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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_and_late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_and_late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Reconstruction and late 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_and_late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-20th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-20th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Mid-20th century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hydrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities,_towns,_and_counties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities,_towns,_and_counties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cities, towns, and counties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities,_towns,_and_counties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_mineral_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_mineral_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Energy and mineral production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_mineral_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Railroads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Waterways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Law and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_and_legislative_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_and_legislative_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Executive and legislative branches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_and_legislative_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Judicial system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Local </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Federal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Tribal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tennessee</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 187 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" > 187 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B2" title="ቴነሲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቴነሲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennes%C4%ABeg" title="Tennesīeg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tennesīeg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تينيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تينيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesi" title="Tenesi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tenesi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_suyu" title="Tennessee suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tennessee suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessi" title="Tennessi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tennessi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تنسی ایالتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تنسی ایالتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nnessee" title="Ténnessee – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ténnessee" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="টেনেসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেনেসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тэнесі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэнесі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тэнэсі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэнэсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनेसी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेनेसी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тенеси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тенеси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐེན་ནེ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐེན་ནེ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تينيسي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تينيسي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81h%C3%ADdziil_N%C3%A1%C3%A1l%C3%ADn%C3%AD_Hahoodzo" title="Áhídziil Náálíní Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Áhídziil Náálíní Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Τενεσί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τενεσί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesio" title="Tenesio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tenesio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تنسي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تنسي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80" title="ટેનેસી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટેનેસી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%A3%BC" title="테네시주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테네시주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenek%C4%AB" title="Kenekī – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kenekī" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Թենեսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թենեսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनेसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेनेसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="টেনেসি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="টেনেসি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99" title="טנסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesii" title="Tenesii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tenesii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80" title="ಟೆನಸೀ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆನಸೀ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტენესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტენესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessi" title="Tennessi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tennessi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%C3%A8si" title="Tenèsi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tenèsi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Теннесси (штат) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Теннесси (штат)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesia" title="Tennesia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tennesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenes%C4%AB" title="Tenesī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tenesī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesis" title="Tenesis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tenesis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_(%C3%A1llam)" title="Tennessee (állam) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tennessee (állam)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनेसी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टेनेसी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тенеси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тенеси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ടെന്നസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെന്നസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenere" title="Tenere – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tenere" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनेसी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टेनेसी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტენესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტენესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89" title="تينيسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تينيسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تنسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تنسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯇꯦꯟꯅꯦꯁꯁꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯦꯟꯅꯦꯁꯁꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="တင်နက်ဆီပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တင်နက်ဆီပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनेसी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टेनेसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनिसी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टेनिसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E5%B7%9E" title="テネシー州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テネシー州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessi_(shtat)" title="Tennessi (shtat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tennessi (shtat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਟੈਨੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੈਨੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनिसी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टेनिसी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ٹینیسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹینیسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تینسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تینسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="តេណេសស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តេណេសស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teness%C3%AC" title="Tenessì – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tenessì" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessi" title="Tennessi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tennessi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_suyu" title="Tennessee suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tennessee suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesi" title="Tenesi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tenesi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="टेनेसी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टेनेसी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesi" title="Tenesi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tenesi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="ٽينيسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽينيسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تێنێسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێنێسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тенеси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тенеси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="டென்னிசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டென்னிசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Теннесси – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Теннесси" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="รัฐเทนเนสซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเทนเนสซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Теннессӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Теннессӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96" title="Теннессі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теннессі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ٹینیسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹینیسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nn%C3%A9ssi_Shitati" title="Ténnéssi Shitati – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Ténnéssi Shitati" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="田納西州 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="田納西州" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="田纳西州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="田纳西州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%99" title="טענעסי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טענעסי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="田納西州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="田納西州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tennessee" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesis" title="Tenesis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tenesis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="田纳西州 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="田纳西州" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessi" title="Tennessi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tennessi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1509#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tennessee" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tennessee&params=36_N_86_W_dim:300000_region:US-TN_type:adm1st&title=State+of+Tennessee">36°N 86°W / 36°N 86°W / 36; -86 (State of Tennessee)</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. state. For the river, see <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tennessee (disambiguation)">Tennessee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tenn" redirects here. For the Japanese MC, see <a href="/wiki/Tenn_(MC)" title="Tenn (MC)">Tenn (MC)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tennessee</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">ᏔᎾᏏ (<a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tennessee"><img alt="Flag of Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/125px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/188px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/250px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tennessee" title="Flag of Tennessee">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Tennessee"><img alt="Official seal of Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/100px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/149px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/199px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="718" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Tennessee" title="Seal of Tennessee">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Nickname</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Volunteer State<a href="#cite_note-nicknameadopt-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Agriculture and Commerce</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Anthem:</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_state_symbols#State_songs" title="List of Tennessee state symbols">Eleven songs</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the United States with Tennessee highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Tennessee highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tennessee_in_United_States.svg/300px-Tennessee_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tennessee_in_United_States.svg/450px-Tennessee_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tennessee_in_United_States.svg/600px-Tennessee_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of the United States with Tennessee highlighted</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before statehood</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admitted to the Union</a></th><td class="infobox-data">June 1, 1796; 228 years ago (June 1, 1796) (16th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of largest cities of U.S. states and territories by population">and largest city</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a><a href="#cite_note-commercialappeal0517-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_area_(United_States)" title="Statistical area (United States)">Largest metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">urban</a> areas</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nashville_metropolitan_area" title="Nashville metropolitan area">Nashville</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Bill Lee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee">Lieutenant governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Randy_McNally" title="Randy McNally">Randy McNally</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">General Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee Supreme Court</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">U.S. senators</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> (R) <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Bill Hagerty</a> (R)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. House delegation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 Republicans 1 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Tennessee" title="United States congressional delegations from Tennessee">list</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">42,181 sq mi (109,247 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">41,235 sq mi (106,898 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">909 sq mi (2,355 km2)  2.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">36th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">440 mi (710 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">120 mi (195 km)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">900 ft (270 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Kuwohi" title="Kuwohi">Kuwohi</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-6">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,643 ft (2,025 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> border<a href="#cite_note-USGS-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-6">[a]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">178 ft (54 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,126,489<a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">15th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">171.0/sq mi (65.9/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States_by_population_density" title="List of states and territories of the United States by population density">20th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">$58,516 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Income rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_income#States_and_territories_ranked_by_median_household_income" title="List of U.S. states and territories by income">41st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories">Tennessean</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories">Big Bender</a> (archaic) <a href="/wiki/List_of_demonyms_for_U.S._states_and_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories">Volunteer</a> (historical significance)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Template:Official_languages_of_U.S._states_and_territories" title="Template:Official languages of U.S. states and territories">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken language</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Language spoken at home<a href="#cite_note-StatisticalAtlas-7">[6]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: 94.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: 3.9%</li> <li>Other: 1.5%</li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">USPS abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">TN</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-TN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state and territory abbreviations">Traditional abbreviation</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Tenn.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latitude</th><td class="infobox-data">34°59′ N to 36°41′ N</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longitude</th><td class="infobox-data">81°39′ W to 90°19′ W</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tn.gov">tn.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style><table class="infobox ib-region-symbols"><caption class="infobox-title">State symbols of Tennessee</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_state_symbols" title="List of Tennessee state symbols">List of state symbols</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/175px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/263px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/350px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tennessee" title="Flag of Tennessee">Flag of Tennessee</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/150px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/225px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_Tennessee.svg/300px-Seal_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="718" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Tennessee" title="Seal of Tennessee">Seal of Tennessee</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_poems" title="List of U.S. state poems">Poem</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"Oh Tennessee, My Tennessee" by <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William Lawrence</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_nicknames" title="List of U.S. state and territory nicknames">Slogan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"Tennessee—America at its best"</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_amphibians" title="List of U.S. state amphibians">Amphibian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_cave_salamander" title="Tennessee cave salamander">Tennessee cave salamander</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_mockingbird" title="Northern mockingbird">Northern mockingbird</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Butterfly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protographium_marcellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Protographium marcellus">Zebra swallowtail</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Channel_catfish" title="Channel catfish">Channel catfish</a> <a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_bass" title="Smallmouth bass">Smallmouth bass</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a> <a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passion flower</a> <a href="/wiki/Echinacea_tennesseensis" title="Echinacea tennesseensis">Tennessee echinacea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Firefly" title="Firefly">Firefly</a> <a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">Lady beetle</a> <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Walking_Horse" title="Tennessee Walking Horse">Tennessee Walking Horse</a> <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_reptiles" title="List of U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_box_turtle" title="Eastern box turtle">Eastern box turtle</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_trees" title="List of U.S. state and territory trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera" title="Liriodendron tulipifera">Tulip poplar</a> <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana" title="Juniperus virginiana">Eastern red cedar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_beverages" title="List of U.S. state beverages">Beverage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dances" title="List of U.S. state dances">Dance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">Square dance</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">Firearm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barrett_M82" title="Barrett M82">Barrett M82</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fossils" title="List of U.S. state fossils">Fossil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trigoniidae" title="Trigoniidae">Pterotrigonia (Scabrotrigonia) thoracica</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Gemstone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Tennessee River pearl</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Mineral</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">Rock</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_marble" title="Tennessee marble">Limestone</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_tartans" title="List of U.S. state tartans">Tartan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.tn.gov/products/state-tartan">Tennessee State Tartan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Route marker"><img alt="Route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tennessee_1.svg/106px-Tennessee_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tennessee_1.svg/160px-Tennessee_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tennessee_1.svg/213px-Tennessee_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_quarters" title="50 State quarters">State quarter</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:2002_TN_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tennessee quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Tennessee quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/2002_TN_Proof.png/86px-2002_TN_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/2002_TN_Proof.png/130px-2002_TN_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/2002_TN_Proof.png/173px-2002_TN_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="921" /></a><div>Released in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Tennessee (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌtɛnɪˈsiː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b0\/En-us-Tennessee.ogg\/En-us-Tennessee.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Tennessee.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/En-us-Tennessee.ogg/En-us-Tennessee.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Tennessee.ogg" title="File:En-us-Tennessee.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɛnɪsi/</a>),<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPD-11">[10]</a> officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> to the northwest. Tennessee is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">36th-largest</a> by area and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">15th-most populous</a> of the 50 states. Tennessee's population as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a> is approximately 6.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-2017census-12">[11]</a> Tennessee is geographically, culturally, and legally divided into three <a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Divisions of Tennessee">Grand Divisions</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> is the state's capital and largest city, and anchors its largest metropolitan area. Tennessee has diverse terrain and landforms, and from east to west, contains a mix of cultural features characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> along the eastern border reach some of the highest elevations in eastern North America, and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> contains many scenic valleys and <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a>. The central part of the state is marked by cavernous bedrock and irregular rolling hills, and level, fertile plains define West Tennessee. The state is twice bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> forms its western border. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a>, the nation's most visited national park, is in eastern Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Tennessee is rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Watauga Association</a>, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200146–47-14">[13]</a> Its name derives from <a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a> (ᏔᎾᏏ), a <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> town preceding the first European American settlement.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a>, before its admission to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. It earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" due to a strong tradition of military service.<a href="#cite_note-culturetrip-16">[15]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave state</a> until the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Tennessee was politically divided, with most of its western and middle parts supporting the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, and most of the eastern region harboring <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">pro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> sentiment. As a result, Tennessee was the last state to officially <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secede</a> from the Union and join the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, and the first former <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> state readmitted to the Union after the war had ended during the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guide-17">[16]</a> During the 20th century, Tennessee transitioned from a predominantly agrarian society to a more diversified economy. This was aided in part by massive federal investment in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) and the city of <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge</a>, which was established during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to house the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>'s uranium enrichment facilities for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">world's first atomic bombs</a>. After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> became a key center of scientific research. The state's economy is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_industry" title="Healthcare industry">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States#Industry_and_economics" title="Music of the United States">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">automotive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics industry in the United States">electronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> sectors, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> are its primary agricultural products.<a href="#cite_note-homeandfarm13-18">[17]</a> Tennessee has played a major role in the development of many forms of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues music">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Tennessee" title="Name of Tennessee">Name of Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timberlake-map-tanasi-1765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of Tanasi, Tennessee's namesake, by Henry Timberlake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Timberlake-map-tanasi-1765.jpg/220px-Timberlake-map-tanasi-1765.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Timberlake-map-tanasi-1765.jpg/330px-Timberlake-map-tanasi-1765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Timberlake-map-tanasi-1765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a> (spelled "Tennessee") on <a href="/wiki/Henry_Timberlake" title="Henry Timberlake">Henry Timberlake</a>'s <a href="/wiki/File:Draught_of_the_Cherokee_Country.jpg" title="File:Draught of the Cherokee Country.jpg">Draught of the Cherokee Country</a></figcaption></figure> Tennessee derives its name most directly from the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Tanasi" title="Tanasi">Tanasi</a> (or "Tanase", in <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">syllabary</a>: ᏔᎾᏏ) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Tennessee" title="Monroe County, Tennessee">Monroe County, Tennessee</a>, on the Tanasi River, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Little_Tennessee_River" title="Little Tennessee River">Little Tennessee River</a>. In 1567, <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Spanish explorer</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a> and his party encountered a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> village named "Tanasqui" in the area while traveling inland from modern-day <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>; however, it is unknown if this was the same settlement as Tanasi.<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> The town appeared on British maps as early as 1725. Recent research suggests that the Cherokees adapted the name from the <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Yuchi</a> word Tana-tsee-dgee, meaning "brother-waters-place" or "where-the-waters-meet".<a href="#cite_note-McBride_THQ_1971-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woktela,_Who_Were_the_Yuchi-23">[21]</a> The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Glen" title="James Glen">James Glen</a> of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. In 1788, North Carolina created "<a href="/wiki/Tennessee_County,_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee County, Tennessee">Tennessee County</a>", and in 1796, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a>, organizing the new state out of the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a>, adopted "Tennessee" as the state's name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200023-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">History of Tennessee</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-European_era">Pre-European era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-European era">edit</a>]</div> The first inhabitants of Tennessee were <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> who arrived about 12,000 years ago at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>. Archaeological excavations indicate that the lower Tennessee Valley was heavily populated by Ice Age <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, and Middle Tennessee is believed to have been rich with <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game animals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz19793–4-25">[23]</a> The names of the cultural groups who inhabited the area before European contact are unknown, but archaeologists have named several distinct cultural phases, including the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic</a> (8000–1000 BC), <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a> (1000 BC–1000 AD), and <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> (1000–1600 AD) periods.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> The Archaic peoples first domesticated dogs, and plants such as <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflowers</a> were first grown in Tennessee during the Woodland period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz19794–8-27">[25]</a> Later generations of Woodland peoples constructed the first mounds. Rapid civilizational development occurred during the Mississippian period, when Indigenous peoples developed organized <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a> and constructed numerous ceremonial structures throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz19796–11-28">[26]</a> Spanish conquistadors who explored the region in the 16th century encountered some of the Mississippian peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuchi" title="Yuchi">Yuchi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz19798–11-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198116–17-30">[28]</a> By the early 18th century, most Natives in Tennessee had disappeared, most likely wiped out by diseases introduced by the Spaniards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz19798–11-29">[27]</a> The Cherokee began migrating into what is now eastern Tennessee from what is now Virginia in the latter 17th century, possibly to escape expanding European settlement and diseases in the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz197934–35-31">[29]</a> They forced the Creek, Yuchi, and Shawnee out of the state in the early 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz197934–35-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198118-32">[30]</a> The Chickasaw remained confined to West Tennessee, and the middle part of the state contained few Native Americans, although both the Cherokee and the Shawnee claimed the region as their hunting ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz197914-33">[31]</a> Cherokee peoples in Tennessee were known by European settlers as the <a href="/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee" title="Overhill Cherokee">Overhill Cherokee</a> because they lived west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200126-34">[32]</a> Overhill settlements grew along the rivers in East Tennessee in the early 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz197944–45-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploration_and_colonization">Exploration and colonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exploration and colonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">Province of North Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Watauga Association</a>; <a href="/wiki/Washington_District,_North_Carolina" title="Washington District, North Carolina">Washington District, North Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></div> The first recorded European expeditions into what is now Tennessee were led by Spanish explorers <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> in 1540–1541, <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristan de Luna</a> in 1559, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a> in 1566–1567.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198125–26-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon20004–5-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In 1673, English fur trader <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wood" title="Abraham Wood">Abraham Wood</a> sent an expedition from the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Overhill_Cherokee" title="Overhill Cherokee">Overhill Cherokee territory</a> in modern-day northeastern Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200120–21-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198127–28-40">[38]</a> That same year, a French expedition led by missionary <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> explored the Mississippi River and became the first Europeans to map the Mississippi Valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198127–28-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200120–21-39">[37]</a> In 1682, an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Prudhomme" title="Fort Prudhomme">Fort Prudhomme</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Bluffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickasaw Bluffs">Chickasaw Bluffs</a> in West Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> By the late 17th century, French traders began to explore the Cumberland River valley, and in 1714, under Charles Charleville's command, established French Lick, a fur trading settlement at the present location of Nashville near the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon20006-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright190918–19-43">[41]</a> In 1739, the French constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Assumption" title="Fort Assumption">Fort Assumption</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville</a> on the Mississippi River at the present location of Memphis, which they used as a base against the Chickasaw during the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Campaign_of_1739" title="Chickasaw Campaign of 1739">1739 Campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ftloudouninterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ftloudouninterior.jpg/220px-Ftloudouninterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ftloudouninterior.jpg/330px-Ftloudouninterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ftloudouninterior.jpg/440px-Ftloudouninterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_(Tennessee)" title="Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)">Fort Loudoun</a>, the first British settlement in Tennessee</figcaption></figure> In the 1750s and 1760s, <a href="/wiki/Longhunter" title="Longhunter">longhunters</a> from Virginia explored much of East and Middle Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200140–42-45">[43]</a> Settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Carolina">Colony of South Carolina</a> built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_(Tennessee)" title="Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)">Fort Loudoun</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Little_Tennessee_River" title="Little Tennessee River">Little Tennessee River</a> in 1756, the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee and the westernmost British outpost to that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200135-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198132–33-47">[45]</a> Hostilities erupted between the British and the Cherokees into <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">an armed conflict</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Loudoun" title="Siege of Fort Loudoun">siege of the fort</a> ended with its surrender in 1760.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200136–37-48">[46]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Britain issued the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>, which forbade settlements west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in an effort to mitigate conflicts with the Natives.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> But migration across the mountains continued, and the first permanent European settlers began arriving in northeastern Tennessee in the late 1760s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon20008-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198143–44-51">[49]</a> Most of them were <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, but nearly 20% were <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981106-52">[50]</a> They formed the <a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Watauga Association</a> in 1772, a semi-autonomous representative government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200145–47-53">[51]</a> and three years later reorganized themselves into the <a href="/wiki/Washington_District,_North_Carolina" title="Washington District, North Carolina">Washington District</a> to support the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198160–61-54">[52]</a> The next year, after an unsuccessful petition to Virginia, North Carolina agreed to annex the Washington District to provide protection from Native American attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200164–68-55">[53]</a> In 1775, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(jurist)" title="Richard Henderson (jurist)">Richard Henderson</a> negotiated a series of treaties with the Cherokee to sell the lands of the Watauga settlements at <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals" title="Sycamore Shoals">Sycamore Shoals</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Watauga_River" title="Watauga River">Watauga River</a>. An agreement to sell land for the <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Colony" title="Transylvania Colony">Transylvania Colony</a>, which included the territory in Tennessee north of the Cumberland River, was also signed.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Later that year, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a>, under Henderson's employment, blazed a trail from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Chiswell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Chiswell">Fort Chiswell</a> in Virginia through the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a>, which became part of the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a>, a major thoroughfare into Tennessee and Kentucky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981197-57">[55]</a> The Chickamauga, a Cherokee faction loyal to the British led by <a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a>, opposed the settling of the Washington District and Transylvania Colony, and in 1776 attacked <a href="/wiki/Fort_Watauga" title="Fort Watauga">Fort Watauga</a> at Sycamore Shoals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198165–67-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz197966-59">[57]</a> The warnings of Dragging Canoe's cousin <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward" title="Nancy Ward">Nancy Ward</a> spared many settlers' lives from the initial attacks.<a href="#cite_note-king07-60">[58]</a> In 1779, <a href="/wiki/James_Robertson_(explorer)" title="James Robertson (explorer)">James Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Donelson" title="John Donelson">John Donelson</a> led two groups of settlers from the Washington District to the French Lick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198153-61">[59]</a> These settlers constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nashborough" title="Fort Nashborough">Fort Nashborough</a>, which they named for <a href="/wiki/Francis_Nash" title="Francis Nash">Francis Nash</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright190949–50-62">[60]</a> The next year, the settlers signed the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Compact" title="Cumberland Compact">Cumberland Compact</a>, which established a representative government for the colony called the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Association" title="Cumberland Association">Cumberland Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright190968–72-63">[61]</a> This settlement later grew into the city of Nashville.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> That same year <a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">John Sevier</a> led a group of <a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Men" title="Overmountain Men">Overmountain Men</a> from Fort Watauga to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Battle of Kings Mountain</a> in South Carolina, where they defeated the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinger200184–88-65">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_Territory_Counties_(1790).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Southwest Territory in 1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Southwest_Territory_Counties_%281790%29.svg/400px-Southwest_Territory_Counties_%281790%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Southwest_Territory_Counties_%281790%29.svg/600px-Southwest_Territory_Counties_%281790%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Southwest_Territory_Counties_%281790%29.svg/800px-Southwest_Territory_Counties_%281790%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The Southwest Territory in 1790</figcaption></figure> Three counties of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_District" title="Washington District">Washington District</a> broke off from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in 1784 and formed the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198173–74-66">[64]</a> Efforts to obtain admission to the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Union</a> failed, and the counties, now numbering eight, rejoined North Carolina by 1788.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198181–83-67">[65]</a> North Carolina ceded the area to the federal government in 1790, after which it was organized into the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> on May 26 of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198186–87-68">[66]</a> The act allowed the territory to petition for statehood once the population reached 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198186–87-68">[66]</a> Administration of the territory was divided between the Washington District and the Mero District, the latter of which consisted of the Cumberland Association and was named for Spanish territorial governor <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Mir%C3%B3" title="Esteban Rodríguez Miró">Esteban Rodríguez Miró</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198156–57,_90-69">[67]</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a> as territorial governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200016–17-70">[68]</a> The Southwest Territory recorded a population of 35,691 in the <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">first United States census</a> that year, including 3,417 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon19804-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood_and_antebellum_era">Statehood and antebellum era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statehood and antebellum era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-tennassee-government-1796.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1796 map of Tennessee by surveyor Daniel Smith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Map-of-tennassee-government-1796.jpg/300px-Map-of-tennassee-government-1796.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Map-of-tennassee-government-1796.jpg/450px-Map-of-tennassee-government-1796.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Map-of-tennassee-government-1796.jpg/600px-Map-of-tennassee-government-1796.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Surveyor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_(surveyor)" title="Daniel Smith (surveyor)">Daniel Smith's</a> "Map of the Tennassee State" (1796)</figcaption></figure> As support for statehood grew among the settlers, Governor Blount called for elections, which were held in December 1793.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198193–94-72">[70]</a> The 13-member territorial House of Representatives first convened in Knoxville on February 24, 1794, to select ten members for the legislature's upper house, the council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198193–94-72">[70]</a> The full legislature convened on August 25, 1794.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200020–21-73">[71]</a> In June 1795, the legislature conducted a census of the territory, which recorded a population of 77,263, including 10,613 slaves, and a poll that showed 6,504 in favor of statehood and 2,562 opposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198195-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200022-75">[73]</a> Elections for a constitutional convention were held in December 1795, and the delegates convened in Knoxville on January 17, 1796, to begin drafting a state constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198197-76">[74]</a> During this convention, the name Tennessee was chosen for the new state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200023-24">[22]</a> The constitution was completed on February 6, which authorized elections for the state's new legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">Tennessee General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200024-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198199-78">[76]</a> The legislature convened on March 28, 1796, and the next day, John Sevier was announced as the state's first governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200024-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198199-78">[76]</a> Tennessee was admitted to the Union on June 1, 1796, as the 16th state and the first created from federal territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon200025–26-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> Tennessee reportedly earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, when 3,500 Tennesseans answered a recruitment call by the General Assembly for the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981139–140-81">[79]</a> These soldiers, under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s command, played a major role in the American victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> in 1815, the last major battle of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981139–140-81">[79]</a> Several Tennesseans took part in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> of 1835–36, including Governor <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> and Congressman and frontiersman <a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a>, who was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The state's nickname was solidified during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> when President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> of Tennessee issued a call for 2,800 soldiers from the state, and more than 30,000 volunteered.<a href="#cite_note-tohm-83">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheHermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Andrew Jackson's home The Hermitage in Nashville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TheHermitage.jpg/220px-TheHermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TheHermitage.jpg/330px-TheHermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/TheHermitage.jpg/440px-TheHermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a>, plantation home of President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> in Nashville</figcaption></figure> Between the 1790s and 1820s, additional land cessions were negotiated with the Cherokee, who had established <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">a national government</a> modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In 1818, Jackson and Kentucky governor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Shelby" title="Isaac Shelby">Isaac Shelby</a> reached an agreement with the Chickasaw to sell the land between the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers to the United States, which included all of West Tennessee and became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Jackson_Purchase_(U.S._historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Purchase (U.S. historical region)">Jackson Purchase</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981149–150-86">[84]</a> The Cherokee moved their capital from Georgia to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Clay_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Clay State Park">Red Clay Council Grounds</a> in southeastern Tennessee in 1832, due to new laws forcing them from their previous capital at <a href="/wiki/New_Echota" title="New Echota">New Echota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In 1838 and 1839, U.S. troops <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_removal" title="Cherokee removal">forcibly removed</a> thousands of Cherokees and their black slaves from their homes in southeastern Tennessee and forced them to march to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. This event is known as the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>, and an estimated 4,000 died along the way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatz1979103-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_Statehood_Sesquicentennial,_3c,_1946_issue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tennessee_Statehood_Sesquicentennial%2C_3c%2C_1946_issue.jpg/240px-Tennessee_Statehood_Sesquicentennial%2C_3c%2C_1946_issue.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tennessee_Statehood_Sesquicentennial%2C_3c%2C_1946_issue.jpg/360px-Tennessee_Statehood_Sesquicentennial%2C_3c%2C_1946_issue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tennessee_Statehood_Sesquicentennial%2C_3c%2C_1946_issue.jpg/480px-Tennessee_Statehood_Sesquicentennial%2C_3c%2C_1946_issue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>in 1946 the U.S. Post Office issued a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamp</a> celebrating the 150th anniversary of Tennessee statehood.</figcaption></figure> As settlers pushed west of the Cumberland Plateau, a slavery-based <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian economy">agrarian economy</a> took hold in these regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon19809–12-90">[88]</a> Cotton planters used extensive slave labor on large <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantation complexes</a> in West Tennessee's fertile and flat terrain after the Jackson Purchase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981209–212-91">[89]</a> Cotton also took hold in the Nashville Basin during this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981209–212-91">[89]</a> Entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Bell" title="Montgomery Bell">Montgomery Bell</a> used slaves in the production of iron in the Western Highland Rim, and slaves also cultivated such crops as tobacco and corn throughout the Highland Rim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon19809–12-90">[88]</a> East Tennessee's geography did not allow for large plantations as in the middle and western parts of the state, and as a result, slavery became increasingly rare in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981210-92">[90]</a> A strong <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition movement</a> developed in East Tennessee, beginning as early as 1797, and in 1819, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Embree" title="Elihu Embree">Elihu Embree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_Tennessee" title="Jonesborough, Tennessee">Jonesborough</a> began publishing the <a href="/wiki/Manumission_Intelligencier" title="Manumission Intelligencier">Manumission Intelligencier</a> (later The Emancipator), the nation's first exclusively anti-slavery newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon19807–9-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee in the American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a></div> At the onset of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. In East Tennessee, most people favored remaining in the Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly19793–8-95">[93]</a> In 1860, slaves composed about 25% of Tennessee's population, the lowest share among the states that joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon1980116-96">[94]</a> Tennessee provided more Union troops than any other Confederate state, and the second-highest number of Confederate troops, behind Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-guide-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Due to its central location, Tennessee was a crucial state during the war and saw more military engagements than any state except Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was elected president in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>, secessionists in the state government led by Governor <a href="/wiki/Isham_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Isham Harris">Isham Harris</a> <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">sought voter approval</a> to sever ties with the United States, which was rejected in a referendum by a 54–46% margin in February 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly19793–4,_291-99">[97]</a> After the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attack on Fort Sumter</a> in April and Lincoln's call for troops in response, the legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederacy on May 7, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly19793–4-100">[98]</a> On June 8, with Middle Tennesseans having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum on secession by a 69–31% margin, becoming the last state to secede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981294-101">[99]</a> In response, East Tennessee Unionists organized <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_Convention" title="East Tennessee Convention">a convention in Knoxville</a> with the goal of splitting the region to form a new state loyal to the Union.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_bridge_burnings" title="East Tennessee bridge burnings">burned bridges</a> and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in parts of the region. Because of this, many southern unionists were sent fleeing to nearby Union states, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. Other southern unionists, who stayed in Tennessee after the state's secession, either resisted the Confederate cause or eventually joined it.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> In March 1862, Lincoln appointed native Tennessean and <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> as military governor of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000131-104">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurz_and_Allison_-_Battle_of_Franklin,_November_30,_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chromolithograph of the Battle of Franklin, which occurred on November 30, 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kurz_and_Allison_-_Battle_of_Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg/220px-Kurz_and_Allison_-_Battle_of_Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kurz_and_Allison_-_Battle_of_Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg/330px-Kurz_and_Allison_-_Battle_of_Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kurz_and_Allison_-_Battle_of_Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg/440px-Kurz_and_Allison_-_Battle_of_Franklin%2C_November_30%2C_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8228" data-file-height="6128" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Battle of Franklin</a>, November 30, 1864</figcaption></figure> General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> captured the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers in February 1862 at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Henry" title="Battle of Fort Henry">Fort Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly197924–30-105">[103]</a> Grant then proceeded south to Pittsburg Landing and held off a Confederate counterattack at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a> in April in what was at the time the bloodiest battle of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly197945–51-106">[104]</a> Memphis fell to the Union in June after a <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Memphis" title="First Battle of Memphis">naval battle</a> on the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly197951–53-107">[105]</a> Union strength in Middle Tennessee was tested in a series of Confederate offensives beginning in the summer of 1862, which culminated in General <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William Rosecrans</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a> routing General <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a>, another one of the war's costliest engagements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly197954–65-108">[106]</a> The next summer, Rosecrans's <a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma campaign</a> forced Bragg's remaining troops in Middle Tennessee to retreat to Chattanooga with little fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly197965–68-109">[107]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a>, Confederates attempted to besiege the Army of the Cumberland into surrendering, but reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a> under the command of Grant, <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly197977–79-110">[108]</a> The Confederates were driven from the city at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain" title="Battle of Lookout Mountain">Lookout Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge" title="Battle of Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a> in November 1863.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly197980–82-111">[109]</a> Despite Unionist sentiment in East Tennessee, Confederates held the area for most of the war. A few days after the fall of Chattanooga, Confederates led by <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a> unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">campaigned to take control of Knoxville</a> by attacking Union General <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sanders" title="Battle of Fort Sanders">Fort Sanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981314-112">[110]</a> The capture of Chattanooga allowed Sherman to launch the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta campaign</a> from the city in May 1864.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The last major battles in the state came when Army of Tennessee regiments under <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">invaded Middle Tennessee</a> in the fall of 1864 in an effort to draw Sherman back. They were checked by <a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a> in November and completely dispersed by <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Thomas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a> in December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981314–315-114">[112]</a> On April 27, 1865, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters" title="List of maritime disasters">worst maritime disaster in American history</a> occurred when the <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(steamboat)" title="Sultana (steamboat)">Sultana</a> steamboat, which was transporting freed Union prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(steamboat)#Disaster" title="Sultana (steamboat)">exploded</a> in the Mississippi River north of Memphis, killing 1,168 people.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> was announced, Tennessee was largely held by Union forces and thus not among the states enumerated, so it freed no slaves there.<a href="#cite_note-npsjohnson-116">[114]</a> Andrew Johnson declared all slaves in Tennessee free on October 24, 1864.<a href="#cite_note-npsjohnson-116">[114]</a> On February 22, 1865, the legislature approved an amendment to the state constitution prohibiting slavery, which was approved by voters the following month, and would go into effect later on in the year. This made Tennessee the only Southern state to abolish slavery at the time.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-blackhistory-118">[116]</a> Tennessee ratified the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>, which outlawed slavery in every state, on April 7, 1865,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, which granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to former slaves, on July 18, 1866. Both amendments went into effect after Tennessee's readmission to the union due to the fact that other states had not yet ratified it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981333–334-120">[118]</a> Johnson became vice president when Lincoln was <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">reelected</a>, and president after Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination</a> in May 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000131-104">[102]</a> On July 24, 1866, Tennessee became the first Confederate state to have its elected members readmitted to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_and_late_19th_century">Reconstruction and late 19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconstruction and late 19th century">edit</a>]</div> The years after the Civil War were characterized by tension and unrest between blacks and former Confederates, the worst of which occurred in <a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis in 1866</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment before its readmission to the Union, it was the only former secessionist state that did not have a military governor during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981333–334-120">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> seized control of the state government toward the end of the war, and appointed <a href="/wiki/William_G._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Brownlow">William G. "Parson" Brownlow</a> governor. Under Brownlow's administration from 1865 to 1869, the legislature allowed African American men to vote, disenfranchised former Confederates, and with martial law, took action against the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>, which was founded in December 1865 in <a href="/wiki/Pulaski,_Tennessee" title="Pulaski, Tennessee">Pulaski</a> as a vigilante group to advance former Confederates' interests.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In 1870, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a> regained control of the state legislature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon198046–48-124">[122]</a> and over the next two decades, passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> to enforce <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> A total of 251 <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynchings</a>, predominately of Black people, took place in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmCyc_Memphis_(Tennessee).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1879 illustration of Memphis, showing the city's cotton industry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/220px-AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/330px-AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg/440px-AmCyc_Memphis_%28Tennessee%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Memphis became known as the "Cotton Capital of the World" in the years following the Civil War</figcaption></figure> A number of epidemics swept through Tennessee in the years after the Civil War, including <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in 1873, which devastated the Nashville area,<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> in 1878, which killed more than one-tenth of Memphis's residents.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Reformers worked to modernize Tennessee into a "<a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New South</a>" economy during this time. With the help of Northern investors, Chattanooga became one of the first industrialized cities in the South.<a href="#cite_note-jsh-131">[129]</a> Memphis became known as the "Cotton Capital of the World" during the late 19th century, and Nashville, Knoxville, and several smaller cities saw modest industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-jsh-131">[129]</a> Northerners also began exploiting the coalfields and mineral resources in the Appalachian Mountains. To pay off debts and alleviate overcrowded prisons, the state turned to <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">convict leasing</a>, providing prisoners to mining companies as <a href="/wiki/Strikebreakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikebreakers">strikebreakers</a>, which was protested by miners forced to compete with the system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981387–389-132">[130]</a> An armed uprising in the Cumberland Mountains known as the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a> in 1891 and 1892 resulted in the state ending convict leasing.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Despite New South promoters' efforts, agriculture continued to dominate Tennessee's economy.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The majority of freed slaves were forced into <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a> during the latter 19th century, and many others worked as agricultural wage laborers.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In 1897, Tennessee celebrated its statehood centennial one year late with the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Centennial_and_International_Exposition" title="Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition">Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition</a> in Nashville.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_(Nashville)" title="Parthenon (Nashville)">full-scale replica</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_Smith" title="William Crawford Smith">William Crawford Smith</a> and constructed for the celebration, owing to the city's reputation as the "Athens of the South".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981411–414-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22A_group_of_several_hundred_workers_at_Norris_Dam_construction_camp_site_during_noon_hour.%22_-_NARA_-_532734.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of workers at Norris Dam in 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22A_group_of_several_hundred_workers_at_Norris_Dam_construction_camp_site_during_noon_hour.%22_-_NARA_-_532734.jpg/220px-%22A_group_of_several_hundred_workers_at_Norris_Dam_construction_camp_site_during_noon_hour.%22_-_NARA_-_532734.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22A_group_of_several_hundred_workers_at_Norris_Dam_construction_camp_site_during_noon_hour.%22_-_NARA_-_532734.jpg/330px-%22A_group_of_several_hundred_workers_at_Norris_Dam_construction_camp_site_during_noon_hour.%22_-_NARA_-_532734.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22A_group_of_several_hundred_workers_at_Norris_Dam_construction_camp_site_during_noon_hour.%22_-_NARA_-_532734.jpg/440px-%22A_group_of_several_hundred_workers_at_Norris_Dam_construction_camp_site_during_noon_hour.%22_-_NARA_-_532734.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2147" /></a><figcaption>Workers at the <a href="/wiki/Norris_Dam" title="Norris Dam">Norris Dam</a> construction camp site in 1933</figcaption></figure> Due to increasing racial segregation and poor standards of living, many black Tennesseans fled to industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest as part of the first wave of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> between 1915 and 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon198075–80-140">[138]</a> Many residents of rural parts of Tennessee relocated to larger cities during this time for more lucrative employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-jsh-131">[129]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">Temperance movement</a>, Tennessee became the first state in the nation to effectively ban the sale, transportation, and production of alcohol in a series of laws passed between 1907 and 1917.<a href="#cite_note-dickinson-141">[139]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, illicit production of <a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">moonshine</a> became extremely common in East Tennessee, particularly in the mountains, and continued for many decades afterward.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Sgt. <a href="/wiki/Alvin_York" title="Alvin York">Alvin C. York</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fentress_County,_Tennessee" title="Fentress County, Tennessee">Fentress County</a> became one of the most famous and honored American soldiers of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He received the Congressional <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for single-handedly capturing an entire German machine gun regiment during the <a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> On July 9, 1918, Tennessee suffered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Train_Wreck_of_1918" title="Great Train Wreck of 1918">worst rail accident in U.S. history</a> when two passenger trains <a href="/wiki/Head-on_collision" title="Head-on collision">collided head on</a> in Nashville, killing 101 and injuring 171.<a href="#cite_note-Coggins2012-144">[142]</a> On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th and final state necessary to ratify the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which gave women the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">right to vote</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> In 1925, <a href="/wiki/John_T._Scopes" title="John T. Scopes">John T. Scopes</a>, a high school teacher in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Tennessee" title="Dayton, Tennessee">Dayton</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Scopes_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Scopes Trial">tried and convicted</a> for teaching <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> in violation of the state's recently passed <a href="/wiki/Butler_Act" title="Butler Act">Butler Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Scopes was prosecuted by former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> and presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> and defended by attorney <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a>. The case was intentionally publicized,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> and highlighted the <a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">creationism-evolution controversy</a> among religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 1926, Congress authorized the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">a national park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a>, which was officially established in 1934 and dedicated in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> struck in 1929, much of Tennessee was severely impoverished even by national standards.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> As part of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) was created in 1933 to provide electricity, jobs, flood control, improved waterway navigation, agricultural development, and economic modernization to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee River Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clemnelson-151">[149]</a> The TVA built several hydroelectric dams in the state in the 1930s and 1940s, which inundated communities and thousands of farmland acreage, and forcibly displaced families via <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Eminent domain in the United States">eminent domain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natarchTVA-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-stephens-153">[151]</a> The agency quickly grew into the country's largest electric utility and initiated a period of dramatic economic growth and transformation that brought many new industries and employment opportunities to the state.<a href="#cite_note-clemnelson-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calutron_operators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of calutron operators at Oak Ridge during the Manhattan Project" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calutron_operators.jpg/220px-Calutron_operators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calutron_operators.jpg/330px-Calutron_operators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Calutron_operators.jpg/440px-Calutron_operators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Calutron</a> operators at the <a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12</a> Plant in Oak Ridge during the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, East Tennessee was chosen for the production of weapons-grade <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> undertaking led by the U.S. to produce the world's first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bombs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge</a> was built to provide accommodations for the facilities and workers; the site was chosen due to the abundance of TVA electric power, its low population density, and its inland geography and topography, which allowed for the natural separation of the facilities and a low vulnerability to attack.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Clinton Engineer Works</a> was established as the production arm of the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, which enriched uranium at three major facilities for use in atomic bombs. The first of the bombs was detonated in <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo, New Mexico</a>, in a test code-named <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a>, and the second, nicknamed "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>", was <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">dropped on Imperial Japan</a> at the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985522-157">[155]</a> After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> became an institution for scientific and technological research.<a href="#cite_note-bigproblems-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-20th_century_to_present">Mid-20th century to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mid-20th century to present">edit</a>]</div> After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> in 1954, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_High_School_(Tennessee)" title="Oak Ridge High School (Tennessee)">Oak Ridge High School</a> in 1955 became the first school in Tennessee to be <a href="/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States" title="School integration in the United States">integrated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon1980100–101-159">[157]</a> The next year, nearby <a href="/wiki/Clinton_High_School_(Clinton,_Tennessee)" title="Clinton High School (Clinton, Tennessee)">Clinton High School</a> was integrated, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee National Guard">Tennessee National Guard</a> troops were sent in after pro-segregationists threatened violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon1980100–101-159">[157]</a> Between February and May 1960, a <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">series of sit-ins</a> at segregated lunch counters in Nashville organized by the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a> resulted in the desegregation of facilities in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon1980106–108-160">[158]</a> On April 4, 1968, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Ray" title="James Earl Ray">James Earl Ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassinated</a> civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> King had traveled there to support <a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">striking African American sanitation workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunsphere_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, showing the Sunsphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sunsphere_02.jpg/220px-Sunsphere_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sunsphere_02.jpg/330px-Sunsphere_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sunsphere_02.jpg/440px-Sunsphere_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1982_World%27s_Fair" title="1982 World's Fair">1982 World's Fair</a> in Knoxville</figcaption></figure> The 1962 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> case <a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a> arose out of a challenge to the longstanding rural bias of apportionment of seats in the Tennessee legislature and established the principle of "<a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>".<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> The construction of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 40 in Tennessee">Interstate 40</a> through Memphis became a national talking point on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Eminent domain in the United States">eminent domain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_lobbying" title="Grassroots lobbying">grassroots lobbying</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Transportation" title="Tennessee Department of Transportation">Tennessee Department of Transportation</a> (TDOT) attempted to construct the highway through the city's <a href="/wiki/Overton_Park" title="Overton Park">Overton Park</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park">local activist group</a> spent many years contesting the project, and in 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court sided with the group and established the framework for <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review</a> of government agencies in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States" title="List of landmark court decisions in the United States">landmark case</a> of <a href="/wiki/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-interstate100-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> TVA's construction of the <a href="/wiki/Tellico_Dam" title="Tellico Dam">Tellico Dam</a> in Loudon County became the subject of national controversy in the 1970s when the endangered <a href="/wiki/Snail_darter" title="Snail darter">snail darter</a> fish was reported to be affected by the project. After lawsuits by environmental groups, the debate was decided by the U.S. Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a> in 1978, leading to amendments of the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocoee_River_1996_Olympics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Whitewater slalom contestants on the Ocoee River during the 1996 Olympics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ocoee_River_1996_Olympics.jpg/220px-Ocoee_River_1996_Olympics.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ocoee_River_1996_Olympics.jpg/330px-Ocoee_River_1996_Olympics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ocoee_River_1996_Olympics.jpg/440px-Ocoee_River_1996_Olympics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ocoee_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocoee River">Ocoee River</a> was home to the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> whitewater slalom events, the only Olympic sporting event ever held in the state.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1982_World%27s_Fair" title="1982 World's Fair">1982 World's Fair</a> was held in Knoxville.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Also known as the Knoxville International Energy Exposition, the fair's theme was "Energy Turns the World". The exposition was one of the most successful, and the most recent world's fair to be held in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> In 1986, Tennessee held a yearlong celebration of the state's heritage and culture called "Homecoming '86".<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Tennessee celebrated its bicentennial in 1996 with a yearlong celebration called "Tennessee 200". A new state park that traces the state's history, <a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_Mall_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicentennial Mall State Park">Bicentennial Mall</a>, was opened at the foot of Capitol Hill in Nashville.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> The same year, the <a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">whitewater slalom</a> events at the Atlanta <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympic Games</a> were held on the <a href="/wiki/Ocoee_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocoee River">Ocoee River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Tennessee" title="Polk County, Tennessee">Polk County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fontenay-174">[172]</a> In 2002, Tennessee amended its constitution to establish a <a href="/wiki/Lotteries_in_the_United_States" title="Lotteries in the United States">lottery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> In 2006, the state constitution <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Marriage_Protection_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Marriage Protection Amendment">was amended</a> to outlaw <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>. This amendment was invalidated by the 2015 U.S. Supreme Court case <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> On December 23, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">largest industrial waste spill in United States history</a> occurred at TVA's <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant" title="Kingston Fossil Plant">Kingston Fossil Plant</a> when more than 1.1 billion gallons of <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">coal ash</a> slurry was accidentally released into the <a href="/wiki/Emory_River" title="Emory River">Emory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinch_River" title="Clinch River">Clinch Rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The cleanup cost more than $1 billion and lasted until 2015.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tennessee" title="Geography of Tennessee">Geography of Tennessee</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Tennessee" title="Geology of Tennessee">Geology of Tennessee</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_East_Tennessee_counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_of_East_Tennessee_counties.png/225px-Map_of_East_Tennessee_counties.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_of_East_Tennessee_counties.png/338px-Map_of_East_Tennessee_counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Map_of_East_Tennessee_counties.png/450px-Map_of_East_Tennessee_counties.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="245" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Middle_Tennessee_counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Middle_Tennessee_counties.png/225px-Map_of_Middle_Tennessee_counties.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Middle_Tennessee_counties.png/338px-Map_of_Middle_Tennessee_counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Middle_Tennessee_counties.png/450px-Map_of_Middle_Tennessee_counties.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="245" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_West_Tennessee_counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_West_Tennessee_counties.png/225px-Map_of_West_Tennessee_counties.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_West_Tennessee_counties.png/338px-Map_of_West_Tennessee_counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_West_Tennessee_counties.png/450px-Map_of_West_Tennessee_counties.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="245" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Maps of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Divisions of Tennessee">Grand Divisions of Tennessee</a>, with <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> at the top, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle Tennessee</a> in the center, and <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a> at the bottom.</div></div></div></div> Tennessee is in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>. Culturally, most of the state is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a>, and the eastern third is part of <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Tennessee covers roughly 42,143 square miles (109,150 km2), of which 926 square miles (2,400 km2), or 2.2%, is water. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">16th smallest state</a> in land area. The state is about 440 miles (710 km) long from east to west and 112 miles (180 km) wide from north to south. Tennessee is geographically, culturally, economically, and legally divided into three <a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Divisions of Tennessee">Grand Divisions</a>: <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-granddivisions-181">[179]</a> It borders eight other states: <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> on the south, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> on the west. It is tied with Missouri as the state bordering the most other states.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> Tennessee is trisected by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>, and its geographical center is in <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a>. Nearly three–fourths of the state is in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central Time Zone</a>, with most of East Tennessee on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-astor-183">[181]</a> The Tennessee River forms most of the division between Middle and West Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-granddivisions-181">[179]</a> Tennessee's eastern boundary roughly follows the highest crests of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> forms its western boundary.<a href="#cite_note-stein-184">[182]</a> Due to flooding of the Mississippi that has changed its path, the state's western boundary deviates from the river in some places.<a href="#cite_note-tnmag0115-185">[183]</a> The northern border was originally defined as <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">36°30′ north latitude</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Colonial_Boundary_of_1665" title="Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665">Royal Colonial Boundary of 1665</a>, but due to faulty surveys, begins north of this line in the east, and to the west, gradually veers north before shifting south onto the actual 36°30′ parallel at the Tennessee River in West Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-stein-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Uncertainties in the latter 19th century over the location of the state's border with Virginia culminated in the U.S. Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Tennessee" title="Virginia v. Tennessee">settling the matter in 1893</a>, which resulted in the division of <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee" title="Bristol, Tennessee">Bristol</a> between the two states.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> An 1818 survey erroneously placed Tennessee's southern border 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35th parallel</a>; Georgia legislators <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%E2%80%93Georgia_water_dispute" title="Tennessee–Georgia water dispute">continue to dispute this placement</a>, as it prevents Georgia from accessing the Tennessee River.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Marked by a diversity of landforms and topographies, Tennessee features six principal <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">physiographic provinces</a>, from east to west, which are part of three larger regions: the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Rim" title="Highland Rim">Highland Rim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Basin" title="Nashville Basin">Nashville Basin</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Low_Plateaus" title="Interior Low Plateaus">Interior Low Plateaus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">East Gulf Coastal Plain</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford186911–12-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199455–56-190">[188]</a> Other regions include the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Western Tennessee Valley</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a>. The state's highest point, which is also the third-highest peak in eastern North America, is <a href="/wiki/Kuwohi" title="Kuwohi">Kuwohi</a>, at 6,643 feet (2,025 m) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-191">[189]</a> Its lowest point, 178 feet (54 m), is on the Mississippi River at the Mississippi state line in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-5">[5]</a> Tennessee has the most caves in the United States, with more than 10,000 documented.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Geological formations in Tennessee largely correspond with the state's topographic features, and, in general, decrease in age from east to west. The state's oldest rocks are <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> strata more than 1 billion years old found in the Blue Ridge Mountains,<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199426–28-194">[192]</a> and the youngest deposits in Tennessee are sands and silts in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain and river valleys that drain into the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199449–52-195">[193]</a> Tennessee is considered seismically active and contains two major seismic zones, although destructive earthquakes rarely occur there.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tennessee_seismic_zone" title="Eastern Tennessee seismic zone">Eastern Tennessee seismic zone</a> spans the entirety of East Tennessee from northwestern Alabama to southwestern Virginia, and is considered one of the most active zones in the Southeastern United States, frequently producing low-magnitude earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_seismic_zone" title="New Madrid seismic zone">New Madrid seismic zone</a> in the northwestern part of the state produced <a href="/wiki/1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes" title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes">a series of devastating earthquakes</a> between December 1811 and February 1812 that formed <a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake" title="Reelfoot Lake">Reelfoot Lake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tiptonville,_Tennessee" title="Tiptonville, Tennessee">Tiptonville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt._LeConte_Clingmans_Dome_05-31-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Mount Le Conte in the Great Smoky Mountains, the tallest mountain in eastern North America, measured from base to summit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mt._LeConte_Clingmans_Dome_05-31-20.jpg/220px-Mt._LeConte_Clingmans_Dome_05-31-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mt._LeConte_Clingmans_Dome_05-31-20.jpg/330px-Mt._LeConte_Clingmans_Dome_05-31-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mt._LeConte_Clingmans_Dome_05-31-20.jpg/440px-Mt._LeConte_Clingmans_Dome_05-31-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Le_Conte_(Tennessee)" title="Mount Le Conte (Tennessee)">Mount Le Conte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a> is the tallest mountain in eastern North America, measured from base to summit</figcaption></figure> The southwestern <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> lie within Tennessee's eastern edge, and are divided into several subranges, namely the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bald_Mountains" title="Bald Mountains">Bald Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicoi_Mountains" title="Unicoi Mountains">Unicoi Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unaka_Range" title="Unaka Range">Unaka Mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Mountains" title="Iron Mountains">Iron Mountains</a>. These mountains, which average 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level in Tennessee, contain some of the highest elevations in eastern North America. The state's border with North Carolina roughly follows the highest peaks of this range, including Kuwohi. Most of the Blue Ridge area is protected by the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Forest" title="Cherokee National Forest">Cherokee National Forest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a>, and several federal wilderness areas and state parks.<a href="#cite_note-federal_lands-200">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a> roughly follows the North Carolina state line before shifting westward into Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Stretching west from the Blue Ridge Mountains for about 55 miles (89 km) are the <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a>, also known as the Tennessee Valley<a href="#cite_note-202">[c]</a> or Great Valley of East Tennessee. This area consists of linear parallel ridges separated by valleys that trend northeast to southwest, the general direction of the entire Appalachian range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199464-203">[200]</a> Most of these ridges are low, but some of the higher ones are commonly called mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199464-203">[200]</a> Numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Ridge and Valley region.<a href="#cite_note-physiomap-204">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_Creek_Falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Fall Creek Falls, the tallest waterfall in the eastern United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fall_Creek_Falls.jpg/220px-Fall_Creek_Falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fall_Creek_Falls.jpg/330px-Fall_Creek_Falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fall_Creek_Falls.jpg/440px-Fall_Creek_Falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fall_Creek_Falls" title="Fall Creek Falls">Fall Creek Falls</a>, the tallest waterfall in the eastern United States, is located on the Cumberland Plateau</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a> rises to the west of the Tennessee Valley, with an average elevation of 2,000 feet (610 m).<a href="#cite_note-maertens-205">[202]</a> This landform is part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Plateau" title="Appalachian Plateau">Appalachian Plateau</a> and consists mostly of flat-topped <a href="/wiki/Table_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Table (landform)">tablelands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npsgeo-206">[203]</a> The plateau's eastern edge is relatively distinct, but the western <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> is irregular, containing several long, crooked stream valleys separated by rocky cliffs with numerous <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199468–72-207">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a>, with peaks above 3,500 feet (1,100 m), comprise the northeastern part of the Appalachian Plateau in Tennessee, and the southeastern part of the Cumberland Plateau is divided by the <a href="/wiki/Sequatchie_Valley" title="Sequatchie Valley">Sequatchie Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199468–72-207">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Justin_P._Wilson_Cumberland_Trail_State_Park" title="Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail State Park">Cumberland Trail</a> traverses the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reelfoot_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Reelfoot Lake in West Tennessee, formed by the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Reelfoot_Lake.jpg/220px-Reelfoot_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Reelfoot_Lake.jpg/330px-Reelfoot_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Reelfoot_Lake.jpg/440px-Reelfoot_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake" title="Reelfoot Lake">Reelfoot Lake</a> in West Tennessee was formed by the <a href="/wiki/1811%E2%80%931812_New_Madrid_earthquakes" title="1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes">1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes</a></figcaption></figure> West of the Cumberland Plateau is the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Rim" title="Highland Rim">Highland Rim</a>, an elevated plain that surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Basin" title="Nashville Basin">Nashville Basin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dome_(geology)" title="Dome (geology)">geological dome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford186981–82-209">[206]</a> Both of these physiographic provinces are part of the <a href="/wiki/Interior_Low_Plateaus" title="Interior Low Plateaus">Interior Low Plateaus</a> of the larger <a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a>. The Highland Rim is Tennessee's largest geographic region, and is often split into eastern and western halves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford186981–82,_103-210">[207]</a> The Eastern Highland Rim is characterized by relatively level plains dotted by rolling hills, and the Western Highland Rim and western Nashville Basin are covered with uneven rounded knobs with steep <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravines</a> separated by meandering streams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford186983–85,_98–100-211">[208]</a> The Nashville Basin has rich, fertile farmland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford186997-212">[209]</a> and porous limestone bedrock very close to the surface underlies both the Nashville Basin and Eastern Highland Rim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford186983–85-213">[210]</a> This results in <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> that forms numerous caves, sinkholes, depressions, and underground streams.<a href="#cite_note-mooredrumm-214">[211]</a> West of the Highland Rim is the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Western Tennessee Valley</a>, which consists of about 10 miles (16 km) in width of hilly land along the banks of the Tennessee River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford1869104–106-215">[212]</a> West of this is the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a>, a broad feature that begins at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and extends northward into southern <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford1869110–111-216">[213]</a> The plain begins in the east with low rolling hills and wide stream valleys, known as the West Tennessee Highlands, and gradually levels out to the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford1869111-217">[214]</a> It ends at steep <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> bluffs overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a>, the westernmost physiographic division of Tennessee, which is part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199482–84-218">[215]</a> This flat 10 to 14 miles (16 to 23 km) wide strip is commonly known as the Mississippi Bottoms, and contains lowlands, <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafford1869112–113-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hydrology">edit</a>]</div> Tennessee is drained by <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Tennessee">three major rivers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>. The Tennessee River begins at the juncture of the <a href="/wiki/Holston_River" title="Holston River">Holston</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Broad_River" title="French Broad River">French Broad</a> rivers in Knoxville, flows southwest to Chattanooga, and exits into Alabama before reemerging in the western part of the state and flowing north into Kentucky.<a href="#cite_note-loc39-221">[218]</a> Its major tributaries include the <a href="/wiki/Clinch_River" title="Clinch River">Clinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Tennessee_River" title="Little Tennessee River">Little Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_River" title="Hiwassee River">Hiwassee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequatchie_River" title="Sequatchie River">Sequatchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk_River_(Tennessee_River_tributary)" title="Elk River (Tennessee River tributary)">Elk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech_River" title="Beech River">Beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_River_(Tennessee)" title="Buffalo River (Tennessee)">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck_River_(Tennessee)" title="Duck River (Tennessee)">Duck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_River_(Tennessee)" title="Big Sandy River (Tennessee)">Big Sandy</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-loc39-221">[218]</a> The Cumberland River flows through the north-central part of the state, emerging in the northeastern Highland Rim, passing through Nashville, turning northwest to Clarksville, and entering Kentucky east of the Tennessee River.<a href="#cite_note-tdeccumberland-222">[219]</a> Its principal branches in Tennessee are the <a href="/wiki/Obey_River" title="Obey River">Obey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caney_Fork_River" title="Caney Fork River">Caney Fork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stones_River" title="Stones River">Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpeth_River" title="Harpeth River">Harpeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Cumberland_River_tributary)" title="Red River (Cumberland River tributary)">Red</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-tdeccumberland-222">[219]</a> The Mississippi River drains nearly all of West Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-tdecms-223">[220]</a> Its tributaries are the <a href="/wiki/Obion_River" title="Obion River">Obion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forked_Deer_River" title="Forked Deer River">Forked Deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatchie_River" title="Hatchie River">Hatchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loosahatchie_River" title="Loosahatchie River">Loosahatchie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(Tennessee)" title="Wolf River (Tennessee)">Wolf</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-tdecms-223">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> operate many hydroelectric dams on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers and their tributaries, which form large reservoirs throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorlewFolmsbeeMitchell198112–13-224">[221]</a> About half the state's land area is in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a> drainage basin of the Tennessee River.<a href="#cite_note-loc39-221">[218]</a> The Cumberland River basin covers the northern half of Middle Tennessee and a small portion of East Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-tdeccumberland-222">[219]</a> A small part of north-central Tennessee is in the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Kentucky)" title="Green River (Kentucky)">Green River</a> watershed.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> All three of these basins are tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> watershed. Most of West Tennessee is in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a> watershed.<a href="#cite_note-tdecms-223">[220]</a> The entirety of the state is in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River#Watershed" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River watershed</a>, except for a small sliver near the southeastern corner traversed by the <a href="/wiki/Conasauga_River" title="Conasauga River">Conasauga River</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> watershed.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedar-glade-col-tn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a cedar glade, a rare ecosystem found in Middle Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cedar-glade-col-tn1.jpg/220px-Cedar-glade-col-tn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cedar-glade-col-tn1.jpg/330px-Cedar-glade-col-tn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cedar-glade-col-tn1.jpg/440px-Cedar-glade-col-tn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_glade" title="Calcareous glade">Cedar glades</a> are an ecosystem that is found in regions of Middle Tennessee where limestone bedrock is close to the surface</figcaption></figure> Tennessee is within a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">temperate deciduous forest</a> biome commonly known as the Eastern Deciduous Forest.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> It has eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_United_States_(EPA)" title="List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)">ecoregions</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a>, Central Appalachian, Southwestern Appalachian, <a href="/wiki/Interior_Low_Plateaus" title="Interior Low Plateaus">Interior Low Plateaus</a>, Southeastern Plains, Mississippi Valley Loess Plains, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain_(ecoregion)" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain (ecoregion)">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-fap20-228">[225]</a> Tennessee is the most <a href="/wiki/Biodiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverse">biodiverse</a> inland state,<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most biodiverse national park,<a href="#cite_note-climatechange-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duck_River_(Tennessee)" title="Duck River (Tennessee)">Duck River</a> is the most biologically diverse waterway in North America.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> The Nashville Basin is renowned for its diversity of flora and fauna.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Tennessee is home to 340 species of birds, 325 <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> species, 89 mammals, 77 amphibians, and 61 reptiles.<a href="#cite_note-climatechange-230">[227]</a> Forests cover about 52% of Tennessee's land area, with <a href="/wiki/Oak%E2%80%93hickory_forest" title="Oak–hickory forest">oak–hickory</a> the dominant type.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonJohnsonGreeneHill20203-234">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Appalachian%E2%80%93Blue_Ridge_forests#Dry_oak–pine_forests" title="Appalachian–Blue Ridge forests">Appalachian oak–pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cove_(Appalachian_Mountains)#Cove_forest" title="Cove (Appalachian Mountains)">cove hardwood</a> forests are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, and <a href="/wiki/Bottomland_hardwood_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottomland hardwood forest">bottomland hardwood</a> forests are common throughout the Gulf Coastal Plain.<a href="#cite_note-ut95-235">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> forests are also found throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-ut95-235">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Appalachian_spruce%E2%80%93fir_forest" title="Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest">Southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest</a> in the highest elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains is considered the second-most endangered ecosystem in the country.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Some of the last remaining large <a href="/wiki/American_chestnut" title="American chestnut">American chestnut</a> trees grow in the Nashville Basin and are being used to help breed <a href="/wiki/Blight" title="Blight">blight</a>-resistant trees.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Middle Tennessee is home to many unusual and rare ecosystems known as <a href="/wiki/Calcareous_glade" title="Calcareous glade">cedar glades</a>, which occur in areas with shallow limestone bedrock that is largely barren of overlying soil and contain many endemic plant species.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Common mammals found throughout Tennessee include <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">wild turkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrels</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bears</a> are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains and on the Cumberland Plateau. Tennessee has the third-highest number of amphibian species, with the Great Smoky Mountains home to the most <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamander</a> species in the world.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> The state ranks second in the nation for the diversity of its freshwater fish species.<a href="#cite_note-natureserve-240">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tennessee" title="Climate change in Tennessee">Climate change in Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Tennessee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Tennessee.png/300px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Tennessee.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Tennessee.png/450px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Tennessee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Tennessee.png/600px-K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_Tennessee.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Tennessee, using 1991–2020 <a href="/wiki/Climatological_normal" title="Climatological normal">climate normals</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most of Tennessee has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>, with the exception of some of the higher elevations in the Appalachians, which are classified as a cooler <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">mountain temperate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-241">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> is the dominant factor in Tennessee's climate, with winds from the south responsible for most of the state's annual precipitation. Generally, the state has hot summers and mild to cool winters with generous precipitation throughout the year. The highest average monthly precipitation usually occurs between December and April. The driest months, on average, are August to October. The state receives an average of 50 inches (130 cm) of precipitation annually. Snowfall ranges from 5 inches (13 cm) in West Tennessee to over 80 inches (200 cm) in East Tennessee's highest mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Tennessee_Agriculture-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Summers are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F (32 °C). Winters tend to be mild to cool, decreasing in temperature at higher elevations. For areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are generally near freezing. The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Perryville,_Tennessee" title="Perryville, Tennessee">Perryville</a> on August 9, 1930, while the lowest recorded temperature was −32 °F (−36 °C) at <a href="/wiki/Mountain_City,_Tennessee" title="Mountain City, Tennessee">Mountain City</a> on December 30, 1917.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> While Tennessee is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, its location makes it susceptible to the remnants of tropical <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>, which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-WPCSE-245">[242]</a> The state annually averages about 50 days of thunderstorms, which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds.<a href="#cite_note-Thunderstorm_Hazard-246">[243]</a> Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. The state averages 15 tornadoes annually.<a href="#cite_note-Annual_Average_Number_of_Tornadoes-247">[244]</a> They can be severe, and the state leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes that have fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-Tornado_Top_10_Lists-248">[245]</a> Winter storms such as in <a href="/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century" title="1993 Storm of the Century">1993</a> and <a href="/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm" title="February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm">2021</a> occur occasionally, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">ice storms</a> are fairly common. Fog is a persistent problem in some areas, especially in East Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;">Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Tennessee Cities (F)<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e5afaa; height:17px;">City </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Jan </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Feb </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Mar </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Apr </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">May </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Jun </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Jul </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Aug </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Sep </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Oct </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Nov </th> <th style="background:#e5afaa;">Dec </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#c5dfe1; height:16px;">Bristol </th> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">44/25 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">49/27 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">57/34 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">66/41 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">74/51 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">81/60 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">85/64 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">84/62 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">79/56 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">68/43 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">58/35 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">48/27 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; height:16px;">Chattanooga </th> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">50/31 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">54/33 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">63/40 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">72/47 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">79/56 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">86/65 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">90/69 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">89/68 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">82/62 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">72/48 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">61/40 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">52/33 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px;">Knoxville </th> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">47/30 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">52/33 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">61/40 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">71/48 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">78/57 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">85/65 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">88/69 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">87/68 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">81/62 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">71/50 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">60/41 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">50/34 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px;">Memphis </th> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">50/31 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">55/36 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">63/44 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">72/52 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">80/61 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">89/69 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">92/73 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">92/72 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">86/65 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">75/52 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">62/43 </td> <td style="background:#f8f3ca;">52/34 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#c5dfe1; height:16px;">Nashville </th> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">47/28 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">52/31 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">61/39 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">70/47 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">78/57 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">85/65 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">89/70 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">89/69 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">82/61 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">71/49 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">59/40 </td> <td style="background:#c5dfe1;">49/32 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities,_towns,_and_counties">Cities, towns, and counties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cities, towns, and counties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">List of municipalities in Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Tennessee" title="List of counties in Tennessee">List of counties in Tennessee</a></div> Tennessee is divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Tennessee" title="List of counties in Tennessee">95 counties</a>, each of which has a <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETennessee_Blue_Book_2005-2006616–617-251">[248]</a> The state has <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">340 municipalities</a> in total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETennessee_Blue_Book_2005-2006618–625-252">[249]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> designates <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Tennessee" title="List of metropolitan areas of Tennessee">ten metropolitan areas</a> in Tennessee, four of which extend into neighboring states.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Nashville is Tennessee's capital and largest city, with nearly 700,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCities-254">[251]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Nashville_metropolitan_area" title="Nashville metropolitan area">13-county metropolitan area</a> has been the state's largest since the early 1990s and is one of the nation's fastest-growing metropolitan areas, with about 2 million residents.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Memphis, with more than 630,000 inhabitants, was the state's largest city until 2016, when Nashville surpassed it.<a href="#cite_note-commercialappeal0517-2">[2]</a> It is in <a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby County</a>, Tennessee's largest county in both population and land area.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>, with about 190,000 inhabitants, and <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, with about 180,000 residents, are the third- and fourth-largest cities, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCities-254">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville</a> is a significant population center, with about 170,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCities-254">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a> is the sixth-largest city and Nashville's largest <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a>, with more than 150,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCities-254">[251]</a> In addition to the major cities, the <a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Tennessee" title="Tri-Cities, Tennessee">Tri-Cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee" title="Kingsport, Tennessee">Kingsport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee" title="Bristol, Tennessee">Bristol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City, Tennessee">Johnson City</a> are considered the sixth major population center.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Tennessee <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-PopEstCities-254">[251]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Tennessee">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Tennessee">County</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nashville_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nashville"><img alt="Nashville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nashville_%282%29.jpg/120px-Nashville_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nashville_%282%29.jpg/180px-Nashville_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Nashville_%282%29.jpg/240px-Nashville_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="324" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Memphis_skyline_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memphis"><img alt="Memphis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Memphis_skyline_from_the_air.jpg/120px-Memphis_skyline_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Memphis_skyline_from_the_air.jpg/180px-Memphis_skyline_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Memphis_skyline_from_the_air.jpg/240px-Memphis_skyline_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">689,447 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Knoxville_TN_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knoxville"><img alt="Knoxville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Knoxville_TN_skyline.jpg/120px-Knoxville_TN_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Knoxville_TN_skyline.jpg/180px-Knoxville_TN_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Knoxville_TN_skyline.jpg/240px-Knoxville_TN_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Chattanooga,_Tennessee_(2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chattanooga"><img alt="Chattanooga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg/120px-Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg/180px-Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg/240px-Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee_%282023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="1337" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">633,104 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Tennessee" title="Knox County, Tennessee">Knox</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">190,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">181,099 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Tennessee" title="Montgomery County, Tennessee">Montgomery</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">166,722 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_County,_Tennessee" title="Rutherford County, Tennessee">Rutherford</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">152,769 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Tennessee" title="Williamson County, Tennessee">Williamson</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,454 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City, Tennessee">Johnson City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Tennessee" title="Washington County, Tennessee">Washington</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,046 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Tennessee" title="Madison County, Tennessee">Madison</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,205 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee" title="Hendersonville, Tennessee">Hendersonville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sumner_County,_Tennessee" title="Sumner County, Tennessee">Sumner</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,753 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tennessee" title="Demographics of Tennessee">Demographics of Tennessee</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td>35,691</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td>105,602</td><td></td><td>195.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td>261,727</td><td></td><td>147.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td>422,823</td><td></td><td>61.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td>681,904</td><td></td><td>61.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td>829,210</td><td></td><td>21.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td>1,002,717</td><td></td><td>20.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td>1,109,801</td><td></td><td>10.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>1,258,520</td><td></td><td>13.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,542,359</td><td></td><td>22.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>1,767,518</td><td></td><td>14.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>2,020,616</td><td></td><td>14.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>2,184,789</td><td></td><td>8.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>2,337,885</td><td></td><td>7.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>2,616,556</td><td></td><td>11.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>2,915,841</td><td></td><td>11.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>3,291,718</td><td></td><td>12.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>3,567,089</td><td></td><td>8.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>3,923,687</td><td></td><td>10.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>4,591,120</td><td></td><td>17.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>4,877,185</td><td></td><td>6.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>5,689,283</td><td></td><td>16.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>6,346,105</td><td></td><td>11.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>6,910,840</td><td></td><td>8.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">7,126,489</td><td></td><td>3.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">Source: 1910–2020<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a> reported Tennessee's population at 6,910,840, an increase of 564,735, or 8.90%, since the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-4">[4]</a> Between 2010 and 2019, the state received a natural increase of 143,253 (744,274 births minus 601,021 deaths), and an increase from net migration of 338,428 people into the state. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 79,086, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 259,342.<a href="#cite_note-PopCompUS-259">[256]</a> Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_population" title="Center of population">center of population</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_County,_Tennessee" title="Rutherford County, Tennessee">Rutherford County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> According to the 2020 census, 5.7% of Tennessee's population were under age 5, 22.1% were under 18, and 17.1% were 65 or older.<a href="#cite_note-2020DP1-261">[258]</a> In recent years, Tennessee has been a top source of domestic migration, receiving an influx of people relocating from places such as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> due to the low cost of living and booming employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> In 2019, about 5.5% of Tennessee's population was foreign-born. Of the foreign-born population, approximately 42.7% were naturalized citizens and 57.3% non-citizens.<a href="#cite_note-stateprofile-264">[261]</a> The foreign-born population consisted of approximately 49.9% from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, 27.1% from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, 11.9% from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, 7.7% from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, 2.7% from <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern America</a>, and 0.6% from <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> In 2018, The top countries of origin for Tennessee's immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> With the exception of a slump in the 1980s, Tennessee has been one of the fastest-growing states in the nation since 1970, benefiting from the larger <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> The state has been a top destination for people relocating from <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> states. This time period has seen the birth of new economic sectors in the state and has positioned the Nashville and Clarksville metropolitan areas as two of the fastest-growing regions in the country.<a href="#cite_note-growthtacir-268">[265]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">HUD</a>'s 2022 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Homeless_Assessment_Report_to_Congress" title="Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress">Annual Homeless Assessment Report</a>, there were an estimated 10,567 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> The top languages spoken in Tennessee after English are Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, French, Laotian, Amharic, German, Gujarati, Japanese, Tagalog, Hindi, Russian, and Persian.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Ethnic composition as of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and Ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Alone </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">70.9% </td> <td align="left">70.9<div style="width:141.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td> <td align="right">74.6% </td> <td align="left">74.6<div style="width:149.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American (non-Hispanic)</a> </td> <td align="right">15.7% </td> <td align="left">15.7<div style="width:31.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td> <td align="right">17.0% </td> <td align="left">17<div style="width:34px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[d]</a> </td> <td align="right">— </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">6.9% </td> <td align="left">6.9<div style="width:13.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">1.9% </td> <td align="left">1.9<div style="width:3.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2.5% </td> <td align="left">2.5<div style="width:5px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </td> <td align="right">0.2% </td> <td align="left">0.2<div style="width:0.4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td> <td align="right">2.0% </td> <td align="left">2<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gold"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:pink"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">0.1% </td> <td align="left">0.1<div style="width:0.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td> <td align="right">0.3% </td> <td align="left">0.3<div style="width:0.6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_Counties_by_race_(2020_census).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tennessee_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/302px-Tennessee_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="302" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tennessee_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/453px-Tennessee_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tennessee_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg/604px-Tennessee_Counties_by_race_%282020_census%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="124" /></a><figcaption>Map of counties in Tennessee by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Legend</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Non-Hispanic White <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60–70%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80–90%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  90%+</div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Black or African American <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–60%</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historical racial composition</th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-historicaldemographics-274">[270]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-historicaldemographics-274">[270]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-historicaldemographics-274">[270]</a></th> <th>2000<a href="#cite_note-275">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-censviewer-276">[271]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-censviewer-276">[271]</a></th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-2020DP1-261">[258]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a></td> <td>82.5%</td> <td>83.9%</td> <td>83.0%</td> <td>80.2%</td> <td>77.6%</td> <td>72.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a></td> <td>17.4%</td> <td>15.8%</td> <td>16.0%</td> <td>16.4%</td> <td>16.7%</td> <td>15.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">other Pacific Islander</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>3.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>–</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>6.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2020, 6.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race), up from 4.6% in 2010. Between 2000 and 2010, Tennessee's Hispanic population grew by 134.2%, the third-highest rate of any state.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino Whites">Non-Hispanic or Latino Whites</a> were 70.9% of the population, compared to 57.7% of the population nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> In 2010, the five most common self-reported ethnic groups in the state were <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American</a> (26.5%), <a href="/wiki/English_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="English ancestry">English</a> (8.2%), <a href="/wiki/Irish_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish ancestry">Irish</a> (6.6%), <a href="/wiki/German_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="German ancestry">German</a> (5.5%), and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a> (2.7%).<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> Most Tennesseans who self-identify as having <a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a> are of <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Irish American">Scotch-Irish</a> ancestry. An estimated 21–24% of Tennesseans are of predominantly <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer1989-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: #f8f9fa; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religious affiliation (2014)<a href="#cite_note-auto-282">[277]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestantism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:52%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">52%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:14%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestantism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:13%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">13%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Historically Black Protestantism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:mediumblue; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightblue; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other faiths</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Since colonization, Tennessee has always been predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>. About 81% of the population identifies as Christian, with <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> making up 73% of the population. Of the Protestants in the state, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestants</a> compose 52% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestants</a> 13%, and <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Historically Black Protestants</a> 8%. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Roman Catholics</a> make up 6%, <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormons</a> 1%, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> less than 1%.<a href="#cite_note-auto-282">[277]</a> The largest denominations by number of adherents are the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, the Roman Catholic Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.thearda.com-283">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> each make up about 1% of the population, and adherents of other religions make up about 3% of the population. About 14% of Tennesseans are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a>, with 11% identifying as "Nothing in particular", 3% as <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostics</a>, and 1% as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-282">[277]</a> Tennessee is included in most definitions of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, and is ranked as <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_religiosity" title="List of U.S. states and territories by religiosity">one of the nation's most religious states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> Several Protestant denominations have their headquarters in Tennessee, including the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention</a> (in Nashville); the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church" title="Cumberland Presbyterian Church">Cumberland Presbyterian Church</a> (in Memphis);<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_of_Prophecy" title="Church of God of Prophecy">Church of God of Prophecy</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland, Tennessee">Cleveland</a>);<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Free_Will_Baptists" title="National Association of Free Will Baptists">National Association of Free Will Baptists</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Antioch,_Tennessee" title="Antioch, Tennessee">Antioch</a>).<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> Nashville has publishing houses of several denominations.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tennessee" title="Economy of Tennessee">Economy of Tennessee</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_locations_by_per_capita_income" title="List of Tennessee locations by per capita income">List of Tennessee locations by per capita income</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo_Map_of_Median_Income_by_Location_in_Tennessee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Geo_Map_of_Median_Income_by_Location_in_Tennessee.png/220px-Geo_Map_of_Median_Income_by_Location_in_Tennessee.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Geo_Map_of_Median_Income_by_Location_in_Tennessee.png/330px-Geo_Map_of_Median_Income_by_Location_in_Tennessee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Geo_Map_of_Median_Income_by_Location_in_Tennessee.png/440px-Geo_Map_of_Median_Income_by_Location_in_Tennessee.png 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>A geomap showing the counties of Tennessee colored by the relative range of that county's median income.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Chart_of_Poverty_by_Age_and_Gender_in_Tennessee.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bar_Chart_of_Poverty_by_Age_and_Gender_in_Tennessee.svg/220px-Bar_Chart_of_Poverty_by_Age_and_Gender_in_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bar_Chart_of_Poverty_by_Age_and_Gender_in_Tennessee.svg/330px-Bar_Chart_of_Poverty_by_Age_and_Gender_in_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bar_Chart_of_Poverty_by_Age_and_Gender_in_Tennessee.svg/440px-Bar_Chart_of_Poverty_by_Age_and_Gender_in_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing poverty in Tennessee, by age and gender (red = female)</figcaption></figure> As of 2021, Tennessee had a <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">gross state product</a> of $418.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-GDPByState-290">[285]</a> In 2020, the state's <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita personal income</a> was $30,869. The <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">median household income</a> was $54,833.<a href="#cite_note-stateprofile-264">[261]</a> About 13.6% percent of the population was below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-4">[4]</a> In 2019, the state reported a total employment of 2,724,545 and a total number of 139,760 employer establishments.<a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-4">[4]</a> Tennessee is a <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work</a> state, like most of its Southern neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Unionization</a> has historically been low and continues to decline, as in most of the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/State_income_tax" title="State income tax">State income tax</a></div> Tennessee has a reputation as a low-tax state and is usually ranked as one of the five states with the lowest tax burden on residents.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> Despite being low-tax, it is ranked third among U.S. states for fiscal health.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> It is one of nine states that do not have a <a href="/wiki/State_income_tax" title="State income tax">general income tax</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a> is the primary means of funding the government.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hall_income_tax" title="Hall income tax">Hall income tax</a> was imposed on most <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> at a rate of 6% but was completely phased out by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> The first $1,250 of individual income and $2,500 of joint income was exempt from this tax.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property taxes</a> are the primary source of revenue for local governments.<a href="#cite_note-tacir2002-298">[293]</a> The state's sales and <a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">use tax</a> rate for most items is 7%, the second-highest in the nation, along with Mississippi, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Indiana. Food is taxed at 4%, but candy, dietary supplements, and prepared foods are taxed at 7%.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions at rates varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing the total sales tax between 8.5% and 9.75%. The average combined rate is about 9.5%, the nation's highest average sales tax.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible property</a> tax is assessed on the shares of stockholders of any loan, investment, insurance, or for-profit cemetery companies. The assessment ratio is 40% of the value times the jurisdiction's tax rate.<a href="#cite_note-tacir2002-298">[293]</a> Since 2016, Tennessee has had no inheritance tax.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Tennessee has the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Tennessee">eighth-most farms in the nation</a>, which cover more than 40% of its land area and have an average size of about 155 acres (0.63 km2).<a href="#cite_note-ff1-302">[297]</a> Cash receipts for crops and livestock have an estimated annual value of $3.5 billion, and the agriculture sector has an estimated annual impact of $81 billion on the state's economy.<a href="#cite_note-ff1-302">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a> is the state's largest agricultural commodity, followed by <a href="/wiki/Broilers" class="mw-redirect" title="Broilers">broilers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-homeandfarm13-18">[17]</a> Tennessee ranks 12th in the nation for the number of cattle, with more than half of its farmland dedicated to cattle grazing.<a href="#cite_note-ff1-302">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> are the state's first and second-most common crops, respectively,<a href="#cite_note-homeandfarm13-18">[17]</a> and are most heavily grown in West and Middle Tennessee, especially the northwestern corner of the state.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> Tennessee ranks seventh in the nation in <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> production, most of which is grown in the fertile soils of central West Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-nassreport-306">[301]</a> The state ranks fourth nationwide in the production of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, which is predominantly grown in the Ridge-and-Valley region of East Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-farmbureau-307">[302]</a> Tennessee farmers are also known worldwide for their cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> plants.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> Other important cash crops in the state include <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snap_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap bean">snap beans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ff1-302">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-farmbureau-307">[302]</a> The Nashville Basin is a top equestrian region, due to soils that produce grass favored by horses. The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Walking_Horse" title="Tennessee Walking Horse">Tennessee Walking Horse</a>, first bred in the region in the late 18th century, is one of the world's most recognized horse breeds.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> Tennessee also ranks second nationwide for <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a> breeding and the production of <a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">goat meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-farmbureau-307">[302]</a> The state's timber industry is largely concentrated on the Cumberland Plateau and ranks as one of the top producers of <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_2018_(31874639158)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Nissan Leaf, which is manufactured in Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a>, one of six models manufactured at the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Smyrna_Assembly_Plant" title="Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant">Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant</a>, the largest automotive assembly plant in North America</figcaption></figure> Until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Tennessee, like most Southern states, remained predominantly agrarian. Chattanooga became one of the first industrial cities in the south in the decades after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, when many factories, including iron foundries, steel mills, and textile mills were constructed there.<a href="#cite_note-jsh-131">[129]</a> But most of Tennessee's industrial growth began with the federal investments in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) and the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> in the 1930s and 1940s. The state's industrial and manufacturing sector continued to expand in the succeeding decades, and Tennessee is now home to more than 2,400 advanced manufacturing establishments, which produce a total of more than $29 billion worth of goods annually.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">automotive industry</a> is Tennessee's largest manufacturing sector and one of the nation's largest.<a href="#cite_note-commercialappealauto-313">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Motors">Nissan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Smyrna_Assembly_Plant" title="Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant">assembly plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee" title="Smyrna, Tennessee">Smyrna</a> is the largest automotive assembly plant in North America.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> Two other automakers have assembly plants in Tennessee: <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Hill_Manufacturing" title="Spring Hill Manufacturing">Spring Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Chattanooga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> is constructing <a href="/wiki/Blue_Oval_City" title="Blue Oval City">an assembly plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stanton,_Tennessee" title="Stanton, Tennessee">Stanton</a> that is expected to be operational in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> In addition, the state contains more than 900 automotive suppliers.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> Nissan and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a> have their North American corporate headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> The state is also one of the top producers of <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food and drink products</a>, its second-largest manufacturing sector.<a href="#cite_note-nam-320">[315]</a> A number of well-known brands originated in Tennessee, and even more are produced there.<a href="#cite_note-ustr-321">[316]</a> Tennessee also ranks as one of the largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nam-320">[315]</a> Chemical products manufactured in Tennessee include <a href="/wiki/Industrial_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial chemicals">industrial chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Paints">paints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_resin" title="Synthetic resin">plastic resins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care">hygiene products</a>. Additional important products manufactured in Tennessee include <a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">fabricated metal</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical equipment">electrical equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">electrical appliances</a>, and nonelectrical machinery.<a href="#cite_note-ustr-321">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_Aerial_View.jpg/220px-Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_Aerial_View.jpg/330px-Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_Aerial_View.jpg/440px-Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1942, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> is the largest national laboratory in the Department of Energy system</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tennessee#Business" title="Economy of Tennessee">Tennessee's commercial sector</a> is dominated by a wide variety of companies, but its largest service industries include health care, transportation, music and entertainment, banking, and finance. Large corporations with headquarters in Tennessee include <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a>, <a href="/wiki/AutoZone" title="AutoZone">AutoZone</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Horizon_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="First Horizon Corporation">First Horizon Corporation</a>, all based in Memphis; <a href="/wiki/Pilot_Company" title="Pilot Company">Pilot Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regal_Entertainment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Regal Entertainment Group">Regal Entertainment Group</a> in Knoxville; <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital Corporation of America">Hospital Corporation of America</a> based in Nashville; <a href="/wiki/Unum" title="Unum">Unum</a> in Chattanooga; Acadia Senior Living and <a href="/wiki/Community_Health_Systems" title="Community Health Systems">Community Health Systems</a> in Franklin; Eastman Chemical headquartered in Kingsport; <a href="/wiki/Dollar_General" title="Dollar General">Dollar General</a> in Goodlettsville, and LifePoint Health, <a href="/wiki/Tractor_Supply_Company" title="Tractor Supply Company">Tractor Supply Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delek_US" title="Delek US">Delek US</a> in Brentwood.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> Since the 1990s, the geographical area between Oak Ridge and Knoxville has been known as the Tennessee Technology Corridor, with more than 500 high-tech firms in the region.<a href="#cite_note-sherman-324">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> industry in Tennessee is also one of the largest employment sectors, mainly due to the prominence of <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL) and the <a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 National Security Complex</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge</a>. ORNL conducts scientific research in <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, energy, <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">high-performance computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">systems biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">national security</a>, and is the largest <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">national laboratory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> (DOE) system by size.<a href="#cite_note-bigproblems-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> The technology sector is also a rapidly growing industry in Middle Tennessee, particularly in the Nashville metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_mineral_production">Energy and mineral production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Energy and mineral production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of power stations in Tennessee">List of power stations in Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_operated_by_the_Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="List of power stations operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority">List of power stations operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TVA_IMG_2993_(28921461062).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Norris Dam, a hydroelectric power station operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TVA_IMG_2993_%2828921461062%29.jpg/220px-TVA_IMG_2993_%2828921461062%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TVA_IMG_2993_%2828921461062%29.jpg/330px-TVA_IMG_2993_%2828921461062%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TVA_IMG_2993_%2828921461062%29.jpg/440px-TVA_IMG_2993_%2828921461062%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Norris_Dam" title="Norris Dam">Norris Dam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric dam">hydroelectric dam</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tennessee's electric utilities are regulated monopolies, as in many other states.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) owns over 90% of the state's generating capacity.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">Nuclear power</a> is Tennessee's largest source of electricity generation, producing about 43.4% of its power in 2021. The same year, 22.4% of the power was produced from <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">coal</a>, 17.8% from <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">natural gas</a>, 15.8% from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States">hydroelectricity</a>, and 1.3% from other <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">renewables</a>. About 59.7% of the electricity generated in Tennessee produces <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon power">no greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a> Tennessee is home to the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear power reactor</a> in the U.S. to begin operation in the 21st century, which is at the <a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar Nuclear Plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhea_County,_Tennessee" title="Rhea County, Tennessee">Rhea County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> Tennessee was also an early leader in hydroelectric power,<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> and today is the third-largest hydroelectric power-producing state east of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-energyprofile-333">[328]</a> Tennessee is a net consumer of electricity, receiving power from other TVA facilities in neighboring states.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-334">[329]</a> Tennessee has very little petroleum and natural gas reserves, but is home to one oil refinery, in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-energyprofile-333">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a> is mined in small quantities in the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-tdecmineral-335">[330]</a> There are sizable reserves of <a href="/wiki/Lignite_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignite coal">lignite coal</a> in West Tennessee that remain untapped.<a href="#cite_note-tdecmineral-335">[330]</a> Coal production in Tennessee peaked in 1972, and today less than 0.1% of coal in the U.S. comes from Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-energyprofile-333">[328]</a> Tennessee is the nation's leading producer of <a href="/wiki/Ball_clay" title="Ball clay">ball clay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tdecmineral-335">[330]</a> Other major mineral products produced in Tennessee include <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">crushed stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">common clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tdecmineral-335">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Copper_Basin_(Tennessee)" title="Copper Basin (Tennessee)">Copper Basin</a>, in Tennessee's southeastern corner in Polk County, was one of the nation's most productive <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Copper mining in the United States">copper mining</a> districts between the 1840s and 1980s, and supplied about 90% of the copper the Confederacy used during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> Mining activities in the basin resulted in a major environmental disaster, which left the surrounding landscape barren for more than a century.<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> Iron ore was another major mineral mined in Tennessee until the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> Tennessee was also a top producer of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> until the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Gatlinburg,_Tennessee.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Gatlinburg with the Great Smoky Mountains in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Downtown_Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee.JPG/220px-Downtown_Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Downtown_Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee.JPG/330px-Downtown_Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Downtown_Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee.JPG/440px-Downtown_Gatlinburg%2C_Tennessee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Resort_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Resort city">resort city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gatlinburg,_Tennessee" title="Gatlinburg, Tennessee">Gatlinburg</a> borders the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a>, which is the most visited national park in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-gsmnpnumbers-341">[336]</a></figcaption></figure> Tennessee is the 11th-most visited state in the nation,<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> receiving a record of 126 million tourists in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> Its top tourist attraction is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a>, the most visited national park in the U.S., with more than 14 million visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-gsmnpnumbers-341">[336]</a> The park anchors a large tourism industry based primarily in nearby <a href="/wiki/Gatlinburg,_Tennessee" title="Gatlinburg, Tennessee">Gatlinburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee" title="Pigeon Forge, Tennessee">Pigeon Forge</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Dollywood" title="Dollywood">Dollywood</a>, the most visited ticketed attraction in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-traveltips-344">[339]</a> Attractions related to Tennessee's musical heritage are spread throughout the state.<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> Other top attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Museum" title="Tennessee State Museum">Tennessee State Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_(Nashville)" title="Parthenon (Nashville)">Parthenon</a> in Nashville; the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graceland" title="Graceland">Graceland</a> in Memphis; <a href="/wiki/Lookout_Mountain" title="Lookout Mountain">Lookout Mountain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Choo-Choo_Hotel" title="Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel">Chattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Falls" title="Ruby Falls">Ruby Falls</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Aquarium" title="Tennessee Aquarium">Tennessee Aquarium</a> in Chattanooga; the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Science_and_Energy" title="American Museum of Science and Energy">American Museum of Science and Energy</a> in Oak Ridge, the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway" title="Bristol Motor Speedway">Bristol Motor Speedway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Daniel%27s_Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Daniel's Distillery">Jack Daniel's Distillery</a> in Lynchburg, and the <a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_River" title="Hiwassee River">Hiwassee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toccoa/Ocoee_River" title="Toccoa/Ocoee River">Ocoee</a> rivers in Polk County.<a href="#cite_note-traveltips-344">[339]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> preserves four Civil War battlefields in Tennessee: <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_and_Chattanooga_National_Military_Park" title="Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park">Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stones_River_National_Battlefield" title="Stones River National Battlefield">Stones River National Battlefield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_National_Military_Park" title="Shiloh National Military Park">Shiloh National Military Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Donelson_National_Battlefield" title="Fort Donelson National Battlefield">Fort Donelson National Battlefield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> The NPS also operates <a href="/wiki/Big_South_Fork_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area">Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap_National_Historical_Park" title="Cumberland Gap National Historical Park">Cumberland Gap National Historical Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Victory_National_Historic_Trail" title="Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail">Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears#Landmarks_and_commemorations" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears National Historic Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site" title="Andrew Johnson National Historic Site">Andrew Johnson National Historic Site</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project_National_Historical_Park" title="Manhattan Project National Historical Park">Manhattan Project National Historical Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> Tennessee is home to eight <a href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Byways" class="mw-redirect" title="National Scenic Byways">National Scenic Byways</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Parkway" title="Natchez Trace Parkway">Natchez Trace Parkway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_Crossing_Byway" title="East Tennessee Crossing Byway">East Tennessee Crossing Byway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_River_Road" title="Great River Road">Great River Road</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_441_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 441 in Tennessee">Norris Freeway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_63" title="Tennessee State Route 63">Cumberland National Scenic Byway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_111" title="Tennessee State Route 111">Sequatchie Valley Scenic Byway</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trace_(Land_Between_the_Lakes)" title="The Trace (Land Between the Lakes)">The Trace</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cherohala_Skyway" title="Cherohala Skyway">Cherohala Skyway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scenicbyway-349">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-fivenewroads-350">[345]</a> Tennessee maintains 56 state parks, covering 132,000 acres (530 km2).<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> Many reservoirs created by TVA dams have also generated water-based tourist attractions.<a href="#cite_note-flessner-352">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tennessee">Literature of Tennessee</a></div> Tennessee blends southern <a href="/wiki/Appalachia#Culture" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Southern</a> flavors, which originate from its English, Scotch-Irish, and African roots, and has evolved as it has grown. Its <a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Divisions">Grand Divisions</a> also manifest into distinct cultural regions, with East Tennessee commonly associated with Southern Appalachia,<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> and Middle and West Tennessee commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Upland_South#History_and_culture" title="Upland South">Upland Southern culture</a> and sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep Southern</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> Parts of West Tennessee, especially Memphis, are sometimes considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Museum" title="Tennessee State Museum">Tennessee State Museum</a> in Nashville chronicles the state's history and culture.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> Tennessee is perhaps best known culturally for its musical heritage and contributions to the development of many forms of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, particularly in the country genre.<a href="#cite_note-huffpost-357">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-entertainment.howstuffworks.com-358">[353]</a> Notable authors with ties to Tennessee include <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(writer)" title="Peter Taylor (writer)">Peter Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hodgson_Burnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Hodgson Burnett">Francis Hodgson Burnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas S. Stribling">Thomas S. Stribling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni" title="Nikki Giovanni">Nikki Giovanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Shelby Foote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Patchett" title="Ann Patchett">Ann Patchett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Reed" title="Ishmael Reed">Ishmael Reed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Randall_Jarrell" title="Randall Jarrell">Randall Jarrell</a>. The state's well-known contributions to <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern cuisine</a> include <a href="/wiki/Memphis-style_barbecue" title="Memphis-style barbecue">Memphis-style barbecue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_chicken" title="Hot chicken">Nashville hot chicken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tennessee" title="Music of Tennessee">Music of Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Tennessee" title="Music of East Tennessee">Music of East Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryman_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A performance of the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ryman_stage.jpg/220px-Ryman_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ryman_stage.jpg/330px-Ryman_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ryman_stage.jpg/440px-Ryman_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a>, which was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium" title="Ryman Auditorium">Ryman Auditorium</a> from 1943 to 1974, is the longest-running <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio broadcast">radio broadcast</a> in US history.<a href="#cite_note-entertainment.howstuffworks.com-358">[353]</a></figcaption></figure> Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>. Many consider Memphis's <a href="/wiki/Beale_Street" title="Beale Street">Beale Street</a> the epicenter of the blues, with musicians such as <a href="/wiki/W._C._Handy" title="W. C. Handy">W. C. Handy</a> performing in its clubs as early as 1909.<a href="#cite_note-huffpost-357">[352]</a> Memphis was historically home to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Records" title="Sun Records">Sun Records</a>, where musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis" title="Jerry Lee Lewis">Jerry Lee Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rich" title="Charlie Rich">Charlie Rich</a> began their recording careers, and where rock and roll took shape in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-huffpost-357">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> in Memphis became one of the most important labels for soul artists in the late 1950s and 1960s, and a subgenre known as <a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis soul</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_sessions" title="Bristol sessions">1927 Victor recording sessions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee" title="Bristol, Tennessee">Bristol</a> generally mark the beginning of the country music genre and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a> in the 1930s helped make Nashville the center of the country music recording industry.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> Nashville became known as "Music City", and the Grand Ole Opry remains the nation's longest-running radio show.<a href="#cite_note-entertainment.howstuffworks.com-358">[353]</a> Many museums and historic sites recognize Tennessee's role in nurturing various forms of popular music, including <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio" title="Sun Studio">Sun Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Rock_N%27_Soul_Museum" title="Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum">Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stax_Museum_of_American_Soul_Music" title="Stax Museum of American Soul Music">Stax Museum of American Soul Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blues_Hall_of_Fame" title="Blues Hall of Fame">Blues Hall of Fame</a> in Memphis, the <a href="/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium" title="Ryman Auditorium">Ryman Auditorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum">Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicians_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum">Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_Music" title="National Museum of African American Music">National Museum of African American Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_Row" title="Music Row">Music Row</a> in Nashville, the International Rock-A-Billy Museum in Jackson, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Music_Museum" title="Mountain Music Museum">Mountain Music Museum</a> in Kingsport, and the <a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Country_Music_Museum" title="Birthplace of Country Music Museum">Birthplace of Country Music Museum</a> in Bristol.<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rockabilly Hall of Fame">Rockabilly Hall of Fame</a>, an online site recognizing the development of rockabilly, is also based in Nashville. Several annual music festivals take place throughout the state, the largest of which are the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_in_May#Beale_Street_Music_Festival_(BSMF)" title="Memphis in May">Beale Street Music Festival</a> in Memphis, the <a href="/wiki/CMA_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="CMA Music Festival">CMA Music Festival</a> in Nashville, <a href="/wiki/Bonnaroo_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnaroo Music Festival">Bonnaroo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Tennessee" title="Manchester, Tennessee">Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riverbend_Festival" title="Riverbend Festival">Riverbend</a> in Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Tennessee" title="List of school districts in Tennessee">List of school districts in Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Tennessee" title="List of high schools in Tennessee">List of high schools in Tennessee</a></div> Education in Tennessee is administered by the Tennessee Department of Education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001286–287-365">[360]</a> The state Board of Education has 11 members: one from each Congressional district, a student member, and the executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Higher_Education_Commission" title="Tennessee Higher Education Commission">Tennessee Higher Education Commission</a> (THEC), who serves as ex-officio nonvoting member.<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> Public primary and secondary education systems are operated by county, city, or special school districts to provide education at the local level, and operate under the direction of the Tennessee Department of Education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001286–287-365">[360]</a> The state also has many private schools.<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a> The state enrolls approximately 1 million <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> students in 137 districts.<a href="#cite_note-edchoices-368">[363]</a> In 2021, the four-year high school graduation rate was 88.7%, a decrease of 1.2% from the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> According to the most recent data, Tennessee spends $9,544 per student, the 8th lowest in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Tennessee" title="List of colleges and universities in Tennessee">List of colleges and universities in Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandy-kirkland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kirkland Hall at Vanderbilt University in Nashville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vandy-kirkland.jpg/170px-Vandy-kirkland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vandy-kirkland.jpg/255px-Vandy-kirkland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vandy-kirkland.jpg/340px-Vandy-kirkland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the top research institutions in the nation</figcaption></figure> Public higher education is overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Higher_Education_Commission" title="Tennessee Higher Education Commission">Tennessee Higher Education Commission</a> (THEC), which provides guidance to the state's two public university systems. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_system" title="University of Tennessee system">University of Tennessee system</a> operates four primary campuses in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">Knoxville</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Chattanooga" title="University of Tennessee at Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_at_Martin" title="University of Tennessee at Martin">Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Southern" title="University of Tennessee Southern">Pulaski</a>; a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Health_Science_Center" title="University of Tennessee Health Science Center">Health Sciences Center</a> in Memphis; and an <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Space_Institute" title="University of Tennessee Space Institute">aerospace research facility</a> in Tullahoma.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Board_of_Regents" title="Tennessee Board of Regents">Tennessee Board of Regents</a> (TBR), also known as The College System of Tennessee, operates 13 community colleges and 27 campuses of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Colleges_of_Applied_Technology" title="Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology">Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology</a> (TCAT).<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> Until 2017, the TBR also operated six public universities in the state; it now only gives them administrative support.<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> In 2014, the Tennessee General Assembly created the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Promise" title="Tennessee Promise">Tennessee Promise</a>, which allows in-state high school graduates to enroll in two-year post-secondary education programs such as associate degrees and certificates at community colleges and <a href="/wiki/Trade_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade school">trade schools</a> in Tennessee tuition-free, funded by the state lottery, if they meet certain requirements.<a href="#cite_note-tnpromise-374">[369]</a> The Tennessee Promise was created as part of then-governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Bill Haslam</a>'s "Drive to 55" program, which set a goal of increasing the number of college-educated residents to at least 55% of the state's population.<a href="#cite_note-tnpromise-374">[369]</a> The program has also received national attention, with multiple states having since created similar programs modeled on the Tennessee Promise.<a href="#cite_note-375">[370]</a> Tennessee has 107 private institutions.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a> in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the nation's leading research institutions.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> Nashville is often called the "Athens of the South" due to its many colleges and universities.<a href="#cite_note-Kreyling1996-378">[373]</a> Tennessee is also home to six <a href="/wiki/Historically_Black_colleges_and_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically Black colleges and universities">historically Black colleges and universities</a> (HBCUs).<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of television stations in Tennessee">List of television stations in Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee" title="List of newspapers in Tennessee">List of newspapers in Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of radio stations in Tennessee">List of radio stations in Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessean_office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Offices of The Tennessean, a newspaper in Nashville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessean_office.jpg/220px-Tennessean_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessean_office.jpg/330px-Tennessean_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessean_office.jpg/440px-Tennessean_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>Offices of <a href="/wiki/The_Tennessean" title="The Tennessean">The Tennessean</a> in Nashville</figcaption></figure> Tennessee is home to more than 120 newspapers. The most-circulated paid newspapers in the state include <a href="/wiki/The_Tennessean" title="The Tennessean">The Tennessean</a> in Nashville, <a href="/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal" title="The Commercial Appeal">The Commercial Appeal</a> in Memphis, the <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel" title="Knoxville News Sentinel">Knoxville News Sentinel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press" title="Chattanooga Times Free Press">Chattanooga Times Free Press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Leaf-Chronicle" title="The Leaf-Chronicle">The Leaf-Chronicle</a> in Clarksville, <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_Sun" title="The Jackson Sun">The Jackson Sun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_Journal" title="The Daily News Journal">The Daily News Journal</a> in Murfreesboro. All of these except the Times Free Press are owned by <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> Six <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_television_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States television markets">television media markets</a>—Nashville, Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, Tri-Cities, and Jackson—are based in Tennessee. The Nashville market is the third-largest in the <a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</a> and the ninth-largest in the southeastern United States, according to <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>. Small sections of the Huntsville, Alabama and <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah, Kentucky</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cape_Girardeau,_Missouri" title="Cape Girardeau, Missouri">Cape Girardeau, Missouri</a>-<a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Illinois" title="Harrisburg, Illinois">Harrisburg, Illinois</a> markets also extend into the state.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> Tennessee has 43 full-power and 41 <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">low-power</a> television stations<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> and more than 450 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC)-licensed radio stations. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a>, based in Nashville, is the longest-running radio show in the country, having broadcast continuously since 1925.<a href="#cite_note-entertainment.howstuffworks.com-358">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Transportation" title="Tennessee Department of Transportation">Tennessee Department of Transportation</a> (TDOT) is the primary agency that is tasked with regulating and maintaining Tennessee's transportation infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> Tennessee is currently one of five states with no transportation-related debts.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Interstate_Highways_in_Tennessee" title="List of Interstate Highways in Tennessee">List of Interstate Highways in Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Highways_in_Tennessee" title="List of U.S. Highways in Tennessee">List of U.S. Highways in Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state highways in Tennessee">List of state highways in Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_System" title="Tennessee State Route System">Tennessee State Route System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-40_near_Nashville_Int%27l_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Interstate 40 in Nashville. Interstate 40 traverses Tennessee from east to west, and serve's the state's three largest cities." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I-40_near_Nashville_Int%27l_Airport.jpg/220px-I-40_near_Nashville_Int%27l_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I-40_near_Nashville_Int%27l_Airport.jpg/330px-I-40_near_Nashville_Int%27l_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/I-40_near_Nashville_Int%27l_Airport.jpg/440px-I-40_near_Nashville_Int%27l_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 40 in Tennessee">Interstate 40</a> traverses Tennessee from east to west, and serves the state's three largest cities.</figcaption></figure> Tennessee has 96,167 miles (154,766 km) of roads, of which 14,109 miles (22,706 km) are maintained by the state.<a href="#cite_note-transoverview-386">[381]</a> Of the state's highways, 1,233 miles (1,984 km) are part of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>. Tennessee has no <a href="/wiki/Toll_roads_in_the_United_States" title="Toll roads in the United States">tolled</a> roads or bridges but has the sixth-highest mileage of <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes</a>, which are utilized on freeways in the congestion-prone Nashville and Memphis metropolitan areas.<a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_40_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 40 in Tennessee">Interstate 40</a> (I-40) is the longest Interstate Highway in Tennessee, traversing the state for 455 miles (732 km).<a href="#cite_note-fhwa-388">[383]</a> Known as "Tennessee's Main Street", I-40 serves the major cities of Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, and throughout its entire length in Tennessee, one can observe the diversity of the state's geography and landforms.<a href="#cite_note-maertens-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1994xxiii–xl-389">[384]</a> I-40's branch interstates include <a href="/wiki/Interstate_240_(Tennessee)" title="Interstate 240 (Tennessee)">I-240</a> in Memphis; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_440_(Tennessee)" title="Interstate 440 (Tennessee)">I-440</a> in Nashville; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_840_(Tennessee)" title="Interstate 840 (Tennessee)">I-840</a> around Nashville; <a href="/wiki/Pellissippi_Parkway" title="Pellissippi Parkway">I-140</a> from Knoxville to <a href="/wiki/Maryville,_Tennessee" title="Maryville, Tennessee">Maryville</a>; and <a href="/wiki/I-640" class="mw-redirect" title="I-640">I-640</a> in Knoxville. In a north–south orientation, from west to east, are interstates <a href="/wiki/Interstate_55_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 55 in Tennessee">55</a>, which serves Memphis; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_65_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 65 in Tennessee">65</a>, which passes through Nashville; <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 75 in Tennessee">75</a>, which serves Chattanooga and Knoxville; and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Tennessee" title="Interstate 81 in Tennessee">81</a>, which begins east of Knoxville, and serves Bristol to the northeast. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_24_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 24 in Tennessee">I-24</a> is an east–west interstate that enters the state in Clarksville, passes through Nashville, and terminates in Chattanooga. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_23_in_Tennessee" title="U.S. Route 23 in Tennessee">I-26</a>, although technically an east–west interstate, begins in Kingsport and runs southwardly through <a href="/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City, Tennessee">Johnson City</a> before exiting into North Carolina. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_155_(Missouri-Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 155 (Missouri-Tennessee)">I-155</a> is a branch route of I-55 that serves the northwestern part of the state. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_275_(Tennessee)" title="Interstate 275 (Tennessee)">I-275</a> is a short spur route in Knoxville. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_269" title="Interstate 269">I-269</a> runs from <a href="/wiki/Millington,_Tennessee" title="Millington, Tennessee">Millington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Collierville,_Tennessee" title="Collierville, Tennessee">Collierville</a>, serving as an outer bypass of Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-fhwa-388">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-tdotmap-390">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Tennessee" title="List of airports in Tennessee">List of airports in Tennessee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FedEx_Express_Line_Up_(9300402780).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Memphis International Airport, showing a row of FedEx planes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289300402780%29.jpg/220px-FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289300402780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289300402780%29.jpg/330px-FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289300402780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289300402780%29.jpg/440px-FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289300402780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a>, the hub of <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx Corporation</a>, is the busiest cargo airport in the world</figcaption></figure> Major airports in Tennessee include <a href="/wiki/Nashville_International_Airport" title="Nashville International Airport">Nashville International Airport</a> (BNA), <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a> (MEM), <a href="/wiki/McGhee_Tyson_Airport" title="McGhee Tyson Airport">McGhee Tyson Airport</a> (TYS) outside of Knoxville, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport">Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport</a> (CHA), <a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities_Regional_Airport" title="Tri-Cities Regional Airport">Tri-Cities Regional Airport</a> (TRI) in <a href="/wiki/Blountville,_Tennessee" title="Blountville, Tennessee">Blountville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/McKellar-Sipes_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport">McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport</a> (MKL) in Jackson. Because Memphis International Airport is the hub of <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="FedEx Corporation">FedEx Corporation</a>, it is the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airport">world's second-busiest cargo airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> The state also has 74 <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> airports and 148 <a href="/wiki/Heliport" title="Heliport">heliports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transoverview-386">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railroads">Railroads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Railroads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_railroads" title="List of Tennessee railroads">List of Tennessee railroads</a></div> For passenger rail service, Memphis and <a href="/wiki/Newbern,_Tennessee" title="Newbern, Tennessee">Newbern</a> are served by the <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a> line on its run between <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> Nashville is served by the <a href="/wiki/WeGo_Star" title="WeGo Star">WeGo Star</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> Tennessee currently has 2,604 miles (4,191 km) of freight trackage in operation,<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> most of which are owned by <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a> also operates lines in East and southwestern Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/BNSF" class="mw-redirect" title="BNSF">BNSF</a> operates a major <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">intermodal facility</a> in Memphis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Waterways">edit</a>]</div> Tennessee has a total of 976 miles (1,571 km) of <a href="/wiki/Inland_waterways_of_the_United_States" title="Inland waterways of the United States">navigable waterways</a>, the 11th highest in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-transoverview-386">[381]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a> Five inland ports are located in the state, including the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Memphis" title="Port of Memphis">Port of Memphis</a>, which is the fifth-largest in the United States and the second largest on the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Law and government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessee_State_Capitol_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tennessee_State_Capitol_2009.jpg/220px-Tennessee_State_Capitol_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tennessee_State_Capitol_2009.jpg/330px-Tennessee_State_Capitol_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tennessee_State_Capitol_2009.jpg/440px-Tennessee_State_Capitol_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol" title="Tennessee State Capitol">Tennessee State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tennessee" title="Government of Tennessee">Government of Tennessee</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tennessee" title="Constitution of Tennessee">Constitution of Tennessee</a> was adopted in 1870. The state had two previous constitutions. The first was adopted in 1796, the year Tennessee was admitted to the union, and the second in 1834. Since 1826, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> has been the capital of Tennessee. The capital was previously in three other cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000104-399">[394]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> was the capital from statehood in 1796 until 1812,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000104-399">[394]</a> except for September 21, 1807, when the legislature met in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Tennessee" title="Kingston, Tennessee">Kingston</a> for a day.<a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> The capital was relocated to Nashville in 1812, where it remained until it was relocated back to Knoxville in 1817. The next year, the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a>, where it remained until 1826. Nashville was officially named Tennessee's permanent capital in 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000104-399">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_and_legislative_branches">Executive and legislative branches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Executive and legislative branches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Tennessee">List of Governors of Tennessee</a></div> Like the federal government, Tennessee's government has three branches. The executive branch is led by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">governor</a>, who holds office for a four-year term and may serve a maximum of two consecutive terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200148–49-401">[396]</a> The governor is the only official elected statewide. The current governor is <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)">Bill Lee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>. The governor is supported by 22 cabinet-level departments, most headed by a commissioner the governor appoints. The executive branch also includes several agencies, boards, and commissions, some of which are under the auspices of one of the cabinet-level departments.<a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> legislative branch, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">Tennessee General Assembly</a>, consists of the 33-member <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">Senate</a> and the 99-member <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001232–233-403">[398]</a> Senators serve four-year terms and House members serve two-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-capitolabout-404">[399]</a> Each chamber chooses a Speaker, who is elected by a joint session of the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001190–191-405">[400]</a> The Speaker of the Senate also serves as the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee">lieutenant governor</a>, a practice found only in one other state, and the House Speaker is third in line for the governorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200148–49-401">[396]</a> The legislature can override a <a href="/wiki/Veto_power_in_the_United_States" title="Veto power in the United States">veto</a> by a simple majority, and the state has no "<a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200148–49-401">[396]</a> The legislature convenes at noon on the second Tuesday in January and meets for a total of 90 days over two sessions, usually adjourning in late April or early May.<a href="#cite_note-capitolabout-404">[399]</a> Special sessions may be called by the governor or by two-thirds of the members of both chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200172-406">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_system">Judicial system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Judicial system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Tennessee" title="Courts of Tennessee">Courts of Tennessee</a></div> Tennessee's highest court is the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">state Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200151–52-407">[402]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="List of justices of the Tennessee Supreme Court">chief justice and four associate justices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200151–52-407">[402]</a> No more than two justices can be from the same <a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Divisions of Tennessee">Grand Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200151–52-407">[402]</a> The Supreme Court of Tennessee appoints the state's <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Attorney_General" title="Tennessee Attorney General">Attorney General</a>, a practice only found in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001132-408">[403]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Court_of_Appeals" title="Tennessee Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals">Court of Criminal Appeals</a> have 12 judges, who are evenly from each Grand Division.<a href="#cite_note-409">[404]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Plan" title="Tennessee Plan">Tennessee Plan</a>, the governor appoints justices on all three courts to eight-year terms; they must be <a href="/wiki/Retention_election" title="Retention election">retained</a> by the voters during the first general election after appointment and at the end of their term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001167–168-410">[405]</a> Tennessee is divided into 31 judicial districts, each with a circuit and chancery court, and a <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">district attorney</a> and judges elected to eight-year terms. Separate criminal courts serve 13 of the 31 judicial districts; circuit courts handle criminal cases in the remaining districts. Local courts include general sessions, juvenile and domestic, and municipal courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001159–161-411">[406]</a> Tennessee maintains four dedicated law enforcement agencies: the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Highway_Patrol" title="Tennessee Highway Patrol">Tennessee Highway Patrol</a> (THP), the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Wildlife_Resources_Agency" title="Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency">Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency</a> (TWRA), the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Tennessee Bureau of Investigation">Tennessee Bureau of Investigation</a> (TBI), and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Environment_and_Conservation" title="Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation">Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation</a> (TDEC). The Highway Patrol is the primary entity that enforces highway safety regulations and general non-<a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> state laws. It is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Safety. The TWRA is an independent agency tasked with enforcing all wildlife, boating, and fishery regulations outside of state parks. TDEC enforces state environmental laws and regulations. The TBI is the primary state-level criminal investigative department. State <a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">park rangers</a> are responsible for all activities and law enforcement inside the Tennessee State Parks system. Tennessee, like many other southern states, has a strong reputation for harsh criminal punishment. <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tennessee" title="Capital punishment in Tennessee">Capital punishment</a> is legal in Tennessee and has existed at various times since statehood.<a href="#cite_note-StateExecution-412">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[408]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a> is the primary means of execution, but <a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">electrocution</a> is also allowed.<a href="#cite_note-time20140522-414">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters20140523-415">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Local">edit</a>]</div> Tennessee is divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Tennessee" title="List of counties in Tennessee">95 counties</a>, with 92 county governments that use a <a href="/wiki/County_commission" title="County commission">county commission</a> legislative body and a separately elected county executive. The governments of <a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson</a> (Nashville), <a href="/wiki/Moore_County,_Tennessee" title="Moore County, Tennessee">Moore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Tennessee" title="Lynchburg, Tennessee">Lynchburg</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Trousdale_County,_Tennessee" title="Trousdale County, Tennessee">Trousdale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hartsville,_Tennessee" title="Hartsville, Tennessee">Hartsville</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated with their county seats</a>. Each county elects a sheriff, property assessor, trustee, register of deeds, and county clerk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair200152–53-416">[411]</a> Tennessee has more than 340 municipalities. Most cities and towns use the <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government#Weak-mayor_government_form" title="Mayor–council government">weak mayor-council</a> (mayor-aldermen), <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government#Strong-mayor_government_form" title="Mayor–council government">strong-mayor council</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">city commission</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">council–manager</a> forms of government. Local law enforcement is divided between county sheriff's offices and municipal police departments. In every county except Davidson, the sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001385-417">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Federal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Tennessee" title="United States congressional delegations from Tennessee">United States congressional delegations from Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_congressional_districts" title="Tennessee's congressional districts">Tennessee's congressional districts</a></div> Tennessee sends <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_congressional_districts#Current_districts_and_representatives" title="Tennessee's congressional districts">nine representatives</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. The current delegation consists of eight <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senators</a> are <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Bill Hagerty</a>, both Republicans. Tennessee is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals</a>, which has jurisdiction over three <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">district courts in the state</a>: the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee">Middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Tennessee" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee">Western</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-418">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribal">Tribal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Tribal">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a> is Tennessee's only federally recognized <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Native American tribe</a>. It owns 79 acres (32 ha) in <a href="/wiki/Henning,_Tennessee" title="Henning, Tennessee">Henning</a>, which the tribe placed into federal trust in 2012. This is governed directly by the tribe.<a href="#cite_note-419">[414]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Tennessee" title="Political party strength in Tennessee">Political party strength in Tennessee</a></div> Tennessee's politics are currently dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-knoxnews1120-421">[416]</a> Republicans currently hold both of the state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">U.S. Senate seats</a>, 8 out of 9 <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_congressional_districts" title="Tennessee's congressional districts">Congressional seats</a>, 75 out of 99 state <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_House_of_Representatives" title="Tennessee House of Representatives">House seats</a>, and 27 out of 33 <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Senate" title="Tennessee Senate">state Senate seats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> strength is largely concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> areas of Nashville and Memphis also contain significant Democratic minorities. Tennessee is one of thirteen states which holds its presidential primaries on <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ST2020-422">[417]</a> Tennessee does not require voters to declare a party affiliation when registering. The state is one of eight states which require voters to present a form of <a href="/wiki/Voter_identification_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Voter identification laws in the United States">photo identification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-423">[418]</a> Tennessee has one of the highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felony disenfranchisement</a>, with nearly 10% of its voting-age population ineligible to vote. The state also has the highest rate of Black and Latino felony disenfranchisement.<a href="#cite_note-424">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[420]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Gore,_Vice_President_of_the_United_States,_official_portrait_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official Vice Presidential portrait of Al Gore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg/220px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg/330px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg/440px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> served as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">United States Senator</a> from Tennessee (1985–1993) and as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</figcaption></figure> Between the end of the Civil War and the mid-20th century, Tennessee was part of the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, but had the largest Republican minority of any former Confederate state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000x-426">[421]</a> During this time, East Tennessee was heavily Republican and the western two-thirds mostly voted Democratic, with the latter dominating the state.<a href="#cite_note-hunt1-427">[422]</a> This division was related to the state's pattern of Unionist and Confederate loyalism during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-hunt1-427">[422]</a> Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 1st congressional district">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a> congressional districts, based in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville, respectively, are among the few historically Republican districts in the South. The first has been in Republican hands continuously since 1881, and Republicans or their antecedents have held it for all but four years since 1859.<a href="#cite_note-428">[423]</a> The second has been held continuously by Republicans or their antecedents since 1855.<a href="#cite_note-429">[424]</a> During Reconstruction, freedmen and former free blacks were granted the right to vote; most joined the Republican Party. Numerous African Americans were elected to local offices, and some to state office. However, the Democratic Party regained control of the state in the late 1860s and early 1870s. Following Reconstruction, Tennessee continued to have competitive party politics, but in the 1880s, the White-dominated state government passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, one of which imposed a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a> requirement for voter registration. These served to <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchise</a> most African Americans, and their power in state and local politics was markedly reduced. After the disenfranchisement of blacks, the Republican Party became a primarily white <a href="/wiki/Sectionalism" title="Sectionalism">sectional</a> party supported mostly in East Tennessee. In the early 1900s, the state legislature approved legislation allowing cities to adopt a <a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">commission form of government</a> based on <a href="/wiki/At-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="At-large voting">at-large voting</a> as a means to limit African American political participation.<a href="#cite_note-buch-430">[425]</a> Not until after passage of the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> were African Americans able to regain their full voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamon198059–60-431">[426]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Baker_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Howard Baker, a United States Senator from Tennessee who became known as "The Great Conciliator"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Howard_Baker_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate Minority and Majority Leader</a> from 1977 to 1985, and was known as "The Great Conciliator"</figcaption></figure> Between the end of Reconstruction and the mid-20th century, Tennessee voted consistently Democratic in Presidential elections, except in two nationwide Republican <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslides</a> in the 1920s. Tennesseans narrowly supported <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> over Ohio Governor <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James Cox</a> in 1920,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000299–300-432">[427]</a> and more decisively voted for <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> over New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000314-433">[428]</a> During the first half of the 20th century, state politics were dominated by the Democratic <a href="/wiki/E._H._Crump#Political_machine" title="E. H. Crump">Crump machine</a> in Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-434">[429]</a> For most of the second half of the 20th century, Tennessee was a <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing state</a> in presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-:0-435">[430]</a> During this time, Democratic presidential nominees from Southern states, including <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, tended to fare better in Tennessee than their Northern counterparts, especially among split-ticket voters outside the metropolitan areas. In the 1950s, Tennessee twice voted for Republican <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, former Allied Commander of the Armed Forces during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000350–354-436">[431]</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a>, first elected in 1966, became the first Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee since Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000366–367-437">[432]</a> The Republican <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern strategy</a> did not have as much of an effect in Tennessee as in most Southern states, but the elections of <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Dunn" title="Winfield Dunn">Winfield Dunn</a> as governor and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> to the U.S. Senate in 1970 further helped make the GOP competitive among Whites in statewide elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangsdon2000370–373-438">[433]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="2000 United States presidential election in Tennessee">2000 presidential election</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, who had previously served as a Democratic U.S. Senator from Tennessee, failed to carry his home state, an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support.<a href="#cite_note-:1-439">[434]</a> Beginning in the early 21st century, Tennessee transitioned into a solid Republican state, primarily due to rural white voters who have rejected the increasing <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> of the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-440">[435]</a><a href="#cite_note-flyer-441">[436]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="2004 United States presidential election in Tennessee">2004</a>, Republican President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> increased his margin of victory in the state from a 4% to a 14% margin in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-442">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[438]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Ramsey" title="Ron Ramsey">Ron Ramsey</a> became the first Republican Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction,<a href="#cite_note-444">[439]</a> and the following year the Republicans gained control of both houses of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-445">[440]</a> Voters, however, continued to elect <a href="/wiki/Moderate_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate (politics)">moderate</a> Republicans, such as centrists <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haslam" title="Bill Haslam">Bill Haslam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a>, until the late 2010s with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> in the GOP at a nationwide scale.<a href="#cite_note-plott-446">[441]</a> Since 2016, Tennessee has been the most populous state to vote Republican by more than 60% in presidential elections,<a href="#cite_note-447">[442]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Tennessee" title="2020 United States presidential election in Tennessee">2020</a> voted Republican by the largest margin of any state in terms of number of votes.<a href="#cite_note-448">[443]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Night_Settles_on_LP_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Night_Settles_on_LP_Field.jpg/151px-Night_Settles_on_LP_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Night_Settles_on_LP_Field.jpg/227px-Night_Settles_on_LP_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Night_Settles_on_LP_Field.jpg/302px-Night_Settles_on_LP_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgestone_Arena_Predators_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bridgestone_Arena_Predators_2017.jpg/133px-Bridgestone_Arena_Predators_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bridgestone_Arena_Predators_2017.jpg/200px-Bridgestone_Arena_Predators_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bridgestone_Arena_Predators_2017.jpg/266px-Bridgestone_Arena_Predators_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FedExForum_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FedExForum_2015.jpg/134px-FedExForum_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FedExForum_2015.jpg/201px-FedExForum_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FedExForum_2015.jpg/268px-FedExForum_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CINvNSH_2018-10-20_-_Ropapa_Mensah,_Tucker_Hume,_Matt_LaGrassa,_Alan_Winn_(40597451173).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CINvNSH_2018-10-20_-_Ropapa_Mensah%2C_Tucker_Hume%2C_Matt_LaGrassa%2C_Alan_Winn_%2840597451173%29.jpg/150px-CINvNSH_2018-10-20_-_Ropapa_Mensah%2C_Tucker_Hume%2C_Matt_LaGrassa%2C_Alan_Winn_%2840597451173%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CINvNSH_2018-10-20_-_Ropapa_Mensah%2C_Tucker_Hume%2C_Matt_LaGrassa%2C_Alan_Winn_%2840597451173%29.jpg/225px-CINvNSH_2018-10-20_-_Ropapa_Mensah%2C_Tucker_Hume%2C_Matt_LaGrassa%2C_Alan_Winn_%2840597451173%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/CINvNSH_2018-10-20_-_Ropapa_Mensah%2C_Tucker_Hume%2C_Matt_LaGrassa%2C_Alan_Winn_%2840597451173%29.jpg/300px-CINvNSH_2018-10-20_-_Ropapa_Mensah%2C_Tucker_Hume%2C_Matt_LaGrassa%2C_Alan_Winn_%2840597451173%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tennessee's major professional sports franchises. Clockwise from upper left: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Titans" title="Tennessee Titans">Tennessee Titans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Predators" title="Nashville Predators">Nashville Predators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville_SC" title="Nashville SC">Nashville SC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Memphis Grizzlies</a>.</div></div></div></div> Tennessee is home to four <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports</a> franchises:<a href="#cite_note-sportsleaguemaps-449">[444]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Titans" title="Tennessee Titans">Tennessee Titans</a> have played in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) since 1997,<a href="#cite_note-PFRTitans-450">[445]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Predators" title="Nashville Predators">Nashville Predators</a> have played in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) since 1998,<a href="#cite_note-HRPredators-451">[446]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Grizzlies" title="Memphis Grizzlies">Memphis Grizzlies</a> have played in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA) since 2001,<a href="#cite_note-BRGrizzlies-452">[447]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nashville_SC" title="Nashville SC">Nashville SC</a> has played in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> (MLS) since 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FBRNashvilleSC-453">[448]</a> The state is also home to seven minor league teams. Four of these are <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">Minor League Baseball</a> clubs. The <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Sounds" title="Nashville Sounds">Nashville Sounds</a>, which began play in 1978,<a href="#cite_note-454">[449]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Redbirds" title="Memphis Redbirds">Memphis Redbirds</a>, which began in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-455">[450]</a> each compete in the <a href="/wiki/International_League" title="International League">International League</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)" title="Triple-A (baseball)">Triple-A</a> level, the highest before <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[451]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_Smokies" title="Knoxville Smokies">Knoxville Smokies</a>, which have played continuously since 1972,<a href="#cite_note-457">[452]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts" title="Chattanooga Lookouts">Chattanooga Lookouts</a>, which have played continuously since 1976,<a href="#cite_note-458">[453]</a> are members of the <a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a> classification <a href="/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%93present)" title="Southern League (1964–present)">Southern League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[454]</a> Tennessee has two minor league <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a> teams. <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Red_Wolves_SC" title="Chattanooga Red Wolves SC">Chattanooga Red Wolves SC</a> has been a member of the third-tier <a href="/wiki/USL_League_One" title="USL League One">USL League One</a> since 2019.<a href="#cite_note-460">[455]</a> Founded in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_FC" title="Chattanooga FC">Chattanooga FC</a> began playing in the third-tier <a href="/wiki/National_Independent_Soccer_Association" title="National Independent Soccer Association">National Independent Soccer Association</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-461">[456]</a> The state has one minor league <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> team: the <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_Ice_Bears" title="Knoxville Ice Bears">Knoxville Ice Bears</a>, which began play in 2002 and are members of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Professional_Hockey_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Professional Hockey League">Southern Professional Hockey League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-462">[457]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandy10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Tennessee Volunteers, the football team of the University of Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vandy10.jpg/220px-Vandy10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vandy10.jpg/330px-Vandy10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vandy10.jpg/440px-Vandy10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers_football" title="Tennessee Volunteers football">Tennessee Volunteers football</a></figcaption></figure> The state is home to 12 <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> programs. Four of these participate in the top level of college football, the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">Football Bowl Subdivision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-463">[458]</a> In Knoxville, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers" title="Tennessee Volunteers">Tennessee Volunteers</a> college teams play in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a> (SEC) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA).<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-463">[458]</a> In Nashville, the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores" title="Vanderbilt Commodores">Vanderbilt Commodores</a> are also members of the SEC.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-463">[458]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Tigers" title="Memphis Tigers">Memphis Tigers</a> are members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference" title="American Athletic Conference">American Athletic Conference</a>, and Murfreesboro's <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders" title="Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders">Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders</a> play in <a href="/wiki/Conference_USA" title="Conference USA">Conference USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-463">[458]</a> Nashville is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Bruins" title="Belmont Bruins">Belmont Bruins</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference" title="Ohio Valley Conference">Ohio Valley Conference</a> (OVC) but moving to the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Valley_Conference" title="Missouri Valley Conference">Missouri Valley Conference</a> (MVC) in July 2022; <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Tigers_and_Lady_Tigers" title="Tennessee State Tigers and Lady Tigers">Tennessee State Tigers</a>, OVC members with no plans to change conferences; and the <a href="/wiki/Lipscomb_Bisons" title="Lipscomb Bisons">Lipscomb Bisons</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/ASUN_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="ASUN Conference">ASUN Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-463">[458]</a> Tennessee State plays football in Division I's second level, the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">Football Championship Subdivision</a>, while Belmont and Lipscomb <a href="/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_non-football_programs" title="List of NCAA Division I non-football programs">do not have football teams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-463">[458]</a> Through the 2021–22 school year, the OVC also includes the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Peay_Governors" title="Austin Peay Governors">Austin Peay Governors</a> from Clarksville, the <a href="/wiki/UT_Martin_Skyhawks" title="UT Martin Skyhawks">UT Martin Skyhawks</a> from Martin, and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Tech_Golden_Eagles" title="Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles">Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cookeville,_Tennessee" title="Cookeville, Tennessee">Cookeville</a>. UT Martin and Tennessee Tech will remain in the OVC, while Peay will move to the ASUN. The <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Mocs" title="Chattanooga Mocs">Chattanooga Mocs</a> and Johnson City's <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_Buccaneers" title="East Tennessee State Buccaneers">East Tennessee State Buccaneers</a> are full members, including football, of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Conference" title="Southern Conference">Southern Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCAA-463">[458]</a> Tennessee is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway" title="Bristol Motor Speedway">Bristol Motor Speedway</a>, which features <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" title="NASCAR Cup Series">NASCAR Cup Series</a> racing two weekends a year, routinely selling out more than 160,000 seats on each date.<a href="#cite_note-464">[459]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Superspeedway" title="Nashville Superspeedway">Nashville Superspeedway</a> in Lebanon, which previously held <a href="/wiki/Xfinity_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Xfinity Series">Nationwide</a> and <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar</a> races until it was shut down in 2011, reopened to host the NASCAR Cup Series in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-465">[460]</a> Tennessee's only graded stakes horserace, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Steeplechase" title="Iroquois Steeplechase">Iroquois Steeplechase</a>, is held in Nashville each May.<a href="#cite_note-466">[461]</a> The <a href="/wiki/WGC_Invitational" title="WGC Invitational">WGC Invitational</a> is a <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a> golf tournament that has been held in Memphis since 1958.<a href="#cite_note-467">[462]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/64px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennessee" title="Portal:Tennessee">Tennessee portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tennessee" title="Outline of Tennessee">Outline of Tennessee</a> – organized list of topics about Tennessee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tennessee-related_articles" title="Index of Tennessee-related articles">Index of Tennessee-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Tennessee" title="List of people from Tennessee">List of people from Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee" title="USS Tennessee">USS Tennessee</a>, 6 ships</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NAVD88-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_6-1">b</a> This elevation measurement was adjusted to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Recent research suggests that the town Pardo recorded was at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_River_(Tennessee%E2%80%93North_Carolina)" title="Pigeon River (Tennessee–North Carolina)">Pigeon River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Broad_River" title="French Broad River">French Broad River</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Tennessee" title="Newport, Tennessee">Newport, Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hudson-19">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> This is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a>, the drainage basin of the Tennessee River, which covers most of this region. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> This was the first census that allowed respondents to select more than one race. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nicknameadopt-1"><a href="#cite_ref-nicknameadopt_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newschannel5.com/news/tennessee-adopts-the-volunteer-state-as-official-nickname">"Tennessee adopts 'The Volunteer State' as official nickname"</a>. Nashville: <a href="/wiki/WTVF-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WTVF-TV">WTVF-TV</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. February 10, 2020. 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The Tennessean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210516220708/https://www.tennessean.com/story/life/2015/04/23/iroquois-steeplechase-historical-tradition/25545809/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021. 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Retrieved May 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Commercial+Appeal&rft.atitle=PGA+Tour+expected+to+announce+plans+for+a+WGC+event+in+Memphis+on+Thursday&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Giannotto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2F2018%2F04%2F09%2Fpga-tour-expected-announce-plans-wgc-event-memphis-thursday%2F500273002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albright" title="Edward Albright">Albright, Edward</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmpAAAAAYAAJ">Early History of Middle Tennessee</a>. Nashville, TN: Brandon Printing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1166645126" title="Special:BookSources/1166645126"><bdi>1166645126</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+Middle+Tennessee&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=Brandon+Printing+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=1166645126&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmpAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly1979" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Thomas Lawrence (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xN9Um2IJKO0C">Civil War Tennessee: Battles and Leaders</a>. Knoxville, TN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870492617" title="Special:BookSources/9780870492617"><bdi>9780870492617</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Tennessee%3A+Battles+and+Leaders&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780870492617&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxN9Um2IJKO0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981" class="citation book cs1">Corlew, Robert E.; Folmsbee, Stanley E.; Mitchell, Enoch (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennesseeshorthi0000corl_y4h1/">Tennessee: A Short History</a> (2nd ed.). Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870496479" title="Special:BookSources/9780870496479"><bdi>9780870496479</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780870496479&rft.aulast=Corlew&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Folmsbee%2C+Stanley+E.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Enoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennesseeshorthi0000corl_y4h1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Finger, John R. (2001). <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Frontiers:_Three_Regions_in_Transition" title="Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition">Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33985-0"><bdi>978-0-253-33985-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Frontiers%3A+Three+Regions+in+Transition&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33985-0&rft.aulast=Finger&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamon1980" class="citation book cs1">Lamon, Lester C. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blacksintennesse0000lamo">Blacks in Tennessee, 1791–1970</a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-324-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-324-9"><bdi>978-0-87049-324-9</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacks+in+Tennessee%2C+1791%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-324-9&rft.aulast=Lamon&rft.aufirst=Lester+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblacksintennesse0000lamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangsdon2000" class="citation book cs1">Langsdon, Phillip R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennesseepolitic0000lang">Tennessee: A Political History</a>. Franklin, Tennessee: Hillboro Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781577361251" title="Special:BookSources/9781577361251"><bdi>9781577361251</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee%3A+A+Political+History&rft.place=Franklin%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Hillboro+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781577361251&rft.aulast=Langsdon&rft.aufirst=Phillip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennesseepolitic0000lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons,_Scheb,_&_Stair2001" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, William; Scheb II, John M.; Stair, Billy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ac0Qtk_c7uoC">Government and Politics in Tennessee</a>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572331419" title="Special:BookSources/9781572331419"><bdi>9781572331419</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Politics+in+Tennessee&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781572331419&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Scheb+II%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Stair%2C+Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dac0Qtk_c7uoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1994" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Harry (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbo-dSSnF4kC">A Geologic Trip Across Tennessee by Interstate 40</a>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870498329" title="Special:BookSources/9780870498329"><bdi>9780870498329</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 14, 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Geologic+Trip+Across+Tennessee+by+Interstate+40&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780870498329&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsbo-dSSnF4kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafford1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Safford" title="James M. Safford">Safford, James M.</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teSZFz97uYAC">Geology of Tennessee</a>. Nashville, TN: S.C. Mercer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4585-0040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4585-0040-3"><bdi>978-1-4585-0040-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+of+Tennessee&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pub=S.C.+Mercer&rft.date=1869&rft.isbn=978-1-4585-0040-3&rft.aulast=Safford&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DteSZFz97uYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatz1979" class="citation book cs1">Satz, Ronald (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tennesseesindian0000satz">Tennessee's Indian Peoples</a>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-285-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-285-3"><bdi>978-0-87049-285-3</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee%27s+Indian+Peoples&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-285-3&rft.aulast=Satz&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftennesseesindian0000satz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennessee_Blue_Book_2005-2006" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114000007/http://state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/05-06/48-data.pdf">Tennessee Blue Book 2005-2006</a> (PDF) (Report). Nashville, TN: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secretary_of_State" title="Tennessee Secretary of State">Tennessee Secretary of State</a>. November 2005. pp. 616–626. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/05-06/48-data.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 14, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Blue+Book+2005-2006&rft.place=Nashville%2C+TN&rft.pages=616-626&rft.pub=Tennessee+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstate.tn.us%2Fsos%2Fbluebook%2F05-06%2F48-data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergeron1982" class="citation book cs1">Bergeron, Paul H. (1982). Antebellum Politics in Tennessee. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kentucky Press">University of Kentucky Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1469-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1469-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-1469-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antebellum+Politics+in+Tennessee&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1469-9&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright1976" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, Joseph H. (1976). The Triumph of Jim Crow: Tennessee's Race Relations in the 1880s. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Jim+Crow%3A+Tennessee%27s+Race+Relations+in+the+1880s&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimprich1985" class="citation book cs1">Cimprich, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7J2m6TkGHEC">Slavery's End in Tennessee, 1861–1865</a>. Tuscaloosa, AL: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0257-3"><bdi>978-0-8173-0257-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%27s+End+in+Tennessee%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+AL&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0257-3&rft.aulast=Cimprich&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7J2m6TkGHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney1993" class="citation book cs1">Honey, Michael K. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780252063053">Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02000-1"><bdi>978-0-252-02000-1</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Labor+and+Black+Civil+Rights%3A+Organizing+Memphis+Workers&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02000-1&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780252063053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">Mooney, James</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924104080076">Myths of the Cherokee</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-914875-19-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-914875-19-2"><bdi>978-0-914875-19-2</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+of+the+Cherokee&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-0-914875-19-2&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924104080076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1981" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Herman (1981). Religion in Tennessee, 1777–1945. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87049-318-8"><bdi>978-0-87049-318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Tennessee%2C+1777%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87049-318-8&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2006" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologymatters0000scha">Sociology Matters</a>. New York: NY: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-299775-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-299775-0"><bdi>978-0-07-299775-0</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+Matters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NY%3A+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-299775-0&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociologymatters0000scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_West1998" class="citation book cs1">Van West, Carroll, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6G16AAAAMAAJ">Tennessee History: The Land, The People, and The Culture</a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-000-9"><bdi>978-1-57233-000-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+History%3A+The+Land%2C+The+People%2C+and+The+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57233-000-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6G16AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBontemps1941" class="citation book cs1">Bontemps, Arna (1941). William C. Handy: Father of the Blues: An Autobiography. New York: Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+C.+Handy%3A+Father+of+the+Blues%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Bontemps&rft.aufirst=Arna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlow1862" class="citation book cs1">Brownlow, W.G. (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchesrisepro03browgoog">Sketches of the Rise, Progress, and Decline of Secession: With a Narrative of Personal Adventures among the Rebels</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+the+Rise%2C+Progress%2C+and+Decline+of+Secession%3A+With+a+Narrative+of+Personal+Adventures+among+the+Rebels&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Brownlow&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsketchesrisepro03browgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Ted (2009). A Tennessee Folklore Sampler: Selected Readings from the Tennessee Folklore Society Bulletin, 1934–2009. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-668-1"><bdi>978-1-57233-668-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tennessee+Folklore+Sampler%3A+Selected+Readings+from+the+Tennessee+Folklore+Society+Bulletin%2C+1934%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57233-668-1&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennessee&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Tennessee at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tennessee" class="extiw" title="wikt:Tennessee">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennessee" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Tennessee">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Tennessee" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Tennessee">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tennessee" class="extiw" title="q:Tennessee">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennessee" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Tennessee">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennessee" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Tennessee">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tennessee" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Tennessee">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tennessee" class="extiw" title="voy:Tennessee">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnvacation.com/">Tennessee Department of Tourist Development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.tn.gov/tsla">Tennessee State Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.tn.gov/content/tennessee-blue-book">Tennessee Blue Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/">Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://godort.libguides.com/tennesseedbs">Tennessee State Agency Databases</a> by the Government Documents Round Table of the American Library Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tngenweb.org/">TNGen Web Project</a>, free genealogy resources for the state</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/TN,US/PST045217">Tennessee QuickFacts</a> by the U.S. Census Bureau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/tennessee-state-guide">Tennessee: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/science/regions/southeast/tennessee">Tennessee scientific resources</a> by the U.S. Geological Survey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.ers.usda.gov/reports.aspx?StateFIPS=47&StateName=Tennessee&ID=17854">Tennessee state data</a> by the U.S. Department of Agriculture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=TN">Tennessee State Profile and Energy Estimates</a> by U.S. Energy Information Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.lexisnexis.com/categories/product/tennessee-code-annotated-skuSKU6773">Tennessee Code Annotated</a> by <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tnlandforms.us/landforms/">Tennessee Landforms</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._G._M._Ramsey" title="J. G. M. Ramsey">Ramsey, J. G. M.</a> (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalstennessee00ramsgoog">The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century</a>. John Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Tennessee+to+the+End+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=John+Russell&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannalstennessee00ramsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennessee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/161838">Tennessee</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a> Admitted on June 1, 1796 (16th) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output 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.hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Tennessee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tennessee" title="Template:Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tennessee" title="Template talk:Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tennessee" title="Category:Tennessee">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tennessee" title="Abortion in Tennessee">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Tennessee" title="Cannabis in Tennessee">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tennessee" title="Climate change in Tennessee">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Tennessee" title="Name of Tennessee">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tennessee" title="Outline of Tennessee">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tennessee" title="Geography of Tennessee">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Tennessee" title="Gun laws in Tennessee">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Tennessee">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Tennessee" title="List of people from Tennessee">Tennesseans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tennessee">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Mass media in Tennessee">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee" title="List of newspapers in Tennessee">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of radio stations in Tennessee">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of television stations in Tennessee">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tennessee" title="Constitution of Tennessee">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Military_Department" title="Tennessee Military Department">Tennessee National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Tennessee" title="List of law enforcement agencies in Tennessee">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_state_symbols" title="List of Tennessee state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Tennessee" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Tennessee">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Tennessee" title="List of colleges and universities in Tennessee">Colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Tennessee" title="Crime in Tennessee">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tennessee" title="Demographics of Tennessee">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tennessee" title="Economy of Tennessee">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tennessee" title="Education in Tennessee">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tennessee">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tennessee" title="Music of Tennessee">Music</a></li> <li>Media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee" title="List of newspapers in Tennessee">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of radio stations in Tennessee">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Tennessee" title="List of television stations in Tennessee">TV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Divisions_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Divisions of Tennessee">Grand Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Tennessee" title="West Tennessee">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley">Great Appalachian Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Rim" title="Highland Rim">Highland Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Alluvial_Plain" title="Mississippi Alluvial Plain">Mississippi Alluvial Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi embayment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Basin" title="Nashville Basin">Nashville Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Tennessee" title="Tri-Cities, Tennessee">Tri-Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Tennessee" title="List of municipalities in Tennessee">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville,_Tennessee" title="Clarksville, Tennessee">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee" title="Franklin, Tennessee">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City, Tennessee">Johnson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Tennessee" title="Jackson, Tennessee">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_Tennessee" title="Hendersonville, Tennessee">Hendersonville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Tennessee" title="List of metropolitan areas of Tennessee">Metropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_metropolitan_area" title="Chattanooga metropolitan area">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarksville_metropolitan_area" title="Clarksville metropolitan area">Clarksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_metropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Cleveland metropolitan area, Tennessee">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_metropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Jackson metropolitan area, Tennessee">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_City_metropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City metropolitan area, Tennessee">Johnson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsport%E2%80%93Bristol%E2%80%93Bristol_metropolitan_area" title="Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol metropolitan area">Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_metropolitan_area" title="Knoxville metropolitan area">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_metropolitan_area" title="Memphis metropolitan area">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_metropolitan_area" title="Morristown metropolitan area">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_metropolitan_area" title="Nashville metropolitan area">Nashville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">Combined statistical areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga%E2%80%93Cleveland%E2%80%93Dalton_combined_statistical_area" title="Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton combined statistical area">Chattanooga–Cleveland–Dalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micropolitan_statistical_area" title="Micropolitan statistical area">Micropolitan areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookeville_micropolitan_area" title="Cookeville micropolitan area">Cookeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma%E2%80%93Manchester_micropolitan_area" title="Tullahoma–Manchester micropolitan area">Tullahoma–Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_City_micropolitan_area,_Tennessee" title="Union City micropolitan area, Tennessee">Union City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Tennessee" title="List of counties in Tennessee">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_County,_Tennessee" title="Anderson County, Tennessee">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Tennessee" title="Bedford County, Tennessee">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Tennessee" title="Benton County, Tennessee">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledsoe_County,_Tennessee" title="Bledsoe County, Tennessee">Bledsoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Tennessee" title="Blount County, Tennessee">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_County,_Tennessee" title="Bradley County, Tennessee">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_County,_Tennessee" title="Campbell County, Tennessee">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_County,_Tennessee" title="Cannon County, Tennessee">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Tennessee" title="Carroll County, Tennessee">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Tennessee" title="Carter County, Tennessee">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheatham_County,_Tennessee" title="Cheatham County, Tennessee">Cheatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Tennessee" title="Chester County, Tennessee">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_County,_Tennessee" title="Claiborne County, Tennessee">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Tennessee" title="Clay County, Tennessee">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocke_County,_Tennessee" title="Cocke County, Tennessee">Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_County,_Tennessee" title="Coffee County, Tennessee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crockett_County,_Tennessee" title="Crockett County, Tennessee">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Tennessee" title="Cumberland County, Tennessee">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee" title="Davidson County, Tennessee">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatur_County,_Tennessee" title="Decatur County, Tennessee">Decatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeKalb_County,_Tennessee" title="DeKalb County, Tennessee">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_County,_Tennessee" title="Dickson County, Tennessee">Dickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_County,_Tennessee" title="Dyer County, Tennessee">Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Tennessee" title="Fayette County, Tennessee">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentress_County,_Tennessee" title="Fentress County, Tennessee">Fentress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Tennessee" title="Franklin County, Tennessee">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_County,_Tennessee" title="Gibson County, Tennessee">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_County,_Tennessee" title="Giles County, Tennessee">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grainger_County,_Tennessee" title="Grainger County, Tennessee">Grainger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Tennessee" title="Greene County, Tennessee">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundy_County,_Tennessee" title="Grundy County, Tennessee">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamblen_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamblen County, Tennessee">Hamblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamilton County, Tennessee">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Tennessee" title="Hancock County, Tennessee">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardeman_County,_Tennessee" title="Hardeman County, Tennessee">Hardeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Tennessee" title="Hardin County, Tennessee">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_County,_Tennessee" title="Hawkins County, Tennessee">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haywood_County,_Tennessee" title="Haywood County, Tennessee">Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_County,_Tennessee" title="Henderson County, Tennessee">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Tennessee" title="Henry County, Tennessee">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickman_County,_Tennessee" title="Hickman County, Tennessee">Hickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_County,_Tennessee" title="Houston County, Tennessee">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphreys_County,_Tennessee" title="Humphreys County, Tennessee">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Tennessee" title="Jackson County, Tennessee">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Tennessee" title="Jefferson County, Tennessee">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Tennessee" title="Johnson County, Tennessee">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Tennessee" title="Knox County, Tennessee">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Tennessee" title="Lake County, Tennessee">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauderdale_County,_Tennessee" title="Lauderdale County, Tennessee">Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Tennessee" title="Lawrence County, Tennessee">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Tennessee" title="Lewis County, Tennessee">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Tennessee" title="Lincoln County, Tennessee">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudon_County,_Tennessee" title="Loudon County, Tennessee">Loudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Tennessee" title="Macon County, Tennessee">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Tennessee" title="Madison County, Tennessee">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Tennessee" title="Marion County, Tennessee">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_County,_Tennessee" title="Marshall County, Tennessee">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_County,_Tennessee" title="Maury County, Tennessee">Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinn_County,_Tennessee" title="McMinn County, Tennessee">McMinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McNairy_County,_Tennessee" title="McNairy County, Tennessee">McNairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_County,_Tennessee" title="Meigs County, Tennessee">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Tennessee" title="Monroe County, Tennessee">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Tennessee" title="Montgomery County, Tennessee">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_County,_Tennessee" title="Moore County, Tennessee">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Tennessee" title="Morgan County, Tennessee">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obion_County,_Tennessee" title="Obion County, Tennessee">Obion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_County,_Tennessee" title="Overton County, Tennessee">Overton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Tennessee" title="Perry County, Tennessee">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickett_County,_Tennessee" title="Pickett County, Tennessee">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Tennessee" title="Polk County, Tennessee">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Tennessee" title="Putnam County, Tennessee">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_County,_Tennessee" title="Rhea County, Tennessee">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roane_County,_Tennessee" title="Roane County, Tennessee">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_County,_Tennessee" title="Robertson County, Tennessee">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_County,_Tennessee" title="Rutherford County, Tennessee">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Tennessee" title="Scott County, Tennessee">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequatchie_County,_Tennessee" title="Sequatchie County, Tennessee">Sequatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_County,_Tennessee" title="Sevier County, Tennessee">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee" title="Shelby County, Tennessee">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_County,_Tennessee" title="Smith County, Tennessee">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_County,_Tennessee" title="Stewart County, Tennessee">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Tennessee" title="Sullivan County, Tennessee">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumner_County,_Tennessee" title="Sumner County, Tennessee">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_County,_Tennessee" title="Tipton County, Tennessee">Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trousdale_County,_Tennessee" title="Trousdale County, Tennessee">Trousdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicoi_County,_Tennessee" title="Unicoi County, Tennessee">Unicoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Tennessee" title="Union County, Tennessee">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_County,_Tennessee" title="Van Buren County, Tennessee">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Tennessee" title="Warren County, Tennessee">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Tennessee" title="Washington County, Tennessee">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Tennessee" title="Wayne County, Tennessee">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weakley_County,_Tennessee" title="Weakley County, Tennessee">Weakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_County,_Tennessee" title="White County, Tennessee">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County,_Tennessee" title="Williamson County, Tennessee">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_County,_Tennessee" title="Wilson County, Tennessee">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/64px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tennessee" title="Portal:Tennessee">Tennessee portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Tennessee" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Tennessee" title="Template:Protected areas of Tennessee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Tennessee" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Tennessee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Tennessee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Tennessee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Tennessee" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">National historical parks and sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Historic_Site" title="Andrew Johnson National Historic Site">Andrew Johnson National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap_National_Historical_Park" title="Cumberland Gap National Historical Park">Cumberland Gap National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project_National_Historical_Park" title="Manhattan Project National Historical Park">Manhattan Project National Historical Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Military Park">National Military Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_and_Chattanooga_National_Military_Park" title="Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park">Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Donelson_National_Battlefield" title="Fort Donelson National Battlefield">Fort Donelson National Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_National_Military_Park" title="Shiloh National Military Park">Shiloh National Military Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_River_National_Battlefield" title="Stones River National Battlefield">Stones River National Battlefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_recreation_area" title="National recreation area">National recreation areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_Between_the_Lakes_National_Recreation_Area" title="Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area">Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National Trails System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian National Scenic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Trail" title="Natchez Trace Trail">Natchez Trace National Scenic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Victory_National_Historic_Trail" title="Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail">Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears National Historic Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_National_Forest" title="Cherokee National Forest">Cherokee National Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National Wild and Scenic Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obed_River" title="Obed River">Obed River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Chickasaw National Wildlife Refuge">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Creeks_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cross Creeks National Wildlife Refuge">Cross Creeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchie_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge">Hatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Isom" title="Lake Isom">Lake Isom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Hatchie_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lower Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge">Lower Hatchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Reelfoot National Wildlife Refuge">Reelfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Tennessee National Wildlife Refuge">Tennessee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System#Wilderness_areas" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">Wilderness areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bald_River_Gorge_Wilderness" title="Bald River Gorge Wilderness">Bald River Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Frog_Wilderness" title="Big Frog Wilderness">Big Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Laurel_Branch_Wilderness" title="Big Laurel Branch Wilderness">Big Laurel Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_Creek_Wilderness" title="Citico Creek Wilderness">Citico Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohutta_Wilderness" title="Cohutta Wilderness">Cohutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee_Creek_Wilderness" title="Gee Creek Wilderness">Gee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Kilmer-Slickrock_Wilderness" title="Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness">Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Frog_Mountain_Wilderness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Frog Mountain Wilderness (page does not exist)">Little Frog Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pond_Mountain_Wilderness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pond Mountain Wilderness (page does not exist)">Pond Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampson_Mountain_Wilderness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampson Mountain Wilderness (page does not exist)">Sampson Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unaka_Mountain_Wilderness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unaka Mountain Wilderness (page does not exist)">Unaka Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Other protected areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_South_Fork_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area">Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothills_Parkway" title="Foothills Parkway">Foothills Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatlinburg_Bypass" title="Gatlinburg Bypass">Gatlinburg Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_Parkway" title="Natchez Trace Parkway">Natchez Trace Parkway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_state_parks_and_natural_areas" title="List of Tennessee state parks and natural areas">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;">East Tennessee state parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ridge_State_Park" title="Big Ridge State Park">Big Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_State_Park_(Tennessee)" title="Booker T. Washington State Park (Tennessee)">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove_Lake_State_Park" title="Cove Lake State Park">Cove Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountain_State_Park" title="Cumberland Mountain State Park">Cumberland Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crockett_Birthplace_State_Park" title="David Crockett Birthplace State Park">David Crockett Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Creek_Falls_State_Park" title="Fall Creek Falls State Park">Fall Creek Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Loudoun_State_Historic_Park" title="Fort Loudoun State Historic Park">Fort Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_Head_State_Park" title="Frozen Head State Park">Frozen Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Bay_State_Park" title="Harrison Bay State Park">Harrison Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee/Ocoee_Scenic_River_State_Park" title="Hiwassee/Ocoee Scenic River State Park">Hiwassee/Ocoee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mountain_State_Park" title="Indian Mountain State Park">Indian Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_P._Wilson_Cumberland_Trail_State_Park" title="Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail State Park">Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander_Rocky_Fork_State_Park" title="Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park">Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Dam_State_Park" title="Norris Dam State Park">Norris Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_Creek_State_Park" title="Panther Creek State Park">Panther Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Clay_State_Historic_Park" title="Red Clay State Historic Park">Red Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roan_Mountain_State_Park" title="Roan Mountain State Park">Roan Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Islands_State_Birding_Park" title="Seven Islands State Birding Park">Seven Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals_State_Historic_Area" title="Sycamore Shoals State Historic Area">Sycamore Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warriors%27_Path_State_Park" title="Warriors' Path State Park">Warriors' Path</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;">Middle Tennessee state parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_Capitol_Mall_State_Park" title="Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park">Bicentennial Capitol Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledsoe_Creek_State_Park" title="Bledsoe Creek State Park">Bledsoe Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Falls_State_Park" title="Burgess Falls State Park">Burgess Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedars_of_Lebanon_State_Park" title="Cedars of Lebanon State Park">Cedars Of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull_Birthplace_State_Park" title="Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park">Cordell Hull Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummins_Falls_State_Park" title="Cummins Falls State Park">Cummins Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crockett_State_Park" title="David Crockett State Park">David Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Cave_State_Park" title="Dunbar Cave State Park">Dunbar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evins_State_Park" title="Edgar Evins State Park">Edgar Evins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Creek_Falls_State_Park" title="Fall Creek Falls State Park">Fall Creek Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpeth_River_State_Park" title="Harpeth River State Park">Harpeth River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Horton_State_Park" title="Henry Horton State Park">Henry Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnsonville_State_Historic_Park" title="Johnsonville State Historic Park">Johnsonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Hunter_State_Park" title="Long Hunter State Park">Long Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Bell_State_Park" title="Montgomery Bell State Park">Montgomery Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousetail_Landing_State_Park" title="Mousetail Landing State Park">Mousetail Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickett_CCC_Memorial_State_Park" title="Pickett CCC Memorial State Park">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal_State_Park" title="Port Royal State Park">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Lake_State_Natural_Area" title="Radnor Lake State Natural Area">Radnor Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_State_Park_(Tennessee)" title="Rock Island State Park (Tennessee)">Rock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Alvin_C._York_State_Historic_Park" title="Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Park">Sgt. Alvin C. York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cumberland_State_Park" title="South Cumberland State Park">South Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stone_State_Park" title="Standing Stone State Park">Standing Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tims_Ford_State_Park" title="Tims Ford State Park">Tims Ford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;">West Tennessee state parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_Tree_State_Park" title="Big Cypress Tree State Park">Big Cypress Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Hill_Pond_State_Park" title="Big Hill Pond State Park">Big Hill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_State_Park_(Tennessee)" title="Chickasaw State Park (Tennessee)">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pillow_State_Historic_Park" title="Fort Pillow State Historic Park">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeman-Shelby_Forest_State_Park" title="Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park">Meeman-Shelby Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_Trace_State_Park" title="Natchez Trace State Park">Natchez Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest_State_Park" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Landing_State_Park" title="Paris Landing State Park">Paris Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickwick_Landing_State_Park" title="Pickwick Landing State Park">Pickwick Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reelfoot_Lake_State_Park" title="Reelfoot Lake State Park">Reelfoot Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._O._Fuller_State_Park" title="T. O. Fuller State Park">T. O. Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_state_forests" title="List of Tennessee state forests">State forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bledsoe_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bledsoe State Forest (page does not exist)">Bledsoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedars_of_Lebanon_State_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedars of Lebanon State Forest">Cedars of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chickasaw State Forest (page does not exist)">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Swan_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuck Swan State Forest (page does not exist)">Chuck Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin State Forest (page does not exist)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tully_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tully State Forest (page does not exist)">John Tully</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis State Forest (page does not exist)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Mountain_State_Forest" title="Lone Mountain State Forest">Lone Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Sundquist_State_Forest" title="Martha Sundquist State Forest">Martha Sundquist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natchez_Trace_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natchez Trace State Forest (page does not exist)">Natchez Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickett_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pickett State Forest (page does not exist)">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prentice_Cooper_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prentice Cooper State Forest (page does not exist)">Prentice Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_State_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott State Forest (page does not exist)">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stone_State_Park" title="Standing Stone State Park">Standing Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_State_Forest" title="Stewart State Forest">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;"><a href="/wiki/Pocket_wilderness" title="Pocket wilderness">State natural areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auntney_Hollow_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auntney Hollow State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Auntney Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnett%27s_Woods_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnett's Woods State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Barnett's Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bays_Mountain_Park" title="Bays Mountain Park">Bays Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaman_Park_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaman Park State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Beaman Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bone_Cave" title="Big Bone Cave">Big Bone Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campbell_Bend_Barrens_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campbell Bend Barrens State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Campbell Bend Barrens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Cabin_Barrens_Glade_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll Cabin Barrens Glade State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Carroll Cabin Barrens Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mr._and_Mrs._Harry_Lee_Carter_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lee Carter State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lee Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chimneys_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chimneys State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Chimneys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colditz_Cove_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colditz Cove State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Colditz Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couchville_Cedar_Glade_State_Natural_Area" title="Couchville Cedar Glade State Natural Area">Couchville Cedar Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crowder_Cemetery_Barrens_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crowder Cemetery Barrens State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Crowder Cemetery Barrens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devils_Backbone_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devils Backbone State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Devils Backbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Branch_State_Natural_Area" title="Dry Branch State Natural Area">Dry Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duck_River_Complex_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duck River Complex State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Duck River Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsie_Quarterman_Cedar_Glade_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elsie Quarterman Cedar Glade State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Elsie Quarterman Cedar Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falling_Water_Falls_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falling Water Falls State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Falling Water Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fate_Sanders_Barrens_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fate Sanders Barrens State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Fate Sanders Barrens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flat_Rock_Cedar_Glade_%26_Barrens_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flat Rock Cedar Glade & Barrens State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Flat Rock Cedar Glade & Barrens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gattinger%E2%80%99s_Cedar_Glade_%26_Barrens_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gattinger’s Cedar Glade & Barrens State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Gattinger’s Cedar Glade & Barrens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghost_River_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghost River State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Ghost River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundy_Forest_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundy Forest State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Grundy Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampton_Creek_Cove_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampton Creek Cove State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Hampton Creek Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawkins_Cove_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawkins Cove State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Hawkins Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hicks_Gap_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hicks Gap State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Hicks Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hill_Forest_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hill Forest State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Hill Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_Creek_State_Natural_Area_(Tennessee)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honey Creek State Natural Area (Tennessee) (page does not exist)">Honey Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Mountain_(Knox_County,_Tennessee)" title="House Mountain (Knox County, Tennessee)">House Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubbard%E2%80%99s_Cave_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubbard’s Cave State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Hubbard’s Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_%26_Hester_Lane_Cedar_Glades_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John & Hester Lane Cedar Glades State Natural Area (page does not exist)">John & Hester Lane Cedar Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Noel_at_Bon_Aqua_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Noel at Bon Aqua State Natural Area (page does not exist)">John Noel at Bon Aqua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langford_Branch_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langford Branch State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Langford Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel-Snow_State_Natural_Area" title="Laurel-Snow State Natural Area">Laurel-Snow </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lost_Creek_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lost Creek State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Lost Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Burch_Jr._Forest_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Burch Jr. Forest State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Lucius Burch Jr. Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manus_Road_Cedar_Glade_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manus Road Cedar Glade State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Manus Road Cedar Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Prairie_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May Prairie State Natural Area (page does not exist)">May Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chickamauga_Creek_Gorge_State_Park" title="North Chickamauga Creek Gorge State Park">North Chickamauga Creek Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Forest_Arboretum_of_Overton_Park" title="Old Forest Arboretum of Overton Park">Old Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overbridge_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overbridge State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Overbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_Falls_State_Natural_Area" title="Ozone Falls State Natural Area">Ozone Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piney_Falls_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piney Falls State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Piney Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogue_Creek_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogue Creek State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Pogue Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powell_River_Preserve_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Powell River Preserve State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Powell River Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Lake_State_Natural_Area" title="Radnor Lake State Natural Area">Radnor Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riverwoods_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riverwoods State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Riverwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundtop_Mountain_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roundtop Mountain State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Roundtop Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_Tennessee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby Tennessee (page does not exist)">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savage_Gulf_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savage Gulf State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Savage Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequatchie_Cave_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequatchie Cave State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Sequatchie Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_Mountain_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Short Mountain State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Short Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Short_Springs_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Short Springs State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Short Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sneed_Road_Cedar_Glade_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sneed Road Cedar Glade State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Sneed Road Cedar Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillhouse_Hollow_Falls_State_Natural_Area" title="Stillhouse Hollow Falls State Natural Area">Stillhouse Hollow Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinging_Fork_Falls_State_Natural_Area" title="Stinging Fork Falls State Natural Area">Stinging Fork Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_River_National_Battlefield" title="Stones River National Battlefield">Stones River Cedar Glade & Barrens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunk_Lake_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunk Lake State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Sunk Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunnybell_Cedar_Glade_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunnybell Cedar Glade State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Sunnybell Cedar Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Hollow_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taylor Hollow State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Taylor Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_South_Fork_National_River_and_Recreation_Area" title="Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area">Twin Arches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vesta_Cedar_GladeState_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vesta Cedar GladeState Natural Area (page does not exist)">Vesta Cedar Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vine_Cedar_Glade_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vine Cedar Glade State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Vine Cedar Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Falls_State_Natural_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Falls State Natural Area">Virgin Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walker_Branch_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walker Branch State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Walker Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Jericho_(canyon)" title="The Walls of Jericho (canyon)">Walls of Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walterhill_Floodplain_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walterhill Floodplain State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Walterhill Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washmorgan_Hollow_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washmorgan Hollow State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Washmorgan Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watauga_River_Bluffs_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watauga River Bluffs State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Watauga River Bluffs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_B._Clark_Conservation_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William B. Clark Conservation Area (page does not exist)">William B. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Davenport_Refuge_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Davenport Refuge State Natural Area (page does not exist)">William R. Davenport Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_School_Road_Forest_and_Cedar_Glades_State_Natural_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson School Road Forest and Cedar Glades State Natural Area (page does not exist)">Wilson School Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Cliffs_State_Natural_Area" title="Window Cliffs State Natural Area">Window Cliffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cbfb95;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Ridge_Refuge" title="Buffalo Ridge Refuge">Buffalo Ridge Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catoosa_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Catoosa Wildlife Management Area">Catoosa Wildlife Management Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;font-style: italic;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Agriculture" title="Tennessee Department of Agriculture">Tennessee Department of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Environment_and_Conservation" title="Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation">Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_United_States" title="Template talk:Southern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Economy" title="Southern United States">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Geography" title="Southern United States">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Politics of the Southern United States">Government and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States#Sports" title="Southern United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston (SC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hialeah,_Florida" title="Hialeah, Florida">Hialeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">State capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston (WV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_Republic_of_Franklin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_of_Franklin" title="Template:State of Franklin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_of_Franklin" title="Template talk:State of Franklin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_of_Franklin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State of Franklin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_Republic_of_Franklin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Free Republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_Tennessee" title="Jonesborough, Tennessee">Jonesborough</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:State_of_Franklin" title="Category:State of Franklin">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Watauga Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin#Cession_and_rescindment" title="State of Franklin">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin#Secessionist_movement" title="State of Franklin">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin#Independent_republic" title="State of Franklin">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin#Franklin's_end" title="State of Franklin">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee#State_of_Franklin" title="History of Tennessee">Brief history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_province" title="Physiographic province">Topographic Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains" title="Cumberland Mountains">Cumberland Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau" title="Cumberland Plateau">Cumberland Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley" title="Tennessee Valley">Tennessee Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Broad_River" title="French Broad River">French Broad River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_River" title="Hiwassee River">Hiwassee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holston_River" title="Holston River">Holston River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_(Tennessee)" title="Long Island (Tennessee)">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolichucky_River" title="Nolichucky River">Nolichucky River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Shoals" title="Sycamore Shoals">Sycamore Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_River" title="Watauga River">Watauga River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee" title="Greeneville, Tennessee">Greeneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogersville,_Tennessee" title="Rogersville, Tennessee">Rogersville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_Tennessee" title="Jonesborough, Tennessee">Jonesborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee" title="Kingsport, Tennessee">Salt Lick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingsport,_Tennessee" title="Kingsport, Tennessee">Kingsport</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White%27s_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="White's Fort">White's Fort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The western counties of North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_District,_North_Carolina" title="Washington District, North Carolina">The Washington District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blount_County,_Tennessee" title="Blount County, Tennessee">Blount</a></li> <li>Caswell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamblen_County,_Tennessee" title="Hamblen County, Tennessee">Hamblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Tennessee" title="Jefferson County, Tennessee">Jefferson</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greene <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocke_County,_Tennessee" title="Cocke County, Tennessee">Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Tennessee" title="Greene County, Tennessee">Greene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_County,_Tennessee" title="Hawkins County, Tennessee">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_County,_Tennessee" title="Sevier County, Tennessee">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Tennessee" title="Sullivan County, Tennessee">Sullivan</a></li> <li>Washington <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicoi_County,_Tennessee" title="Unicoi County, Tennessee">Unicoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Tennessee" title="Washington County, Tennessee">Washington</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wayne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_County,_Tennessee" title="Carter County, Tennessee">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Tennessee" title="Johnson County, Tennessee">Johnson</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable Franklinites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cage_(Tennessee_politician)" title="William Cage (Tennessee politician)">William Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Campbell_(judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Campbell (judge)">David Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cocke" title="William Cocke">William Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">David "Davy" Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Doak" title="Samuel Doak">Samuel Doak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hardin,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hardin, Sr.">Col. Joseph Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">Col. John Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_White_(General)" class="mw-redirect" title="James White (General)">James White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impediments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>To settlers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee" title="Chickamauga Cherokee">Chickamauga Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragging_Canoe" title="Dragging Canoe">Dragging Canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Cherokee_settlements" title="Historic Cherokee settlements">Cherokee settlements</a></li></ul></li> <li>To statehood <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tipton_(Tennessee_frontiersman)" title="John Tipton (Tennessee frontiersman)">John Tipton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_Confederate_States_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_States_of_America.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederate States"><img alt="Map of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/175px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/263px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Confederate_States_of_America.svg/350px-Confederate_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="572" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">Governments in exile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> June 20, 1863.</li> <li>2 Organized January 18, 1862.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405095731">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312794257">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205353/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRf39VjgwCHrPYYvMMfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119557-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060965">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952980b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952980b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00794260">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge118288&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455338">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7038931">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000568360&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562087305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514744706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f9caf2d8-9638-4b96-bc49-8462339d4b2e">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15926891?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/176588353">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045172">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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[\"CITEREFBowman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownlow1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuddStammenThreadcraft2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurchard1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarruthers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCass2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimprich1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemNelson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClouse2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCochran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoggins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnelly1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolly2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorlewFolmsbeeMitchell1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorn1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotham1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotkin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxHatcherCountsGamble2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDade2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaughtrey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoble2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDockterman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurand1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurr2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhle1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmeryPaine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvanoff2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFender2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineRemington1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlessner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlessner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlessner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlessner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolmsbee1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontenay2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhianni2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannotto2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodheart1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenChervinLippardJoseph2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigsby2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett_(Woktela)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarringtonSuneson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillinger1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinds2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolley2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoney1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopperApplegateDaleWinslow1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudsonSmithDePratterKelley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumbles2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurst1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJen_Todd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsch1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchens2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobran2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreylingPaineWarterfieldWiltshire1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurianLamport2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamon1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangsdon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayden2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLillard1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipkaWormald2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoudenback2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons,_Scheb,_\u0026amp;_Stair2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCoon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadden1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaertens1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathewsSorrell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMays2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBride1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCrary2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGeeWest2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddlekauff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooney1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooney2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreDrumm\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreau2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganParks1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMozo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Agricultural_Statistics_Service2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Association_of_Counties\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorton1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsonKalra2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPare2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulson2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeltason1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierce2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlott2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolland2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulera2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez-Peña2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuarterman1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsey1853\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRau2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReedReed1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafford1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalecker1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatz1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchelzig2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlaytonJohnsonGreeneHill2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeaks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStebbins2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamburin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemple1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennessee_Blue_Book_2005-2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennessee_Department_of_Transportation2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennessee_Wildlife_Resources_AgencyNational_Wildlife_FederationThe_Nature_Conservancy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTime_Magazine_Staff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrieu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Energy_Information_Administration_-_Independent_Statistics_\u0026amp;_Analysis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Government_Printing_Office2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Geological_Survey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmmey_Honey2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_West1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVásquez_Russell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWATE_Staff2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadhwani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWanser2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltgen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinters1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungJames1912\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 22,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 9,\n [\"Bartable\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite EPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 65,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 87,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 169,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-2\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Confederate States political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 28,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox U.S. state\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox region symbols\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 5,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Protected areas of Tennessee\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 143,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Southern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"State of Franklin\"] = 1,\n [\"Tennessee\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"US Census population\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list citebundle\"] = 2,\n [\"United States political divisions\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","540","13.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","420","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","240","6.0"],["recursiveClone 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