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id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaccine_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccine_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vaccine development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccine_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endemic_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endemic_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Endemic zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endemic_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_outbreaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_outbreaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>During outbreaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_outbreaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In the laboratory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Epidemiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pandemic_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandemic_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pandemic potential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandemic_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_outbreaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_outbreaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Historical outbreaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_outbreaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>1967 outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>1975 cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>1980 cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>1987 case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988_laboratory_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988_laboratory_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>1988 laboratory infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988_laboratory_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_laboratory_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_laboratory_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>1990 laboratory infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_laboratory_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998–2000_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998–2000_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>1998–2000 outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998–2000_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004–2005_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004–2005_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>2004–2005 outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004–2005_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>2007 cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>2008 cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Uganda_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Uganda_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>2017 Uganda outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Uganda_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Guinean_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Guinean_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.14</span> <span>2021 Guinean cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Guinean_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Ghanaian_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Ghanaian_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.15</span> <span>2022 Ghanaian cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Ghanaian_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Equatorial_Guinea_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Equatorial_Guinea_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.16</span> <span>2023 Equatorial Guinea outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Equatorial_Guinea_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Tanzania_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Tanzania_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.17</span> <span>2023 Tanzania outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Tanzania_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_Rwanda_outbreak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_Rwanda_outbreak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.18</span> <span>2024 Rwanda outbreak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_Rwanda_outbreak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marburg virus disease</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="داء فيروس ماربورغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داء فيروس ماربورغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Марбургска хеморагична треска – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марбургска хеморагична треска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia_pel_virus_de_Marburg" title="Malaltia pel virus de Marburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malaltia pel virus de Marburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoragick%C3%A1_hore%C4%8Dka_Marburg" title="Hemoragická horečka Marburg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hemoragická horečka Marburg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburgfeber" title="Marburgfeber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marburgfeber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburgfieber" title="Marburgfieber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marburgfieber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburgi_viirushaigus" title="Marburgi viirushaigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marburgi viirushaigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiebre_hemorr%C3%A1gica_de_Marburgo" title="Fiebre hemorrágica de Marburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiebre hemorrágica de Marburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_gaixotasun_biriko" title="Marburg gaixotasun biriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marburg gaixotasun biriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="بیماری تب خونریزی‌دهنده ماربورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیماری تب خونریزی‌دهنده ماربورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_%C3%A0_virus_Marburg" title="Maladie à virus Marburg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie à virus Marburg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galar_glasmhonca%C3%AD" title="Galar glasmhoncaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galar glasmhoncaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermidade_polo_virus_Marburg" title="Enfermidade polo virus Marburg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enfermidade polo virus Marburg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%EB%B3%91" title="마르부르크 바이러스병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르부르크 바이러스병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_hitas%C3%B3tt" title="Marburg hitasótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marburg hitasótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattia_da_virus_Marburg" title="Malattia da virus Marburg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malattia da virus Marburg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_ya_kuvuja_damu" title="Homa ya kuvuja damu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homa ya kuvuja damu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="داء فيروس ماربورج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="داء فيروس ماربورج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B0%E7%86%B1" title="マールブルグ熱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マールブルグ熱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human viral disease</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MHF" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MHF_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MHF (disambiguation)">MHF (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Marburg virus disease</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Marburg hemorrhagic fever</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marburg_virus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Marburg_virus.jpg/220px-Marburg_virus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Marburg_virus.jpg/330px-Marburg_virus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Marburg_virus.jpg/440px-Marburg_virus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Transmission electron micrograph of <a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167264?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fever, weakness, muscle pain<sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">2–21 days after exposure<sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">MV<sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Direct contact with bodily fluids of individuals infected with the virus<sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blood test<sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ebola virus disease<sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">There is no treatment, only immediate <a href="/wiki/Supportive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive care">supportive care</a><sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Rare</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">24–88% <a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">case fatality rate</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marburg virus disease</b> (<b>MVD</b>), formerly <b>Marburg hemorrhagic fever</b> (<b>MHF</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">viral hemorrhagic fever</a> in human and non-human <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> caused by either of the two <a href="/wiki/Marburgvirus" title="Marburgvirus">Marburgviruses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus</a> (MARV) and <a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">Ravn virus</a> (RAVV).<sup id="cite_ref-Spickler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spickler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its clinical symptoms are very similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a> (EVD).<sup id="cite_ref-cdcmar_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdcmar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian fruit bats</a> are believed to be the normal carrier in nature and Marburg virus RNA has been isolated from them.<sup id="cite_ref-Kortepeter2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kortepeter2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most detailed study on the frequency, onset, and duration of MVD <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">clinical signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> was performed during the 1998–2000 mixed MARV/RAVV disease outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-Bausch2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bausch2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A skin <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, red or purple spots (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Petechia" title="Petechia">petechiae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Purpura" title="Purpura">purpura</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bruises" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruises">bruises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematomas</a> (especially around needle injection sites) are typical hemorrhagic manifestations. However, contrary to popular belief, hemorrhage does not lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemia</a> and is not the cause of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> (total blood loss is minimal except during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">labor</a>). Instead, death occurs due to <a href="/wiki/Multiple_organ_dysfunction_syndrome" title="Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome">multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)</a> due to fluid redistribution, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a>, and focal <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necroses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bausch2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bausch2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martini1968_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martini1968-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stille1968_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stille1968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martini1971_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martini1971-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinical phases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever's presentation are described below. Note that phases overlap due to variability between cases. </p> <ol><li>Incubation: 2–21 days, averaging 5–9 days.<sup id="cite_ref-clini_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clini-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Generalization Phase: Day 1 up to Day 5 from the onset of clinical symptoms. MHF presents with a high fever 104 °F (~40˚C) and a sudden, severe headache, with accompanying chills, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pharyngitis, maculopapular rash, abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaise" title="Malaise">malaise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clini_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clini-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Early Organ Phase: Day 5 up to Day 13. Symptoms include prostration, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conjunctival_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjunctival injection">conjunctival injection</a>, viral <a href="/wiki/Exanthema" class="mw-redirect" title="Exanthema">exanthema</a>, and CNS symptoms, including encephalitis, confusion, delirium, apathy, and aggression. Hemorrhagic symptoms typically occur late and herald the end of the early organ phase, leading either to eventual recovery or worsening and death. Symptoms include bloody stools, <a href="/wiki/Ecchymoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecchymoses">ecchymoses</a>, blood leakage from <a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">venipuncture</a> sites, mucosal and visceral hemorrhaging, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">hematemesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clini_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clini-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late Organ Phase: Day 13 up to Day 21+. Symptoms bifurcate into two constellations for survivors and fatal cases. Survivors will enter a convalescence phase, experiencing <a href="/wiki/Myalgia" title="Myalgia">myalgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">asthenia</a>, ocular symptoms, and <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>. Fatal cases continue to deteriorate, experiencing continued fever, <a href="/wiki/Obtundation" title="Obtundation">obtundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convulsions" class="mw-redirect" title="Convulsions">convulsions</a>, diffuse <a href="/wiki/Coagulopathy" title="Coagulopathy">coagulopathy</a>, metabolic disturbances, <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a> and death, with death typically occurring between days 8 and 16.<sup id="cite_ref-clini_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clini-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The WHO also writes that at the phase of gastrointestinal symptoms' predomination, "the appearance of patients...has been described as showing 'ghost-like' drawn features, deep-set eyes, expressionless faces, and extreme lethargy."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marburgvirus" title="Marburgvirus">Marburgvirus</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>Genus <i>Marburgvirus</i>: species and its MVD-causing viruses </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">Species name</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses" title="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses">Virus name (Abbreviation)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Marburg_marburgvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg marburgvirus">Marburg marburgvirus</a></i>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus</a> (MARV; previously MBGV) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">Ravn virus</a> (RAVV; previously MARV-Ravn) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">"*" denotes the type species. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>MVD is caused by two viruses; <a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus (MARV)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">Ravn virus (RAVV)</a>, family Filoviridae.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 458">: 458 </span></sup> </p><p>Marburgviruses are endemic in <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">equatorial Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pinzon2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinzon2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most marburgvirus infections were repeatedly associated with people visiting natural <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> or working in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>. In 2009, the successful isolation of infectious MARV and RAVV was reported from healthy <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian fruit bat</a> caught in caves.<sup id="cite_ref-Kortepeter2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kortepeter2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Towner2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towner2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This isolation strongly suggests that <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> <a href="/wiki/Megabat" title="Megabat">fruit bats</a> are involved in the natural maintenance of marburgviruses and that visiting bat-infested caves is a risk factor for acquiring marburgvirus infections. Further studies are necessary to establish whether Egyptian rousettes are the actual hosts of MARV and RAVV or whether they get infected via contact with another animal and therefore serve only as intermediate hosts. Another risk factor is contact with nonhuman primates, although only one outbreak of MVD (in 1967) was due to contact with infected monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegert1967_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegert1967-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease (EVD)</a>, which has been associated with heavy <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rains</a> after long periods of dry weather,<sup id="cite_ref-Pinzon2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinzon2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triggering factors for spillover of marburgviruses into the human population have not yet been described. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The details of the initial transmission of MVD to humans remain incompletely understood. Transmission most likely occurs from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian fruit bats</a> or another natural host, such as <a href="/wiki/Non-human_primate" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human primate">non-human primates</a> or through the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a>, but the specific routes and body fluids involved are unknown. Human-to-human transmission of MVD occurs through direct contact with infected bodily fluids such as blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Kortepeter2020_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kortepeter2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transmission events are relatively rare – there have been only 11 recorded outbreaks of MARV between 1975 and 2011, with one event involving both MARV and RAVV.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marburg_virus_liver_injury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Marburg_virus_liver_injury.jpg/220px-Marburg_virus_liver_injury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Marburg_virus_liver_injury.jpg/330px-Marburg_virus_liver_injury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Marburg_virus_liver_injury.jpg/440px-Marburg_virus_liver_injury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Marburg virus liver injury</figcaption></figure> <p>MVD is clinically indistinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease (EVD)</a>, and it can also easily be confused with many other diseases prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a>, such as other <a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">falciparum malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">shigellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rickettsia" title="Rickettsia">rickettsial diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">gram-negative</a> <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borreliosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Borreliosis">borreliosis</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Relapsing_fever" title="Relapsing fever">relapsing fever</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli">EHEC enteritis</a>. Other infectious diseases that ought to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> include <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">scrub typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">candidiasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">histoplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis" title="Trypanosomiasis">trypanosomiasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visceral" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral">visceral</a> <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>, hemorrhagic <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, and fulminant <a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">viral hepatitis</a>. Non-infectious diseases that can be confused with MVD are <a href="/wiki/Acute_promyelocytic_leukemia" title="Acute promyelocytic leukemia">acute promyelocytic leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_uremic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic uremic syndrome">hemolytic uremic syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> <a href="/wiki/Envenomation" title="Envenomation">envenomation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">clotting factor</a> deficiencies/platelet disorders, <a href="/wiki/Thrombotic_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia" title="Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia">hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_disease" title="Kawasaki disease">Kawasaki disease</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a> intoxication.<sup id="cite_ref-Gear1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gear1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gear1978_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gear1978-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grolla2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grolla2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bogomolov1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogomolov1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important indicator that may lead to the suspicion of MVD at clinical examination is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a> of the patient, in particular the travel and occupational history (which countries and caves were visited?) and the patient's exposure to wildlife (exposure to bats or bat excrements?). MVD can be confirmed by isolation of marburgviruses from or by detection of marburgvirus antigen or genomic or subgenomic RNAs in patient <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">serum</a> samples during the acute phase of MVD. Marburgvirus isolation is usually performed by <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grivet" title="Grivet">grivet</a> kidney epithelial <a href="/wiki/Vero_cell" title="Vero cell">Vero E6</a> or MA-104 <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cell cultures</a> or by inoculation of human adrenal carcinoma SW-13 cells, all of which react to infection with characteristic <a href="/wiki/Cytopathic_effect" title="Cytopathic effect">cytopathic effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann1968_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann1968-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filovirions can easily be visualized and identified in cell culture by <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a> due to their unique filamentous shapes, but electron microscopy cannot differentiate the various filoviruses alone despite some overall length differences.<sup id="cite_ref-Geisbert1995_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisbert1995-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence assays</a> are used to confirm marburgvirus presence in cell cultures. During an outbreak, virus isolation and electron microscopy are most often not feasible options. The most common diagnostic methods are therefore <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction">RT-PCR</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gibb2001_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibb2001-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drosten2002_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drosten2002-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weidmann2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weidmann2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhai2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhai2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weidmann2007_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weidmann2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/ELISA" title="ELISA">antigen-capture ELISA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Saijo2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saijo2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saijo2006-1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saijo2006-1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saijo2006-2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saijo2006-2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be performed in field or mobile hospitals and laboratories. <a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFAs)</a> are not used for diagnosis of MVD in the field anymore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marburg virus disease (MVD) is the official name listed in the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems</a> 10 (ICD-10) for the human disease caused by any of the two marburgviruses; <a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus</a> (MARV) and <a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">Ravn virus</a> (RAVV). In the scientific literature, Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) is often used as an unofficial alternative name for the same disease. Both disease names are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> city <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, where MARV was first discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegert1967_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegert1967-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever">Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever</a></div> <p>Marburgviruses are highly <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious</a>, but not very <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">contagious</a>. They do not get transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> during natural MVD outbreaks. Due to the absence of an approved vaccine, prevention of MVD therefore relies predominantly on <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> of confirmed or high probability cases, proper <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfection</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccine_development">Vaccine development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vaccine development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marburg_vaccine" title="Marburg vaccine">Marburg vaccine</a></div> <p>There are currently no <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>-approved <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a> for the prevention of MVD. Many candidate vaccines have been developed and tested in various animal models.<sup id="cite_ref-Garbutt2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garbutt2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daddario-DiCaprio2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daddario-DiCaprio2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swenson2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swenson2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those, the most promising ones are <a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA vaccination">DNA vaccines</a><sup id="cite_ref-Riemenschneider2003_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riemenschneider2003-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or based on <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus</a> <a href="/wiki/Replicon_(genetics)" title="Replicon (genetics)">replicons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hevey1998_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hevey1998-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_stomatitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular stomatitis virus">vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Daddario-DiCaprio2006_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daddario-DiCaprio2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">filovirus-like particles (VLPs)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Swenson2008_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swenson2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as all of these candidates could protect nonhuman primates from marburgvirus-induced disease. DNA vaccines have entered clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-NIAIDVaccineDevelopment_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIAIDVaccineDevelopment-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is not yet an approved vaccine, because of <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_vaccines" title="Economics of vaccines">economic factors in vaccine development</a>, and because filoviruses killed few before the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endemic_zones">Endemic zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Endemic zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The natural maintenance hosts of marburgviruses remain to be identified unequivocally. However, the isolation of both MARV and RAVV from <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> and the association of several MVD outbreaks with bat-infested mines or caves strongly suggests that bats are involved in Marburg virus transmission to humans. Avoidance of contact with bats and abstaining from visits to caves is highly recommended, but may not be possible for those working in mines or people dependent on bats as a food source.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_outbreaks">During outbreaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: During outbreaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since marburgviruses are not spread via aerosol, the most straightforward prevention method during MVD outbreaks is to avoid direct (skin-to-skin) contact with patients, their <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fluids">body fluids</a>, and any possibly <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contaminated</a> materials and utensils. Patients should be isolated, but still are safe to be visited by family members. Medical staff should be trained in and apply strict barrier nursing techniques (disposable face mask, gloves, goggles, and a gown at all times). Traditional <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> rituals, especially those requiring <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalming</a> of bodies, should be discouraged or modified, ideally with the help of local <a href="/wiki/Traditional_healer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional healer">traditional healers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_laboratory">In the laboratory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the laboratory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marburgviruses are <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> Risk Group 4 Pathogens, requiring <a href="/wiki/Biosafety" title="Biosafety">Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BMBL5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMBL5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> laboratory researchers have to be properly trained in BSL-4 practices and wear proper personal protective equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is currently no effective marburgvirus-specific <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therapy</a> for MVD. Treatment is primarily supportive in nature and includes minimizing invasive procedures, balancing fluids and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> to counter <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, administration of <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulants">anticoagulants</a> early in infection to prevent or control <a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a>, administration of <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">procoagulants</a> late in infection to control <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">hemorrhaging</a>, maintaining <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels, <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain management</a>, and administration of <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibiotics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antifungal_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal medication">antifungals</a> to treat secondary infections.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although supportive care can improve survival chances, marburg virus disease is fatal in the majority of cases. As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">case fatality rate</a> was assessed to be 61.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-lid_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lid-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandemic_potential">Pandemic potential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pandemic potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHO identifies marburg virus disease as having <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> potential.<sup id="cite_ref-lid_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lid-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_outbreaks">Historical outbreaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical outbreaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a table of outbreaks concerning MVD from 1967 to 2024: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Marburg virus disease outbreaks <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Virus </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Human cases </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Human deaths </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">Case fatality rate</a> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Marburg_virus_outbreak_in_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany">1967</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>31 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>23% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Rhodesia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>33% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>50% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>RAVV </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>100% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>100% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998–2000 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>MARV & RAVV </td> <td>154 </td> <td>128 </td> <td>83% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–2005 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>252 </td> <td>227 </td> <td>90% </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>MARV & RAVV </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>25% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>50% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>18 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>50% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-healio.com_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healio.com-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-china.org.cn_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china.org.cn-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2017_Uganda_Marburg_virus_outbreak" title="2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak">2017</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-abc_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2021_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea">2021</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-reuters_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mvdwho_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mvdwho-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana">2022</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>66.66% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/2023_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea">2023</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>40 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>88% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cidrap1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cidrap1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania"><b>2023</b></a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>9 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>66% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-tanz_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tanz2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanz2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak"><b>2024</b></a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </td> <td>MARV </td> <td>58 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>22% </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967_outbreak">1967 outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1967 outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1967_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="1967 Marburg virus disease outbreak">1967 Marburg virus disease outbreak</a></div> <p>MVD was first documented in 1967, when 31 people became ill in the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. The outbreak involved 25 primary MARV infections and seven deaths, and six nonlethal secondary cases. The outbreak was traced to infected <a href="/wiki/Grivet" title="Grivet">grivets</a> (species <i>Chlorocebus aethiops</i>) imported from an undisclosed location in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and used in developing <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccines">vaccines</a>. The monkeys were received by Behringwerke, a Marburg company founded by the first winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a>. The company, which at the time was owned by <a href="/wiki/Hoechst_AG" title="Hoechst AG">Hoechst</a>, was originally set up to develop <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">sera</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>. Primary infections occurred in Behringwerke <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> staff while working with grivet tissues or tissue cultures without adequate <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>. Secondary cases involved two <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurse</a>, a post-mortem attendant, and the wife of a <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a>. All secondary cases had direct contact, usually involving blood, with a primary case. Both physicians became infected through accidental skin pricks when drawing blood from patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Kissling1968_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kissling1968-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonin1969_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonin1969-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacob1971_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacob1971-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stojkovic1971_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stojkovic1971-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975_cases">1975 cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1975 cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, an Australian tourist became infected with MARV in <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>). He died in a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. His girlfriend and an attending nurse were subsequently infected with MVD, but survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Gear1975_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gear1975-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gear1977_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gear1977-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conrad1978_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrad1978-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_cases">1980 cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1980 cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A case of MARV infection occurred in 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. A French man, who worked as an electrical engineer in a sugar factory in Nzoia (close to <a href="/wiki/Bungoma" title="Bungoma">Bungoma</a>) at the base of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elgon" title="Mount Elgon">Mount Elgon</a> (which contains <a href="/wiki/Kitum_Cave" title="Kitum Cave">Kitum Cave</a>), became infected by unknown means and died on 15 January shortly after admission to <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attending physician contracted MVD, but survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1982_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1982-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular science account of these cases can be found in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Preston" title="Richard Preston">Richard Preston</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hot_Zone" title="The Hot Zone">The Hot Zone</a></i> (the French man is referred to under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Charles Monet", whereas the physician is identified under his real name, Shem Musoke).<sup id="cite_ref-Preston1994_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston1994-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987_case">1987 case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1987 case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, a single lethal case of RAVV infection occurred in a 15-year-old Danish boy, who spent his vacation in <a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. He had visited <a href="/wiki/Kitum_Cave" title="Kitum Cave">Kitum Cave</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elgon" title="Mount Elgon">Mount Elgon</a> prior to travelling to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, where he developed clinical signs of infection. The boy died after transfer to <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1996_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1996-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular science account of this case can be found in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Preston" title="Richard Preston">Richard Preston</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hot_Zone" title="The Hot Zone">The Hot Zone</a></i> (the boy is referred to under the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> "Peter Cardinal").<sup id="cite_ref-Preston1994_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston1994-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988_laboratory_infection">1988 laboratory infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1988 laboratory infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, researcher Nikolai Ustinov infected himself lethally with MARV after accidentally pricking himself with a syringe used for inoculation of <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>. The accident occurred at the Scientific-Production Association "Vektor" (today the <a href="/wiki/State_Research_Center_of_Virology_and_Biotechnology_VECTOR" title="State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vektor"</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Koltsovo,_Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast">Koltsovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Beer1999_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beer1999-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very little information is publicly available about this MVD case because Ustinov's experiments were classified. A popular science account of this case can be found in <a href="/wiki/Ken_Alibek" title="Ken Alibek">Ken Alibek</a>'s book <i>Biohazard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alibek1999_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alibek1999-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_laboratory_infection">1990 laboratory infection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1990 laboratory infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another laboratory accident occurred at the Scientific-Production Association "Vektor" (today the <a href="/wiki/State_Research_Center_of_Virology_and_Biotechnology_VECTOR" title="State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vektor"</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Koltsovo,_Novosibirsk_Oblast" title="Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast">Koltsovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, when a scientist contracted MARV by unknown means.<sup id="cite_ref-Nikiforov1994_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikiforov1994-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998–2000_outbreak"><span id="1998.E2.80.932000_outbreak"></span>1998–2000 outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1998–2000 outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major MVD outbreak occurred among illegal <a href="/wiki/Gold_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold mine">gold miners</a> around Goroumbwa mine in <a href="/wiki/Durba,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Durba, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Durba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watsa" title="Watsa">Watsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> from 1998 to 2000, when co-circulating MARV and RAVV caused 154 cases of MVD and 128 deaths. The outbreak ended with the flooding of the mine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bausch2006_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bausch2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bertherat1999_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertherat1999-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bausch2003_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bausch2003-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004–2005_outbreak"><span id="2004.E2.80.932005_outbreak"></span>2004–2005 outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2004–2005 outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) began investigating an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">viral hemorrhagic fever</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, which was centered in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/U%C3%ADge_Province" title="Uíge Province">Uíge Province</a> but also affected many other provinces. The Angolan government had to ask for international assistance, as there were only approximately 1,200 doctors in the entire country and provinces that had few as two. Health care workers also complained about a shortage of basic <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> (MSF) reported that when their team arrived at the provincial hospital at the center of the outbreak, they found it operating without water and electricity. <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">Contact tracing</a> was complicated by the fact that the country's roads and other infrastructure were devastated after nearly three decades of <a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">civil war</a> and the countryside remained littered with <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roddy2010_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roddy2010-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Americo Boa Vida Hospital in the Angolan capital, <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, set up a special isolation ward to treat patients from the countryside. Due to the high fatality rate of MVD, some people came to be suspicious of and hostile towards hospitals and medical workers. For instance, a specially-equipped isolation ward at the provincial hospital in Uíge was reported to be empty during much of the epidemic, even though the facility was at the center of the outbreak. WHO was forced to implement what it described as a "harm reduction strategy" by distributing disinfectants to affected families who refused hospital care. Of the 252 people who contracted MVD, 227 died.<sup id="cite_ref-Roddy2010_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roddy2010-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hovette2005_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovette2005-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ndayimirije2005_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ndayimirije2005-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Towner2006_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towner2006-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jeffs2007_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffs2007-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roddy2007_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roddy2007-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roddy2009_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roddy2009-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_cases">2007 cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 2007 cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, four <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a> became infected with marburgviruses in <a href="/wiki/Kamwenge_District" title="Kamwenge District">Kamwenge District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. The first case, a 29-year-old man, became symptomatic on July 4, 2007, was admitted to a hospital on July 7, and died on July 13. Contact tracing revealed that the man had had prolonged close contact with two colleagues (a 22-year-old man and a 23-year-old man), who experienced clinical signs of infection before his disease onset. Both men had been admitted to hospitals in June and survived their infections, which were proven to be due to MARV. A fourth, 25-year-old man, developed MVD clinical signs in September and was shown to be infected with RAVV. He also survived the infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Towner2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towner2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adjemian2011_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adjemian2011-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_cases">2008 cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2008 cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 10, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_National_Institute_for_Public_Health_and_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment">Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</a> reported that a 41-year-old Dutch woman, who had visited Python Cave in <a href="/wiki/Maramagambo_Forest" title="Maramagambo Forest">Maramagambo Forest</a> during her holiday in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, had MVD due to MARV infection, and had been admitted to a hospital in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The woman died under treatment in the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Medical_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Medical Centre">Leiden University Medical Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> on July 11. The Ugandan Ministry of Health closed the cave after this case.<sup id="cite_ref-Timen2009_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timen2009-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 9 of that year an infectious diseases physician notified the Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment that a 44-year-old American woman who had returned from <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> had been hospitalized with a <a href="/wiki/Fever_of_unknown_origin" title="Fever of unknown origin">fever of unknown origin</a>. At the time, serologic testing was negative for <a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">viral hemorrhagic fever</a>. She was discharged on January 19, 2008. After the death of the Dutch patient and the discovery that the American woman had visited Python Cave, further testing confirmed the patient demonstrated MARV <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2009_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2009-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_Uganda_outbreak">2017 Uganda outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2017 Uganda outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kween_District_in_Uganda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kween_District_in_Uganda.svg/200px-Kween_District_in_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kween_District_in_Uganda.svg/300px-Kween_District_in_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kween_District_in_Uganda.svg/400px-Kween_District_in_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>Kween District in Uganda</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Uganda_Marburg_virus_outbreak" title="2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak">2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak</a></div> <p>In October 2017 an outbreak of Marburg virus disease was detected in <a href="/wiki/Kween_District" title="Kween District">Kween District</a>, Eastern Uganda. All three initial cases (belonging to one family – two brothers and one sister) had died by 3 November. The fourth case – a health care worker – developed symptoms on 4 November and was admitted to a hospital. The first confirmed case traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> before the death. A close contact of the second confirmed case traveled to <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>. It is reported that several hundred people may have been exposed to infection.<sup id="cite_ref-who2017_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek2017_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek2017-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_Guinean_cases">2021 Guinean cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2021 Guinean cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2021_Guinea_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="2021 Guinea Marburg virus disease outbreak">2021 Guinea Marburg virus disease outbreak</a></div> <p>In August 2021, two months after the re-emergent Ebola epidemic in the <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ck%C3%A9dou" title="Guéckédou">Guéckédou</a> prefecture was declared over, a case of the Marburg disease was confirmed by health authorities through laboratory analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-mvdwho_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mvdwho-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other potential case of the disease in a contact awaits official results. This was the first case of the Marburg hemorrhagic fever confirmed to happen in West Africa. The case of Marburg also has been identified in <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ck%C3%A9dou_Prefecture" title="Guéckédou Prefecture">Guéckédou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the outbreak, a total of one confirmed case, who died (<a href="/wiki/Case_fatality_rate" title="Case fatality rate">CFR</a>=100%), and 173 contacts were identified, including 14 high-risk contacts based on exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them, 172 were followed for a period of 21 days, of which none developed symptoms. One high-risk contact was lost to follow up.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sequencing of an isolate from the Guinean patient showed that this outbreak was caused by the Angola-like Marburg virus.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A colony of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_fruit_bat" title="Egyptian fruit bat">Egyptian rousettus bats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">reservoir host</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus</a>) was found in close proximity (4.5 km) to the village, where the Marburg virus disease outbreak emerged in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two sampled fruit bats from this colony were PCR-positive on the Marburg virus.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Ghanaian_cases">2022 Ghanaian cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2022 Ghanaian cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2022_Ghana_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="2022 Ghana Marburg virus disease outbreak">2022 Ghana Marburg virus disease outbreak</a></div> <p>In July 2022, preliminary analysis of samples taken from two patients – both deceased – in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> indicated the cases were positive for Marburg. However, per standard procedure, the samples were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute_of_Dakar" title="Pasteur Institute of Dakar">Pasteur Institute of Dakar</a> for confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 July 2022 the two cases were confirmed by Ghana,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which caused the country to declare a Marburg virus disease outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional case was identified, bringing the total to three.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Equatorial_Guinea_outbreak">2023 Equatorial Guinea outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 2023 Equatorial Guinea outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Equatorial_Guinea_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="2023 Equatorial Guinea Marburg virus disease outbreak">2023 Equatorial Guinea Marburg virus disease outbreak</a></div> <p>A disease outbreak was first reported in <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> on 7 February 2023, and on 13 February 2023, it was identified as being Marburg virus disease. It was the first time the disease was detected in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> detected two suspected cases of Marburg virus disease on 13 February 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were later ruled out.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 February, a suspected case of Marburg was reported in the Spanish city of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Spain_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spain-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this case was subsequently discounted.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 4 April 2023, there were 14 confirmed cases and 28 suspected cases, including ten confirmed deaths from the disease in Equatorial Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-BNO_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNO-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cidrap1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cidrap1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 June 2023, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> declared the outbreak over.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 17 laboratory-confirmed cases and 12 deaths were recorded. All the 23 probable cases reportedly died. Four patients recovered from the virus and have been enrolled in a survivors programme to receive psychosocial and other post-recovery support.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Tanzania_outbreak">2023 Tanzania outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 2023 Tanzania outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Tanzania_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="2023 Tanzania Marburg virus disease outbreak">2023 Tanzania Marburg virus disease outbreak</a></div> <p>A Marburg virus disease outbreak in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> was first reported on 21 March 2023 by the Ministry of Health of Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time that Tanzania had reported an outbreak of the disease. On 2 June 2023, Tanzania declared the outbreak over.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 9 total infections, resulting in 6 total deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-tanz_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanz-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tanz2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tanz2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_Rwanda_outbreak">2024 Rwanda outbreak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2024 Rwanda outbreak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak">Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak</a></div> <p>On September 27, 2024, an outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">Marburg virus</a> was confirmed in <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. As of September 29, 2024, six deaths and twenty cases had been confirmed. The Rwandan Minister of Health, <a href="/wiki/Sabin_Nsanzimana" title="Sabin Nsanzimana">Sabin Nsanzimana</a>, confirmed that the infected were mostly healthcare workers and that <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a> had been initiated in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Experimentally, recombinant <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_stomatitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular stomatitis virus">vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus</a> (VSIV) expressing the glycoprotein of MARV has been used successfully in nonhuman primate models as post-exposure prophylaxis.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vaccine candidate has been effective in nonhuman primates.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental therapeutic regimens relying on <a href="/wiki/Antisense_therapy" title="Antisense therapy">antisense technology</a> have shown promise, with <a href="/wiki/Morpholino" title="Morpholino">phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers</a> (PMOs) targeting the MARV genome<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New therapies from <a href="/wiki/Sarepta_Therapeutics" title="Sarepta Therapeutics">Sarepta</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tekmira<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have also been successfully used in humans as well as primates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ebola_outbreaks#List_of_other_Filoviridae_outbreaks" title="List of Ebola outbreaks">List of other Filoviridae outbreaks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease">"Ebola Virus Disease & Marburg Virus Disease - Chapter 3 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC"</a>. <i>wwwnc.cdc.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719013822/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2018/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/ebola-virus-disease-and-marburg-virus-disease">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Ghana+Declares+First+Marburg+Virus+Disease+Outbreak&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-07-18%2Fghana-declares-first-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWe_are_Ghana2022" class="citation web cs1">We are Ghana [@Ghana] (July 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Ghana/status/1552716814974689280">"Update on Marburg Virus Disease Outbreak in Ghana"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+Marburg+Virus+Disease+Outbreak+in+Ghana&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.au=We+are+Ghana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FGhana%2Fstatus%2F1552716814974689280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afro.who.int/countries/equatorial-guinea/news/equatorial-guinea-confirms-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak">"Equatorial Guinea confirms first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></i>. 13 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213183549/https://www.afro.who.int/countries/equatorial-guinea/news/equatorial-guinea-confirms-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Equatorial+Guinea+confirms+first-ever+Marburg+virus+disease+outbreak&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afro.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fequatorial-guinea%2Fnews%2Fequatorial-guinea-confirms-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-increasing-health-surveillance-after-equatorial-guinea-finds-marburg-virus-2023-02-14/">"Cameroon detects two suspected cases of Marburg virus near Eq. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Cameroon+detects+two+suspected+cases+of+Marburg+virus+near+Eq.+Guinea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fwho-increasing-health-surveillance-after-equatorial-guinea-finds-marburg-virus-2023-02-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/MINSANTE.PageOfficielle/videos/c4534e7c/757499088848735/">"| By Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun | Facebook"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228190904/https://www.facebook.com/MINSANTE.PageOfficielle/videos/c4534e7c/757499088848735/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=%26%23124%3B+By+Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Sant%C3%A9+Publique+du+Cameroun+%26%23124%3B+Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMINSANTE.PageOfficielle%2Fvideos%2Fc4534e7c%2F757499088848735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spain-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spain_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/espana/comunidad-valenciana/2023-02-25/aislado-un-paciente-en-valencia-por-sospechas-de-que-padezca-la-grave-fiebre-de-marburgo.html">"Aislado un paciente en Valencia por sospechas de que padezca la grave fiebre de Marburgo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>. 25 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225073702/https://elpais.com/espana/comunidad-valenciana/2023-02-25/aislado-un-paciente-en-valencia-por-sospechas-de-que-padezca-la-grave-fiebre-de-marburgo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Spain+says+patient+does+not+have+Marburg+disease&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fspanish-authorities-detect-first-suspected-case-marburg-disease-2023-02-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BNO-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BNO_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/">"Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BNO_News" title="BNO News">BNO News</a>. 13 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220120932/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO+%7C+Regional+Office+for+Africa&rft.atitle=Marburg+Virus+Disease+outbreak+in+Equatorial+Guinea+ends&rft.date=2023-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afro.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fequatorial-guinea%2Fnews%2Fmarburg-virus-disease-outbreak-equatorial-guinea-ends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afro.who.int/countries/united-republic-of-tanzania/news/tanzania-confirms-first-ever-outbreak-marburg-virus-disease">"Tanzania confirms first-ever outbreak of Marburg Virus Disease"</a>. <i>WHO | Regional Office for Africa</i>. 21 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419014154/https://www.afro.who.int/countries/united-republic-of-tanzania/news/tanzania-confirms-first-ever-outbreak-marburg-virus-disease">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO+%7C+Regional+Office+for+Africa&rft.atitle=Tanzania+confirms+first-ever+outbreak+of+Marburg+Virus+Disease&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afro.who.int%2Fcountries%2Funited-republic-of-tanzania%2Fnews%2Ftanzania-confirms-first-ever-outbreak-marburg-virus-disease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tanzania-declares-end-marburg-viral-outbreak-2023-06-02/">"Tanzania declares end of Marburg viral outbreak"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 2 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619071254/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/tanzania-declares-end-marburg-viral-outbreak-2023-06-02/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA447898.pdf">"Postexposure protection against Marburg haemorrhagic fever with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates: An efficacy assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>367</b> (9520): 1399–1404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968546-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68546-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16650649">16650649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14039727">14039727</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927010820/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA447898">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9182267">"A highly attenuated Vesiculovax vaccine rapidly protects nonhuman primates against lethal Marburg virus challenge"</a>. <i>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</i>. <b>16</b> (5): e0010433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0010433">10.1371/journal.pntd.0010433</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9182267">9182267</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35622847">35622847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.atitle=A+highly+attenuated+Vesiculovax+vaccine+rapidly+protects+nonhuman+primates+against+lethal+Marburg+virus+challenge&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0010433&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9182267%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35622847&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0010433&rft.aulast=Woolsey&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft.au=Cross%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Agans%2C+Krystle+N.&rft.au=Borisevich%2C+Viktoriya&rft.au=Deer%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Geisbert%2C+Joan+B.&rft.au=Gerardi%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Latham%2C+Theresa+E.&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Karla+A.&rft.au=Egan%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Eldridge%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Geisbert%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Mattasov%2C+Demetrius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9182267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenWarfieldWellsSwenson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Warren TK, Warfield KL, Wells J, Swenson DL, Donner KS, Van Tongeren SA, et al. (2010). "Advanced antisense therapies for postexposure protection against lethal filovirus infections". <i>Nature Medicine</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 991–994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm.2202">10.1038/nm.2202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20729866">20729866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205387144">205387144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=Advanced+antisense+therapies+for+postexposure+protection+against+lethal+filovirus+infections&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=991-994&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205387144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20729866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm.2202&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=T.+K.&rft.au=Warfield%2C+K.+L.&rft.au=Wells%2C+J.&rft.au=Swenson%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Donner%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Van+Tongeren%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Garza%2C+N.+L.&rft.au=Dong%2C+L.&rft.au=Mourich%2C+D.+V.&rft.au=Crumley%2C+S.&rft.au=Nichols%2C+D.+K.&rft.au=Iversen%2C+P.+L.&rft.au=Bavari%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140210005189/en/Sarepta-Therapeutics-Announces-Positive-Safety-Results-Phase">"Sarepta Therapeutics Announces Positive Safety Results from Phase I Clinical Study of Marburg Drug Candidate - Business Wire"</a> (Press release). 2014-02-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113452/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140210005189/en/Sarepta-Therapeutics-Announces-Positive-Safety-Results-Phase">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarepta+Therapeutics+Announces+Positive+Safety+Results+from+Phase+I+Clinical+Study+of+Marburg+Drug+Candidate+-+Business+Wire&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20140210005189%2Fen%2FSarepta-Therapeutics-Announces-Positive-Safety-Results-Phase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822032906/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140820-marburg-ebola-virus-treatment-monkey-africa/">"Successful Marburg Virus Treatment Offers Hope for Ebola Patients"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 2014-08-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140820-marburg-ebola-virus-treatment-monkey-africa/">the original</a> on August 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Successful+Marburg+Virus+Treatment+Offers+Hope+for+Ebola+Patients&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F08%2F140820-marburg-ebola-virus-treatment-monkey-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlenk1999" class="citation book cs1">Klenk HD (1999). <i>Marburg and Ebola Viruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol. 235</i>. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64729-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64729-4"><bdi>978-3-540-64729-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marburg+and+Ebola+Viruses.+Current+Topics+in+Microbiology+and+Immunology%2C+vol.+235&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-540-64729-4&rft.aulast=Klenk&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Klenk HD, Feldmann H (2004). <i>Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology</i>. Wymondham, Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9545232-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9545232-3-7"><bdi>978-0-9545232-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ebola+and+Marburg+Viruses%3A+Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology&rft.place=Wymondham%2C+Norfolk%2C+UK&rft.pub=Horizon+Bioscience&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7&rft.aulast=Klenk&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rft.au=Feldmann%2C+Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2008" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn JH (2008). <i>Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20</i>. Vienna, Austria: SpringerWienNewYork. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-20670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-20670-6"><bdi>978-3-211-20670-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filoviruses%3A+A+Compendium+of+40+Years+of+Epidemiological%2C+Clinical%2C+and+Laboratory+Studies.+Archives+of+Virology+Supplement%2C+vol.+20&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pub=SpringerWienNewYork&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-211-20670-6&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Jens+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiniSiegert1971" class="citation book cs1">Martini GA, Siegert R (1971). <i>Marburg Virus Disease</i>. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-05199-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-05199-4"><bdi>978-0-387-05199-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marburg+Virus+Disease&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-387-05199-4&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft.au=Siegert%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryabchikova EI, Price BB (2004). <i>Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy</i>. Columbus, Ohio, USA: Battelle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57477-131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57477-131-2"><bdi>978-1-57477-131-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ebola+and+Marburg+Viruses%3A+A+View+of+Infection+Using+Electron+Microscopy&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio%2C+USA&rft.pub=Battelle+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57477-131-2&rft.aulast=Ryabchikova&rft.aufirst=Elena+I.&rft.au=Price%2C+Barbara+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarburg+virus+disease" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_virus_disease&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External 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height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q167264" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q167264">Marburg virus disease</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/224.html">ViralZone: Marburg virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404234910/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/vhfmanual.htm">Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting</a></i>.</li> <li>Center for Disease Control, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050325072042/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/marburg.htm">Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever</a></i>.</li> <li>Center for Disease Control, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920155118/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/marburg/marburgtable.htm">Known Cases and Outbreaks of Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/Health_topics/ebola_marburg_fevers/factsheet.aspx">Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever</a> (10 July 2008) factsheet from <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/csr/disease/marburg/en/">Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifrc.org/cgi/pdf_appeals.pl?/05/05me021.pdf#xml=http://www.ifrc.org/cgi/webinator/texis.exe/webinator/search/xml.txt?query=marburg&pr=english&order=r&cq=&id=4259e31f18">Red Cross PDF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filoi">Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167264" class="extiw" title="d:Q167264">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#696598707">1D60.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A98.3">A98.3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=078.89">078.89</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008379">D008379</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb7835.htm">7835</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/2406-overview">ped/2406</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filoviridae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Filoviridae" title="Template:Filoviridae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filoviridae" title="Template talk:Filoviridae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filoviridae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filoviridae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filoviridae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">Filoviridae</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ebolavirus" title="Ebolavirus">Ebolavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ebola_outbreaks" title="List of Ebola outbreaks">Outbreaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease#Sudan_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">1976 Sudan outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Zaire_Ebola_virus_outbreak" title="1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak">1976 Zaire outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western African Ebola virus epidemic">2013−2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic_timeline" title="West African Ebola virus epidemic timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic_timeline_of_reported_cases_and_deaths" title="West African Ebola virus epidemic timeline of reported cases and deaths">Reported cases and deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Ebola_Response_Fund" title="United Nations Ebola Response Fund">United Nations Ebola Response Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_United_Assistance" title="Operation United Assistance">Operation United Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Guinea" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea">in Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Liberia" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Liberia">in Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Mali" title="Ebola virus disease in Mali">in Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_in_Nigeria" title="Ebola in Nigeria">in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Ebola virus epidemic in Sierra Leone">in Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Spain" title="Ebola virus disease in Spain">in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_cases_in_the_United_States" title="Ebola virus cases in the United States">in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease in the United Kingdom">in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouse_to_Ouse_Tock" title="Ouse to Ouse Tock">Ouse to Ouse Tock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womey_massacre" title="Womey massacre">Womey massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>Recent DR Congo outbreaks and epidemics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_%C3%89quateur_province_Ebola_outbreak" title="2018 Équateur province Ebola outbreak">2018 Équateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic" title="Kivu Ebola epidemic">Kivu epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic#2020_Équateur_Province_outbreak_and_other_regional_health_issues" title="Kivu Ebola epidemic">2020 Équateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_North_Kivu_Ebola" title="2021 North Kivu Ebola">2021 North Kivu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bundibugyo_ebolavirus" title="Bundibugyo ebolavirus">Bundibugyo ebolavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundibugyo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundibugyo virus">BDBV</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reston_virus" title="Reston virus">Reston ebolavirus</a></i> <ul><li>RESTV</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudan_ebolavirus" title="Sudan ebolavirus">Sudan ebolavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan virus">SUDV</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_Forest_ebolavirus" title="Taï Forest ebolavirus">Taï Forest ebolavirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_Forest_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taï Forest virus">TAFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaire_ebolavirus" title="Zaire ebolavirus">Zaire ebolavirus</a></i> <ul><li>EBOV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galidesivir" title="Galidesivir">BCX4430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brincidofovir" title="Brincidofovir">Brincidofovir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Deazaneplanocin_A" title="3-Deazaneplanocin A">DZNep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favipiravir" title="Favipiravir">Favipiravir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGI-103" title="FGI-103">FGI-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGI-104" title="FGI-104">FGI-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGI-106" title="FGI-106">FGI-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JK-05" title="JK-05">JK-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamivudine" title="Lamivudine">Lamivudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAb114" class="mw-redirect" title="MAb114">mAb114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TKM-Ebola" title="TKM-Ebola">TKM-Ebola</a> <small>(failed)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazavirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Triazavirin">Triazavirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZMapp" title="ZMapp">ZMapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAd3-ZEBOV" title="CAd3-ZEBOV">cAd3-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebola_researchers" title="Category:Ebola researchers">Ebola researchers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Close" title="William Close">William Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Muyembe-Tamfum" title="Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum">Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Piot" title="Peter Piot">Peter Piot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ebola_patients" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ebola patients">Ebola patients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ameyo_Adadevoh" title="Ameyo Adadevoh">Ameyo Adadevoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Cafferkey" title="Pauline Cafferkey">Pauline Cafferkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eric_Duncan" title="Thomas Eric Duncan">Thomas Eric Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheik_Umar_Khan" title="Sheik Umar Khan">Sheik Umar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Lukwiya" title="Matthew Lukwiya">Matthew Lukwiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayinga_N%27Seka" title="Mayinga N'Seka">Mayinga N'Seka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sawyer" title="Patrick Sawyer">Patrick Sawyer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_effects_of_the_Ebola_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural effects of the Ebola crisis">Popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hot_Zone" title="The Hot Zone">The Hot Zone</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995 book by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Preston" title="Richard Preston">Richard Preston</a>)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outbreak_(film)" title="Outbreak (film)">Outbreak</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995 film)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebola_Syndrome" title="Ebola Syndrome">Ebola Syndrome</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996 film)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Orders" title="Executive Orders">Executive Orders</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996 novel)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola-chan" title="Ebola-chan">Ebola-chan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014 meme)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/93_Days" title="93 Days">93 Days</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016 film)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hot_Zone_(American_TV_series)" title="The Hot Zone (American TV series)">The Hot Zone</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019 miniseries based on Preston book)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_treatment_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease treatment research">Ebola virus disease treatment research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_River" title="Ebola River">Ebola River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Marburgvirus" title="Marburgvirus">Marburgvirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outbreaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Marburg_virus_outbreak_in_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany">1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Uganda_Marburg_virus_outbreak" title="2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak">2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea">2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana">2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea">2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania">2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Marburg_virus_disease_outbreak" title="Rwanda Marburg virus disease outbreak">2024 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Rwanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marburg_marburgvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg marburgvirus">Marburg marburgvirus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">MARV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">RAVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galidesivir" title="Galidesivir">BCX4430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGI-103" title="FGI-103">FGI-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FGI-106" title="FGI-106">FGI-106</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hot_Zone" title="The Hot Zone">The Hot Zone</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995 book)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marburg virus disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cuevavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuevavirus">Cuevavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.6em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lloviu_cuevavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloviu cuevavirus">Lloviu cuevavirus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lloviu_virus" title="Lloviu virus">LLOV</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mengla_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengla virus">Dianlovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.6em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengla_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengla virus">Mengla virus</a> (MLAV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Striavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Striavirus (page does not exist)">Striavirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.6em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Striavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Striavirus (page does not exist)">Xilang striavirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thamnovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thamnovirus (page does not exist)">Thamnovirus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.6em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thamnovirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thamnovirus (page does not exist)">Huangjiao thamnovirus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Filoviridae" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Filoviridae">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikispecies page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Filoviridae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Filoviridae">Wikispecies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoonotic_viral_diseases_(A80–B34,_042–079)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Template talk:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic_viral_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoonotic viral diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoonotic_viral_diseases_(A80–B34,_042–079)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viral diseases</a> (A80–B34, <a href="/wiki/042%E2%80%93079" class="mw-redirect" title="042–079">042–079</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropod<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">Mosquito<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Batai_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Batai virus">Batai virus</a> <ul><li>BATV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwamba_orthobunyavirus" title="Bwamba orthobunyavirus">Bwamba Fever</a> <ul><li>BWAV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_encephalitis_orthobunyavirus" title="California encephalitis orthobunyavirus">California encephalitis</a> <ul><li>CEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Canyon_encephalitis" title="Jamestown Canyon encephalitis">Jamestown Canyon encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_encephalitis" title="La Crosse encephalitis">La Crosse encephalitis</a> <ul><li>LACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahyna_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahyna virus">Tahyna virus</a> <ul><li>TAHV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bunyamwera_orthobunyavirus" title="Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus">Bunyamwera fever</a> <ul><li>BUNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_virus" title="Ngari virus">Ngari virus</a> <ul><li>NRIV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_fever" title="Rift Valley fever">Rift Valley fever</a> <ul><li>RVFV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis" title="Japanese encephalitis">Japanese encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese encephalitis virus">JEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">Australian encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Valley_encephalitis_virus" title="Murray Valley encephalitis virus">MVEV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjin_virus" title="Kunjin virus">KUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_encephalitis" title="Saint Louis encephalitis">Saint Louis encephalitis</a> <ul><li>SLEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usutu_virus" title="Usutu virus">Usutu virus</a> <ul><li>USUV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">WNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_virus" title="Dengue virus">DENV-1-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow fever virus">YFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_fever" title="Zika fever">Zika fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZIKV" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIKV">ZIKV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Togaviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Togaviridae">Togaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis" title="Eastern equine encephalitis">Eastern equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>EEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Western equine encephalitis virus">Western equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>WEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li>VEEV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya" title="Chikungunya">Chikungunya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chikungunya virus">CHIKV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27nyong%27nyong_virus" title="O'nyong'nyong virus">O'nyong'nyong fever</a> <ul><li>ONNV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogosta_disease" title="Pogosta disease">Pogosta disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindbis_virus" title="Sindbis virus">Sindbis virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_fever" title="Ross River fever">Ross River fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_River_virus" title="Ross River virus">RRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semliki_Forest_virus" title="Semliki Forest virus">Semliki Forest virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banna_virus" title="Banna virus">Banna virus encephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease#Viral" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Congo_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever">Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever</a> (CCHFV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland virus">Heartland virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_fever_with_thrombocytopenia_syndrome" title="Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome">Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huaiyangshan_banyangvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Huaiyangshan banyangvirus">Huaiyangshan banyangvirus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tete virus">Tete virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bhanja_virus" title="Bhanja virus">Bhanja virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbovirus_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbovirus encephalitis">Arbovirus encephalitides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis" title="Tick-borne encephalitis">Tick-borne encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus" title="Tick-borne encephalitis virus">TBEV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_encephalitis" title="Powassan encephalitis">Powassan encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powassan_virus" title="Powassan virus">POWV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Omsk_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Omsk hemorrhagic fever">Omsk hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>OHFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyasanur_Forest_disease" title="Kyasanur Forest disease">Kyasanur Forest disease</a> <ul><li>KFDV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkhurma_virus" title="Alkhurma virus">AHFV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langat_virus" title="Langat virus">Langat virus</a> <ul><li>LGTV</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Orthomyxoviridae" title="Orthomyxoviridae">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_virus" title="Bourbon virus">Bourbon virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reoviridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Reoviridae">Reoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_tick_fever" title="Colorado tick fever">Colorado tick fever</a> <ul><li>CTFV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemerovo_tickborne_viral_fever" title="Kemerovo tickborne viral fever">Kemerovo tickborne viral fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sandfly#Viruses" title="Sandfly">Sandfly<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adria_virus" title="Adria virus">Adria virus</a> (ADRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_fever" title="Oropouche fever">Oropouche fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oropouche_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropouche virus">Oropouche virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappataci_fever" title="Pappataci fever">Pappataci fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toscana_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Toscana virus">Toscana virus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandfly_fever_Naples_phlebovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus">Sandfly fever Naples virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">Chandipura virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammal<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodent<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arenavirus" title="Arenavirus">Arenaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">Viral hemorrhagic fevers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassa_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassa virus">LASV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever">Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>GTOV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Argentine hemorrhagic fever">Argentine hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentinian_mammarenavirus" title="Argentinian mammarenavirus">JUNV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">Brazilian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Brazilian hemorrhagic fever">SABV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Bolivian hemorrhagic fever">Bolivian hemorrhagic fever</a> <ul><li>MACV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujo_mammarenavirus" title="Lujo mammarenavirus">LUJV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapare_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapare virus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunyavirales" title="Bunyavirales">Bunyavirales</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_hemorrhagic_fever_with_renal_syndrome" title="Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome">Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrava-Belgrade_orthohantavirus" title="Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus">DOBV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantaan_orthohantavirus" title="Hantaan orthohantavirus">HTNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puumala_orthohantavirus" title="Puumala orthohantavirus">PUUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_orthohantavirus" title="Seoul orthohantavirus">SEOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_virus" title="Amur virus">AMRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_virus" title="Thailand virus">THAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome" title="Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome">Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andes_orthohantavirus" title="Andes orthohantavirus">ANDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_Nombre_orthohantavirus" title="Sin Nombre orthohantavirus">SNV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murid_gammaherpesvirus_4" title="Murid gammaherpesvirus 4">Murid gammaherpesvirus 4</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat#Disease_transmission" title="Bat">Bat<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Filoviridae" title="Filoviridae">Filoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundibugyo_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundibugyo virus">BDBV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan virus">SUDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AF_Forest_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Taï Forest virus">TAFV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_ebolavirus" title="Zaire ebolavirus">ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marburg virus disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_virus" title="Marburg virus">MARV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravn_virus" title="Ravn virus">RAVV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_bat_lyssavirus" title="Australian bat lyssavirus">ABLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus" title="Mokola lyssavirus">MOKV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvenhage_lyssavirus" title="Duvenhage lyssavirus">DUVV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_bat_lyssavirus" title="Lagos bat lyssavirus">LBV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandipura_vesiculovirus" title="Chandipura vesiculovirus">CHPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paramyxoviridae" title="Paramyxoviridae">Paramyxoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henipavirus" title="Henipavirus">Henipavirus encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendra_virus" title="Hendra virus">HeV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipah_virus" title="Nipah virus">NiV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Coronaviridae" title="Coronaviridae">Coronaviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome%E2%80%93related_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus">MERS-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-related_coronavirus" title="SARS-related coronavirus">SARS-related coronavirus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus">SARS-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate<br />-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B_virus" title="B virus">B virus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">Retroviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simian_foamy_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simian foamy virus">Simian foamy virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 1">HTLV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_2" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus 2">HTLV-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanapox" title="Tanapox">Tanapox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaba_monkey_tumor_virus" title="Yaba monkey tumor virus">Yaba monkey tumor virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple<br />vectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdoviridae" title="Rhabdoviridae">Rhabdoviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">Rabies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">RABV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokola_lyssavirus" title="Mokola lyssavirus">Mokola virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Poxviridae" title="Poxviridae">Poxviridae</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monkeypox" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeypox">Monkeypox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority 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