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Proprietary colony - Wikipedia
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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propriet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_kolonie" title="Proprietární kolonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proprietární kolonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proprietary colony" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%BB%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="領主植民地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="領主植民地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_propriet%C3%A1ria" title="Colônia proprietária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colônia proprietária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Проприетарная колония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Проприетарная колония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தனியுடைமை குடியேற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனியுடைமை குடியேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of English colony</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_new_map_of_Virginia,_Maryland,_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-A_new_map_of_Virginia%2C_Maryland%2C_and_the_improved_parts_of_Pennsylvania_%26_New_Jersey._LOC_2005630923_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6709" data-file-height="5889" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a>, which was founded as a proprietary colony</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Proprietary colonies</b> were a type of <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">English America</a> which existed during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. In <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English overseas possessions</a> established from the 17th century onwards, all land in the colonies belonged to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, which held ultimate authority over their management. All English colonies were divided by the Crown via <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charters</a> into one of three types of colony; proprietary colonies, <a href="/wiki/Charter_colony" title="Charter colony">charter colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colonies</a>. Under the proprietary system, individuals or companies (often <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock companies</a>), known as proprietors, were granted commercial <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charters</a> by the Crown to establish overseas colonies. These proprietors were thus granted the authority to select the governors and other officials in the colony. </p><p>This type of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> eventually fell out of favour in the English colonial empire due to a variety of reasons, including the gradual sociopolitical stabilisation of England's American colonies, the easing of bureaucratic difficulties in managing the colonies and increasing economic or administrative difficulties faced by proprietors. Successive <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">English sovereigns</a> sought to solidify their power and authority throughout the empire, and gradually converted proprietary colonies to <a href="/wiki/Crown_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colonies">Crown colonies</a>, which were administered by officials directly appointed by the Crown. By the 18th century, most former proprietary colonies had been converted into Crown colonies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proprietary colonies in America were governed by a <a href="/wiki/Lords_Proprietors" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Proprietors">lord proprietor</a>, who, holding authority by virtue of a royal charter, usually exercised that authority almost as an independent sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These colonies were distinct from <a href="/wiki/Crown_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colonies">Crown colonies</a> in that they were commercial enterprises established under authority of the crown. Proprietary governors had legal responsibilities over the colony as well as responsibilities to shareholders to ensure the security of their investments. </p><p><span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The proprietary system was a mostly inefficient<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (November 2021)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> system, in that the proprietors were, for the most part, like <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">absentee landlords</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Inefficiency does not clearly follow from lack of physical proximity by a ruler. Is this using a definition of "efficiency" from economics and hinting at a principal-agent problem? (November 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many never even visited the colonies they owned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the early 18th century, nearly all of the proprietary colonies had either<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">surrendered their charters to the crown to become <a href="/wiki/Royal_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal colonies">royal colonies</a>,</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""royal colony" is just a redirect to the Crown colony article, with but a single incidental mention there. What is the intended distinction? (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or else had significant limitations placed on them by the crown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Caribbean">The Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_America_colonies_before_the_American_Revolution">British America colonies before the American Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British America colonies before the American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_charters_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial charters in the Thirteen Colonies">Colonial charters in the Thirteen Colonies</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> and several other colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> were initially established under the proprietary system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> used the proprietary solution to reward allies and focus his own attention on Britain itself. He offered his friends <a href="/wiki/Colonial_charters_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial charters in the Thirteen Colonies">colonial charters</a> which facilitated private investment and colonial self-government. The charters made the proprietor the effective ruler, albeit one ultimately responsible to English Law and the King. Charles II gave the former Dutch colony <a href="/wiki/New_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="New Netherlands">New Netherlands</a> to his younger brother The Duke of York, who established the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave an area to <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> who established the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> colonies before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> consisted of 20 colonies on the continent's mainland. After the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">thirteen</a> of those became <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> of the United States of America. By the time of the Revolution some had consolidated multiple grants, while others, such as conflicting claims to what became the state of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and the western borders of numerous states, including New York and Virginia, as well as the sovereignty of what became the state of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> in 1820, remained unresolved well after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_practices_outside_of_English_rule">Similar practices outside of English rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Similar practices outside of English rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_precedent">Historical precedent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical precedent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In medieval times, it was customary in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> for a sovereign to grant almost regal powers of government to the feudal lords of his border districts to prevent foreign invasion. Those districts or manors were often called palatinates or counties palatine because the lord wielded the power of the king in his palace. His power was regal in kind but inferior in degree to that of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That type of arrangement had caused many problems in Norman times for certain English border counties. Those territories were known as <a href="/wiki/County_palatine" title="County palatine">counties palatine</a> and lasted at least in part to 1830 for good reason: remoteness, poor communications, governance carried out under difficult circumstances. The monarch and the government retained their usual right to separate head and body, figuratively or literally, at any time. (See also the hereditary title <i><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a></i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_examples">French examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1603, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a>, granted <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Du_Gua_de_Monts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Du Gua de Monts">Pierre Du Gua de Monts</a> the exclusive right to colonize lands in North America at a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> between 40° and 60° North. The King also gave Dugua a monopoly in the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> for those territories and named him Lieutenant General for <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. In return, Dugua promised to bring 60 new colonists each year to what would be called <i>Acadie</i>. In 1607, the monopoly was revoked, and the colony failed, but in 1608, he sponsored <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> to open a colony at Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Îles Glorieuses</i> (<a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a>) were on 2 March 1880 settled and named by the Frenchman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Caltaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippolyte Caltaux (page does not exist)">Hippolyte Caltaux</a> (b. 1847–d. 1907), who was their proprietor from until 1891. It was only on 23 August 1892 that they were claimed for the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> colony of French <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. Caltaux again became their proprietor from 1901 to his death. On 26 June 1960, the islands became a regular French possession, administered by the High Commissioner for <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. On 3 January 2005, they were transferred to the administrators of the <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonial empire">English colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary governor">Proprietary governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_House" title="Proprietary House">Proprietary House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_proprietor" title="Lord proprietor">Lord proprietor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Donat%C3%A1rio" title="Donatário">Donatário</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elson, Henry William, <i>History of the United States of America</i>, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1904. Chapter IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Lovejoy, "Equality and Empire The New York Charter of Liberties, 1683," <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> (1964) 21#4 pp. 493-515 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1923303">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph E. Illick, "The Pennsylvania Grant: A Re-Evaluation," <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1962) 85#4 pp. 375-396 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20089545">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osgood, H. L. <i>American Historical Review</i>, July, 1897, p. 644</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinez (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roper (2007)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_colony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Martinez, Albert J. "The Palatinate Clause of the Maryland Charter, 1632-1776: From Independent Jurisdiction to Independence." <i>American Journal of Legal History</i> (2008): 305–325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25734128">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Mereness, Newton Dennison. <i>Maryland as a proprietary province</i> (1901) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=k0YOAAAAIAAJ">online</a></li> <li>Osgood, Herbert L. “The Proprietary Province as a Form of Colonial Government.” Part I. <i>American Historical Review</i> 2 (July 1896): 644–64; Part 495. vol 3 (October 1897): 31–55; Part III. vol 3 (January 1898): 244–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833981">part 1 online free at JSTOR</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832502">part 3</a> the standard survey</li> <li>Osgood, Herbert Levi. <i>The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century: The Proprietary Province in Its Earliest Form, the Corporate Colonies of New England</i> (1930)</li> <li>Osgood, Herbert Levi. <i>The Proprietary Province in Its Later Forms</i> (Columbia University Press, 1930)</li> <li>Roper, Louis H., and Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, eds. <i>Constructing Early Modern Empires: Proprietary Ventures in the Atlantic World, 1500-1750</i> (Brill, 2007)</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐wdqp9 Cached time: 20241122141612 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.163 seconds Real time usage: 0.238 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1122/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 15120/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4638/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 18/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2880/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.073/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2592124/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 189.532 1 -total 45.27% 85.807 1 Template:Short_description 27.22% 51.583 2 Template:Fix-span 25.85% 48.992 1 Template:Clarify 21.98% 41.659 4 Template:Main_other 20.61% 39.067 1 Template:SDcat 19.74% 37.422 3 Template:Fix 17.12% 32.439 2 Template:Pagetype 14.32% 27.136 9 Template:Category_handler 13.87% 26.285 1 Template:Definition_needed --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1309699-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122141612 and revision id 1251499777. 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