</td> <td>1928–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutler_Williams" title="Thomas Sutler Williams">Williams</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1929–1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Marvin_Jones" title="John Marvin Jones">Jones</a></td> <td>TX</td> <td>1940–1947 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Evan_Howell" title="George Evan Howell">Howell</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1947–1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Redesignated as Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims on September 1, 1948, by 62 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-62-898">898</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Evan_Howell" title="George Evan Howell">Howell</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1948–1953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Nelson_Laramore" title="Don Nelson Laramore">Laramore</a></td> <td>IN</td> <td>1954–1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe_Kunzig" title="Robert Lowe Kunzig">Kunzig</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1972–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Reassigned to United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, by 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#999999;" width="200">Seat 5 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Established as Judge of the Court of Claims on March 3, 1863, by 12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-765">765</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Peck" title="Ebenezer Peck">Peck</a></td> <td>IL</td> <td>1863–1878 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">Hunt</a></td> <td>LA</td> <td>1878–1881 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glenni_William_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenni William Scofield">Scofield</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1881–1891 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanton_J._Peelle" title="Stanton J. Peelle">Peelle</a></td> <td>IN</td> <td>1892–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Barney" title="Samuel S. Barney">Barney</a></td> <td>WI</td> <td>1905–1919 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jordan_Graham" title="Samuel Jordan Graham">Graham</a></td> <td>PA</td> <td>1919–1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Whaley" title="Richard S. Whaley">Whaley</a></td> <td>SC</td> <td>1930–1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Estill_Whitaker" title="Samuel Estill Whitaker">Whitaker</a></td> <td>TN</td> <td>1939–1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Redesignated as Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims on September 1, 1948, by 62 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-62-898">898</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Estill_Whitaker" title="Samuel Estill Whitaker">Whitaker</a></td> <td>TN</td> <td>1948–1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linton_McGee_Collins" title="Linton McGee Collins">Collins</a></td> <td>DC</td> <td>1964–1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marion_T._Bennett" title="Marion T. Bennett">Bennett</a></td> <td>MD</td> <td>1972–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Reassigned to United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, by 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#999999;" width="200">Seat 6 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Established as Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims on May 11, 1966, by 80 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-80-139">139</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nichols_Jr." title="Philip Nichols Jr.">Nichols Jr.</a></td> <td>MA</td> <td>1966–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Reassigned to United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, by 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#999999;" width="200">Seat 7 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Established as Associate Judge of the United States Court of Claims on May 11, 1966, by 80 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-80-139">139</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Byron_George_Skelton" title="Byron George Skelton">Skelton</a></td> <td>TX</td> <td>1966–1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Samuel_Smith" title="Edward Samuel Smith">Smith</a></td> <td>MD</td> <td>1978–1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#999999;">Reassigned to United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on October 1, 1982, by 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-25">25</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDichioStrotherWilliams2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dichio, Michael; Strother, Logan; Williams, Ryan J. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X22000177">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"To Render Prompt Justice": The Origins and Construction of the U.S. Court of Claims"</a>. <i>Studies in American Political Development</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 120–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X22000177">10.1017/S0898588X22000177</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-588X">0898-588X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251365077">251365077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=%22To+Render+Prompt+Justice%22%3A+The+Origins+and+Construction+of+the+U.S.+Court+of+Claims&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120-137&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251365077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0898-588X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X22000177&rft.aulast=Dichio&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Strother%2C+Logan&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ryan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0898588X22000177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Court+of+Claims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Courts, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/court_info/Court_History_Brochure.pdf">United States Court of Federal Claims: The People's Court</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-765">765</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon v. United States, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_69" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 69">69</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=69&page=561">561</a> (1864)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also Gordon v. United States, 117 U.S. 697 (1864).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">14 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-14-9">9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams v. United States, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_289" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 289">289</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=289&page=553">553</a> (1933)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/83/158">83–158</a>, 67 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-67-226">226</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_370" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 370">370</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=370&page=530">530</a> (1962)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/681">89–681</a>, 80 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-80-958">958</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/89/425">89–425</a>, 80 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-80-139">139</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_448" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 448">448</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=448&page=371">371</a> (1980)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lazarus" title="Edward Lazarus">Lazarus, Edward</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhillswhitej00laza"><i>Black Hills, White Justice</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016557-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016557-X"><bdi>0-06-016557-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Hills%2C+White+Justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-06-016557-X&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackhillswhitej00laza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Court+of+Claims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/97/164">97–164</a>, 96 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-96-50">50</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Court_of_Claims&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson, William Adams</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyjurisdic00richgoog"><i>History, Jurisdiction, and Practice of the Court of Claims (United States)</i></a> (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Jurisdiction%2C+and+Practice+of+the+Court+of+Claims+%28United+States%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=William+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryjurisdic00richgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Court+of+Claims" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Tinsley_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Marion Tinsley Bennett">Bennett, Marion Tinsley</a> (1976). <i>The United States Court of Claims: A History; Part I: The Judges, 1855–1976</i>. Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Court+of+Claims%3A+A+History%3B+Part+I%3A+The+Judges%2C+1855%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Committee+on+the+Bicentennial+of+Independence+and+the+Constitution+of+the+Judicial+Conference+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Marion+Tinsley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Court+of+Claims" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowenPhilip_Nichols_JrMarion_T._Bennett1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson_Cowen" title="Arnold Wilson Cowen">Cowen, Wilson</a>; Philip Nichols Jr; Marion T. Bennett (1978). <i>The United States Court of Claims: A History; Part II: Origin, Development, Jurisdiction, 1855–1978</i>. Washington, D.C.: Committee on the Bicentennial of Independence and the Constitution of the Judicial Conference of the United States.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Court+of+Claims%3A+A+History%3B+Part+II%3A+Origin%2C+Development%2C+Jurisdiction%2C+1855%E2%80%931978&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Committee+on+the+Bicentennial+of+Independence+and+the+Constitution+of+the+Judicial+Conference+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft.au=Philip+Nichols+Jr&rft.au=Marion+T.+Bennett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Court+of+Claims" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Constitutional Status of the Court of Claims". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. <b>68</b> (3): 527–535. January 1955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1337629">10.2307/1337629</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1337629">1337629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Status+of+the+Court+of+Claims&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=527-535&rft.date=1955-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1337629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1337629%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Court+of+Claims" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926085256/http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/coc_bdy">"Court of Claims, 1855–1982"</a>. <i>Official website of the Federal Judicial Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/coc_bdy">the original</a> on 2006-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Federal+Judicial+Center&rft.atitle=Court+of+Claims%2C+1855%E2%80%931982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhome.nsf%2Fpage%2Fcoc_bdy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Court+of+Claims" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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