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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magna_Carta_and_the_Great_Charter_of_1217" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magna_Carta_and_the_Great_Charter_of_1217"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Magna Carta and the Great Charter of 1217</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magna_Carta_and_the_Great_Charter_of_1217-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alienation_by_serfs_and_peasants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alienation_by_serfs_and_peasants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alienation by serfs and peasants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alienation_by_serfs_and_peasants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alienation_prior_to_Quia_Emptores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alienation_prior_to_Quia_Emptores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Alienation prior to <span><i>Quia Emptores</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alienation_prior_to_Quia_Emptores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glanvill_on_alienation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glanvill_on_alienation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Glanvill on alienation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glanvill_on_alienation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bracton_on_alienation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bracton_on_alienation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bracton on alienation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bracton_on_alienation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_statute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_statute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The statute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_statute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history_by_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history_by_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later history by jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_history_by_jurisdiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later history by jurisdiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_history_by_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_America_and_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_America_and_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Colonial America and the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_America_and_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_of_Quia_Emptores_in_United_States_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_of_Quia_Emptores_in_United_States_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Legacy of <span><i>Quia Emptores</i></span> in United States law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_of_Quia_Emptores_in_United_States_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English statute of 1290</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1290 law also known as Statute of Westminster III. For other similarly-named legislation, see <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Statute of Westminster (disambiguation)">Statute of Westminster</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1129" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">A Statute of our Lord The King, concerning the Selling and Buying of Land.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307#1290_(18_Edw._1)" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">18 Edw. 1</a>. c. 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw1/18/1">Revised text of statute as amended</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">English feudalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_feudalism" title="Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_feudalism" title="Template talk:English feudalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_feudalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span></b> is a statute passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> in 1290 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> that prevented <a href="/wiki/Tenement_(law)" title="Tenement (law)">tenants</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienating</a> their lands to others by <a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">subinfeudation</a>, instead requiring all tenants who wished to alienate their land to do so by substitution. The statute, along with its companion statute <i><a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">Quo Warranto</a></i> also passed in 1290, was intended to remedy land ownership disputes and consequent financial difficulties that had resulted from the decline of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> in England during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. The name <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">first two words</a> of the statute in its original mediaeval Latin, which can be translated as "because the buyers". Its <a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">long title</a> is <b>A Statute of our Lord The King, concerning the Selling and Buying of Land</b>. It is also cited as the <b>Statute of Westminster III</b>, one of <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Statute of Westminster (disambiguation)">many English and British statutes</a> with that title. </p><p>Prior to the passage of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>, tenants could either subinfeudate their land to another, which would make the new tenant their vassal, or substitute it, which would sever the old tenant's ties to the land completely and substitute the new tenant for the old with regards to obligations to the immediate overlord concerned. Subinfeudation would prove problematic so was banned by the statute. </p><p>By effectively ending the practice of subinfeudation, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> hastened the end of feudalism in England, although it had already been on the decline for quite some time. Direct <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">feudal obligations</a> were increasingly being replaced by cash rents and outright sales of land which gave rise to the practice of <i>livery and maintenance</i> or <a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">bastard feudalism</a>; the retention and control by the nobility of land, money, soldiers and servants via direct salaries; and land sales and rent payments. By the mid-fifteenth century the major nobility were able to assemble estates, sums of money and private armies on retainer through post-<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> land management practices and direct sales of land. It is thought by historians such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Plummer_(historian)" title="Charles Plummer (historian)">Charles Plummer</a> that this then developed into one of the possible underlying causes of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. Other sources indicate the essence of bastard feudalism as early as the 11th century in the form of livery and maintenance, and that elements of classical feudalism are significant as late as the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the statute remains in force in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, albeit in highly amended form. It was repealed in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had an impact in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as colonial America and thereby the modern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>, translatable as "because of the buyers" and traditionally translated into English as "Forasmuch as the Purchasers", are the first two words of the statute in its mediaeval Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in the statute to announce its intent and background, the "Purchasers" referring to subinfeudators whom the statute was trying to counteract.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statute is given the Latin title <i>Statute qd null emat tras de aliis tenend qa de capitalibz dnis, &c.</i> on the <a href="/wiki/Close_Roll" title="Close Roll">Close Roll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known as the <i>Statutum Westm. iij. The Statute of Westminster the Third, viz. of Quia Emptores Terrarum</i> in the Printed Copies and Translations.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Statutes_of_the_Realm" title="The Statutes of the Realm">The Statutes of the Realm</a></i> it is given the Latin title <i>Statutu[m] d[omi]ni R[egis] de t[er]ris vendend[o] et emend[o]</i>, with a corresponding English title "A Statute of our Lord The King, concerning the Selling and Buying of Land".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStat._Realm106_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStat._Realm106-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its citation is <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307#1290_(18_Edw._1)" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">18 Edw. 1</a>. c. 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStat._Realm106_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStat._Realm106-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/290px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>The Normans mandated primogeniture inheritance; here <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William Duke of Normandy</a> is shown in the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England in 1066, the Anglo-Saxon law of land succession was customary. Land, or <i>folkland</i> as it was called, was held in <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">allodial title</a> by the group, meaning the group held the land. It was probably of little relevance when the titular head of the clan or family died. Traditional lands continued to be held in community by the group. The exact nature of allodialism as it existed in Anglo-Saxon England has been debated, but to no definitive end. On one side, it has been argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that in the <a href="/wiki/Mark_system" title="Mark system">mark system</a> Saxon allodialism was a highly idealistic socialist/communitarian state. Countering this utopian view was <a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a> in his essay "The Origins of Property in Land", and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Frederic William Maitland</a> who found it to be inconsistent with extant Anglo-Saxon documents from pre-Norman times. </p><p>After the Conquest, the rule became one of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> inheritance, meaning the eldest surviving son became the sole heir of the baronial estate. The intent of primogeniture inheritance was to keep large land holdings in the hands of a relatively few, trustworthy lords. The other sons could be accommodated by becoming under-lords to the surviving heir. The eldest would accept the younger brothers "in homage" in return for their allegiance. This was a process called subinfeudation. Even commoners could subinfeudate to their social inferiors. Large pieces of land were given to the great lords by the Norman Crown. Land title under William was a life tenure, meaning the land would pass back to the Crown upon the death of the lord. These lands were then subinfeudated to lesser lords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956712–724_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956712–724-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landholdings in England were of this pattern: large land grants issued to the great lords by the Crown. These were divided up among the younger sons, who then subinfeudated them to lesser lords and commoners. These in turn "accepted in homage" their lessers who held even smaller parcels of land. Determining who owed what feudal incidences filled the court dockets for generations. With the passage of time, land tenures came to be inherited by the survivors of the great lords upon their deaths. Accompanying the Norman change in inheritance was a recognition of the ability of even the lowest of landholders the right of inheritance. In the 12th century, this custom was extended to the commoners. It was discovered that granting an interest in the passage of land to their children, commoners would tend the land with greater economy. The children of tenants were assured their inheritance in the land. This also meant, as a practicality, the land could be sold or bequeathed to the Church. The ancient method of the Normans was a grant to the Church in <a href="/wiki/Frank_almoin" title="Frank almoin">frankalmoin</a>. </p><p>In English law after the Conquest, the lord remained a grantor after the grant of an estate in <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee-simple</a>. There was no land in England without its lord: "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Nulle terre sans seigneur</i></span>" was the feudal maxim. These grants were in turn subject to subinfeudation. The principal incidents of a <a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">seignory</a> were an oath of <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a>, a quit or <a href="/wiki/Rentcharge" title="Rentcharge">chief rent</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Feudal_relief" title="Feudal relief">relief</a> of one year's quit rent, and the right of <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a>. In return, for these privileges the lord was liable to forfeit his rights if he neglected to protect and defend the tenant or did anything injurious to the feudal relation. The word "fee" is associated with the Norman feudal system and is in contradistinction to the Anglo-Saxon allodial system. </p><p>At the time of the Conquest, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> granted fiefs to his lords in the manner of a continental or feudal <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefice</a> which assured little beyond a life tenure. The English charters were careful to avoid saying the donee was to take the estate for life, or whether the heir was to have any rights. At this time, there is abundant evidence that lords refused to regrant on any terms to the deceased tenant's heirs; the deed phrase "to [A] and his heirs and assigns" is the product of efforts by purchasers to preserve such rights on behalf of those who might inherit or purchase the land from them. The practice of demanding a monetary payment for regranting of tenancy to the heirs quickly became the norm. </p><p>In 1100, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Liberties" title="Charter of Liberties">Charter of Liberties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a> contained the clause: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If any of my earls, barons or other tenants in chief die, his heir shall not redeem his land as he did in the time of my brother [i.e. <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II of England</a>], but shall take it up with a just and lawful relief. The men of my barons shall take up (<i>relevabunt</i>) their lands from their lords with a just and lawful relief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStubbs1903_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbs1903-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Relief later was set at a rate per fee in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>. By the time of Bracton, it was settled law that the word "fee" connoted inheritability and the maximum of legal ownership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magna_Carta_and_the_Great_Charter_of_1217">Magna Carta and the Great Charter of 1217</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Magna Carta and the Great Charter of 1217"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> of 1215 gave little mention of the rights of alienation. It contained 60 chapters, and represented the extreme form of baronial demands. John managed to receive a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> annulling the Magna Carta. Magna Carta was effective law for about nine weeks. <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John of England</a> died shortly after that in 1216. The council which ruled in the name of the infant <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> re-issued the charter in 1216, this time with papal assent. It was very much modified in favor of the Crown. The third Great Charter in 1217 is the first document of a legislative kind that expressly mentioned any restraint of alienation in favor of the lord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195622–23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195622–23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It says: "No free man shall henceforth give or sell so much of his land as that out of the residue he may not sufficiently do to the lord of the fee the service which pertains to that fee."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coke,_2nd_Inst._65_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coke,_2nd_Inst._65-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was determined during the minority rule of Henry III that the Crown should not be limited, hence the compromises seen in the Charters of 1216 and 1217. In 1225, Henry III came of age, and a fourth Great Charter was issued, which varied only slightly from the third Charter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195623_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195623-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charter deals with land law in Chapters 7, 32 and 36. The rights of widows were protected and landowners were forbidden to alienate so much of their land that the lord of the fee suffered detriment. Collusive gifts to the Church (which were frequently made in order to evade feudal service) were forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195624_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195624-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coke interprets this as though its only effect was to make the excessive gift voidable by the donor's heir. It certainly could not be voided by the donor's lord.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coke,_2nd_Inst._65_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coke,_2nd_Inst._65-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opinion was reiterated by Bracton.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alienation_by_serfs_and_peasants">Alienation by serfs and peasants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alienation by serfs and peasants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of land by tenants (serfs and peasants) was more difficult. Some families stayed on the land for generations. When the nominal head of the family died, it was usually of little consequence to the lord, or the owners of the title to the land. The practice of <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a> whereby the peasants pledged a payment (either in agricultural goods or money) for the privilege to inhabit and farm the land became the standard practice. After the payment, the peasant was considered "soked", that is, paid in full. </p><p>It was discovered that agricultural land would be more economically tended if the peasants were assured an inheritance of the land to their descendants. This right to inherit was quickly followed by the right to alienation, i.e. the right to sell the inheritance to an outside party. </p><p>Disputes arose when a family member wanted to leave inherited land to the Church, or wanted to sell the land to a third party. Questions concerning the rights of the overlord and the other family members were frequently heard in the courts prior to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>. In general, it was held that a donor should pay the other parties who had an interest to give them relief. However, the results were haphazard and the rulings of various courts were patchwork, and there was little established <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">stare decisis</a> from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This difficulty is illustrated in statements made by <a href="/wiki/Ranulf_de_Glanvill" title="Ranulf de Glanvill">Ranulf de Glanvill</a> (died 1190), the chief <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">Justiciar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every freeman, therefore, who holds land can give a certain part in marriage with his daughter or any other woman whether he has an heir or not, and whether the heir is willing or not, and even against the opposition and claim of such an heir. Every man, moreover, can give a certain part of his free tenement to whomsoever he will as a reward to his service, or in charity to a religious place, in such wise that if <a href="/wiki/Seisin" title="Seisin">seisin</a> has followed upon the gift it shall remain perpetually to the donee and his heirs if it were granted by hereditary right. But if seisin did not follow upon the gift it cannot be maintained after the donor's death against the will of the heir, for it is to be construed rather than a true promise of a gift. It is moreover generally lawful for a man to give during his lifetime a reasonable part of his land to whomsoever he will according to his fancy, but this does not apply to deathbed gifts, for the donor might then, (if such gifts were allowed) make an improvident distribution of his patrimony as a result of a sudden passion or failing reason, as frequently happens. However, a gift made to anyone in a last will can be sustained if it was made with the consent of the heir and confirmed by him.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It has been commented that this illustrates a desire in Glanvill's time to formalize the practices of the day, in which someone having a tenancy could dispose of his land before death. While several problems were addressed (land given in marriage, land given on a whim, or on a death bed), the rules were still vague, when compared to similar cases in contemporaneous France. In the latter, strict rules had arisen defining exact amounts which could be allotted in situations such as "alienation of one-third, or alienation of one-half" of a <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">patrimony</a> or conquest. Glanvill is imprecise, using terms such as "a reasonable amount" and "a certain part". </p><p>The issue of alienation of <a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">serjeanty</a> had been settled long before <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>. In 1198 the itinerant justices were directed to make an inquiry into the nature of the King's serjeanties. This was repeated in 1205 by <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> who ordered the seizure of all Lancaster serjeanties, <a href="/wiki/Thanage" title="Thanage">thegnages</a> and drengages that had been alienated since the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>. These could not be alienated without a royal licence. The Charter of 1217 reaffirmed this doctrine. <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> issued an important ordinance in 1256. In it the King asserted that it was an intolerable invasion of royal rights that men should, without his special consent, enter,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="unclear what it means to "enter" a barony or fee in this context (March 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by way of purchase or otherwise, the baronies and fees that were holden to him in chief. Anyone who defied the decree was subject to seizure by the sheriff. Later case law indicates jurists remained largely ignorant of this decree, which suggests the Crown was reluctant to enforce it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968335–336_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968335–336-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It became common practice to subinfeudate to the younger sons. There are cases from the time, in which a writ of the court was granted demanding that the eldest, inheriting son be forced to "accept in homage" the younger sons as a way of enforcing their subinfeudation. As there had been no survey of land titles since the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> over 200 years earlier, outright title to land had become seriously clouded in many cases and was often in dispute. The whole feudal structure was a patchwork of smaller land holders. Although the history of the major landholding lords is fairly well recorded, the nature of the smaller landholders has been difficult to reconstruct. </p><p>Some direction toward order had been laid down in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_Oxford" title="Provisions of Oxford">Provisions of Oxford</a>, and in the scanty legislation of <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> set about to rationalize and modernize the law during his thirty-five year reign. The first period, from 1272 to 1290, consisted of the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1275" title="Statute of Westminster 1275">Statute of Westminster 1275</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Gloucester_1278" title="Statute of Gloucester 1278">Statute of Gloucester</a> (1278), and the incorporation of recently conquered Wales into the realm. These were followed by the Statute <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Quo_Warranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Quo Warranto">Quo Warranto</a></i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statute of Mortmain</a> (1279). The latter was designed to stop the increasing amount of lands which were ending up in Church ownership. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1285" title="Statute of Westminster 1285">Statute of Westminster 1285</a> contained the clause <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Donis_Conditionalibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Donis Conditionalibus">De Donis Conditionalibus</a></i></span> which shaped the system of entailing estates. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Winchester" title="Statute of Winchester">Statute of Winchester</a> was passed in 1285. This was followed by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> (1290), which was only about 500 words in length. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alienation_prior_to_Quia_Emptores">Alienation prior to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alienation prior to Quia Emptores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buckfast.abbey.nave.arp.corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Buckfast.abbey.nave.arp.corrected.jpg/250px-Buckfast.abbey.nave.arp.corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Buckfast.abbey.nave.arp.corrected.jpg/375px-Buckfast.abbey.nave.arp.corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Buckfast.abbey.nave.arp.corrected.jpg/500px-Buckfast.abbey.nave.arp.corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buckfast_Abbey" title="Buckfast Abbey">Buckfast Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> as rebuilt. It originated on land donated by <a href="/wiki/King_Cnut" class="mw-redirect" title="King Cnut">King Cnut</a> in 1018, and became a <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> abbey in 1147.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Pollock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland</a> that in the middle of the 13th century the tenant enjoyed a large power of disposing of his tenement by act <a href="/wiki/Inter_vivos" title="Inter vivos">inter vivos</a>, though this was subject to some restraints in favor of his lord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968329_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968329-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other opinions have been expressed. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Coke</a> regarded the English tradition as one of ancient liberty dictated by custom. The tenant had relative freedom to alienate all or part of his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a> was of a differing conclusion. The "learning of feuds" started with the inalienability of the fief as a starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968329_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968329-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, the powers of the tenant grew at the expense of the lord. <a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a> believe Coke's opinion to be the more valid one. Both views may have been true. Modern scholars may have given more weight to the written and declared law of the Normans than existed in reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968129_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968129-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For some time, two kinds of alienation had been occurring. These were "substitution" and "<a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">subinfeudation</a>". In substitution, the tenant would alienate his land, and the attendant duties owed to the lord. After alienation, the tenant expected nothing from the new tenant, other than the price of the alienation. In subinfeudation, the new tenant would become a vassal owing feudal duties to the person who alienated. The previous tenant would become the lord to the new tenant. Both these practices had the effect of denying the great lord of the land his rights of feudal estate. The bond of homage was between lord and servant. It was difficult for the medieval mind to think of this in any terms other than as a personal bond.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The idea that a feudal bond could be bought or sold was repugnant to the ruling class. All the same, the practice of alienation of rights to the land had been going on in England for some centuries. A tenant who was accepted in homage by the lord could "subinfeudate" to one or more under-tenants. It was difficult or impossible for the overlord to extract any services (such as knight service, rent, homage) from the new tenants. They had no bond to the overlord. <a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a> give the following example: In the case of subinfeudation, the old tenant was liable for services to the lord. If <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> <a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">enfeoffed</a> to <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> to hold a knight's service, and then <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> enfeoffed <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> to hold as a rent of a pound of pepper per year; <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> dies leaving an heir within age; <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> is entitled to a wardship; but it will be worth very little: instead of being entitled to enjoy the land itself until the heir is of age, he will get a few annual pounds of pepper. Instead of enjoying the land by <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a>, he will only receive a trifling rent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968330–331_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968330–331-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> in 1290 ended all subinfeudation and made all alienation complete. Once a sale of land was made, the new owner was responsible for all feudal incidents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glanvill_on_alienation">Glanvill on alienation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Glanvill on alienation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ranulf_de_Glanvill" title="Ranulf de Glanvill">Glanvill</a> gives no indication that a tenant needed the lord's consent to alienate his rights to land. He does speak at length of the rights of expectant heirs, and this should cause some restraints on alienation. He also says the rights of the lord must be considered. It can be inferred from Glanvill that no substitution could occur without the consent of the lord.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bracton_on_alienation">Bracton on alienation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bracton on alienation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Bracton" title="Henry de Bracton">Bracton</a> gives several examples of escheat occurring by a mesne lord (middle lord in the feudal structure): <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> enfeoffs <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> at a rent of 10 shillings. <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> enfeoffs <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> at a rent of 5 shillings. <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> dies without an heir. Is <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> entitled to 5, 10 or 15 shillings a year? While it can be argued that <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> is entitled to 15 shillings, it was Bracton's opinion that <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> should only be awarded 10 shillings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bracton held this problem to be without solution: Is <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> entitled to the wardship of <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var>'s heir, if <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> held of <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> in socage, and <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var>, whose rights have escheated to <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var>, and held of <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> by knight's service.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worst case occurred when the tenant made a gift of <a href="/wiki/Frank_almoin" title="Frank almoin">frankalmoin</a> – a gift of land to the Church. A wardship would be of no value at all. An escheat of the land (a reclamation of the land by the overlord) would allow the owner to take control of the land. But the act of placing the land in frankalmoin left it in the hands of a group of lawyers or others who allowed the use of the land by a Church organization. The overlord would have nominal control of the corporation which had never entered into a feudal homage arrangement. The corporation owed nothing to the overlord. <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Bracton" title="Henry de Bracton">Bracton</a> was sympathetic to this arrangement. According to him the lord is not really injured. His rights to the land remain unscathed. It is true they have been significantly diminished. He had suffered damnum, but there had been no iniuria.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bracton was of the opinion that a gift of land to the Church could be voided by the heirs, but not the lord.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his work, Bracton shows a prejudice in favour of free alienation. Concerning subinfeudation, he argues that it does no wrong, though it may clearly do damage to the lords on occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968332_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968332-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been difficult to determine how much of this opinion is based on Bracton's prejudice, and how much it corresponded to actual practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968332_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968332-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bracton considers this problem: <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> enfeoffs to <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> to hold by a certain service and that <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> enfeoffs to <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> to hold the whole or part of the tenement by a less service. The law permits <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> to distrain <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> for the service due from <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var>, but this violated equity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then as to substitutions, even when <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> has done homage to <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var>, nevertheless <var style="padding-right: 1px;">B</var> may give <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> a new tenant by enfeoffing <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> to hold of <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var>, and <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> will then hold of <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> whether <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> is agreeable to it or not.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bracton does not even expressly allow <var style="padding-right: 1px;">A</var> to object that <var style="padding-right: 1px;">C</var> is his personal enemy, or too poor to do the service. <a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a> consider this remarkable since Bracton does allow that the lord cannot substitute for himself in the bond of homage a new lord who is the enemy of the tenant, or too needy to fulfil the duties of warranty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968333_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968333-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_statute">The statute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The statute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quia_Emptores_(1290),_original_Latin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Quia_Emptores_%281290%29%2C_original_Latin.png/220px-Quia_Emptores_%281290%29%2C_original_Latin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Quia_Emptores_%281290%29%2C_original_Latin.png/330px-Quia_Emptores_%281290%29%2C_original_Latin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Quia_Emptores_%281290%29%2C_original_Latin.png/440px-Quia_Emptores_%281290%29%2C_original_Latin.png 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>, in original medieval Latin</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quia_Emptores" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> was a kind of legislative afterthought meant to rectify confusion in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_almoin" title="Frank almoin">frankalmoign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">subinfeudation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesne" title="Mesne">mesne</a> lords</li> <li>petty <a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">serjeanty</a></li> <li>substitution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment" title="Apportionment">apportionment</a></li> <li>economic delusion</li></ul> <p>It indirectly affected the practices of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distraint" title="Distraint">distraint</a> (also called: distress or districtio), previously legislated for in the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Marlborough" title="Statute of Marlborough">Statute of Marlborough</a> (1267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a></li> <li>wardship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service#Incidents_of_military_tenure" title="Knight-service">marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a></li></ul> <p>The statute provided that subtenants could not be allowed to alienate land to other persons while retaining the nominal possession and feudal rights over it. The seller had to relinquish all rights and duties to the new buyer, and retained nothing. This was the end of subinfeudation. The middle lords or <a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">mesne lords</a> (who could be common persons) and had granted land for service to those lower on the social scale could no longer come into existence. After <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>, every existing <a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">seignory</a> must have been created prior to the enactment of the statute. The old feudal sequence was: the King granted land to a great lord, who then granted to lesser lords or commoners, who in turn repeated the process, becoming lesser lords (mesne lords) themselves. This was subinfeudation. The effect was to make the transfer of land a completely commercial transaction, and not one of feudalism. There were no provisions placed upon the Crown. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> mandated that when land was alienated, the grantee was required to assume all tax and feudal obligations of the original tenant, known as substitution. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> addressed the question of outright sales of land rights. It declared that every freeman might sell his tenement or any part of it, but in such a manner that the <a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">feoffee</a> should hold the same lord and by the same services, of whom and by which the feoffor held. In case only a part was sold, the services were to be apportioned between the part sold and the part retained in accordance with their quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968337_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968337-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nothing in the statutes addressed the King's rights, and tenants in chief of the crown continued to need royal licence to alienate their estates. On the contrary, at the time the right of alienation by substitution was being set in Statute, the King's claim to restrain any alienation by his tenants was strengthened. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> ended the ancient practice of <a href="/wiki/Frank_almoin" title="Frank almoin">frankalmoign</a> whereby lands could be donated to a Church organization to be held in perpetuity. Frankalmoign created a tenure whereby the holder (the Church) was exempt from all services, except <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Trinoda_necessitas" title="Trinoda necessitas">trinoda necessitas</a></i></span> (bridge and road repair, militia service, and fortification building and repair). <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> allowed no new tenure in frankalmoign, except by the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968218–230_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968218–230-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issues arising from frankalmoign had been addressed by the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statute of Mortmain</a>. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> took mortmain one step further by banning outright the formation of new tenures, except by the Crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While historians are still divided on whether <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> was a proactive or reactive measure, it is logical to conclude that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> attempted to formalize practices of exchanging money for land, which had been going on for some centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were other problems in inheritance which had festered since the time of William I. In a proclamation from 1066, William swept away the entire tradition of familial or allodial inheritance by claiming that "every child be his father's heir". The reality was different, and resulted in primogeniture inheritance. The reorganization of the country along the lines of feudalism was both shocking and difficult. Traitors forfeited their land to the Crown. This principle was designed to weaken opposition to the Crown. Frequently, it punished innocent members of the traitor's family. There was a saying from Kent: "Father to the bough, son to the plough" (the father hanged for treason, the son forced to work the land [for survival]). The norm in Kent was that confiscated lands would be restored to the innocent family members. Seized lands throughout England were often restored to the family, despite what royal decrees may have indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is arguable that the institution of inheritance and subsequent alienation rights by tenants ended feudalism in England.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> only formalized that end. In essence, feudalism was turned on its head. The ones with the apparent rights were the tenant class, while the great lords were still beholden to the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the opinion of Pollack and Maitland, it is a mistake to conclude that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> was enacted in the interest of the great lords. The one person who had all to gain and nothing to lose was the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968337_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968337-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Statute was considered a compromise. It allowed a continuance of the practice of selling (alienating) land, tenancy, rights and privileges for money or other value, but by substitution. One tenant could be replaced by many. In this, the great lords were forced to concede to the right of alienation to the tenants. They had been at risk of losing their services by <a href="/wiki/Apportionment" title="Apportionment">apportionment</a> and economic dilution. This practice had been going on for some time. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> merely attempted to rationalize and control these practices. The great lords gained by ending the practice of subinfeudation with its consequent depreciation of <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ward_(law)" title="Ward (law)">wardship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>. History would indicate the great lords were winners as well as the Crown, since land bought from lowly tenants had a tendency to stay within their families, as has been noted above. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doune_Castle_above_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doune_Castle_above_river.jpg/170px-Doune_Castle_above_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doune_Castle_above_river.jpg/255px-Doune_Castle_above_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doune_Castle_above_river.jpg/340px-Doune_Castle_above_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>} allowed freemen to sell their rights to tenancy or rights of inheritance in land.</figcaption></figure> <p>The process of <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a> was affected by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>. Expulsion of tenants from the land for failure to perform was always a difficult idea, and usually necessitated a lengthy court battle. The lord who escheated could not profit from the land, and had to hold it open for the tenant who could fulfill the obligation at a future date. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> laid out, with some definition which had previously been lacking in the issue of tenures. In a sense, the old stereotypes were locked in place. </p><p>Every feoffment made by a new tenant could not be in <a href="/wiki/Frank_almoin" title="Frank almoin">frankalmoign</a>, since the donee was a layman; it would be reckoned by the laws of <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a>. Socage grew at the expense of frankalmoign. The tenant in chief could not alienate without the license of the King. Petty <a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">serjeanty</a> came to be treated as "socage in effect".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968355–366_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968355–366-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history_by_jurisdiction">Later history by jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later history by jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statute of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> does not apply to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">leasehold estate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lease#Sublease" title="Lease">sub-letting</a>, as a leasehold estate is not considered a feudal estate being neither inheritable (in the Middle Ages) nor (as it remains) capable of existing forever.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The statute was repealed in Ireland by the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_America_and_the_United_States">Colonial America and the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colonial America and the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grants of the English Colonies</li> <li><i>De Peyster v. Michael</i>, New York</li> <li><i>Van Renssalaer v. Hayes</i>, New York</li> <li><i>Miller v. Miller</i>, Kansas</li> <li><i>Mandelbaum v. McDonnell</i>, Michigan</li> <li><i>Cuthbert v. Kuhn</i>, Pennsylvania</li> <li>New York State Constitution</li></ul> <p>The English colonies in North America were founded upon royal grants or licenses. Specifically, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British colonization of North America</a> was by <a href="/wiki/Charter_colony" title="Charter colony">charter colony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a>. In this sense, they were founded upon the principles outlined by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>. The territories were granted under conditions by which English law controlled private estates of land. The colonies were royal grants. An entire province, or any part of it, could be leased, sold or otherwise disposed of like a private estate. In 1664, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> sold New Jersey to <a href="/wiki/John_Berkeley,_1st_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton" title="John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton">Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">Carteret</a>. The sale was effected by deeds of lease and release. In 1708, <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> mortgaged <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and under his will devising the province legal complications arose which necessitated a suit in chancery. Over time, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> was suspended in the colonies. Arguably, certain aspects of it may still be in effect in some of the original colony states such as New York, Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. However, like everything else involving <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>, opinion varies, and some element of confusion reigns. Some U.S. state court decisions have dealt with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>. Prominent among these was the 1852 New York case of <i>De Peyster v. Michael</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There the court record is useful in describing the nature of English feudalism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At common law a feoffment in fee did not originally pass an estate in the sense in which the term is now understood. The purchaser took only a usufructary interest, without the power of alienation in prejudice of the lord. In default of heirs, the tenure became extinct and the land reverted to the lord. Under the system of English feudal tenures, all lands in the Kingdom, were supposed to be holden mediately or immediately by the King who was styled the "lord paramount", or above all. Such tenants as held under the King immediately, when they granted out portions of their lands to inferior persons, also became lords with respect to those inferior persons, since they were still tenants with respect to the King, and thus partaking of a middle nature were called "<a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">mesne</a>" or "middle lords". So, if the King granted a <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a> to A and A granted a portion of the land to B, now B was said to hold of A, and A of the King; or in other words, B held his lands immediately of A and mediately of the King. The King was therefore styled "Lord Paramount"; A was both tenant and lord, or a mesne lord, and B was called "tenant paravail", or the lowest tenant. Out of the feudal tenures or holdings sprung certain rights and incidents, among those which were fealty and escheat. Both these were incidents of socage tenure. Fealty is the obligation of fidelty which the tenant owed to the lord. Escheat was the reversion of the estate on a grant in fee simple upon a failure of the heirs of the owner. Fealty was annexed to and attendant on the reversion. They were inseparable. These incidents of feudal tenure belonged to the lord of whome the lands were immediately holden, that is to say, to him of whom the owner for the time being purchased. These grants were called subinfeudations.</p></blockquote> <p>In this case, the New York court offered the opinion that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> had never been effective in the colonies. A different opinion was rendered by the New York court in the 1859 case of <i>Van Rensselaer v. Hays</i> (19 NY 68) where it was written that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> had always been in effect in New York and all the colonies. There, the court noted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the early vigor of the feudal system, a tenant in fee could not alienate the feud without the consent of the immediate superior; but this extreme rigor was soon afterward relaxed, and it was avoided by the practice of subinfeudation, which consisted in the tenant enfeoffing another to hold of himself by the fealty and such services as might be reserved by the act of feoffment. Thus, a new tenure was created upon every alienation; and thus there arose a series of lords of the same lands, the first called the "chief lord" holding immediately of the sovereign, the next grade holding of them, and so on, each alienation creating another lord and another tenant. This practice was considered detrimental to the great lords, since it deprived them to a certain extent the fruits of their tenure, such as escheats, marriages, wardships and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From <i>28 Am Jur 2nd Estate</i>s section 4: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The effect of Statute Quia Emptores is obvious. By declaring that every freeman might sell his lands at his own pleasure, it removed the feudal restraint which prevented the tenant from selling his land without the license of his grantor, who was his feudal lord. Hence by virtue of the Statute, passed in 1290, subinfeudation was abolished and all persons except the King's tenants <i>in capite</i> were left at liberty to alien all or any part of their lands at their own pleasure and discretion. Quia Emptores is by express wording, extended only to the lands held in fee simple. Included in its applications, however, are leases in fee and fee farmlands. Property in the U. S., with few exceptions, is <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">allodial</a>. This is by virtue of state constitutional provisions, organic territorial acts incorporated into legal systems of states subsequently organized, statutes and decisions of the courts. They are subject to escheat only in the event of failure of successors in ownership.</p></blockquote> <p>In the 1913 case of <i>Miller v. Miller</i>, the Supreme Court of Kansas stated: "Feudal tenures do not and cannot exist. All tenures in Kansas are allodial."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court of Michigan expressed the opinion that whether <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> ever became effectual in any part of the United States by express or implied adoption or as part of the common law did not have to be ascertained. It was clear that no such statute was ever needed in Michigan or in any of the western states because no possibility of reverter or <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a> in the party conveying an estate ever existed. At all times, escheat could only accrue to the sovereign, which, in Michigan, is the state.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> was stated in 1838, by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a>, not to be in effect in that state.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New York Constitution makes any question of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> moot by stating: "all lands within this state are declared allodial, so that, subject only to liability to escheat, the entire and absolute property is vested in the owners, according to the nature of their respective estates".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_of_Quia_Emptores_in_United_States_law">Legacy of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> in United States law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy of Quia Emptores in United States law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wichita_pan_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wichita_pan_1.jpg/400px-Wichita_pan_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wichita_pan_1.jpg/600px-Wichita_pan_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wichita_pan_1.jpg/800px-Wichita_pan_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The legacy of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> exists in modern United States land law.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it is a matter of debate whether <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> was the effective law within the colonies, the effect of the statute is still present in United States land laws. Without a doubt, the U.S. Constitution, and various state constitutions and legislative acts have made <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span> moribund in fact. But the language of land law still sounds medieval, and takes its concepts from the time of Edward I and before. The following list of words common in U.S. land law are from Norman England (with their modern meaning in the United States): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a> – "a sale"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appurtenance" title="Appurtenance">Appurtenant</a> – "belonging to"</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Damnum_absque_injuria" title="Damnum absque injuria">Damnum absque injuria</a></i></span> – "injury without wrong"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demise" title="Demise">Demise</a> – "to lease" or "let" premises</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Enfeoff</a> – "to give land to another"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate</a> – "an interest in land"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a> – "a party to whom a fee is conveyed"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a> – "physical delivery of possession of land by feoffeor to the feofee"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold</a> – "an estate in land held under a lease"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_of_seisin" title="Livery of seisin">Livery of seisin</a> – "delivery of possession"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesne" title="Mesne">Mesne</a> – "intervening"; related to the term "<a href="/wiki/Mesne_conveyance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesne conveyance">mesne conveyance</a>" meaning an intervening conveyance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing" title="Purchasing">Purchase</a> – "voluntary transfer of property"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seisin" title="Seisin">Seisin</a> – "possession of a freehold estate"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenement_(law)" title="Tenement (law)">Tenant</a> – "one who holds or occupies the land under some kind of right or title"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieri_facias" title="Fieri facias">Writ of Fieri Facias</a> – "writ of execution on the property of a judgment debtor"</li></ul> <p>The terms "fee", "fee tail", "fee tail estate", "fee tail tenant", "fee simple" and the like are essentially the same as they were defined in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Donis_Conditionalibus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Donis Conditionalibus">De Donis Conditionalibus</a></i></span> in 1285. </p><p>There are four kinds of deeds in common usage: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warranty_deed" title="Warranty deed">warranty deed</a>, which contains covenants for title.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_warranty_deed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special warranty deed (page does not exist)">special warranty deed</a> in which the grantor only covenants to warrant and defend the title.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deed_without_covenants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deed without covenants (page does not exist)">deed without covenants</a> in which the grantor purports to convey in fee simple.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">quitclaim deed</a> in which the grantor makes no covenants for title but grants all rights, title and interest.</li></ul> <p>The last two are directly related to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia Emptores</i></span>. Other changes came after the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Uses" title="Statute of Uses">Statute of Uses</a>, 1535 and the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Frauds" title="Statute of Frauds">Statute of Frauds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_land_law" title="History of English land law">History of English land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_land_law" title="English land law">English land law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_(historian)" title="Michael Hicks (historian)">Hicks, Michael</a>. <i>Bastard Feudalism</i>. London: Longman, 1995 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-06091-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-06091-5">0-582-06091-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2009/act/27/enacted/en/print">"Electronic Irish Statute Book (EISB)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28EISB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2009%2Fact%2F27%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enid_Campbell" title="Enid Campbell">Campbell, Enid</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2009" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Enid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MonashULawRw/2009/4.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Quit Rent System in Colonial New South Wales" [2009]"</a>. <i>Monash University Law Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monash+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=%22The+Quit+Rent+System+in+Colonial+New+South+Wales%22+%5B2009%5D&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Enid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FMonashULawRw%2F2009%2F4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliament-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Edw1/18/1">"Quia Emptores (1290)"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quia+Emptores+%281290%29&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Faep%2FEdw1%2F18%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStat._Realm106-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStat._Realm106_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStat._Realm106_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStat._Realm">Stat. Realm</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956712–724-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956712–724_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlucknett1956">Plucknett (1956)</a>, pp. 712–724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbs1903-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStubbs1903_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStubbs1903">Stubbs 1903</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195622–23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195622–23_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlucknett1956">Plucknett (1956)</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter 1217, c. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coke,_2nd_Inst._65-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coke,_2nd_Inst._65_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coke,_2nd_Inst._65_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coke, 2nd Inst. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195623-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195623_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlucknett1956">Plucknett (1956)</a>, pp. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195624-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett195624_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlucknett1956">Plucknett (1956)</a>, pp. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter, 1217, c. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P & M, Vol . 1 p. 332, ibid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton, f. 169 b, Notebook pl. 1248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glanvill, vii, 1, restated in <a href="#CITEREFPlucknett1956">Plucknett (1956)</a>, p. 526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968335–336-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968335–336_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, pp. 335–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968329-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968329_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968329_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coke, 2nd Inst. 65; Co. Lit. 43a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, <i>Tenures</i>, 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, <i>Tenures</i>, pp. 51–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackstone, Com. Ii, 71–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968129-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968129_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968330–331-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968330–331_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glanvill, vii. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Brunner, Pol. Science Quarterly, xi. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P & M p. 332, ibid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton, f. 23, passage "addicio"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton, f.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton, f. 45 b, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton, f. 169; Notebook pl. 1248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton f. 45 b–46 b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968332-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968332_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968332_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton f. 21 b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton, f. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968333-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968333_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bracton, f. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968337-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968337_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968337_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968218–230-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968218–230_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, pp. 218–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlucknett1956_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlucknett1956">Plucknett (1956)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roebuck</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968355–366-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollockMaitland1968355–366_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollockMaitland1968">Pollock & Maitland (1968)</a>, pp. 355–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megarry, Wade and Harpum (2012), <i>The Law of Real Property (8th Edition)</i>, 3-015 (p. 42)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/act/pub/0027/sec0008.html#sec8">"Electronic Irish Statute Book (EISB)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28EISB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2F2009%2Fen%2Fact%2Fpub%2F0027%2Fsec0008.html%23sec8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">6 NY 467; quoted in 28 Am. Jur 2nd Estates, §§ 3 and 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Case text repeated in 28 Am Jur 2nd Estates §§ 3 and 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Miller v. Miller</i>, 91 Kan 1, 136 P 953</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mandelbaum v. McDonell</i>, 29 Michigan 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cuthbert v. Kuhn</i>, 3 Whart. 357 (Pa. 1838)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York State Constitution Article 1; 12</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>28 American Jurisprudence 2nd Estates</li> <li>61 American Jurisprudence 2nd Perpetuities and Restraints on Alienation</li> <li>Henderson, E. F., <i>Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages</i>, George Bell and Sons, London, 1910 (pp. 149–150)</li> <li>Holdsworth, W. S., <i>A History of English Law</i>, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1927</li> <li>Holdsworth, W. S., <i>Some Makers of English Law, The Tagore Series, 1937–1938</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1938</li> <li>Kirkalfy, A. K. R. <i>Potter's Historical Introduction to English Law and Its Institutions</i>, Sweet and Maxwell Ltd. London, 1962</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlucknett1956" class="citation book cs1">Plucknett, Theodore (1956). <i>A Concise History of the Common Law</i> (5th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Common+Law&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Plucknett&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollockMaitland1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Pollock, Frederick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland, Frederic William</a> (1968). <i>The History of the English Law</i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>335, 337, <span class="nowrap">354–</span>356, <span class="nowrap">608–</span>610.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+English+Law&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E335%2C+337%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E356%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E608-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Maitland%2C+Frederic+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollockMaitland1968a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Pollock, Frederick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Maitland, Frederic William</a> (1968a). <i>The History of the English Law</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">292–</span>294.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+English+Law&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Maitland%2C+Frederic+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStat._Realm" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017915496&view=2up&seq=6&size=200"><i>The Statutes of the Realm</i></a> (1963 ed.). London, England: Dawsons of Pall Mall. 1805 – via Hahti Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+of+the+Realm&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=1963&rft.pub=Dawsons+of+Pall+Mall&rft.date=1805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000017915496%26view%3D2up%26seq%3D6%26size%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robertson, A. J., <i>Laws of the Kings of England</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1925</li> <li>Roebuck, Derek, <i>Background of the Common Law</i>, Oxford, 1990</li> <li>Stoner, James R., <i>Common Law and Liberal Theory</i>, University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas, 1992</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs1903" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, W. H. (1903). <i>Select Charters and the Illustrations of English Constitutional History</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Charters+and+the+Illustrations+of+English+Constitutional+History&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuia+Emptores" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309090918/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/fustel/Property.pdf"><i>The Origins of Property in Land</i></a> Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (McMaster University)</li> <li>Lyall, Andrew, "Quia Emptores in Ireland" in <i>Liber memorialis: Professor James C. Brady</i>, Round Hall Sweet & Maxwell, 2001, pp. 275–294.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.willamette.edu/~blong/LegalHistory/QuiaEmptores.html">Quia Emptores legal history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060303043226/http://www.willamette.edu/~blong/LegalHistory/QuiaEmptores.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/land.asp">Quia Emptores (Yale)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Quia+Emptores">Text of the Quia Emptores</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&oldid=1271859929">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quia_Emptores&oldid=1271859929</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_laws" title="Category:English laws">English 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