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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_and_personal-use_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_and_personal-use_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Home and personal-use products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_and_personal-use_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Automobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Flashing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firmware_hacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firmware_hacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Firmware hacking</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Firmware_hacking-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Firmware hacking subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Firmware_hacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HDD_firmware_hacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HDD_firmware_hacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>HDD firmware hacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HDD_firmware_hacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Firmware</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermatuur" title="Fermatuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fermatuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="برنامج ثابت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج ثابت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফার্মওয়্যার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্মওয়্যার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Ушытае праграмнае забесьпячэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ушытае праграмнае забесьпячэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фърмуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фърмуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmver" title="Firmver – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Firmver" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprogramari" title="Microprogramari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microprogramari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95%D0%BC" title="Çĕлĕм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕлĕм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadarnwedd" title="Cadarnwedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cadarnwedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCsivara" title="Püsivara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püsivara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Υλικολογισμικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υλικολογισμικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroprogramaro" title="Mikroprogramaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mikroprogramaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ثابت‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ثابت‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dochtearra%C3%AD" title="Dochtearraí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dochtearraí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%8C%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="펌웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펌웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingwa_ngwa" title="Ingwa ngwa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ingwa ngwa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_tegar" title="Perangkat tegar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perangkat tegar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprogrammatura" title="Microprogrammatura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Microprogrammatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastb%C3%BAna%C3%B0ur" title="Fastbúnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fastbúnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%94" title="קושחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קושחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmaparat%C5%ABra" title="Programmaparatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programmaparatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEmontuotoji_programin%C4%97_%C4%AFranga" title="Įmontuotoji programinė įranga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įmontuotoji programinė įranga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫേംവെയർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫേംവെയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisian_tegar" title="Perisian tegar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perisian tegar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="ファームウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファームウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastvare" title="Fastvare – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fastvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫਰਮਵੇਅਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰਮਵੇਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprogramowanie_sprz%C4%99towe" title="Oprogramowanie sprzętowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oprogramowanie sprzętowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Встроенное программное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Встроенное программное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmueri" title="Firmueri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Firmueri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C" title="ස්ථිරාංග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්ථිරාංග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdelana_programska_oprema" title="Vdelana programska oprema – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vdelana programska oprema" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เฟิร์มแวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟิร์มแวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donan%C4%B1m_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Donanım yazılımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Donanım yazılımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вбудована програма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вбудована програма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Firmware" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BB%B6" title="固件 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="固件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%8C%E9%AB%94" title="韌體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韌體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%8C%E9%AB%94" title="韌體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韌體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Low-level computer software</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/220px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/330px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/440px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Firmware is commonly stored in an <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> or Flash memory,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which makes use of an I/O protocol such as <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>firmware</b> is <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Low-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-level">low-level</a> control of <a href="/wiki/Computing_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing device">computing device</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>. For a relatively simple device, firmware may perform all control, monitoring and data manipulation functionality. For a more complex device, firmware may provide relatively low-level control as well as <a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">hardware abstraction</a> <a href="/wiki/Service_(systems_architecture)" title="Service (systems architecture)">services</a> to higher-level software such as an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. </p><p>Firmware is found in a wide range of computing devices including <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Home appliances">home appliances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_peripherals" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer peripherals">computer peripherals</a> and in many of the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated circuits">digital chips</a> inside each of these larger systems. </p><p>Firmware is stored in <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a> – either <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM) or programmable memory such as <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash</a>. Changing a device's firmware stored in ROM requires physically replacing the memory chip – although some chips are not designed to be removed after manufacture. Programmable firmware memory can be reprogrammed via a procedure sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/Flashing_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashing (technology)">flashing</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common reasons for <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">changing</a> firmware include fixing <a href="/wiki/Bug_(engineering)" title="Bug (engineering)">bugs</a> and adding <a href="/wiki/Feature_(software_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature (software design)">features</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ascher Opler used the term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/firmware" class="extiw" title="wikt:firmware">firmware</a></i> in a 1967 <i><a href="/wiki/Datamation" title="Datamation">Datamation</a></i> article, as an intermediary term between "hardware" and "software". Opler projected that fourth-generation computer systems would have a <a href="/wiki/Writable_control_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Writable control store">writable control store</a> (a small specialized high-speed memory) into which <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> firmware would be loaded. Many software functions would be moved to microcode, and <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction sets</a> could be customized, with different firmware loaded for different instruction sets.<sup id="cite_ref-Opler_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opler-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As computers began to increase in complexity, it became clear that various programs needed to first be initiated and run to provide a consistent environment necessary for running more complex programs at the user's discretion. This required programming the computer to run those programs automatically. Furthermore, as companies, universities, and marketers wanted to sell computers to laypeople with little technical knowledge, greater automation became necessary to allow a lay-user to easily run programs for practical purposes. This gave rise to a kind of software that a user would not consciously run, and it led to software that a lay user wouldn't even know about.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As originally used, firmware contrasted with hardware (the CPU itself) and software (normal instructions executing on a CPU). It was not composed of CPU machine instructions, but of lower-level microcode involved in the implementation of machine instructions. It existed on the boundary between hardware and software; thus the name <i>firmware</i>. Over time, popular usage extended the word <i>firmware</i> to denote any computer program that is tightly linked to hardware, including <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> on PCs, <a href="/wiki/Boot_firmware" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot firmware">boot firmware</a> on smartphones, <a href="/wiki/Computer_peripheral" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer peripheral">computer peripherals</a>, or the control systems on simple <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronic_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer electronic devices">consumer electronic devices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote controls</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computers">Computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMI_486DX_EISA_BIOS_20051109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AMI_486DX_EISA_BIOS_20051109.jpg/220px-AMI_486DX_EISA_BIOS_20051109.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AMI_486DX_EISA_BIOS_20051109.jpg/330px-AMI_486DX_EISA_BIOS_20051109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/AMI_486DX_EISA_BIOS_20051109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>ROM <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> firmware on a <a href="/wiki/Baby_AT" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby AT">Baby AT</a> <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In some respects, the various firmware components are as important as the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> in a working computer. However, unlike most modern operating systems, firmware rarely has a well-evolved automatic mechanism of updating itself to fix any functionality issues detected after shipping the unit. </p><p>A computer's firmware may be manually updated by a user via a small utility program. In contrast, firmware in mass storage devices (hard-disk drives, optical disc drives, flash memory storage e.g. solid state drive) is less frequently updated, even when flash memory (rather than ROM, EEPROM) storage is used for the firmware. </p><p>Most computer peripherals are themselves special-purpose computers. Devices such as printers, scanners, webcams, and <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drives</a> have internally-stored firmware; some devices may also permit field upgrading of their firmware. For modern simpler devices, such as <a href="/wiki/USB_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="USB keyboard">USB keyboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="USB mouse">USB mouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/USB_sound_card" class="mw-redirect" title="USB sound card">USB sound cards</a>, the trend is to store the firmware in on-chip memory in the device's <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a>, as opposed to storing it in a separate <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> chip. </p><p>Examples of computer firmware include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> firmware used on PCs</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">(U)EFI</a>-compliant firmware used on <a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a> systems, Intel-based <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macs</a>, and many newer PCs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">optical disc drive</a> and optical disc recorder firmware<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_BIOS" title="Video BIOS">Video BIOS</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>-based computers from <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>-based computers from Apple, and computers from <a href="/wiki/Genesi" title="Genesi">Genesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCS_(computing)" title="ARCS (computing)">ARCS</a>, used in computers from <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> line of computers (<a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">POST</a>, hardware init + <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug and Play">Plug and Play</a> <a href="/wiki/Autoconfig" title="Autoconfig">auto-configuration</a> of peripherals, <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-Time_Abstraction_Services" title="Run-Time Abstraction Services">RTAS</a> (Run-Time Abstraction Services), used in <a href="/wiki/IBM_System_i" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM System i">System i</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_p" class="mw-redirect" title="System p">System p</a> computers from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Common_Firmware_Environment" title="Common Firmware Environment">Common Firmware Environment</a> (CFE) for <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> <a href="/wiki/Systems-on-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems-on-chip">systems-on-chip</a> (SoCs)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firmware_update_Fuji_Instax_Liplay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Firmware_update_Fuji_Instax_Liplay.jpg/220px-Firmware_update_Fuji_Instax_Liplay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Firmware_update_Fuji_Instax_Liplay.jpg/330px-Firmware_update_Fuji_Instax_Liplay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Firmware_update_Fuji_Instax_Liplay.jpg/440px-Firmware_update_Fuji_Instax_Liplay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Updating the firmware of a <a href="/wiki/Instax" title="Instax">Fuji Instax</a> camera</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_and_personal-use_products">Home and personal-use products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Home and personal-use products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consumer appliances like <a href="/wiki/Gaming_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming console">gaming consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portable_music_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable music player">portable music players</a> support firmware upgrades. Some companies use firmware updates to add new playable file formats (<a href="/wiki/Codecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Codecs">codecs</a>). Other features that may change with firmware updates include the GUI or even the battery life. <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Firmware_over_the_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmware over the air">firmware over the air</a> upgrade capability for adding new features and patching security issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1996, most <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> have employed an on-board computer and various sensors to detect mechanical problems. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, modern vehicles also employ computer-controlled <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-lock braking systems</a> (ABS) and computer-operated <a href="/wiki/Transmission_control_unit" title="Transmission control unit">transmission control units</a> (TCUs). The driver can also get in-dash information while driving in this manner, such as real-time fuel economy and tire pressure readings. Local dealers can update most vehicle firmware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other firmware applications include: </p> <ul><li>In home and personal-use products: <ul><li>Timing and control systems for <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a></li> <li>Controlling sound and video attributes, as well as the channel list, in modern <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Network_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Network router">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewalls</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LibreCMC" title="LibreCMC">LibreCMC</a> –  a 100% <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> router distribution based on the <a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a> kernel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPFire" title="IPFire">IPFire</a> –  an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> firewall/router distribution based on the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fli4l" title="Fli4l">fli4l</a> –  an open-source firewall/router distribution based on the Linux kernel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWrt" title="OpenWrt">OpenWrt</a> –  an open-source firewall/router distribution based on the Linux kernel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M0n0wall" title="M0n0wall">m0n0wall</a> –  an embedded firewall distribution of <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a> systems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAS4Free" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS4Free">NAS4Free</a> –  an open-source NAS operating system based on FreeBSD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openfiler" title="Openfiler">Openfiler</a> –  an open-source NAS operating system based on the Linux kernel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-Programmable_Gate_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Field-Programmable Gate Array">Field-Programmable Gate Array</a> (FPGA) code may be referred to as firmware</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flashing">Flashing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flashing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Flashing</i><sup id="cite_ref-techfaq_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techfaq-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involves the overwriting of existing firmware or data, contained in <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> module present in an electronic device, with new data.<sup id="cite_ref-techfaq_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techfaq-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be done to upgrade a device<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to change the provider of a service associated with the function of the device, such as changing from one mobile phone service provider to another or installing a new operating system. If firmware is upgradable, it is often done via a program from the provider, and will often allow the old firmware to be saved before upgrading so it can be reverted to if the process fails, or if the newer version performs worse. Free software replacements for vendor flashing tools have been developed, such as <a href="/wiki/Flashrom_(utility)" title="Flashrom (utility)">Flashrom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firmware_hacking">Firmware hacking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Firmware hacking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></div> <p>Sometimes, third parties develop an unofficial new or modified ("aftermarket") version of firmware to provide new features or to unlock hidden functionality; this is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">custom firmware</a>. An example is <a href="/wiki/Rockbox" title="Rockbox">Rockbox</a> as a firmware replacement for <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_players" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable media players">portable media players</a>. There are many <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">homebrew</a> projects for various devices, which often unlock general-purpose computing functionality in previously limited devices (e.g., running <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> on <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPods</a>). </p><p>Firmware hacks usually take advantage of the firmware update facility on many devices to install or run themselves. Some, however, must resort to <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">exploits</a> to run, because the manufacturer has attempted to lock the hardware to stop it from running <a href="/wiki/Unsigned_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsigned code">unlicensed code</a>. </p><p>Most firmware hacks are <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HDD_firmware_hacks">HDD firmware hacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: HDD firmware hacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Moscow-based <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a> discovered that a group of developers it refers to as the "<a href="/wiki/Equation_Group" title="Equation Group">Equation Group</a>" has developed <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> firmware modifications for various drive models, containing a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan horse</a> that allows data to be stored on the drive in locations that will not be erased even if the drive is formatted or wiped.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Kaspersky Lab report did not explicitly claim that this group is part of the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA), evidence obtained from the code of various Equation Group software suggests that they are part of the NSA.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers from the Kaspersky Lab categorized the undertakings by Equation Group as the most advanced hacking operation ever uncovered, also documenting around 500 infections caused by the Equation Group in at least 42 countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_risks">Security risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Security risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a>, the founder of the company <a href="/wiki/Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu Linux">Ubuntu Linux</a> distribution, has described <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> firmware as a security risk, saying that "firmware on your device is the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>'s best friend" and calling firmware "a trojan horse of monumental proportions". He has asserted that low-quality, <a href="/wiki/Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">closed source</a> firmware is a major threat to system security:<sup id="cite_ref-linux-mag-162_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-mag-162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Your biggest mistake is to assume that the NSA is the only institution abusing this position of trust –  in fact, it's reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity, courtesy of incompetence of the highest degree from manufacturers, and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies". As a potential solution to this problem, he has called for declarative firmware, which would describe "hardware linkage and dependencies" and "should not include <a href="/wiki/Executable_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Executable code">executable code</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firmware should be <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> so that the code can be checked and verified. </p><p>Custom firmware hacks have also focused on injecting <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> into devices such as smartphones or <a href="/wiki/USB_device" class="mw-redirect" title="USB device">USB devices</a>. One such smartphone injection was demonstrated on the <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS#Malware" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian OS</a> at <a href="/wiki/MalCon" title="MalCon">MalCon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Hacker_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker convention">hacker convention</a>. A USB device firmware hack called <a href="/wiki/BadUSB" title="BadUSB">BadUSB</a> was presented at the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings" title="Black Hat Briefings">Black Hat USA 2014</a> conference,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrating how a <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> microcontroller can be reprogrammed to spoof various other device types to take control of a computer, exfiltrate data, or spy on the user.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other security researchers have worked further on how to exploit the principles behind BadUSB,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> releasing at the same time the source code of hacking tools that can be used to modify the behavior of different USB devices.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">Coreboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM image</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmware&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Tech-Faq.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010726/http://www.tech-faq.com/flashing-firmware.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTC+Developer+Center&rft.pub=HTC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.htc.com%2Fadp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2015/Equation-Group-The-Crown-Creator-of-Cyber-Espionage">"Equation Group: The Crown Creator of Cyber-Espionage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a>. February 16, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202101934/http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2015/equation-group-the-crown-creator-of-cyber-espionage">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equation+Group%3A+The+Crown+Creator+of+Cyber-Espionage&rft.pub=Kaspersky+Lab&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaspersky.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fvirus%2F2015%2FEquation-Group-The-Crown-Creator-of-Cyber-Espionage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Goodin2015" class="citation web cs1">Dan Goodin (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/how-omnipotent-hackers-tied-to-the-nsa-hid-for-14-years-and-were-found-at-last/">"How "omnipotent" hackers tied to NSA hid for 14 years—and were found at last"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424062759/http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/how-omnipotent-hackers-tied-to-the-nsa-hid-for-14-years-and-were-found-at-last/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=How+%22omnipotent%22+hackers+tied+to+NSA+hid+for+14+years%E2%80%94and+were+found+at+last&rft.date=2015-02&rft.au=Dan+Goodin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fsecurity%2F2015%2F02%2Fhow-omnipotent-hackers-tied-to-the-nsa-hid-for-14-years-and-were-found-at-last%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/02/17/1364910/-Breaking-Kaspersky-Exposes-NSA-s-Worldwide-Backdoor-Hacking-of-Virtually-All-Hard-Drive-Firmware">"Breaking: Kaspersky Exposes NSA's Worldwide, Backdoor Hacking of Virtually All Hard-Drive Firmware"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a>. 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May 2014. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linux+Magazine&rft.atitle=Shuttleworth+Calls+for+Declarative+Firmware&rft.issue=162&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2014-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuttleworth2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Shuttleworth, Mark</a> (March 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1332">"ACPI, firmware and your security"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315054919/http://markshuttleworth.com/archives/1332">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACPI%2C+firmware+and+your+security&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft.aulast=Shuttleworth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markshuttleworth.com%2Farchives%2F1332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704040605/http://malcon.org/web/techbrief/malcon-2010-technical-briefings/">"MalCon 2010 Technical Briefings"</a>. <i>Malcon.org</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Hacker-plants-back-door-in-Symbian-firmware-1149926.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H-online.com&rft.atitle=Hacker+plants+back+door+in+Symbian+firmware&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-online.com%2Fsecurity%2Fnews%2Fitem%2FHacker-plants-back-door-in-Symbian-firmware-1149926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/07/usb-security/">"Why the Security of USB Is Fundamentally Broken"</a>. <i>Wired.com</i>. 2014-07-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803200841/http://www.wired.com/2014/07/usb-security/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wired.com&rft.atitle=Why+the+Security+of+USB+Is+Fundamentally+Broken&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fusb-security%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackhat.com/us-14/briefings.html#badusb-on-accessories-that-turn-evil">"BadUSB - On Accessories that Turn Evil"</a>. <i>BlackHat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053344/https://www.blackhat.com/us-14/briefings.html#badusb-on-accessories-that-turn-evil">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BlackHat.com&rft.atitle=BadUSB+-+On+Accessories+that+Turn+Evil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackhat.com%2Fus-14%2Fbriefings.html%23badusb-on-accessories-that-turn-evil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsten_NohlSascha_KrißlerJakob_Lell2014" class="citation web cs1">Karsten Nohl; Sascha Krißler; Jakob Lell (2014-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srlabs.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SRLabs-BadUSB-BlackHat-v1.pdf">"BadUSB – On accessories that turn evil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>srlabs.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019034729/https://srlabs.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SRLabs-BadUSB-BlackHat-v1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=srlabs.de&rft.atitle=BadUSB+%E2%80%93+On+accessories+that+turn+evil&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft.au=Karsten+Nohl&rft.au=Sascha+Kri%C3%9Fler&rft.au=Jakob+Lell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrlabs.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F07%2FSRLabs-BadUSB-BlackHat-v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121457/http://hackingpost.com/badusb-malware-infect-millions-of-usb/">"BadUSB Malware Released — Infect millions of USB Drives"</a>. <i>The Hacking Post</i>. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hacking+Post&rft.atitle=BadUSB+Malware+Released+%E2%80%94+Infect+millions+of+USB+Drives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhackingpost.com%2Fbadusb-malware-infect-millions-of-usb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg" class="citation magazine cs1">Greenberg, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2014/10/code-published-for-unfixable-usb-attack/">"The Unpatchable Malware That Infects USBs Is Now on the Loose"</a>. <i>WIRED</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007092141/http://www.wired.com/2014/10/code-published-for-unfixable-usb-attack/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED&rft.atitle=The+Unpatchable+Malware+That+Infects+USBs+Is+Now+on+the+Loose&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fcode-published-for-unfixable-usb-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Booting process of Windows NT">NT</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Linux</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Android</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/100px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/150px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/200px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Computers">firmware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_firmware" title="Open-source firmware">Open-source firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Video_BIOS" title="Video BIOS">Video BIOS</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification" title="MultiProcessor Specification">MultiProcessor Specification</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play" title="Legacy Plug and Play">Legacy Plug and Play</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ARC_(specification)" title="ARC (specification)">AlphaBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRM_firmware" title="SRM firmware">SRM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Firmware_Interface" title="Simple Firmware Interface">SFI</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SeaBIOS" title="SeaBIOS">SeaBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Award_Software" title="Award Software">Award BIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">American Megatrends</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIBIOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIBIOS">AMIBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMI_Aptio" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI Aptio">AMI Aptio</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Insyde_Software" title="Insyde Software">InsydeH2O</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix SecureCore UEFI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TianoCore_EDK_II" title="TianoCore EDK II">TianoCore EDK II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/OpenBIOS" title="OpenBIOS">OpenBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">Coreboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LinuxBoot" title="LinuxBoot">LinuxBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Run-Time_Abstraction_Services" title="Run-Time Abstraction Services">Run-Time Abstraction Services</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid firmware bootloader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Common_Firmware_Environment" title="Common Firmware Environment">Common Firmware Environment</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ARCS_(computing)" title="ARCS (computing)">ARCS</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bootloaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootloaders">Bootloaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bootloader_unlocking" title="Bootloader unlocking">Bootloader unlocking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Implementations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acronis_OS_Selector" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronis OS Selector">Acronis OS Selector</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootManager" class="mw-redirect" title="BootManager">BootManager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX (Apple)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Linux)" title="BootX (Linux)">BootX (Linux)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IBoot" title="IBoot">iBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loadlin" title="Loadlin">loadlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/OpeniBoot" title="OpeniBoot">OpeniBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RedBoot" title="RedBoot">RedBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/REFIt" title="REFIt">rEFIt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/XOSL" title="XOSL">xOSL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yaboot" title="Yaboot">Yaboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plop_Boot_Manager" title="Plop Boot Manager">Plop Boot Manager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MILO_(bootloader)" title="MILO (bootloader)">MILO</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partition layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System_partition_and_boot_partition" title="System partition and boot partition">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BIOS_boot_partition" title="BIOS boot partition">BIOS boot partition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki//boot/" title="/boot/">/boot/</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flashrom_(utility)" title="Flashrom (utility)">flashrom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fwupd" title="Fwupd">fwupd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UEFITool" title="UEFITool">UEFITool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Odin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)#Heimdall" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Heimdall</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bus_Pirate" title="Bus Pirate">Bus Pirate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FTDI" title="FTDI">ft2232</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">Network boot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">Preboot Execution Environment</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GPXE" title="GPXE">gPXE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPXE" title="IPXE">iPXE</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remote_Initial_Program_Load" title="Remote Initial Program Load">Remote Initial Program Load</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" title="Wake-on-LAN">Wake-on-LAN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-ring" title="Wake-on-ring">Wake-on-ring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ROM variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">PROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boot_ROM" title="Boot ROM">Boot ROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hacking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM image</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devicetree" title="Devicetree">Devicetree</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Instant-on" title="Instant-on">Instant-on</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">Power-on self-test</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_EDL_mode" title="Qualcomm EDL mode">EDL mode</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Embedded_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Embedded_systems" title="Template:Embedded systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Embedded_systems" title="Template talk:Embedded systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Embedded_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Embedded systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Embedded_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_support_package" title="Board support package">Board support package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">Cross compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">Embedded database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_hypervisor" title="Embedded hypervisor">Embedded hypervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">Embedded software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_footprint" title="Memory footprint">Memory footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Firmware</a> and controls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Firmware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">Closed platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacking_of_consumer_electronics" title="Hacking of consumer electronics">Hacking of consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew (video games)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_Jailbreak" title="PlayStation 3 Jailbreak">PlayStation 3 Jailbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting (Android)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">Boot loaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">Embedded GLIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">lwIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">Almquist shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitBake" title="BitBake">BitBake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildroot" title="Buildroot">Buildroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEmbedded" title="OpenEmbedded">OpenEmbedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" title="Stand-alone shell">Stand-alone shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yocto_Project" title="Yocto Project">Yocto Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Linux on embedded systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Linux for mobile devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Light-weight Linux distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows IoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Win CE</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communication_Access_Programming_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communication Access Programming Language (page does not exist)">CAPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_C" title="Embedded C">Embedded C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_C%2B%2B" title="Embedded C++">Embedded C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_Java" title="Embedded Java">Embedded Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISRA_C" title="MISRA C">MISRA C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_lightweight_web_browsers" title="Comparison of lightweight web browsers">Lightweight browsers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-source hardware">List of open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4284706-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Computer firmware"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88000353">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546347105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firmware&oldid=1255064592">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firmware&oldid=1255064592</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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