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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Genealogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Annunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Birth of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Ministry of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Ascension_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Ascension_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 After the Ascension of Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Ascension_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Later writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Religious perspectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious perspectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Christian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Catholic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Eastern Orthodox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Protestant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Anglican </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Lutheran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Methodist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nontrinitarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nontrinitarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Nontrinitarian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nontrinitarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Jewish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Islamic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Motherhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Druze Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahá'í_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Bahá'í Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Biblical scholars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Christian_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Christian_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Pre-Christian Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Christian_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Christian devotions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_devotions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Christian devotions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2nd_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 2nd century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3rd_to_5th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3rd_to_5th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 3rd to 5th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3rd_to_5th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Byzantium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Post-Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Feasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bodily_relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodily_relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Bodily relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodily_relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Clothes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In arts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In arts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinematic_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinematic_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cinematic portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinematic_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mary, mother of Jesus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" > 149 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(Mutter_Jesu)" title="Maria (Mutter Jesu) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maria (Mutter Jesu)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%9D" title="ማርያም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማርያም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مريم العذراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مريم العذراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Santa María – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Santa María" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%A1_(%DC%90%DC%A1%DC%97_%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A5)" title="ܡܪܝܡ (ܐܡܗ ܕܝܫܘܥ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܝܡ (ܐܡܗ ܕܝܫܘܥ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D._%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80" title="Ս. Կոյս Մարիամ Աստուածամայր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ս. Կոյս Մարիամ Աստուածամայր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(m%C3%A2re_de_J%C3%A8sus)" title="Maria (mâre de Jèsus) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Maria (mâre de Jèsus)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_(madre_de_Xes%C3%BAs)" title="María (madre de Xesús) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="María (madre de Xesús)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitcitwa_Marie" title="Kitcitwa Marie – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kitcitwa Marie" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99ry%C9%99m" title="Məryəm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məryəm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مریم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مریم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE)" title="মেরি (যিশুর মাতা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরি (যিশুর মাতা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1-l%C4%AB-a" title="Má-lī-a – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Má-lī-a" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дзева Марыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзева Марыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Багародзіца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Багародзіца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_ina_ni_Hesus" title="Maria, ina ni Hesus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Maria, ina ni Hesus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Богородица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Богородица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(Muada_vom_Jesus)" title="Maria (Muada vom Jesus) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Maria (Muada vom Jesus)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%98_%E0%BC%8D" title="མིར་ཡམ ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིར་ཡམ །" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djevica_Marija" title="Djevica Marija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Djevica Marija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_mamm_Jezuz" title="Mari, mamm Jezuz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mari, mamm Jezuz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_mare_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Maria, mare de Jesús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maria, mare de Jesús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_(inahan_ni_Jes%C3%BAs)" title="María (inahan ni Jesús) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="María (inahan ni Jesús)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(matka_Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1ova)" title="Maria (matka Ježíšova) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maria (matka Ježíšova)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Forwyn_Fair" title="Y Forwyn Fair – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Forwyn Fair" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomfru_Maria" title="Jomfru Maria – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jomfru Maria" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(Mutter_Jesu)" title="Maria (Mutter Jesu) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maria (Mutter Jesu)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9B%C5%BEna_Marija" title="Kněžna Marija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kněžna Marija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarja" title="Maarja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maarja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παναγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παναγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(m%C3%A4r_ad_Ges%C3%BC)" title="Maria (mär ad Gesü) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Maria (mär ad Gesü)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_(madre_de_Jes%C3%BAs)" title="María (madre de Jesús) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="María (madre de Jesús)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(patrino_de_Jesuo)" title="Maria (patrino de Jesuo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maria (patrino de Jesuo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مریم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_(m%C3%A8re_de_J%C3%A9sus)" title="Marie (mère de Jésus) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marie (mère de Jésus)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marije_(mem_fan_Jezus)" title="Marije (mem fan Jezus) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marije (mem fan Jezus)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muire" title="Muire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moire" title="Moire – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Moire" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virxe_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Virxe María – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Virxe María" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="મરિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મરિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC_(%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9_%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83)" title="𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌼 (𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌹𐍃) – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌰𐌼 (𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌴𐌹 𐌹𐌴𐍃𐌿𐌹𐍃)" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_(%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88)" title="마리아 (예수의 어머니) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마리아 (예수의 어머니)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryamu,_mahaifiyar_Yesu" title="Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Մարիամ Աստվածածին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիամ Աստվածածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81)" title="मरियम (ईसा मसीह की माँ) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मरियम (ईसा मसीह की माँ)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knje%C5%BEna_Marija" title="Knježna Marija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Knježna Marija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_(majka_Isusova)" title="Marija (majka Isusova) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marija (majka Isusova)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_matro_di_Iesu" title="Maria, matro di Iesu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maria, matro di Iesu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_ina_ni_Hesus" title="Maria, ina ni Hesus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Maria, ina ni Hesus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(matre_de_Jesus)" title="Maria (matre de Jesus) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maria (matre de Jesus)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(matre_de_Jesu)" title="Maria (matre de Jesu) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Maria (matre de Jesu)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Мады Майрæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мады Майрæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya,_umama_kaYesu" title="Mariya, umama kaYesu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Mariya, umama kaYesu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_mey" title="María mey – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="María mey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(madre_di_Ges%C3%B9)" title="Maria (madre di Gesù) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maria (madre di Gesù)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D,_%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95" title="מרים, אם ישו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרים, אם ישו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar%C9%A9" title="Maarɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maarɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಂತ ಮೇರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂತ ಮೇರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მარიამ ღვთისმშობელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარიამ ღვთისმშობელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Мәриям – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәриям" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Wynn" title="Maria Wynn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Maria Wynn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikira_Maria" title="Bikira Maria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bikira Maria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_(m%C3%A8_di_J%C3%A9zi)" title="Mari (mè di Jézi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mari (mè di Jézi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryem" title="Meryem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meryem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мадонна – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мадонна" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(mater_Iesu)" title="Maria (mater Iesu) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria (mater Iesu)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunava_Marija" title="Jaunava Marija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaunava Marija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_(J%C4%97zaus_motina)" title="Marija (Jėzaus motina) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marija (Jėzaus motina)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_wa_Nazaleti" title="Maria wa Nazaleti – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Maria wa Nazaleti" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(madre_de_Jesus)" title="Maria (madre de Jesus) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Maria (madre de Jesus)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(mader_de_Ges%C3%B9)" title="Maria (mader de Gesù) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maria (mader de Gesù)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C5%B1z_M%C3%A1ria" title="Szűz Mária – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szűz Mária" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Богородица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Богородица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(renin%27_i_Jesoa)" title="Maria (renin' i Jesoa) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maria (renin' i Jesoa)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മറിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മറിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marija" title="Santa Marija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Santa Marija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88)" title="मारिया (येशूची आई) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मारिया (येशूची आई)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მარია ღორონთიშნანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარია ღორონთიშნანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" title="العدرا مريم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العدرا مريم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مریم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مریم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam" title="Maryam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maryam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundo_Maria" title="Bundo Maria – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bundo Maria" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ng-m%C5%AB_M%C4%81-l%C3%A9-%C4%81" title="Séng-mū Mā-lé-ā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Séng-mū Mā-lé-ā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%81%8F%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မေရီ၊ ယေရှု၏မိခင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မေရီ၊ ယေရှု၏မိခင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Ichpochtli" title="María Ichpochtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="María Ichpochtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(moeder_van_Jezus)" title="Maria (moeder van Jezus) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maria (moeder van Jezus)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE)" title="मेरी (यसुकी आमा) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेरी (यसुकी आमा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="聖母マリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖母マリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Madonna" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomfru_Maria" title="Jomfru Maria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jomfru Maria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomfru_Maria" title="Jomfru Maria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jomfru Maria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte_Marie" title="Sainte Marie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sainte Marie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(maire_de_J%C3%A8sus)" title="Maria (maire de Jèsus) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maria (maire de Jèsus)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariya" title="Mariya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕੁਆਰੀ ਮਰੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਆਰੀ ਮਰੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="مریم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieri" title="Mieri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mieri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie" title="Marie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Marie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_z_Nazaretu" title="Maria z Nazaretu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maria z Nazaretu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(m%C3%A3e_de_Jesus)" title="Maria (mãe de Jesus) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria (mãe de Jesus)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecioara_Maria" title="Fecioara Maria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fecioara Maria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullana_Mariya" title="Qullana Mariya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qullana Mariya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Богородіця – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Богородіця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Богородица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Богородица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-li-ya" title="Ma-li-ya – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ma-li-ya" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABria" title="Mëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ACa_(matri_di_Ges%C3%B9)" title="Marìa (matri di Gesù) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Marìa (matri di Gesù)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ජේසුගේ මව වන මරියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේසුගේ මව වන මරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary, mother of Jesus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_(matka_Je%C5%BEi%C5%A1a)" title="Mária (matka Ježiša) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mária (matka Ježiša)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_Marija" title="Sveta Marija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveta Marija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryja_ze_Nazarytu" title="Maryja ze Nazarytu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Maryja ze Nazarytu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="مریەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مریەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Богородица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Богородица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_(majka_Isusova)" title="Marija (majka Isusova) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marija (majka Isusova)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(Jeesuksen_%C3%A4iti)" title="Maria (Jeesuksen äiti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maria (Jeesuksen äiti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungfru_Maria" title="Jungfru Maria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jungfru Maria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D)" title="மரியாள் (இயேசுவின் தாய்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரியாள் (இயேசுவின் தாய்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Изге Ана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Изге Ана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="మరియమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మరియమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9)" title="มารีย์ (มารดาพระเยซู) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มารีย์ (มารดาพระเยซู)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Марям – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Марям" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryem" title="Meryem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meryem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Діва Марія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діва Марія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کنواری مریم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنواری مریم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(mare_de_Jez%C3%B9)" title="Maria (mare de Jezù) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Maria (mare de Jezù)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareye_(mame_da_Djezus)" title="Mareye (mame da Djezus) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mareye (mame da Djezus)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="瑪利亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="瑪利亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_(moedre_van_Jezus)" title="Maria (moedre van Jezus) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Maria (moedre van Jezus)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa,_iroy_ni_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María, iroy ni Jesús – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="María, iroy ni Jesús" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%91%AA%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="聖母瑪利亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="聖母瑪利亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0r%C3%AD%C3%A0_(%C3%ACy%C3%A1_J%C3%A9s%C3%B9)" title="Màríà (ìyá Jésù) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Màríà (ìyá Jésù)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%AF%8D%E7%91%AA%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="聖母瑪利亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖母瑪利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryeme" title="Meryeme – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meryeme" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pana_Mar%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Pana Marėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pana Marėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E_(%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%8D%E8%A6%AA)" title="馬利亞 (耶穌的母親) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬利亞 (耶穌的母親)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariam,_enya%27_Isa" title="Mariam, enya' Isa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mariam, enya' Isa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria" title="Maria – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Maria" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E" title="ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q345#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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style="display:none">Mother of Jesus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Jesus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mary, Mother of Jesus (disambiguation)">Mary, Mother of Jesus (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Nazareth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mary of Nazareth (disambiguation)">Mary of Nazareth (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_Mary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mother Mary (disambiguation)">Mother Mary (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Mary (disambiguation)">Saint Mary (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Virgin Mary (disambiguation)">Virgin Mary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_Advocata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Slightly faded painting of a woman wearing a black veil, staring out of the portrait. Her hands are raised. The image is on a gold background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Madonna_Advocata.png/220px-Madonna_Advocata.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Madonna_Advocata.png/330px-Madonna_Advocata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Madonna_Advocata.png/440px-Madonna_Advocata.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="855" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th century or earlier), perhaps the oldest icon of Mary, in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18 BC<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian Judea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">After <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 33 AD <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Judea">Province of Judaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Asia">Province of Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (according to some apocryphal writings)</td></tr></tbody></table> Mary<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> was a first-century <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> woman of <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> the wife of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and the mother of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. She is an important figure of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, venerated under <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Titles of Mary, mother of Jesus">various titles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">virgin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">queen</a>, many of them mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> historically regarded her as <a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a>, a term still used in <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> liturgy.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant views on Mary</a> vary, with some holding her to have lesser status. She has the <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">highest position in Islam</a> among all women and is mentioned numerous times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, including in a chapter <a href="/wiki/Maryam_(surah)" title="Maryam (surah)">named after her</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jestice-12">[10]</a> She is also revered in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Druze_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze Faith">Druze Faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn2012-13">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a> name Mary as the mother of Jesus. The gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> describe Mary as a virgin<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> who was chosen by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> to <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">conceive Jesus</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">giving birth to Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, she raised him in the city of Nazareth in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and was in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> after his <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascension</a>. Although her later life is not accounted in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and some Protestant traditions believe that her body <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">was raised</a> into <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">heaven</a> at the end of her earthly life, which is known in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Mother of God</a>. <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary">Mary has been venerated</a> since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Burke,_Raymond_L._2008_page_178-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tim_S._Perry_page_142-19">[16]</a> and is often considered to be the holiest and greatest <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. There is a certain diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Catholic Church holds <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">distinctive Marian dogmas</a>, namely her <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and her bodily Assumption into heaven.<a href="#cite_note-Houghton-20">[17]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> hold <a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">less exalted views</a> of Mary's role, often based on a perceived lack of biblical support for many traditional Christian dogmas pertaining to her.<a href="#cite_note-protestantencyclopedia-21">[18]</a> The multiple forms of <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a> include various <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">hymns</a>, the celebration of several <a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Marian feast days</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a>, the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Religious_image" title="Religious image">images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a>, the construction of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">churches dedicated to her</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Marian shrines</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> attributed to her <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession</a> have been reported by believers over the centuries. She has been a traditional <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">subject in arts</a>, notably in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">medieval art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_titles">Names and titles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/220px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/330px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/440px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Virgin and Child with angels and Sts. George and Theodore. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="font-weight:bold;line-height: 1.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" title="Category:Mary (mother of Jesus)">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary-header.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mary-header.svg/120px-Mary-header.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mary-header.svg/180px-Mary-header.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Mary-header.svg/240px-Mary-header.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:110%;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mother of Jesus</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Cana</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Marian perspectives</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Ecumenical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_views_on_Mary" title="Latter Day Saint views on Mary">Latter Day Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">Catholic Mariology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History of Mariology</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Papal teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Saints</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Marian dogmas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos (Mother of God)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Mary in culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_music" title="Catholic Marian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary" title="Template:Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mary" title="Template talk:Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mary's name in the original manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> name מרים, transliterated as <a href="/wiki/Maryam_(name)" title="Maryam (name)">Maryam</a> or Mariam.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The English name <a href="/wiki/Mary_(name)" title="Mary (name)">Mary</a> comes from the Greek Μαρία, a shortened form of the name Μαριάμ. Both Μαρία and Μαριάμ appear in the New Testament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</h3></div> In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> impregnated her, thereby conceiving her first-born son Jesus <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_births" title="Miraculous births">miraculously</a>, without sexual relations with her betrothed Joseph, "until her son [Jesus] was born".<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The word "until" has inspired considerable analysis on whether Joseph and Mary produced <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">siblings</a> after the birth of Jesus or not.<a href="#cite_note-25">[d]</a> Among her many other names and titles are the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (often abbreviated to "BVM" after the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Beata Maria Virgo),<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a> Mary (occasionally), the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a> (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>), Our Lady (Medieval <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Madonna), and <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> (Regina caeli; see also <a href="/wiki/Regina_Coeli_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Regina Coeli (disambiguation)">here</a>).<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-28">[24]</a> The title "<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_heaven_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of heaven (antiquity)">queen of heaven</a>" had previously been used as an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> for a number of goddesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>. Titles in use vary among <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutherans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestants</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_views_on_Mary" title="Latter Day Saint views on Mary">Mormons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marian theology">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">other Christians</a>. The three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are Theotokos (Θεοτόκος or "God-bearer"), <a href="/wiki/Aeiparthenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeiparthenos">Aeiparthenos</a> (ἀειπαρθένος) which means ever-virgin, as confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a> in 553, and <a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a> (Παναγία) meaning "all-holy".<a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-29">[25]</a> Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions. The title Theotokos, which means "God-bearer", was recognized at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> The direct equivalents of title in Latin are Deipara and Dei Genitrix, although the phrase is more often loosely translated into Latin as Mater Dei ("Mother of God"), with similar patterns for other languages used in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. However, this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form ΜΡ ΘΥ, is an indication commonly attached to her image in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>. The Council stated that the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".<a href="#cite_note-ccel.org-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> Some Marian titles have a direct <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scriptural</a> basis. For instance, the title "Queen Mother" has been given to Mary, as she was the mother of Jesus, sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his ancestral descent from <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> This is also based on the Hebrew tradition of the "Queen-Mother", the <a href="/wiki/Gebirah" title="Gebirah">Gebirah</a> or "Great Lady".<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> Other titles have arisen from <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">reported miracles</a>, special appeals, or occasions for calling on Mary.<a href="#cite_note-46">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_Painting_by_Hossein_Nuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Virgin_Mary_Painting_by_Hossein_Nuri.jpg/220px-Virgin_Mary_Painting_by_Hossein_Nuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Virgin_Mary_Painting_by_Hossein_Nuri.jpg/330px-Virgin_Mary_Painting_by_Hossein_Nuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Virgin_Mary_Painting_by_Hossein_Nuri.jpg/440px-Virgin_Mary_Painting_by_Hossein_Nuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>Virgin Mary depicted by Muslim painter <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nuri#Virgin_Mary_painting" title="Hossein Nuri">Hossein Nuri</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Mary is known as <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مريم, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Maryam), mother of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a> (عيسى بن مريم, ʿĪsā ibn Maryām, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Jesus, son of Mary'). She is often referred to by the honorific title "Sayyidatuna", meaning "Our Lady"; this title is in parallel to "Sayyiduna" ("Our Lord"), used for the prophets.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> A related term of endearment is "Siddiqah",<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> meaning "she who confirms the truth" and "she who believes sincerely completely". Another title for Mary is "Qānitah", which signifies both constant submission to God and absorption in prayer and invocation in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-qref|66|12|b=y-49">[44]</a> She is also called "Tahira", meaning "one who has been purified" and representing her status as one of two humans in creation to not be touched by <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Satan</a> at any point, the other being Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|36|b=y-50">[45]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, she is described both as "the daughter of Imran" and "the sister of Aaron", alluding to <a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> However, the title of "the sister of Aaron" is confirmed to be metaphorical (which is a common <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">figure of speech</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>) as per a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> explaining Mary was indeed named after Miriam.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_ancient_sources">Life in ancient sources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eustache_Le_Sueur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eustache_Le_Sueur.jpg/220px-Eustache_Le_Sueur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eustache_Le_Sueur.jpg/330px-Eustache_Le_Sueur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Eustache_Le_Sueur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">The Annunciation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur" title="Eustache Le Sueur">Eustache Le Sueur</a>, an example of 17th century <a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a> announces to Mary her pregnancy with Jesus and offers her <a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">white lilies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Canonical_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Gospels">canonical Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a> of historical information about Mary.<a href="#cite_note-hesemann-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-canales-54">[49]</a> They are almost contemporary sources, as the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a> and the Acts of the Apostles are generally considered dating from around AD 66–90, while the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">gospel of John</a> would date from AD 90–110. They provide limited information about Mary, as they primarily focus on the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">his apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hesemann-53">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">historical reliability of the Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a> are subject to debate, as it was common practice in early Christian writings to mix historical facts with legendary stories.<a href="#cite_note-hesemann-53">[48]</a> The earliest New Testament account of Mary is in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">epistle to the Galatians</a>, which was written before the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a>. She is referred to as "a woman" and is not named: "But when the fullness of time had come, God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law" (Galatians 4:4).<a href="#cite_note-canales-54">[49]</a> Mary is mentioned several times in the canonical Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> mentions Mary the most often, identifying her by name twelve times, all of these in the infancy narrative (Luke 1:27–2:34).<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> mentions her by name five times, four of these (1:16, 18, 20; 2:11)<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> in the infancy narrative and only once (Matthew 13:55)<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> outside the infancy narrative.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> names her once (Mark 6:3)<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> and mentions Jesus' mother without naming her in Mark 3:31–32.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> refers to the mother of Jesus twice, but never mentions her name. She is first seen at the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">wedding at Cana</a> (John 2:1–12).<a href="#cite_note-auto-60">[55]</a> The second reference has her standing near the cross of Jesus together with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a> (or Cleophas), and her own sister (possibly the same as Mary of Clopas; the wording is semantically ambiguous), along with the "<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">disciple whom Jesus loved</a>" (John 19:25–26).<a href="#cite_note-auto1-61">[56]</a> John 2:1–12<a href="#cite_note-auto-60">[55]</a> is the only text in the canonical gospels in which the adult Jesus has a conversation with Mary. He does not address her as "Mother" but as "Woman". In <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (the language that the Gospel of John was composed in), calling one's mother "Woman" was not disrespectful, and could even be tender.<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> Accordingly, some versions of the Bible translate it as "Dear woman".<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, Mary and the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">brothers of Jesus</a> are mentioned in the company of the eleven apostles who are gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">upper room</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a> (Acts 1:14).<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a></li></ul> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, also part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">woman clothed with the sun</a>" (Revelation 12:1, 12:5–6)<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> is sometimes identified as Mary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin%27s_first_seven_steps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Virgin%27s_first_seven_steps.jpg/220px-Virgin%27s_first_seven_steps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Virgin%27s_first_seven_steps.jpg/330px-Virgin%27s_first_seven_steps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Virgin%27s_first_seven_steps.jpg/440px-Virgin%27s_first_seven_steps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Virgin's first seven steps, mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12th century</figcaption></figure> The New Testament tells little of Mary's early history. The Gospel of Matthew does give a genealogy for Jesus by his father's paternal line, only identifying Mary as the wife of Joseph. John 19:25<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> states that Mary had a sister; semantically it is unclear if this sister is the same as <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a>, or if she is left unnamed. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> identifies Mary of Clopas as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> According to the early 2nd century historian <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a>, Mary of Clopas was likely Mary's sister-in-law, understanding Clopas (Cleophas) to have been Joseph's brother.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth (biblical person)">Elizabeth</a>, wife of the priest <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">Zechariah</a> of the priestly division of <a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a>, who was herself part of the <a href="/wiki/Daughter_of_Aaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter of Aaron">lineage of Aaron</a> and so of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> Some of those who believe that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, believe that Mary, like Joseph, was of the royal <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a> and so of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a>, and that the <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy of Jesus</a> presented in <a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">Luke 3</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)" title="Nathan (son of David)">Nathan</a>, is in fact the genealogy of Mary, while the genealogy from <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> given in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a> is that of Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> (Aaron's wife <a href="/wiki/Elisheba" title="Elisheba">Elisheba</a> was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annunciation">Annunciation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></div> Mary resided in "her own house"<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal—the first stage of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_view_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish view of marriage">Jewish marriage</a>. Jewish girls were considered marriageable at the age of twelve years and six months, though the actual age of the bride varied with circumstances. The marriage was preceded by the betrothal, after which the bride legally belonged to the bridegroom, though she did not live with him till about a year later, when the marriage was celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-75">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a> Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and, after initially expressing incredulity at the announcement, she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word."<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[f]</a> Joseph planned to quietly divorce her, but was told her conception was by the Holy Spirit in a dream by "an angel of the Lord"; the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> Since the angel Gabriel had told Mary that Elizabeth—having previously been barren—was then miraculously pregnant,<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> Mary hurried to see Elizabeth, who was living with her husband Zechariah in "the hill country..., [in] a city of Juda". Mary arrived at the house and greeted Elizabeth who called Mary "the mother of my Lord", and Mary spoke the words of praise that later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a> from her first word in the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> version.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> After about three months, Mary returned to her own house.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_of_Jesus">Birth of Jesus</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr%C3%A8che_-_bergers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cr%C3%A8che_-_bergers.jpg/220px-Cr%C3%A8che_-_bergers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cr%C3%A8che_-_bergers.jpg/330px-Cr%C3%A8che_-_bergers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cr%C3%A8che_-_bergers.jpg/440px-Cr%C3%A8che_-_bergers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption>The adoration of the shepherds, a <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">nativity scene</a> in France</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">gospel of Luke</a>, a decree of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> required that Joseph return to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> to register for a <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Roman census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[g]</a> While he was there with Mary, she gave birth to Jesus; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she used a <a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">manger</a> as a cradle.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1-85">[78]</a>: p.14 <a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> It is not told how old Mary was at the time of the Nativity,<a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[80]</a> but attempts have been made to infer it from the age of a typical Jewish mother of that time. Mary Joan Winn Leith represents the view that Jewish girls typically married soon after the onset of puberty,<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> while according to Amram Tropper, Jewish females generally married later in Palestine and the Western Diaspora than in Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[82]</a> Some scholars hold the view that among them it typically happened between their mid and late teen years<a href="#cite_note-Keener_Walton_2019_p._2147-90">[83]</a> or late teens and early twenties.<a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-89">[82]</a> After eight days, the boy was <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">circumcised</a> according to Jewish law and named "<a href="/wiki/Jesus_(name)" title="Jesus (name)">Jesus</a>" (ישוע, <a href="/wiki/Yeshua_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshua (name)">Yeshu'a</a>), which means "<a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> is salvation".<a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> After Mary continued in the "<a href="/wiki/Tumah_and_taharah" title="Tumah and taharah">blood of her purifying</a>" another 33 days, for a total of 40 days, she brought her <a href="/wiki/Burnt_offering_(Judaism)" title="Burnt offering (Judaism)">burnt offering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">sin offering</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (Luke 2:22),<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> so the priest could make atonement for her.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> They also presented Jesus – "As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord" (Luke 2:23; Exodus 13:2; 23:12–15; 22:29; 34:19–20; Numbers 3:13; 18:15).<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> After the prophecies of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a> and the prophetess <a href="/wiki/Anna_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna (Bible)">Anna</a> in Luke 2:25–38,<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> the family "returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth".<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">gospel of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">magi</a> coming from Eastern regions arrived at Bethlehem where Jesus and his family were living, and worshiped him. Joseph was then warned in a dream that <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">King Herod</a> wanted to murder the infant, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">fled by night to Egypt</a> and stayed there for some time. After Herod's death in 4 BC, they returned to Nazareth in Galilee, rather than Bethlehem, because Herod's son <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a> was the ruler of Judaea.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> Mary is involved in the only event in Jesus' adolescent life that is recorded in the New Testament. At the age of 12, Jesus, having become separated from his parents on their return journey from the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> celebration in Jerusalem, was <a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">found in the Temple</a> among the religious teachers.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a>: p.210 <a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_of_Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%BCger_Kreuzigung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/W%C3%BCger_Kreuzigung.jpg/180px-W%C3%BCger_Kreuzigung.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/W%C3%BCger_Kreuzigung.jpg/270px-W%C3%BCger_Kreuzigung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/W%C3%BCger_Kreuzigung.jpg/360px-W%C3%BCger_Kreuzigung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Wuger" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Wuger">Gabriel Wuger</a>, 1868</figcaption></figure> Mary was present when, at her suggestion, Jesus worked his first miracle during a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">wedding at Cana</a> by turning water into wine.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> Subsequently, there are events when Mary is mentioned along with the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus' brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Cesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Cesarea">Eusebius</a>, these "brothers" would be sons of Joseph from a previous marriage. This view is still the official position of the Eastern Orthodox churches. Following <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, those would be actually Jesus' cousins, children of Mary's sister. This remains the official Roman Catholic position. For <a href="/wiki/Helvidius" title="Helvidius">Helvidius</a>, those would be full siblings of Jesus, born to Mary and Joseph after the firstborn Jesus. This has been the most common Protestant position.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of Mary and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'."<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> Mary is also depicted as being present in a <a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">group of women</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> standing near the <a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">disciple whom Jesus loved</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-61">[56]</a> to which list Matthew 27:56<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the <a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a> mentioned in Mark 15:40.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_Ascension_of_Jesus">After the Ascension of Jesus</h4></div> In Acts 1:12–26,<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> especially verse 14, Mary is the only one other than the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">eleven apostles</a> to be mentioned by name who abode in the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">upper room</a>, when they returned from <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount Olivet</a>. Her presence with the apostles during the <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> is not explicit, although it has been held as a fact by Christian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> From this time, she disappears from the biblical accounts, although it is held by Catholics that she is again portrayed as the <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">heavenly woman</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> Her death is not recorded in the scriptures, but Orthodox tradition, tolerated also by Catholics, has her first dying a natural death, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of Mary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> and then, soon after, her body itself also being <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">assumed</a> (taken bodily) into <a href="/wiki/Heaven#In_Roman_Catholicism" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>. Belief in the corporeal assumption of Mary is a <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> alike, and is believed as well by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munificentissimus-114">[107]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_writings">Later writings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>, Mary was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a>. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-116">[109]</a> This was in spite of the patent impossibility of its premise that a girl could be kept in the Temple of Jerusalem along with some companions.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2005-117">[110]</a> Some unproven apocryphal accounts, such as the apocryphal Gospel of James 8:2, state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-1">[1]</a> Her age during her pregnancy has varied up to 17 in apocryphal sources.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> In a large part, apocryphal texts are historically unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> According to ancient Jewish custom, Mary technically could have been betrothed at about 12,<a href="#cite_note-Allison-121">[114]</a> but some scholars hold the view that in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> it typically happened later.<a href="#cite_note-:0-87">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyppolitus_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyppolitus of Thebes">Hyppolitus of Thebes</a> says that Mary lived for 11 years after the death of her son Jesus, dying in 41 AD.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> The earliest extant biographical writing on Mary is <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin_(Maximus)" title="Life of the Virgin (Maximus)">Life of the Virgin</a>, attributed to the 7th-century saint <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a>, which portrays her as a key element of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian Church</a> after the death of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-oxf-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sally2009-125">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_perspectives">Religious perspectives</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg/220px-Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg/330px-Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg/440px-Sassoferrato_-_Jungfrun_i_b%C3%B6n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="4226" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_in_Prayer" title="The Virgin in Prayer">The Virgin in Prayer</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Salvi_da_Sassoferrato" title="Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato">Sassoferrato</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>:<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>:<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>:<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Sayyidatna</a> ("Our Lady"), Greatest Woman, the Chosen One, the Purified One</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honored in</th><td class="infobox-data">Christianity, Islam, <a href="/wiki/Druze_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze faith">Druze faith</a><a href="#cite_note-Makdisi2000-126">[119]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Marian_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian shrines">Marian shrines</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Marian feast days</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blue mantle, crown of 12 stars, pregnant woman, roses, woman with child, woman trampling serpent, crescent moon, woman clothed with the sun, heart pierced by sword, rosary beads</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian">Christian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></div> Christian Marian perspectives include a great deal of diversity. While some Christians such as Catholics and Eastern Orthodox have well established Marian traditions, Protestants at large pay scant attention to <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariological</a> themes. Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutherans <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">venerate</a> the Virgin Mary. This veneration especially takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ. Additionally, it includes composing poems and songs in Mary's honor, painting <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> or carving statues of her, and <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">conferring titles on Mary</a> that reflect her position among the saints.<a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrankFlinn-127">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schroedel81-128">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic">Catholic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Roman Catholic Mariology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism">Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism</a></div> In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed" (beata, μακάρια, makaria) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. There is a difference between the usage of the term "blessed" as pertaining to Mary and its usage as pertaining to a <a href="/wiki/Beatified" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatified">beatified</a> person. "Blessed" as a Marian title refers to her exalted state as being the greatest among the saints; for a person who has been declared beatified, on the other hand, "blessed" simply indicates that they may be venerated despite not being <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a>. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, but rather by God through her intercession.<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">four Catholic dogmas</a> regarding Mary are: her status as Theotokos, or Mother of God; her perpetual virginity; the Immaculate Conception; and her bodily Assumption into Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, the mother of Jesus has a more central role in Roman Catholic teachings and beliefs than in any other major Christian group. Not only do Roman Catholics have more theological doctrines and teachings that relate to Mary, but they have more feasts, prayers, devotional and venerative practices than any other group.<a href="#cite_note-FrankFlinn-127">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> states: "The Church's devotion to the Blessed Virgin is intrinsic to Christian worship."<a href="#cite_note-ccc971-133">[126]</a> For centuries, Catholics have performed acts of <a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">consecration and entrustment to Mary</a> at personal, societal and regional levels. These acts may be directed to the Virgin herself, to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>. In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, but enhances it, for all consecration is ultimately made to God.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-VaticanEntrust-135">[128]</a> Following the growth of Marian devotions in the 16th century, Catholic saints wrote books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Glories_of_Mary" title="The Glories of Mary">Glories of Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/True_Devotion_to_Mary" title="True Devotion to Mary">True Devotion to Mary</a> that emphasized Marian veneration and taught that "the path to Jesus is through Mary".<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> Marian devotions are at times linked to <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christocentric</a> devotions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_the_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a>).<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> Major Marian devotions include: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sorrows of Mary">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosary_and_scapular" title="Rosary and scapular">Rosary and scapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Reparations to Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> The months of May and October are traditionally "Marian months" for Roman Catholics; the daily <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> is encouraged in October and in <a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">May Marian devotions</a> take place in many regions.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> Popes have issued a number of <a href="/wiki/Marian_papal_encyclicals_and_Apostolic_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters">Marian encyclicals and Apostolic Letters</a> to encourage devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary. Catholics place high emphasis on Mary's roles as protector and intercessor and the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> refers to Mary as "honored with the title 'Mother of God', to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs".<a href="#cite_note-ccc971-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ball365-144">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> Key Marian prayers include: <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> Mary's participation in the processes of <a href="/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation (Christianity)">salvation</a> and redemption has also been emphasized in the Catholic tradition, but they are not doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s 1987 encyclical <a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a> began with the sentence: "The Mother of the Redeemer has a precise place in the plan of salvation."<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> In the 20th century, both popes John Paul II and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> emphasized the Marian focus of the Catholic Church. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Joseph Ratzinger</a> (later Pope Benedict XVI) suggested a redirection of the whole church towards the program of Pope John Paul II in order to ensure an authentic approach to <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> via a return to the "whole truth about Mary,"<a href="#cite_note-BurkeMariology-153">[146]</a> writing: <blockquote>"It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that 'truth about Jesus Christ,' 'truth about the Church' and 'truth about man.'"<a href="#cite_note-BurkeMariology-153">[146]</a></blockquote> There is significant diversity in the Marian doctrines attributed to her primarily by the Catholic Church. The key Marian doctrines held primarily in Catholicism can be briefly outlined as follows: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>: Mary was conceived without <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>: Mary, as the mother of Jesus, is the Theotokos (God-bearer), or Mother of God.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a>: Mary conceived Jesus by action of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a> while remaining a virgin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Virginity">Perpetual Virginity</a>: Mary remained a virgin all her life, even after the act of giving birth to Jesus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a>: commemorates Mary's "falling asleep" or natural death shortly before her Assumption. Dormition is part of accepted <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> theology, but not part of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic</a> doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>: Mary was taken <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">bodily into heaven</a> either at, or before, her death.</li></ul> The acceptance of these Marian doctrines by Roman Catholics and other Christians can be summarized as follows:<a href="#cite_note-protestantencyclopedia-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Doctrine </th> <th>Church action </th> <th>Accepted by </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, 325</td> <td>Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrians, Anglicans, Baptists, mainline Protestants </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a>, 431</td> <td>Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglicans, Lutherans, some Methodists, some Evangelicals.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual Virginity">Perpetual Virginity</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople</a>, 553<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a>, 1537</td> <td>Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrians, some Anglicans, some Lutherans (Martin Luther) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deus" title="Ineffabilis Deus">Ineffabilis Deus</a> encyclical<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, 1854</td> <td>Catholics, some Anglicans, some Lutherans (early Martin Luther) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a> encyclical<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, 1950</td> <td>Catholics, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox (only following her natural death), some Anglicans, some Lutherans </td></tr></tbody></table> The title "Mother of God" (Theotokos) for Mary was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">First Council of Ephesus</a>, held at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Mary" title="Church of Mary">Church of Mary</a> in 431. The Council decreed that Mary is the Mother of God because her son Jesus is one person who is both God and man, divine and human.<a href="#cite_note-ccel.org-32">[28]</a> This doctrine is widely accepted by Christians in general, and the term "Mother of God" had already been used within the oldest known prayer to Mary, the <a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a>, which dates to around 250 AD.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Mary_of_Lukawiec-Saint_Mary_of_Tartakow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Saint_Mary_of_Lukawiec-Saint_Mary_of_Tartakow.jpg/220px-Saint_Mary_of_Lukawiec-Saint_Mary_of_Tartakow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Saint_Mary_of_Lukawiec-Saint_Mary_of_Tartakow.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Miraculous Icon of Our Lady of Tartaków in Blessed Virgin Mary Church in Łukawiec</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a> was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-159">[152]</a> It is included in the two most widely used Christian <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a>, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, in what is now its familiar form)<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14,<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse, and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction#Copulation" title="Human reproduction">intercourse</a> with Joseph or anyone else.<a href="#cite_note-Miravalle56-163">[156]</a> The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to heaven. Roman Catholic Church has dogmatically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a>. Whether Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary is made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a>, where they believe she died. Catholics believe in the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaculate Conception of Mary">Immaculate Conception of Mary</a>, as proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Ex_cathedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex cathedra">ex cathedra</a> by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> has a liturgical <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">feast by that name</a>, kept on 8 December.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustinian</a> interpretation and that of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">conception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth</a> are held to be miraculous.<a href="#cite_note-Fahlbusch-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miravalle56-163">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> The Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a> that Jesus' brothers and sisters were Joseph's children from a marriage prior to that of Mary, which had left him widowed. Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> in considering them Jesus' cousins. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa,_Irene.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG/220px-Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG/330px-Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG/440px-Santa_Sofia_-_Mosaic_de_Joan_II_Comn%C3%A8_i_la_seva_esposa%2C_Irene.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (modern Istanbul), depicting Mary with Jesus, flanked by <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (left) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Hungary" title="Irene of Hungary">Irene of Hungary</a> (right), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1118 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_1405_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_1405_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/180px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_1405_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_1405_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/270px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_1405_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_1405_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/360px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_1405_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>15th century <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the Theotokos ("God-bearer")</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever-Virgin Mary, the Theotokos.<a href="#cite_note-McNally168-167">[160]</a> The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth.<a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-29">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Theotokia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theotokia">Theotokia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">hymns to the Theotokos</a>) are an essential part of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Services">Divine Services</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Church</a> and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ.<a href="#cite_note-Dragas-168">[161]</a> Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: the Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers and Martyrs, giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the "Lady of the Angels".<a href="#cite_note-Dragas-168">[161]</a> The views of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly <a href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">doxological</a>, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry, and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">standing hymns</a>) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the <a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist Hymn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> Five of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Great_Feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feasts">Great Feasts</a> in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary.<a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-29">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sunday_of_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday of Orthodoxy">Sunday of Orthodoxy</a> directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.<a href="#cite_note-Dragas-168">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_of_the_Passion_by_E.Tzanfournaris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Virgin_of_the_Passion_by_E.Tzanfournaris.jpg/200px-Virgin_of_the_Passion_by_E.Tzanfournaris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Virgin_of_the_Passion_by_E.Tzanfournaris.jpg/300px-Virgin_of_the_Passion_by_E.Tzanfournaris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Virgin_of_the_Passion_by_E.Tzanfournaris.jpg/400px-Virgin_of_the_Passion_by_E.Tzanfournaris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>(Panagía tou Páthous) <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Passion" title="Virgin of the Passion">Virgin of the Passion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Tzanfournaris" title="Emmanuel Tzanfournaris">Emmanuel Tzanfournaris</a>, Early 1600s</figcaption></figure> The Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings", although not divine.<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakov-171">[164]</a> As such, the designation of Saint to Mary as Saint Mary is not appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> The Orthodox does not venerate Mary as conceived immaculate. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Constantinople">Archbishop of Constantinople</a> in the 4th century AD, speaking on the Nativity of Jesus Christ argues that "Conceived by the Virgin, who first in body and soul was purified by the Holy Ghost, He came forth as God with that which He had assumed, One Person in two Natures, Flesh and Spirit, of which the latter defined the former."<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> The Orthodox celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition of the Theotokos</a>, rather than Assumption.<a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-29">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Protoevangelium_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoevangelium of James">Protoevangelium of James</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">extra-canonical</a> book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">high priest</a> Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was 12 years old. At that point, an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a>, and icons of the feast depict the story.<a href="#cite_note-Wybrew-174">[167]</a> The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox theologian <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> has written: "The Virgin Mary is the centre, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church." Theologians from the Orthodox tradition have made prominent contributions to the development of Marian thought and devotion. <a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">John Damascene</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650 – c. 750) was one of the greatest Orthodox theologians. Among other Marian writings, he proclaimed the essential nature of Mary's heavenly Assumption or Dormition and her meditative role. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It was necessary that the body of the one who preserved her virginity intact in giving birth should also be kept incorrupt after death. It was necessary that she, who carried the Creator in her womb when he was a baby, should dwell among the tabernacles of heaven.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">From her we have harvested the grape of life; from her we have cultivated the seed of immortality. For our sake she became Mediatrix of all blessings; in her God became man, and man became God.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a></blockquote> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> expressed the Orthodox sentiments towards Mary as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakov-171">[164]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Mary is not merely the instrument, but the direct positive condition of the Incarnation, its human aspect. Christ could not have been incarnate by some mechanical process, violating human nature. It was necessary for that nature itself to say for itself, by the mouth of the most pure human being: "Behold the handmaid of the Lord, be it unto me according to Thy word."</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant">Protestant</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant views on Mary</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryattheTomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MaryattheTomb.jpg/180px-MaryattheTomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MaryattheTomb.jpg/270px-MaryattheTomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MaryattheTomb.jpg/360px-MaryattheTomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="4020" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window of <a href="/wiki/Christ_taking_leave_of_his_Mother" title="Christ taking leave of his Mother">Jesus leaving his mother</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_German_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church">Lutheran church</a> in South Carolina</figcaption></figure> Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.<a href="#cite_note-protestantencyclopedia-21">[18]</a>: 1174  They share the belief that Mary is the mother of Jesus and "blessed among women" (Luke 1:42)<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> but they generally do not agree that Mary is to be venerated. She is considered to be an outstanding example of a life dedicated to God.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> As such, they tend not to accept certain church doctrines such as her being preserved from sin.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> Theologian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Barth_Karl_pages_143-144-180">[173]</a> Some early Protestants venerated Mary. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> wrote that: "Mary is full of grace, proclaimed to be entirely without sin. God's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil."<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> However, as of 1532, Luther stopped celebrating the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> and also discontinued his support of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> remarked, "It cannot be denied that God in choosing and destining Mary to be the Mother of his Son, granted her the highest honor."<a href="#cite_note-185">[h]</a> However, Calvin firmly rejected the notion that Mary can intercede between Christ and man.<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a> Although Calvin and <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> honored Mary as the Mother of Christ in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther.<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; however, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment, any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.<a href="#cite_note-protestantencyclopedia-21">[18]</a> In the 20th century, some Protestants reacted in opposition to the Catholic dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a> The tone of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> began to mend the ecumenical differences, and Protestants began to show interest in Marian themes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1997 and 1998, ecumenical dialogues between Catholics and Protestants took place, but, to date, the majority of Protestants disagree with Marian veneration and some view it as a challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Sola_Scriptura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Scriptura">authority of Scripture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-protestantencyclopedia-21">[18]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglican">Anglican</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican Marian theology</a></div> The various churches that form the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing Anglican">Continuing Anglican</a> movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) understands itself to be both "Catholic" and "<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformed</a>".<a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.<a href="#cite_note-Schroedel81-128">[121]</a> Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" is recognized in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Braaten-190">[182]</a> All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Christ_in_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Christ in the Temple">Presentation of Christ in the Temple</a>. This feast is called in older <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">prayer books</a> the <a href="/wiki/Purification_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> on 2 February. The <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on 25 March was from before the time of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>. Anglicans also celebrate in the <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visitation (Christian)">Visitation of the Blessed Virgin</a> on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of 2 July is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, 15 August. The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Nativity</a> of the Blessed Virgin is kept on 8 September.<a href="#cite_note-Schroedel81-128">[121]</a> The Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary is kept in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, on 8 December. In certain <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> parishes this feast is called the Immaculate Conception. Again, the Assumption of Mary is believed in by most Anglo-Catholics, but is considered a <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">pious</a> opinion by moderate Anglicans. Protestant-minded Anglicans reject the celebration of these feasts.<a href="#cite_note-Schroedel81-128">[121]</a> Prayers and venerative practices vary greatly. For instance, as of the 19th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholics</a> frequently pray the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a>, and other litanies and anthems of Mary reminiscent of Catholic practices.<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> Anglicans rarely invoke the Blessed Virgin except in certain hymns, such as the second stanza of <a href="/wiki/Ye_Watchers_and_Ye_Holy_Ones" title="Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones">Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Braaten-190">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Anglican)" title="Society of Mary (Anglican)">Anglican Society of Mary</a> was formed in 1931 and maintains chapters in many countries. The purpose of the society is to foster devotion to Mary among Anglicans.<a href="#cite_note-Schroedel81-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a> Anglicans espouse doctrines that are closer to Roman Catholics, and retain veneration for Mary, such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Anglican pilgrimages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a>, which have taken place since 1963, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Our Lady of Walsingham</a>, which have taken place for hundreds of years.<a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a> Historically, there has been enough common ground between Roman Catholics and Anglicans on Marian issues that in 2005, a joint statement called Mary: grace and hope in Christ was produced through ecumenical meetings of Anglicans and Roman Catholic theologians. This document, informally known as the "Seattle Statement", is not formally endorsed by either the Catholic Church or the Anglican Communion, but is viewed by its authors as the beginning of a joint understanding of Mary.<a href="#cite_note-Schroedel81-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheran">Lutheran</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Lutheran Mariology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettorf_Altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gettorf_Altar.jpg/220px-Gettorf_Altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gettorf_Altar.jpg/330px-Gettorf_Altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gettorf_Altar.jpg/440px-Gettorf_Altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2487" /></a><figcaption>Mary with an inscription referencing Luke 1:46–47 in St. Jürgen (Lutheran) church in <a href="/wiki/Gettorf" title="Gettorf">Gettorf</a> (Schleswig-Holstein)</figcaption></figure> Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and Mother of God.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schroedel-197">[189]</a> Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some 300 years before the dogmatization of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the church, maintaining however the <a href="/wiki/Sinlessness_of_Mary" title="Sinlessness of Mary">sinlessness of Mary throughout her life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death.<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> "Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety."<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the "Papists" for blurring the line between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a> His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Therefore, when we preach faith, that we should worship nothing but God alone, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, as we say in the Creed: 'I believe in God the Father almighty and in Jesus Christ,' then we are remaining in the temple at Jerusalem. Again,'This is my beloved Son; listen to him.' 'You will find him in a manger'. He alone does it. But reason says the opposite: What, us? Are we to worship only Christ? Indeed, shouldn't we also honor the holy mother of Christ? She is the woman who bruised the head of the serpent. Hear us, Mary, for thy Son so honors thee that he can refuse thee nothing. Here <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a> went too far in his Homilies on the Gospel: Missus est Angelus.<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> God has commanded that we should honor the parents; therefore I will call upon Mary. She will intercede for me with the Son, and the Son with the Father, who will listen to the Son. So you have the picture of God as angry and Christ as judge; Mary shows to Christ her breast and Christ shows his wounds to the wrathful Father. That's the kind of thing this comely bride, the wisdom of reason cooks up: Mary is the mother of Christ, surely Christ will listen to her; Christ is a stern judge, therefore I will call upon St. George and St. Christopher. No, we have been by God's command baptized in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, just as the Jews were circumcised.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a></blockquote> Certain Lutheran churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Lutheran_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church">Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church</a> continue to venerate Mary and the saints in the same manner that Roman Catholics do, and hold all Marian dogmas as part of their faith.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodist">Methodist</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism#Virgin_Mary" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism § Virgin Mary</a></div> Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists generally accept the doctrine of the virgin birth, but reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">pure and unspotted virgin</a>", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidmacd.com-212">[204]</a> Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[206]</a> In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> as a pious opinion.<a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nontrinitarian">Nontrinitarian</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarians">Nontrinitarians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but most reject any immaculate conception and do not recognize Marian titles such as "Mother of God". The <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_views_on_Mary" title="Latter Day Saint views on Mary">Latter Day Saint movement's view</a> affirms the virgin birth of Jesus<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> and Christ's divinity, but only as a separate being than <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> refers to Mary by name in prophecies and describes her as "most beautiful and fair above all other virgins"<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> and as a "precious and chosen vessel."<a href="#cite_note-219">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-EOM-220">[212]</a> In nontrinitarian groups that are also <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Christian mortalists</a>, Mary is not seen as an intercessor between humankind and Jesus, whom mortalists would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish">Jewish</h3></div> The issue of the parentage of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">Jesus in the Talmud</a> also affects Jewish views of Mary. However, the Talmud does not mention Mary by name, and is considerate rather than only polemic.<a href="#cite_note-222">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a> The story about <a href="/wiki/Panthera_(Jesus%27s_father)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera (Jesus's father)">Panthera</a> is also found in the <a href="/wiki/Toledot_Yeshu" title="Toledot Yeshu">Toledot Yeshu</a>, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty, and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, the time is too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> The tales from the Toledot Yeshu did impart a negative picture of Mary to ordinary Jewish readers.<a href="#cite_note-Remensnyder2014-226">[218]</a> The circulation of the Toledot Yeshu was widespread among European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities since the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Voorst2000-227">[219]</a> The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos ("virgin") and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus that includes very little historical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Van_Voorst" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Van Voorst">Robert Van Voorst</a> states that because Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document with its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> Stacks of the copies of the Talmud were burnt upon a court order after the <a href="/wiki/Disputation_of_Paris" title="Disputation of Paris">1240 Disputation</a> for allegedly containing material defaming the character of Mary.<a href="#cite_note-Remensnyder2014-226">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic">Islamic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_(old_Persian_miniature).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg/180px-Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg/270px-Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg/360px-Virgin_Mary_and_Jesus_%28old_Persian_miniature%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> of Mary and Jesus</figcaption></figure> The Virgin Mary holds a singularly exalted place in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and she is considered by the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to have been the greatest woman in the history of humankind. The Islamic scripture recounts the Divine Promise given to Mary as being: ""O Mary! Surely Allah has selected you, purified you, and chosen you over all women of the world" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=42">3:42</a>). Mary is often referred to by Muslims by the honorific title Sayedetina ("Our Lady"). She is mentioned in the Quran as the daughter of Imran.<a href="#cite_note-Glasse-230">[222]</a> Moreover, Mary is the only woman named in the Quran and she is mentioned or referred to in the scripture a total of 50 times.<a href="#cite_note-231">[i]</a> Mary holds a singularly distinguished and honored position among <a href="/wiki/Female_figures_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Female figures in the Quran">women in the Quran</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">sura</a> (chapter) in the Quran is titled "<a href="/wiki/Maryam_(sura)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryam (sura)">Maryam</a>" (Mary), the only sura in the Quran named after a woman, in which the story of Mary (Maryam) and Jesus (Isa) is recounted according to the view of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jestice-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth">Birth</h4></div> In a narration of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> from Imam <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, he mentions that <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> revealed to <a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islamic_tradition" title="Joachim">Imran</a>, "I will grant you a boy, blessed, one who will cure the blind and the leper and one who will raise the dead by My permission. And I will send him as an apostle to the Children of Israel." Then Imran related the story to his wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne in Islam">Hannah</a>, the mother of Mary. When she became pregnant, she conceived it was a boy, but when she gave birth to a girl, she stated "Oh my Lord! Verily I have delivered a female, and the male is not like the female, for a girl will not be a prophet," to which <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> replies in the Quran, "Allah knows better what has been delivered" (3:36). When Allah bestowed Jesus to Mary, he fulfilled his promise to Imran.<a href="#cite_note-Qaim2007-232">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motherhood">Motherhood</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Maryam.jpg/180px-Maryam.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Maryam.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Mary shaking the palm tree for dates</figcaption></figure> Mary was declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a "Sign of God" to humanity;<a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> as one who "guarded her chastity";<a href="#cite_note-qref|66|12|b=y-49">[44]</a> an "obedient one";<a href="#cite_note-qref|66|12|b=y-49">[44]</a> and dedicated by her mother to Allah whilst still in the womb;<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|36|b=y-50">[45]</a> uniquely (amongst women) "Accepted into service by God";<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|37|b=y-234">[225]</a> cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Zechariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Zechariah">Zakariya</a> (Zacharias);<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|37|b=y-234">[225]</a> that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-<a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a> (understood to be the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>), and was provided with heavenly "provisions" by God.<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|37|b=y-234">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glasse-230">[222]</a> Mary is also called a "Chosen One";<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|42|b=y-235">[226]</a> a "Purified One";<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|42|b=y-235">[226]</a> a "Truthful one";<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> her child conceived through "a Word from God";<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> and "chosen you above the women of the worlds(the material and heavenly worlds)".<a href="#cite_note-qref|3|42|b=y-235">[226]</a> The Quran relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=35">3:35-47</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=16">19:16-34</a>. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the virgin birth of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> The account given in <a href="/wiki/Maryam_(surah)" title="Maryam (surah)">Surah Maryam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=">19</a> is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a>, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and "Good News of the birth of Yahya (John)", followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> According to the author <a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Akhtar" title="Shabbir Akhtar">Shabbir Akhtar</a>, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"O People of the Book! Do not go to extremes regarding your faith; say nothing about Allah except the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was no more than a messenger of Allah and the fulfilment of His Word through Mary and a spirit ˹created by a command˺ from Him. So believe in Allah and His messengers and do not say, "Trinity." Stop!—for your own good. Allah is only One God. Glory be to Him! He is far above having a son! To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah is sufficient as a Trustee of Affairs.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=171">4:171</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Quran says that Jesus was the result of a virgin birth. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Suras 3 and 19 of the Quran, where it is written that God sent an angel to announce that she could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin.<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze_Faith">Druze Faith</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg/180px-The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg/270px-The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg/360px-The_icon_of_Saydet_el_Talleh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>The icon of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saidet_et_Tall%C3%A9" title="Church of Saidet et Tallé">Saidet et Tallé</a>, also known as "the Virgin of the Druze", is venerated by both the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> communities in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn2012-13">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Druze_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze faith">Druze faith</a> holds the Virgin Mary, known as Sayyida Maryam, in high regard.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi2000-126">[119]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Druze_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze religion">Druze religion</a> is distinct from mainstream <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, it incorporates elements from both and honors many of their figures, including the Virgin Mary.<a href="#cite_note-Makdisi2000-126">[119]</a> The Druze revere Mary as a holy and pure figure, embodying virtue and piety.<a href="#cite_note-Dana47-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Makdisi2000-126">[119]</a> She is respected not only for her role as the mother of Messiah Jesus but also for her spiritual purity and dedication to God.<a href="#cite_note-Dana47-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Makdisi2000-126">[119]</a> In regions where <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Druze and Christians coexist</a>, such as parts of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">veneration of Mary</a> often reflects a blend of traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-248">[239]</a> Shared pilgrimage sites and mutual respect for places like the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saidet_et_Tall%C3%A9" title="Church of Saidet et Tallé">Church of Saidet et Tallé</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deir_el_Qamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el Qamar">Deir el Qamar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="Our Lady of Lebanon">Our Lady of Lebanon</a> shrine in <a href="/wiki/Harissa-Daraoun" title="Harissa-Daraoun">Harrisa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Saidnaya_Monastery" title="Our Lady of Saidnaya Monastery">Our Lady of Saidnaya Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saidnaya" title="Saidnaya">Saidnaya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stella_Maris_Monastery" title="Stella Maris Monastery">Stella Maris Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> exemplify this.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-248">[239]</a> Historical records and writings by authors like Pierre-Marie Martin and Glenn Bowman show that Druze leaders and community members have historically shown deep reverence for <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Marian sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn2012-13">[11]</a> They often sought her intercession before battles or during times of need, demonstrating a cultural and spiritual integration of Marian veneration into their religious practices.<a href="#cite_note-Glenn2012-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahá'í_Faith">Bahá'í Faith</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> venerates Mary as the mother of Jesus. The <a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a>, the primary theological work of the Bahá'í religion, describes Mary as "that most beauteous countenance," and "that veiled and immortal Countenance." The Bahá'í writings claim Jesus Christ was "conceived of the Holy Ghost"<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> and assert that in the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith">Bahá'í Faith</a> "the reality of the mystery of the Immaculacy of the Virgin Mary is confessed."<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_scholars">Biblical scholars</h3></div> The statement found in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a> that Joseph did not have sexual relations with Mary before she gave birth to Jesus has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin.<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos ("until") denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> According to Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>, the Hebrew word <a href="/wiki/Almah" title="Almah">almah</a>, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which often, though not always, refers to a young woman who has never had sex. In Isaiah 7:14, it is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a> While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus' father.<a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman2008-259">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman1999-260">[251]</a> Other biblical verses have also been debated; for example, the reference made by Paul the Apostle that Jesus was made "of the seed of David according to the flesh" (Romans 1:3)<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a> meaning that he was a descendant of David through Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Christian_Rome">Pre-Christian Rome</h3></div> From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates, and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike.<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> In the 2nd century, as part of his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian">anti-Christian</a> polemic <a href="/wiki/The_True_Word" title="The True Word">The True Word</a>, the pagan philosopher <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a> contended that Jesus was actually the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> The church father <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> dismissed this assertion as a complete fabrication in his apologetic treatise <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Against Celsus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_devotions">Christian devotions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2nd_century">2nd century</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> was among the first to draw a <a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">parallel between Eve and Mary</a>. This derives from his comparison of Adam and Jesus. In his <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho" title="Dialogue with Trypho">Dialogue with Trypho</a>, written sometime between 155 and 167,<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> he explains: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He became man by the Virgin, in order that the disobedience which proceeded from the serpent might receive its destruction in the same manner in which it derived its origin. For Eve, who was a virgin and undefiled, having conceived the word of the serpent, brought forth disobedience and death. But the Virgin Mary received faith and joy, when the angel Gabriel announced the good tidings to her that the Spirit of the Lord would come upon her, and the power of the Highest would overshadow her: wherefore also the Holy Thing begotten of her is the Son of God; and she replied, 'Be it unto me according to thy word." And by her has He been born, to whom we have proved so many scriptures refer, and by whom God destroys both the serpent and those angels and men who are like him; but works deliverance from death to those who repent of their wickedness and believe upon Him.<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a></blockquote> It is possible that the teaching of Mary as the New Eve was part of the apostolic tradition rather than merely Justin Martyr's own creation.<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lyon">bishop of Lyon</a>, also takes this up, in Against Heresies, written about the year 182:<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In accordance with this design, Mary the Virgin is found obedient, saying, "Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to your word." Luke 1:38 But Eve was disobedient; for she did not obey when as yet she was a virgin. ... having become disobedient, was made the cause of death, both to herself and to the entire human race; so also did Mary, having a man betrothed [to her], and being nevertheless a virgin, by yielding obedience, become the cause of salvation, both to herself and the whole human race. And on this account does the law term a woman betrothed to a man, the wife of him who had betrothed her, although she was as yet a virgin; thus indicating the back-reference from Mary to Eve,...For the Lord, having been born "the First-begotten of the dead," Revelation 1:5 and receiving into His bosom the ancient fathers, has regenerated them into the life of God, He having been made Himself the beginning of those that live, as Adam became the beginning of those who die. 1 Corinthians 15:20–22 Wherefore also Luke, commencing the genealogy with the Lord, carried it back to Adam, indicating that it was He who regenerated them into the Gospel of life, and not they Him. And thus also it was that the knot of Eve's disobedience was loosed by the obedience of Mary. For what the virgin Eve had bound fast through unbelief, this did the virgin Mary set free through faith.<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a></blockquote> During the second century, the Gospel of James was also written. According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Shoemaker" title="Stephen J. Shoemaker">Stephen J. Shoemaker</a>, "its interest in Mary as a figure in her own right and its reverence for her sacred purity mark the beginnings of Marian piety within early Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3rd_to_5th_centuries">3rd to 5th centuries</h4></div> During the Age of Martyrs and at the latest in the fourth century, the majority of the most essential ideas of Marian devotion already appeared in some form – in the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, apocrypha and visual arts. The lack of sources makes it unclear whether the devotion to Mary played a role in liturgical use during the first centuries of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> In the 4th century, Marian devotion in a liturgical context becomes evident.<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> The earliest known Marian prayer (the <a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a>, or Beneath Thy Protection) is from the 3rd century (perhaps 270), and its text was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> According to some sources, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas of Alexandria</a> consecrated one of the first holy places dedicated to Mary during the late 3rd century. An even earlier place has been found in Nazareth, dated to the previous century by some scholars.<a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313, by the 5th century artistic images of Mary began to appear in public and larger churches were being dedicated to Mary, such as the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431, Mary was officially declared the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>, meaning "God-bearer"<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> or "Mother of God". The term had possibly been used for centuries<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> or at least since the early 300s, when it seems to have already been in established use.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> The Council of Ephesus was long thought to have been held at a church in Ephesus which had been dedicated to Mary about a hundred years before.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> Though, recent archeological surveys indicate that St. Mary's Church in Ephesus did not exist at the time of the Council or, at least, the building was not dedicated to Mary before 500.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Seat_of_Mary" title="Church of the Seat of Mary">Church of the Seat of Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> was built shortly after the introduction of Marian liturgy at the council of Ephesus, in 456, by a widow named Ikelia.<a href="#cite_note-Initial-288">[279]</a> According to the 4th-century heresiologist <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, the Virgin Mary was worshipped as a <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> in the Christian sect of <a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a>, which was found throughout Arabia sometime during the 300s AD. Collyridianism had women performing priestly acts, and made bread offerings to the Virgin Mary. The group was condemned as heretical by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and was preached against by <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, who wrote about the group in his writings titled <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">Panarion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byzantium">Byzantium</h4></div> During the era of the Byzantine Empire, Mary was venerated as the virginal Mother of God and as an intercessor.<a href="#cite_note-290">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, a virgin goddess; the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a> there is regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>. The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a> According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion,<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a> "Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary."<a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angelico,_madonna_col_bambino,_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg/180px-Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg/270px-Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg/360px-Angelico%2C_madonna_col_bambino%2C_pinacoteca_sabauda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_humility" title="Madonna of humility">Madonna of humility</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430. A traditional depiction of Mary wearing blue clothes.</figcaption></figure> The Middle Ages saw many legends about Mary, her parents, and even her grandparents.<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> Mary's popularity increased dramatically from the 12th century,<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a> linked to the Roman Catholic Church's designation of Mary as <a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Reformation">Post-Reformation</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Madonna_in_Sorrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Madonna_in_Sorrow.jpg/180px-The_Madonna_in_Sorrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Madonna_in_Sorrow.jpg/270px-The_Madonna_in_Sorrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Madonna_in_Sorrow.jpg/359px-The_Madonna_in_Sorrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Our Lady of Sorrows by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Salvi_da_Sassoferrato" title="Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato">Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> Over the centuries, devotion and veneration to Mary has varied greatly among Christian traditions. For instance, while Protestants show scant attention to Marian prayers or devotions, of all the saints whom the Orthodox venerate, the most honored is Mary, who is considered "more honorable than the <a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">Cherubim</a> and more glorious than the <a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">Seraphim</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-29">[25]</a> Orthodox theologian <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> wrote: "Love and veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the soul of Orthodox piety. A faith in Christ which does not include his mother is another faith, another Christianity from that of the Orthodox church."<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakov-171">[164]</a> Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a> Similarly, Theologian <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a> wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ.<a href="#cite_note-Bulgakov-171">[164]</a> "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">hyperdulia</a> is reserved for Marian veneration, <a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a> for the worship of God, and <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">dulia</a> for the veneration of other saints and angels.<a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a> Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Marian art">Catholic Marian art</a> and no image permeates <a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a> as does the image of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is, without doubt, the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a> Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents,<a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same.<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a> According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.<a href="#cite_note-307">[298]</a> The Anglican position towards Mary is in general more conciliatory than that of Protestants at large and in a book he wrote about praying with the icons of Mary, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>, said: "It is not only that we cannot understand Mary without seeing her as pointing to Christ; we cannot understand Christ without seeing his attention to Mary."<a href="#cite_note-Schroedel81-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> On 4 September 1781, 11 families of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Pobladores" title="Los Angeles Pobladores">pobladores</a> arrived from the Gulf of California and established a city in the name of <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">King Carlos III</a>. The small town was named El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de la Porciúncula (after our Lady of the Angels), a city that today is known simply as <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Los_Angeles" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles">Archdiocese of Los Angeles</a>, in September 2011 the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a>, and founder Mark Anchor Albert, inaugurated an annual Grand Marian Procession in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown Los Angeles</a>' historic core. This yearly procession, held on the last Saturday of August and intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles, begins at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Angels" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels</a> and concludes at the parish of <a href="/wiki/La_Iglesia_de_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_Reina_de_los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles">La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles</a> which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Plaza Historic District">Los Angeles Plaza Historic District</a>, better known as "La Placita".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasts">Feasts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Marian feast days</a></div> The earliest feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a>. Given that according to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2:22–40),<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> 40 days after the birth of Jesus, along with the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a>, Mary was purified according to Jewish customs. The Feast of the Purification began to be celebrated by the 5th century, and became the "Feast of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MaryClayton-310">[301]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG/220px-Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG/330px-Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG/440px-Pjazzasantamarijaghaxaqmalta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Village decorations during the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Assumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Assumption">Feast of the Assumption</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7axaq" title="Għaxaq">Għaxaq</a>, Malta</figcaption></figure> In the 7th and 8th centuries, four more Marian feasts were established in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>, a feast dedicated to Mary, just before Christmas was celebrated in the Churches of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> in Italy in the 7th century. The four Roman Marian feasts of Purification, Annunciation, Assumption and Nativity of Mary were gradually and sporadically introduced into England by the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-MaryClayton-310">[301]</a> Over time, the number and nature of feasts (and the associated <a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a>) and the venerative practices that accompany them have varied a great deal among diverse Christian traditions. Overall, there are significantly more titles, feasts and venerative Marian practices among <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> than any other Christians traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FrankFlinn-127">[120]</a> Some such feasts relate to specific events, such as the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a>, based on the 1571 victory of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[303]</a> Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Assumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Assumption">Feast of the Assumption</a> is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition</a> or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others.<a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on 15 August, some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholics</a> celebrate it as <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition of the Theotokos</a>, and may do so on 28 August, if they follow the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> also celebrate it as the Dormition of the Theotokos, one of their 12 <a href="/wiki/Great_Feasts_of_the_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church">Great Feasts</a>. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.<a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-28">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics">Relics</h3></div> The veneration of marian <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> used to be common practice before the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. It was later largely surpassed by the veneration of marian images. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bodily_relics">Bodily relics</h4></div> As Mary's body is believed by most Christians to have been <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">taken up into the glory of heaven</a>, her bodily relics have been limited to hair, nails and <a href="/wiki/Nursing_Madonna" title="Nursing Madonna">breast milk</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s 1543 <a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Relics" title="Treatise on Relics">Treatise on Relics</a>, her hair was exposed for veneration in several churches, including in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Flour" title="Saint-Flour">Saint-Flour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> In this book, Calvin criticized the veneration of the Holy Milk due to the lack of biblical references to it and the doubts about the veracity of such relics: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">With regard to the milk, there is not perhaps a town, a convent, or nunnery, where it is not shown in large or small quantities. Indeed, had the Virgin been a wet-nurse her whole life, or a dairy, she could not have produced more than is shown as hers in various parts. How they obtained all this milk they do not say, and it is superfluous here to remark that there is no foundation in the Gospels for these foolish and blasphemous extravagances.</blockquote> Although the veneration of Marian bodily relics is no longer a common practice today, there are some remaining traces of it, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_the_Milk_Grotto" title="Chapel of the Milk Grotto">Chapel of the Milk Grotto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, named after Mary's milk. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clothes">Clothes</h4></div> Clothes which are believed to have belonged to Mary include the <a href="/wiki/Cincture_of_the_Theotokos" title="Cincture of the Theotokos">Cincture of the Theotokos</a> kept in the <a href="/wiki/Vatopedi_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatopedi monastery">Vatopedi monastery</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Holy_Girdle" title="Holy Girdle">Holy Girdle</a> kept in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. Other relics are said to have been collected during later <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian apparitions">marian apparitions</a>, such as her robe, veil, and part of her belt which were kept in <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Mary_of_Blachernae_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)">Blachernae church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> after she appeared there during the 10th century. These relics, now lost, are celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Catholic Church">Byzantine Catholic Churches</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a>. Few other objects are said to have been touched or given by Mary during <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian apparitions">apparitions</a>, notably a 1531 image printed on a <a href="/wiki/Tilm%C3%A0tli" title="Tilmàtli">tilma</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, belonging to <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Places">Places</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg/220px-House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg/330px-House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg/440px-House_of_the_Virgin_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The chapel based on the claimed <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Mary">House of Mary</a> in Ephesus</figcaption></figure> Places where Mary is believed to have lived include the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_della_Santa_Casa" title="Basilica della Santa Casa">Basilica della Santa Casa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Marche" title="Loreto, Marche">Loreto, Marche</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="House of the Virgin Mary">House of the Virgin Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christians">Eastern Christians</a> believe that she died and was put in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb of the Virgin Mary</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>. The belief that Mary's house was in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> is recent, as it was claimed in the 19th century based on the visions of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Catherine_Emmerich" title="Anne Catherine Emmerich">Anne Catherine Emmerich</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian nun">Augustinian nun</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Vatican-315">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> It has since been named as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="House of the Virgin Mary">House of the Virgin Mary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Roman Catholic pilgrims</a> who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption.<a href="#cite_note-317">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a> The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the <a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved#Identity" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">traditionally identified</a> as <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John.<a href="#cite_note-323">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[315]</a> The apparition of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Our Lady of the Pillar</a> in the first century was believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">bilocation</a>, as it occurred in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> while Mary was living in Ephesus or Jerusalem. The pillar on which she was standing during the apparition is believed to be kept in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar">Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> and is therefore venerated as a relics, as it was in physical contact with Mary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_arts">In arts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna (art)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian art in the Catholic Church</a></div> In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Marian_blue" title="Marian blue">blue</a>. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, a stone of greater value than gold, which was imported from Afghanistan. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue. Transformations in visual depictions of Mary from the 13th to 15th centuries mirror her "social" standing within the Church and in society.<a href="#cite_note-Kugeares-325">[316]</a> Traditional representations of Mary include the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a> scene, called <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "<a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">pietà</a>" or "pity". In the Egyptian, Eritrean, and Ethiopian tradition, Mary has been portrayed in story and paint for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a> Beginning in the 1600s, however, highland Ethiopians began portraying Mary performing a variety of miracles for the faithful, including paintings of her giving water to a thirsty dog, healing monks with her breast milk, and saving a man eaten by a crocodile.<a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> Over 1,000 such <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pemm.princeton.edu/stories">stories</a> about her exist in this tradition, and about one hundred of those have hundreds of paintings each, in various manuscripts, adding up to thousands of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pemm.princeton.edu/paintings">paintings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a larger gallery, see <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Madonna_structured_gallery" class="extiw" title="commons:Madonna structured gallery">Commons:Madonna structured gallery</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_catacomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary nursing the Infant Jesus. Early image from the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, c. 2nd century"><img alt="Mary nursing the Infant Jesus. Early image from the Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, c. 2nd century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/204px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/306px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/408px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="696" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary nursing the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Jesus">Infant Jesus</a>. Early image from the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Priscilla" title="Catacomb of Priscilla">Catacomb of Priscilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2nd century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VergineTricherusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trojeručica, a Byzantine representation of the Theotokos, (c. 8th century), in Hilandar. Serbia"><img alt="Trojeručica, a Byzantine representation of the Theotokos, (c. 8th century), in Hilandar. Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/VergineTricherusa.jpg/190px-VergineTricherusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/VergineTricherusa.jpg/285px-VergineTricherusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/VergineTricherusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="379" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Trojeru%C4%8Dica" title="Trojeručica">Trojeručica</a>, a Byzantine representation of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>, (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8th century), in <a href="/wiki/Hilandar" title="Hilandar">Hilandar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimirskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Vladimir, a Byzantine representation of the Theotokos"><img alt="Our Lady of Vladimir, a Byzantine representation of the Theotokos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/161px-Vladimirskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/241px-Vladimirskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg/321px-Vladimirskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="681" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Vladimir">Our Lady of Vladimir</a>, a Byzantine representation of the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panachranta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theotokos Panachranta, from the 11th century Gertrude Psalter"><img alt="Theotokos Panachranta, from the 11th century Gertrude Psalter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panachranta.jpg/180px-Panachranta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Panachranta.jpg/270px-Panachranta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Panachranta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="432" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Theotokos Panachranta, from the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Psalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertrude Psalter">Gertrude Psalter</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_into_Egypt_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flight into Egypt by Giotto c. 1304"><img alt="Flight into Egypt by Giotto c. 1304" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flight_into_Egypt_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/236px-Flight_into_Egypt_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flight_into_Egypt_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/354px-Flight_into_Egypt_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flight_into_Egypt_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/472px-Flight_into_Egypt_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2408" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1304</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_lorenzetti,_compianto_(dettaglio)_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_(1310-1329).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamentation by Pietro Lorenzetti, Assisi Basilica, c. 1310–1329"><img alt="Lamentation by Pietro Lorenzetti, Assisi Basilica, c. 1310–1329" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/240px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/360px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/480px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ" title="Lamentation of Christ">Lamentation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Lorenzetti" title="Pietro Lorenzetti">Pietro Lorenzetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> Basilica, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1310–1329</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Madonna and Child, Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, Axum, Ethiopia"><img alt="Black Madonna and Child, Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, Axum, Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG/180px-Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG/270px-Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG/360px-Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a> and Child, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Madonna._St._Francis%27_Church,_Macao.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese Madonna, St. Francis' Church, Macao"><img alt="Chinese Madonna, St. Francis' Church, Macao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chinese_Madonna._St._Francis%27_Church%2C_Macao.jpg/180px-Chinese_Madonna._St._Francis%27_Church%2C_Macao.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chinese_Madonna._St._Francis%27_Church%2C_Macao.jpg/270px-Chinese_Madonna._St._Francis%27_Church%2C_Macao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chinese_Madonna._St._Francis%27_Church%2C_Macao.jpg/360px-Chinese_Madonna._St._Francis%27_Church%2C_Macao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="816" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese Madonna, St. Francis' Church, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macao</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michelangelo's Pietà (1498–99) in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City"><img alt="Michelangelo's Pietà (1498–99) in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/229px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/343px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/458px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1660" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a> (1498–99) in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DARET_Jacques_Visitation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visitation, from the St Vaast Altarpiece by Jacques Daret, 1434–1435"><img alt="Visitation, from the St Vaast Altarpiece by Jacques Daret, 1434–1435" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DARET_Jacques_Visitation.jpg/222px-DARET_Jacques_Visitation.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DARET_Jacques_Visitation.jpg/333px-DARET_Jacques_Visitation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/DARET_Jacques_Visitation.jpg/444px-DARET_Jacques_Visitation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="972" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St._Vaast" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of St. Vaast">St Vaast</a> Altarpiece by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Daret" title="Jacques Daret">Jacques Daret</a>, 1434–1435</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin of Guadalupe, from the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Mexico City, 16th century"><img alt="Virgin of Guadalupe, from the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Mexico City, 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg/154px-Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg/231px-Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg/308px-Virgen_de_guadalupe1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1226" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, 16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of La Naval de Manila statue in Quezon City, Philippines, c. 1593"><img alt="Our Lady of La Naval de Manila statue in Quezon City, Philippines, c. 1593" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg/180px-Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg/270px-Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg/360px-Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Our Lady of La Naval de Manila">Our Lady of La Naval de Manila</a> statue in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1593</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna on Floral Wreath by Peter Paul Rubens with Jan Brueghel the Elder, c. 1619"><img alt="Madonna on Floral Wreath by Peter Paul Rubens with Jan Brueghel the Elder, c. 1619" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg/278px-Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg/418px-Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg/557px-Rubens_Madonna_on_Floral_Wreath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="970" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madonna on Floral Wreath by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1619</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adoration of the Magi, Rubens, 1634"><img alt="Adoration of the Magi, Rubens, 1634" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg/186px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg/279px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg/372px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2613" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, 1634</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SAAM-1996.91.10_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin of Montserrat from Puerto Rico, c. 1775–1825"><img alt="Virgin of Montserrat from Puerto Rico, c. 1775–1825" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SAAM-1996.91.10_2.jpg/180px-SAAM-1996.91.10_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SAAM-1996.91.10_2.jpg/270px-SAAM-1996.91.10_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SAAM-1996.91.10_2.jpg/360px-SAAM-1996.91.10_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2496" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Montserrat" title="Virgin of Montserrat">Virgin of Montserrat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1775–1825</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SAAM-1929.6.154_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin and Child, French (15th century)"><img alt="Virgin and Child, French (15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SAAM-1929.6.154_1.jpg/201px-SAAM-1929.6.154_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SAAM-1929.6.154_1.jpg/301px-SAAM-1929.6.154_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SAAM-1929.6.154_1.jpg/402px-SAAM-1929.6.154_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="2842" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virgin and Child, French (15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_and_Child_Statue_outside_the_Jongno_Catholic_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary and Jesus, outside the Jongno Catholic Church in Seoul, South Korea."><img alt="Mary and Jesus, outside the Jongno Catholic Church in Seoul, South Korea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Virgin_and_Child_Statue_outside_the_Jongno_Catholic_Church.jpg/160px-Virgin_and_Child_Statue_outside_the_Jongno_Catholic_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Virgin_and_Child_Statue_outside_the_Jongno_Catholic_Church.jpg/240px-Virgin_and_Child_Statue_outside_the_Jongno_Catholic_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Virgin_and_Child_Statue_outside_the_Jongno_Catholic_Church.jpg/320px-Virgin_and_Child_Statue_outside_the_Jongno_Catholic_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary and Jesus, outside the Jongno Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_the_Virgin_Mary_presenting_the_child_Jesus_Gwanghwamun_Beatification.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Mary and Jesus at Gwanghwamun, pictured at the time of Pope Francis' visit to South Korea, 2014."><img alt="Statue of Mary and Jesus at Gwanghwamun, pictured at the time of Pope Francis' visit to South Korea, 2014." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Statue_of_the_Virgin_Mary_presenting_the_child_Jesus_Gwanghwamun_Beatification.jpg/426px-Statue_of_the_Virgin_Mary_presenting_the_child_Jesus_Gwanghwamun_Beatification.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Statue_of_the_Virgin_Mary_presenting_the_child_Jesus_Gwanghwamun_Beatification.jpg/638px-Statue_of_the_Virgin_Mary_presenting_the_child_Jesus_Gwanghwamun_Beatification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Statue_of_the_Virgin_Mary_presenting_the_child_Jesus_Gwanghwamun_Beatification.jpg/851px-Statue_of_the_Virgin_Mary_presenting_the_child_Jesus_Gwanghwamun_Beatification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="2574" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Mary and Jesus at <a href="/wiki/Gwanghwamun" title="Gwanghwamun">Gwanghwamun</a>, pictured at the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>' visit to South Korea, 2014.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungfru_Maria_-_St._Nikolai_-_Ystad-2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary outside St. Nikolai Catholic Church in Ystad 2021"><img alt="Mary outside St. Nikolai Catholic Church in Ystad 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jungfru_Maria_-_St._Nikolai_-_Ystad-2021.jpg/276px-Jungfru_Maria_-_St._Nikolai_-_Ystad-2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jungfru_Maria_-_St._Nikolai_-_Ystad-2021.jpg/413px-Jungfru_Maria_-_St._Nikolai_-_Ystad-2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Jungfru_Maria_-_St._Nikolai_-_Ystad-2021.jpg/551px-Jungfru_Maria_-_St._Nikolai_-_Ystad-2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1111" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary outside St. Nikolai <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a> 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maaria.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A kneeling Virgin Mary pictured in the former coat of arms of Maaria"><img alt="A kneeling Virgin Mary pictured in the former coat of arms of Maaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maaria.vaakuna.svg/211px-Maaria.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="141" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maaria.vaakuna.svg/316px-Maaria.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maaria.vaakuna.svg/422px-Maaria.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="569" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A kneeling Virgin Mary pictured in the former coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Maaria" title="Maaria">Maaria</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinematic_portrayals">Cinematic portrayals</h3></div> Mary has been portrayed in various films and on television, including: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_(1912_film)" title="The Miracle (1912 film)">The Miracle</a> (1912) color <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> of the 1911 play <a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_(play)" title="The Miracle (play)">The Miracle</a>, a statue of Mary, played by <a href="/wiki/Norina_Matchabelli" title="Norina Matchabelli">Maria Carmi</a>, comes to life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Mirakel_(1912_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Mirakel (1912 film)">Das Mirakel</a> (1912) <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>; a German version of the 1911 play <a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_(play)" title="The Miracle (play)">The Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Bernadette_(film)" title="The Song of Bernadette (film)">The Song of Bernadette</a> (1943 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Linda_Darnell" title="Linda Darnell">Linda Darnell</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Christ_Series" title="The Living Christ Series">The Living Christ Series</a> (1951 non-theatrical, non-television film twelve-part series), played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eileen_Rowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eileen Rowe (page does not exist)">Eileen Rowe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Our_Lady_of_Fatima" title="The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima">The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima</a> (1952 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Gibson" title="Virginia Gibson">Virginia Gibson</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a> (1959 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Greci" title="José Greci">José Greci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_(1959_film)" title="The Miracle (1959 film)">The Miracle</a> (1959 film; a loose remake of the 1912 film <a href="/wiki/Das_Mirakel_(1912_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Mirakel (1912 film)">Das Mirakel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_(1961_film)" title="King of Kings (1961 film)">King of Kings</a> (1961 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Siobh%C3%A1n_McKenna" title="Siobhán McKenna">Siobhán McKenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Story_Ever_Told" title="The Greatest Story Ever Told">The Greatest Story Ever Told</a> (1965 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McGuire" title="Dorothy McGuire">Dorothy McGuire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)">Jesus of Nazareth</a> (1977 two-part television miniseries), played by <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Hussey" title="Olivia Hussey">Olivia Hussey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(film)" title="The Last Temptation of Christ (film)">The Last Temptation of Christ</a> (1988 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Verna_Bloom" title="Verna Bloom">Verna Bloom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[326]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Jesus_(film)" title="Mary, Mother of Jesus (film)">Mary, Mother of Jesus</a> (1999 television film), played by <a href="/wiki/Pernilla_August" title="Pernilla August">Pernilla August</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary_(film)" title="Saint Mary (film)">Saint Mary</a> (2002 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Shabnam_Gholikhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabnam Gholikhani">Shabnam Gholikhani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a> (2004 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Maia_Morgenstern" title="Maia Morgenstern">Maia Morgenstern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_Saint_Peter" title="Imperium: Saint Peter">Imperium: Saint Peter</a> (2005 television film), played by <a href="/wiki/Lina_Sastri" title="Lina Sastri">Lina Sastri</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_the_Cross" title="Color of the Cross">Color of the Cross</a> (2006 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Debbi_Morgan" title="Debbi Morgan">Debbi Morgan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nativity_Story" title="The Nativity Story">The Nativity Story</a> (2006 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Keisha_Castle-Hughes" title="Keisha Castle-Hughes">Keisha Castle-Hughes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[331]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_(TV_serial)" title="The Passion (TV serial)">The Passion</a> (2008 television miniseries), played by <a href="/wiki/Paloma_Baeza" title="Paloma Baeza">Paloma Baeza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nativity_(2010_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nativity (2010 TV series)">The Nativity</a> (2010 four-part miniseries), played by <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Maslany" title="Tatiana Maslany">Tatiana Maslany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Nazareth_(film)" title="Mary of Nazareth (film)">Mary of Nazareth</a> (2012 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Alissa_Jung" title="Alissa Jung">Alissa Jung</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(film)" title="Son of God (film)">Son of God</a> (2014 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Roma_Downey" title="Roma Downey">Roma Downey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[334]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_(TV_series)" title="The Chosen (TV series)">The Chosen</a> (2017 TV series), played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanessa_Benavente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanessa Benavente (page does not exist)">Vanessa Benavente</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(2018_film)" title="Mary Magdalene (2018 film)">Mary Magdalene</a> (2018 film), played by Irit Sheleg.<a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus:_His_Life" title="Jesus: His Life">Jesus: His Life</a> (2019 TV series), played by <a href="/wiki/Houda_Echouafni" title="Houda Echouafni">Houda Echouafni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[336]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_(2020_film)" title="Fatima (2020 film)">Fatima</a> (2020 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Joana_Ribeiro" title="Joana Ribeiro">Joana Ribeiro</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(2024_film)" title="Mary (2024 film)">Mary</a> (2024 film), played by <a href="/wiki/Noa_Cohen" title="Noa Cohen">Noa Cohen</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vespro_della_Beata_Vergine" title="Vespro della Beata Vergine">Vespro della Beata Vergine</a> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_(Bach)" title="Magnificat (Bach)">Magnificat</a> (1723, rev. 1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Schubert)" title="Ave Maria (Schubert)">Ave Maria</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Bach/Gounod)" title="Ave Maria (Bach/Gounod)">Ave Maria</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mother_and_Child_(Tavener)" title="Mother and Child (Tavener)">Mother and Child</a>, setting a poem by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Keeble" title="Brian Keeble">Brian Keeble</a> for choir, organ and temple gong (2002)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History of Catholic Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Name_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Name of Mary">Holy Name of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_and_Holy_Trinity_columns" title="Marian and Holy Trinity columns">Marian and Holy Trinity columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_crowning" class="mw-redirect" title="May crowning">May crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a>; Mandaean heroine that many equate with Mary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">New Testament people named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines to the Virgin Mary</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah#Significance" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Jewish customs surrounding marriage</a> at the time, and the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>, Mary, at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, was 12–14 years old.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-1">[1]</a> Her year of birth is therefore contingent on <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">that of Jesus</a>, and though some posit slightly different dates (such as <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">Meier</a>'s dating of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7 or 6 BC)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> general consensus places Jesus' birth in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4 BC,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> thus placing Mary's birth in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18 BC. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מִרְיָם, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Mīryām; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a>: ܡܪܝܡ, romanized: Maryam; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مريم, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Maryam; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Μαρία, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: María; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Maria; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, romanized: Maria </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: παρθένος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: "parthénos"; Matthew 1:23<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> uses the Greek parthénos, "virgin", whereas only the Hebrew of Isaiah 7:14,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> from which the New Testament ostensibly quotes, as Almah – "young maiden". See article on parthénos in Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Sabine_R._Huebner" title="Sabine R. Huebner">Sabine R. Huebner</a>'s succinct analysis of the issue: "Jesus is described as the 'first-born son' of Mary in Mt 1:25 and Lk 2:7. From this wording alone we can conclude that there were later-born sons ... The family ... had at least five sons and an unknown number of daughters."<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> To give a few examples, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Untier_of_Knots" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Untier of Knots">Our Lady Undoer of Knots</a> fit this description.<a href="#cite_note-Jameson-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> This event is described by some Christians as the Annunciation. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The historicity of this census' relationship to the birth of Jesus continues to be one of scholarly disagreement; see, for example, p. 71 in Edwards, James R. (2015).<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Alternately: "It cannot even be denied that God conferred the highest honour on Mary, by choosing and appointing her to be the mother of his Son."<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> See the following verses: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=114">5:114</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=116">5:116</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=158">7:158</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=31">9:31</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=57">17:57</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=104">17:104</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/18?startingVerse=102">18:102</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=16">19:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=17">19:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=18">19:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=20">19:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=22">19:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=24">19:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=27">19:27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=28">19:28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=29">19:29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=34">19:34</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=26">21:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=91">21:91</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/21?startingVerse=101">21:101</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=50">23:50</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/25?startingVerse=17">25:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/33?startingVerse=7">33:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/39?startingVerse=45">39:45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=57">43:57</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/43?startingVerse=61">43:61</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/57?startingVerse=27">57:27</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=6">61:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/61?startingVerse=14">61:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/66?startingVerse=12">66:12</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NewAdvent-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Joseph"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627235620/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+St.+Joseph&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08504a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">Meier, John P.</a> (1991). A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person. Yale University Press. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14018-7"><bdi>978-0-300-14018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+The+Roots+of+the+Problem+and+the+Person&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14018-7&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC">The Historical Figure of Jesus</a>. Allen Lane Penguin Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192822-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192822-7"><bdi>978-0-14-192822-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Figure+of+Jesus&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Allen+Lane+Penguin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192822-7&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkbTL36ZgPIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm">"Catholic Enncyclopedia: Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary"</a>. New Advent. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Catholic+Enncyclopedia%3A+Tomb+of+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14774a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/t/tomb-of-mary-location-and-significance.php">"Tomb of Mary: Location and Significance: University of Dayton, Ohio"</a>. udayton.edu. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=udayton.edu&rft.atitle=Tomb+of+Mary%3A+Location+and+Significance%3A+University+of+Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Ft%2Ftomb-of-mary-location-and-significance.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Edward_BrownJoseph_A._FitzmyerKarl_Paul_Donfried1978" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Edward Brown; Joseph A. Fitzmyer; Karl Paul Donfried (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140">Mary in the New Testament</a>. NJ: Paulist Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809121687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809121687"><bdi>978-0809121687</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817232637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021. <q>...consonant with Mary's Jewish background</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=NJ&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0809121687&rft.au=Raymond+Edward+Brown&rft.au=Joseph+A.+Fitzmyer&rft.au=Karl+Paul+Donfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DML1mnUBwmhcC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liturgies.net/Liturgies/Other/LiturgyOfTheAssyrianChurch.htm">"Liturgy of the Assyrian Church of the East"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liturgy+of+the+Assyrian+Church+of+the+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgies.net%2FLiturgies%2FOther%2FLiturgyOfTheAssyrianChurch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Quran 3:42; cited in Stowasser, Barbara Freyer, "Mary", in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> J.D. McAuliffe, Chosen of all women </li> <li id="cite_note-Jestice-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jestice_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jestice_12-1">b</a> Jestice, Phyllis G. Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3. 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-355-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-355-6">1-57607-355-6</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=%22Sayyidana+Maryam%22&pg=PA558">558 Sayyidana Maryam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727115808/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&pg=PA558#v=onepage&q=%22Sayyidana%20Maryam%22&f=false">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenn2012-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn2012_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn2012_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn2012_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glenn2012_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2012" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Glenn (2012). Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places. Berghahn Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857454867" title="Special:BookSources/9780857454867"><bdi>9780857454867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharing+the+Sacra%3A+The+Politics+and+Pragmatics+of+Intercommunal+Relations+Around+Holy+Places&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857454867&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:23&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1007.htm#14">Isaiah 7:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1979, p. 627. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke,_Raymond_L._2008_page_178-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Burke,_Raymond_L._2008_page_178_18-0">^</a> Mark Miravalle, Raymond L. Burke; (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4">978-1-57918-355-4</a> p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim_S._Perry_page_142-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Tim_S._Perry_page_142_19-0">^</a> Mary for evangelicals by Tim S. Perry, William J. Abraham 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2569-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2569-X">0-8308-2569-X</a> p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-Houghton-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Houghton_20-0">^</a> "Mary, the mother of Jesus." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002. Credo Reference. Web. 28 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-protestantencyclopedia-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-protestantencyclopedia_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protestantencyclopedia_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protestantencyclopedia_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protestantencyclopedia_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protestantencyclopedia_21-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2004" class="citation book cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J. (15 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbBx9DTtwSIC&q=mariology+protestant&pg=PA1174">The Encyclopedia of Protestantism</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48431-9"><bdi>978-0-203-48431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Protestantism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-203-48431-9&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbBx9DTtwSIC%26q%3Dmariology%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPA1174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Mary", A Dictionary of First Names by Patrick Hanks, Kate Hardcastle and Flavia Hodges (2006). Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198610602" title="Special:BookSources/0198610602">0198610602</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:25&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabine_R._Huebner" title="Sabine R. Huebner">Sabine R. Huebner</a>, Papyri and the Social World of the New Testament (Cambridge University Press, 2019), p. 73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1108470254" title="Special:BookSources/1108470254">1108470254</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbert_of_Chatres" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chatres</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/OBeataVM.html">O Beata Virgo Maria</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304020702/https://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/BVM/OBeataVM.html">archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021, retrieved 27 March 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+Beata+Virgo+Maria&rft.au=Fulbert+of+Chatres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.preces-latinae.org%2Fthesaurus%2FBVM%2FOBeataVM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Encyclopedia of Catholicism by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X">0-8160-5455-X</a>, pp. 443–444 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillerbrand-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_28-3">d</a> Hillerbrand, Hans Joachim. Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Volume 3, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92472-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92472-3">0-415-92472-3</a>, p. 1174 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairbairn-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_29-5">f</a> Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22497-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22497-0">0-664-22497-0</a> pp. 99–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongenecker" class="citation web cs1">Longenecker, Father Dwight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/god-bearer">"God-bearer"</a>. Catholic Answers. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=God-bearer&rft.aulast=Longenecker&rft.aufirst=Father+Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fmagazine%2Fprint-edition%2Fgod-bearer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05491a.htm">"Council of Ephesus"</a>. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Council+of+Ephesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05491a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccel.org-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ccel.org_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccel.org_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.i.html">"The Canons of the Two Hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers Who Met at Ephesus"</a>. Ccel.org. 1 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617221958/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xvi.i.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+the+Two+Hundred+Holy+and+Blessed+Fathers+Who+Met+at+Ephesus&rft.pub=Ccel.org&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf214.x.xvi.i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> M'Corry, John StewartTheotokos: Or, the Divine Maternity. 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-113-18361-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-113-18361-6">1-113-18361-6</a> p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> The Christian theology reader by Alister E. McGrath 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-5358-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-5358-X">1-4051-5358-X</a> p. 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:32&version=nrsv">Luke 1:32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%209:6&version=nrsv">Isaiah 9:6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%202:19–20&version=nrsv">1 Kings 2:19–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2013:18–19&version=nrsv">Jeremiah 13:18–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary by Terrence J. McNally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6">1-4415-1051-6</a> p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2006" class="citation book cs1">Hahn, Scott (2006). Hail, Holy Queen: The Mother of God in the Word of God. Image. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385501699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385501699"><bdi>978-0385501699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hail%2C+Holy+Queen%3A+The+Mother+of+God+in+the+Word+of+God&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Image&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0385501699&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Scott (2018). What You Need to Know About Mary: But Were Never Taught. Holy Water Books. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0998360324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0998360324"><bdi>978-0998360324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+Mary%3A+But+Were+Never+Taught&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Holy+Water+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0998360324&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jameson-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_42-0">^</a> Legends of the Madonna by Anna Jameson 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1406853380" title="Special:BookSources/1406853380">1406853380</a> p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> p. 515 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Candice Lee Goucher, 2007 World history: journeys from past to present <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-77137-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-77137-4">0-415-77137-4</a> p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> p. 525 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC">"Mary"</a>. The New Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Plymouth, United Kingdom: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 340–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742562967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742562967"><bdi>978-0742562967</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117195626/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=340-341&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0742562967&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7tu12gt4JYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=73">5:73-75</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|66|12|b=y-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref|66|12|b=y_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|66|12|b=y_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|66|12|b=y_49-2">c</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/66?startingVerse=12&translations=20">66:12</a> -<a href="/wiki/Sahih_International" title="Sahih International">Sahih International</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|3|36|b=y-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|36|b=y_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|36|b=y_50-1">b</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=36">3:36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/19?startingVerse=28">19:28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElias2012" class="citation web cs1">Elias, Abu Amina (6 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abuaminaelias.com/dailyhadithonline/2012/10/05/sister-harun-quran/">"Hadith on Maryam: Why Mary is called sister of Aaron"</a>. www.abuaminaelias.com. Retrieved 18 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abuaminaelias.com&rft.atitle=Hadith+on+Maryam%3A+Why+Mary+is+called+sister+of+Aaron&rft.date=2012-10-06&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Abu+Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abuaminaelias.com%2Fdailyhadithonline%2F2012%2F10%2F05%2Fsister-harun-quran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hesemann-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hesemann_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hesemann_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hesemann_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesemann2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hesemann" title="Michael Hesemann">Hesemann, Michael</a> (2016). Mary of Nazareth: History, Archaeology, Legends. Ignatius. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621640905" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621640905"><bdi>978-1621640905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+of+Nazareth%3A+History%2C+Archaeology%2C+Legends&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Ignatius&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1621640905&rft.aulast=Hesemann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canales-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canales_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canales_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanales2010" class="citation web cs1">Canales, Arthur David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smp.org/dynamicmedia/files/67270a1eefafe0f8457d559592c79a4f/TX001252_1-Background-Mary_of_Nazareth.pdf">"Mary of Nazareth"</a> (PDF). Saint Mary's Press. Retrieved 25 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Canales&rft.aufirst=Arthur+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smp.org%2Fdynamicmedia%2Ffiles%2F67270a1eefafe0f8457d559592c79a4f%2FTX001252_1-Background-Mary_of_Nazareth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:27–2:34&version=nrsv">Luke 1:27–2:34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:16–2:11&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:16–2:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2013:55&version=nrsv">Matthew 13:55</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Mark+6:3">Mark 6:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:31–32&version=nrsv">Mark 3:31–32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_60-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%202:1–12&version=nrsv">John 2:1–12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_61-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:25–26&version=nrsv">John 19:25–26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> William Temple, Readings in St John's Gospel. London: MacMillan, 1961. pp. 35, 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+2:4&version=nlt;ncv;amp">John 2:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:14&version=nrsv">Acts 1:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2012:1–6&version=nrsv">Revelation 12:1, 5–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:25&version=nrsv">John 19:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3007.htm">"Church Fathers: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary (Jerome)"</a>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805183356/https://newadvent.org/fathers/3007.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+The+Perpetual+Virginity+of+Mary+%28Jerome%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=12101">"The Blessed Virgin Mary – Encyclopedia Volume – Catholic Encyclopedia"</a>. Catholic Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520002215/https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=12101">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=The+Blessed+Virgin+Mary+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia+Volume+%E2%80%93+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D12101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:5&version=nrsv">Luke 1:5</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:36&version=nrsv">Luke 1:36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasHillyerBruce1990" class="citation book cs1">Douglas; Hillyer; Bruce (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbibledictiona00jddo/page/746">New Bible Dictionary</a>. Inter-varsity Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbibledictiona00jddo/page/746">746</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85110-630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85110-630-4"><bdi>978-0-85110-630-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=746&rft.pub=Inter-varsity+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85110-630-4&rft.au=Douglas&rft.au=Hillyer&rft.au=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewbibledictiona00jddo%2Fpage%2F746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06410a.htm">"New Advent Genealogy of Christ"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 September 1909. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507023753/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06410a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Advent+Genealogy+of+Christ&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1909-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F06410a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1706" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Matthew (1706). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Luk/Luk_003.cfm?a=976001">Luke in Matthew Henry commentary on the whole Bible (complete)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718212445/https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Luk/Luk_003.cfm?a=976001">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luke+in+Matthew+Henry+commentary+on+the+whole+Bible+%28complete%29&rft.date=1706&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2FComm%2Fmhc%2FLuk%2FLuk_003.cfm%3Fa%3D976001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%201:7&version=nrsv">Numbers 1:7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%206:23&version=nrsv">Exodus 6:23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:56&version=nrsv">Luke 1:56</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-75"><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: The Blessed Virgin Mary"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 October 1912. Retrieved 22 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1912-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15464b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:35&version=nrsv">Luke 1:35</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Mills, Watson E., Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer dictionary of the Bible. 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> p. 429 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:18–25&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:18–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:36&version=nrsv">Luke 1:36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:46–55&version=vulgate;">kjv Luke 1:46–55</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:56–57&version=nrsv">Luke 1:56–57</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The Gospel of Luke. Grand Rapids MI: Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837356" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802837356">978-0802837356</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown1_85-0">^</a> Brown, Raymond Edward. Mary in the New Testament. 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2168-7">978-0-8091-2168-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202&version=nrsv">Luke 2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-2">c</a> Levine, Amy-Jill & Witherington III, Ben: The Gospel of Luke, p. 34. Cambridge University Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521859509" title="Special:BookSources/9780521859509">9780521859509</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Leith, Mary Joan Winn: Mary, Mother of Jesus. In Coogan, Michael (ed.): Oxford Encyclopedias of the Bible: Digital Collection. Oxford University Press, 2022. ISBN 9780197669402. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_89-1">b</a> Tropper, A: Children and Childhood in Light of the Demographics of the Jewish Family in Late Antiquity. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, Vol. 37, 2006, 3, pp. 299–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keener_Walton_2019_p._2147-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Keener_Walton_2019_p._2147_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenerWalton2019" class="citation book cs1">Keener, Craig S.; Walton, John H. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2FgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2147">NRSV, Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible: Bringing to Life the Ancient World of Scripture</a>. Zondervan. p. 2147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45272-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45272-0"><bdi>978-0-310-45272-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NRSV%2C+Cultural+Backgrounds+Study+Bible%3A+Bringing+to+Life+the+Ancient+World+of+Scripture&rft.pages=2147&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-310-45272-0&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rft.au=Walton%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2FgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The Gospel of Matthew by R. T. France 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2501-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2501-X">0-8028-2501-X</a> p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:22&version=nrsv">Luke 2:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2012:1–8&version=nrsv">Leviticus 12:1–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:23&version=nrsv">Luke 2:23</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2013:2–15:22&version=nrsv">Exodus 13:2; 13:12–15; 22:29; 34:19–20</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%203:13&version=nrsv">Numbers 3:13; 18:15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:25–38&version=nrsv">Luke 2:25–38</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:39&version=nrsv">Luke 2:39</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%202&version=nrsv">Matthew 2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Walvoord, John F., Roy B. Zuck. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament edition. 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88207-812-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88207-812-7">0-88207-812-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:41–52&version=nrsv">Luke 2:41–52</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%202:1–11&version=nrsv">John 2:1–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#1:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Mt 1:24–25</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#12:46" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">12:46</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#13:54" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">13:54–56</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#27:56" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">27:56</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#3:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mk 3:31</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#6:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">6:3</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#15:40" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">15:40</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#16:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">16:1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#2:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">Jn 2:12</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#7:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">7:3–5</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#1:19" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Gal 1:19</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 1:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButz2005" class="citation book cs1">Butz, Jeffrey J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=610oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">The Brother of Jesus and the Lost Teachings of Christianity</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594778797" title="Special:BookSources/9781594778797"><bdi>9781594778797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brother+of+Jesus+and+the+Lost+Teachings+of+Christianity&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781594778797&rft.aulast=Butz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D610oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible by D. N. Freedman, David Noel, Allen Myers and Astrid B. Beck (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9053565035" title="Special:BookSources/9053565035">9053565035</a> p. 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The Bible: The Basics by John Barton (2010) <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415411351" title="Special:BookSources/0415411351">0415411351</a> p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Roberts_Gaventa" title="Beverly Roberts Gaventa">Gaventa, Beverly Roberts</a>. Mary: glimpses of the mother of Jesus. 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-072-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-072-3">1-57003-072-3</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%203:31–35&version=nrsv">Mark 3:31–35</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:56&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:56</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:40&version=nrsv">Mark 15:40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:12–26&version=nrsv">Acts 1:12–26</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/blog/pentecost-and-the-blessed-virgin-mary">"Pentecost and the Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of the Church"</a>. NCR. 23 May 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCR&rft.atitle=Pentecost+and+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary%2C+Mother+of+the+Church&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Fblog%2Fpentecost-and-the-blessed-virgin-mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+12:1&version=dra;">kjv Revelation 12:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas" class="citation web cs1">Maas, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm">"The Blessed Virgin Mary"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010170332/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15464b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15464b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Stephen J. Shoemaker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199210749">Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005046/https://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199210749">Archived</a> 11 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, 2006); De Obitu S. Dominae as noted in; Holweck, F. (1907). The Feast of the Assumption. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. </li> <li id="cite_note-Munificentissimus-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Munificentissimus_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html">"Munificentissimus Deus on the Assumption"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904181017/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Munificentissimus+Deus+on+the+Assumption&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fpius_xii%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copticchurch.net/topics/thecopticchurch/church2-1.html#7minor">Coptic Church website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813074503/https://www.copticchurch.net/topics/thecopticchurch/church2-1.html#7minor">Archived</a> 13 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Accessed 2010/10/6. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-116"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_116-0">^</a> Ronald Brownrigg, Canon Brownrigg Who's Who in the New Testament 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26036-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26036-1">0-415-26036-1</a> p. T-62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2005-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2005_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Christian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA373">Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-089-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815164522/https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&pg=PA373">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%3A+A+Multicultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-089-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKqOUfqt4cIC%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Vuong, Lily C.: Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James, p. 171. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Seppälä, Serafim: Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa, pp. 40–41. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9525652871" title="Special:BookSources/978-9525652871">978-9525652871</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Seppälä, Serafim: Elämän äiti: Neitsyt Maria varhaiskristillisessä teologiassa, pp. 21–22. Helsinki: Maahenki, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Allison-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Allison_121-0">^</a> Allison, Dale C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&q=betrothal&pg=PA12">Matthew: A Shorter Commentary, p. 12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705121433/https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q=betrothal&f=false">Archived</a> 5 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08249-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08249-0">0-567-08249-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainer_Riesner1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Riesner" title="Rainer Riesner">Rainer Riesner</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mAqa7PYr4kC&q=Hippolytus+of+Thebes&pg=PA120">Paul's early period: chronology, mission strategy, theology</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802841667" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802841667"><bdi>978-0802841667</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230090849/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mAqa7PYr4kC&q=Hippolytus+of+Thebes&pg=PA120">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%27s+early+period%3A+chronology%2C+mission+strategy%2C+theology&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0802841667&rft.au=Rainer+Riesner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mAqa7PYr4kC%26q%3DHippolytus%2Bof%2BThebes%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxf-123"><a href="#cite_ref-oxf_123-0">^</a> The Oxford handbook of early Christian studies by Susan Ashbrook Harvey, David G. Hunter 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199271566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199271566">978-0199271566</a> p. 527 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> The reception and interpretation of the Bible in late antiquity by Lorenzo DiTommaso, Lucian Turcescu 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004167153" title="Special:BookSources/9004167153">9004167153</a> p. 507 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sally2009-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Sally2009_125-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary">Maximus's Mary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530230802/https://commonwealmagazine.org/maximus%E2%80%99s-mary">Archived</a> 30 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Sally Cuneen, Commonweal Magazine, 4 December 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Makdisi2000-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi2000_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi2000_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi2000_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi2000_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makdisi2000_126-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2000" class="citation book cs1">Makdisi, Ussama (2000). The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. University of California Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520218468" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520218468"><bdi>978-0520218468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Sectarianism%3A+Community%2C+History%2C+and+Violence+in+Nineteenth-Century+Ottoman+Lebanon&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0520218468&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Ussama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrankFlinn-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrankFlinn_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrankFlinn_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrankFlinn_127-2">c</a> Flinn, Frank K., J. Gordon MeltonEncyclopedia of Catholicism. 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5455-X">0-8160-5455-X</a> pp. 443–444 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroedel81-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel81_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel81_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel81_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel81_128-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel81_128-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel81_128-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel81_128-6">g</a> Schroedel, Jenny The Everything Mary Book, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59337-713-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59337-713-4">1-59337-713-4</a> pp. 81–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Miegge, Giovanni, <a href="/wiki/The_Virgin_Mary_(book)" title="The Virgin Mary (book)">The Virgin Mary: Roman Catholic Marian Doctrine</a>, pp. 15–22, Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahlbusch-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahlbusch_130-1">b</a> Fahlbusch, Erwin, et al. The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6">90-04-12654-6</a> pp. 403–409 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions by Wendy Doniger, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2">0-87779-044-2</a> p. 696 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en.html">"Encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zenit.org/article-23246?l=english">the original</a> on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Urges+Devotion+to+Rosary+and+Scapular&rft.pub=Zenit.org&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Farticle-23246%3Fl%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Handbook of Prayers by James Socías 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-579-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-579-1">0-87973-579-1</a> p. 483 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2416-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2416-1">0-8028-2416-1</a> p. 575 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Leo_XIII" class="citation web cs1">Pope Leo XIII. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_22091891_octobri-mense_en.html">"Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary"</a>. Octobri Mense. Vatican. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021237/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_22091891_octobri-mense_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Octobri+Mense&rft.atitle=Encyclical+of+Pope+Leo+XIII+on+the+Rosary&rft.au=Pope+Leo+XIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fleo_xiii%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_l-xiii_enc_22091891_octobri-mense_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> A Beginner's Book of Prayer: An Introduction to Traditional Catholic Prayers by William G. Storey 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8294-2792-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8294-2792-9">0-8294-2792-9</a> p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball365-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Ball365_144-0">^</a> Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac by Matthew Bunson 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-441-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-441-X">1-59276-441-X</a> p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> The Catholic Handbook for Visiting the Sick and Homebound by Corinna Laughlin, Sara McGinnis Lee 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-886-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-886-9">978-1-56854-886-9</a> p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Geoghegan. G.P. A Collection of My Favorite Prayers, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4116-9457-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4116-9457-0">1-4116-9457-0</a> pp. 31, 45, 70, 86, 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Mary, mother of the redemption by Edward Schillebeeckx 1964 <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003KW30VG">B003KW30VG</a> pp. 82–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Mary in the Redemption by Adrienne von Speyr 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-955-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-955-5">0-89870-955-5</a> pp. 2–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Salvation Through Mary by Henry Aloysius Barry 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4097-3172-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4097-3172-3">1-4097-3172-3</a> pp. 13–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> The mystery of Mary by Paul Haffner 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-650-0">0-85244-650-0</a> p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html">"Redemptoris Mater at the Vatican website"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101165341/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redemptoris+Mater+at+the+Vatican+website&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurkeMariology-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BurkeMariology_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurkeMariology_153-1">b</a> Mark Miravalle, Raymond L. Burke; (2008). Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4">978-1-57918-355-4</a> p. xxi </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/blog/the-assumption-presumption-and-the-dormition-tradition">"The Assumption Presumption and the Dormition Tradition"</a>. National Catholic Register. 15 August 2019. 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Introduction to Mary. 1993 Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatewood" class="citation web cs1">Gatewood, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://credomag.com/2023/11/should-evangelicals-call-mary-the-mother-of-god/">"Should Evangelicals Call Mary the "Mother of God"? - Credo Magazine"</a>. credomag.com/. Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=credomag.com%2F&rft.atitle=Should+Evangelicals+Call+Mary+the+%22Mother+of+God%22%3F+-+Credo+Magazine&rft.aulast=Gatewood&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcredomag.com%2F2023%2F11%2Fshould-evangelicals-call-mary-the-mother-of-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Miravalle, Mark Introduction to Mary, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a>, pp. 44–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-159"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_159-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075467/Virgin-Birth#181858">Virgin Birth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303125658/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075467/Virgin-Birth#181858">Archived</a> 3 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" britannica.com. Retrieved 22 October 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Translation by the ecumenical <a href="/wiki/English_Language_Liturgical_Consultation" title="English Language Liturgical Consultation">English Language Liturgical Consultation</a>, given on p. 17 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201315/https://www.englishtexts.org/praying.pdf">Praying Together</a>, a literal translation of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.xii.xiii.html">original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501042331/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.xii.xiii.html">Archived</a> 1 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "σαρκωθέντα ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς Παρθένου", accessed 11 September 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%207:14&version=nrsv">Isaiah 7:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:18&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:18</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%201:25&version=nrsv">Matthew 1:25</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:34&version=nrsv">Luke 1:34</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miravalle56-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miravalle56_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miravalle56_163-1">b</a> Miravalle, Mark Introduction to Mary, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a>, pp. 56–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07674d.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Immaculate Conception"</a>. Newadvent.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205062347/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07674d.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Immaculate+Conception&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07674d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Ware, Timothy. The Orthodox Church (Penguin Books, 1963, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020592-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020592-6">0-14-020592-6</a>), pp. 263–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1K.HTM#:~:text=499%20">Paragraph 499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=Paragraph+499&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-McNally168-167"><a href="#cite_ref-McNally168_167-0">^</a> McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6">1-4415-1051-6</a> pp. 168–169 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dragas-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dragas_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dragas_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dragas_168-2">c</a> Ecclesiasticus II: Orthodox Icons, Saints, Feasts and Prayer by George Dion Dragas 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9745618-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9745618-0-0">0-9745618-0-0</a> pp. 81–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> The Everything Mary Book by Jenny Schroedel 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59337-713-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59337-713-4">1-59337-713-4</a> p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Vasilaka, Maria Images of the Mother of God: perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3603-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3603-8">0-7546-3603-8</a> p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgakov-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulgakov_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulgakov_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulgakov_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulgakov_171-3">d</a> The Orthodox Church by Serge? Nikolaevich Bulgakov 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-051-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-051-9">0-88141-051-9</a> p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/titles.htm">"Orthodox Holiness: The Titles Of The Saints"</a>. www.orthodoxengland.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114061835/https://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/titles.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021. 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"In theophania". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0329-0390__Gregorius_Nazianzenus__In_theophania__EN.pdf.html">Documenta Catholica Omnia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812151055/https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0329-0390__Gregorius_Nazianzenus__In_theophania__EN.pdf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+theophania&rft.btitle=Documenta+Catholica+Omnia&rft.au=Gregorius+Nazianzenus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.documentacatholicaomnia.eu%2F04z%2Fz_0329-0390__Gregorius_Nazianzenus__In_theophania__EN.pdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wybrew-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Wybrew_174-0">^</a> Wybrew, Hugh Orthodox feasts of Jesus Christ & the Virgin Mary: liturgical texts 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-203-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-203-1">0-88141-203-1</a> pp. 37–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Damascene, John. Homily 2 on the Dormition 14; p. 96, 741 B </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Damascene, John. Homily 2 on the Dormition 16; p. 96, 744 D </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:42&version=nrsv">Luke 1:42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeislerMacKenzie1995" class="citation cs2">Geisler, Norman L.; MacKenzie, Ralph E. (1995), Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: agreements and differences, Baker Publishing, p. 143, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3875-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-3875-4"><bdi>978-0-8010-3875-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholics+and+Evangelicals%3A+agreements+and+differences&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-3875-4&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> White, James (1998). Mary – Another Redeemer?. Bethany House Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barth_Karl_pages_143-144-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Barth_Karl_pages_143-144_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarth2004" class="citation cs2">Barth, Karl (2004), Church dogmatics, vol. 1, A&C Black, pp. 143–144, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05069-4"><bdi>978-0-567-05069-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+dogmatics&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-05069-4&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Lehmann, H., ed. Luther's Works, American edition, vol. 43, p. 40, Fortress, 1968. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1993" class="citation cs2">Lee (1993), Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison, Lulu.com, p. 249, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3"><bdi>978-0-615-16635-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic%2C+Lutheran%2C+Protestant%3A+a+doctrinal+comparison&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-615-16635-3&rft.au=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Commentary on a Harmony of the Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, 1845, Jean Calvin, Rev. William Pringle, Edinburgh, Volume 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sH49AAAAYAAJ&q=%22highest+honour+on+Mary%22&pg=PA87">p. 87 quote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208145816/https://books.google.com/books?id=sH49AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q=%22highest%20honour%20on%20Mary%22&f=false">Archived</a> 8 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> "Neque etiam negari potest, quin Deus Mariam Filio suo matrem eligens ac destinans summo eam honore dignatus sit." Calvin's Opera, vol. 45 (<a href="/wiki/Corpus_Reformatorum" title="Corpus Reformatorum">Corpus Reformatorum</a>, vol. 73), p. 348. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ioanniscalvinio09calvgoog/page/n183">no preview</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim2004" class="citation cs2">McKim, Donald K (2004), The Cambridge companion to John Calvin, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01672-8"><bdi>978-0-521-01672-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+John+Calvin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01672-8&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffner2004" class="citation cs2">Haffner, Paul (2004), The mystery of Mary, Gracewing, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-650-8"><bdi>978-0-85244-650-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mystery+of+Mary&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Gracewing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-650-8&rft.aulast=Haffner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Williams, Paul (2007). pp. 238, 251, quote: "Where Anglican writers discuss the doctrine of the Assumption, it is either rejected or held to be of the adiaphora." </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Milton, Anthony Catholic and Reformed 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89329-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89329-1">0-521-89329-1</a> p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Braaten-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braaten_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braaten_190-1">b</a> Braaten, Carl, et al. Mary, Mother of God 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2266-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2266-5">0-8028-2266-5</a> p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Burnham, Andrew A Pocket Manual of Anglo-Catholic Devotion 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85311-530-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85311-530-4">1-85311-530-4</a> pp. 1, 266, 310, 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Duckworth, Penelope, Mary: The Imagination of Her Heart 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56101-260-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56101-260-2">1-56101-260-2</a> pp. 3–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Church of England yearbook: Volume 123 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7151-1020-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7151-1020-9">0-7151-1020-9</a> p. 315 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Perrier, Jacques, Lourdes Today and Tomorrow 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565483057" title="Special:BookSources/1565483057">1565483057</a> p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Mary: grace and hope in Christ: the Seattle statement of the Anglican-Roman Catholics by the Anglican/Roman Catholic International Group 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8155-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8155-8">0-8264-8155-8</a> pp. 7–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Bäumer, Remigius. Marienlexikon Gesamtausgabe, Leo Scheffczyk, ed., (Regensburg: Institutum Marianum, 1994), 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroedel-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Schroedel_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroedel2006" class="citation cs2">Schroedel, Jenny (2006), The Everything Mary Book, Adams Media, pp. 125–126, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-713-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-713-7"><bdi>978-1-59337-713-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Mary+Book&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59337-713-7&rft.aulast=Schroedel&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1993" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Gregory Lee (1993), Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison, Lulu.com, p. 249, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3"><bdi>978-0-615-16635-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic%2C+Lutheran%2C+Protestant%3A+a+doctrinal+comparison&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-615-16635-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Gregory+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Bäumer, 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaffner2004" class="citation cs2">Haffner, Paul (2004), The mystery of Mary, Gracewing, p. 223, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-650-8"><bdi>978-0-85244-650-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mystery+of+Mary&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Gracewing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-650-8&rft.aulast=Haffner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Bäumer, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonnaMatrainiMarinella2009" class="citation book cs1">Colonna, Vittoria; Matraini, Chiara; Marinella, Lucrezia (2009). Who Is Mary?. University of Chicago Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-11400-2"><bdi>978-0-226-11400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+Mary%3F&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-11400-2&rft.aulast=Colonna&rft.aufirst=Vittoria&rft.au=Matraini%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Marinella%2C+Lucrezia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_W._Gritsch1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_W._Gritsch" title="Eric W. Gritsch">Eric W. Gritsch</a> (1992). H. George Anderson; J. Francis Stafford; Joseph A. Burgess (eds.). The One Mediator, The Saints and Mary, Lutherans and Roman Catholic in Dialogue. Vol. VII. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+One+Mediator%2C+The+Saints+and+Mary%2C+Lutherans+and+Roman+Catholic+in+Dialogue&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Eric+W.+Gritsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Luther's Works, 47, pp. 45f. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue VIII, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClairvaux1476" class="citation book cs1">Clairvaux, Saint Bernard de (1476). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9HQwAACAAJ&q=%22Missus+est+Angelus+gabriel%22+bernard">Homiliae S. Bernardi super evangelio: "Missus est angelus Gabriel" – saint Bernard de Clairvaux – Google Boeken</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211244/https://books.google.com/books?id=tA9HQwAACAAJ&q=%22Missus+est+Angelus+gabriel%22+bernard">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homiliae+S.+Bernardi+super+evangelio%3A+%22Missus+est+angelus+Gabriel%22+%E2%80%93+saint+Bernard+de+Clairvaux+%E2%80%93+Google+Boeken&rft.date=1476&rft.aulast=Clairvaux&rft.aufirst=Saint+Bernard+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtA9HQwAACAAJ%26q%3D%2522Missus%2Best%2BAngelus%2Bgabriel%2522%2Bbernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobersteinLehmann1959" class="citation cs2">Doberstein, John W.; Lehmann, Helmut T., eds. (1959) [1546], "Sermon on the Second Sunday after Epiphany", Sermons I, Luther's Works, vol. 51, Fortress Press, p. 375, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0351-9"><bdi>978-0-8006-0351-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+on+the+Second+Sunday+after+Epiphany&rft.btitle=Sermons+I&rft.series=Luther%27s+Works&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-0351-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dr. Martin Luthers Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe, vol. 51, Weimar, 1883, p. 128</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Martin+Luthers+Werke%2C+Kritische+Gesamtausgabe&rft.place=Weimar&rft.pages=128&rft.date=1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523163135/https://anglolutherancatholic.org/laypeople/more-faq/">"More FAQ"</a>. The Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anglolutherancatholic.org/laypeople/more-faq/">the original</a> on 23 May 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+FAQ&rft.pub=The+Anglo-Lutheran+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanglolutherancatholic.org%2Flaypeople%2Fmore-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1431">"What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Immaculate Conception and the Virgin Birth?"</a>. Archives.umc.org. 6 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729023105/https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1431">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+The+United+Methodist+Church+teach+about+the+Immaculate+Conception+and+the+Virgin+Birth%3F&rft.pub=Archives.umc.org&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D1%26mid%3D1431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105150155/https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleys-letters-1749/">Wesley's Letters</a>, The Wesley Center Online, 1749, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-letters-of-john-wesley/wesleyrsquos-letters-1749">the original</a> on 5 November 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wesley%27s+Letters&rft.pub=The+Wesley+Center+Online&rft.date=1749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fjohn-wesley%2Fthe-letters-of-john-wesley%2Fwesleyrsquos-letters-1749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidmacd.com-212"><a href="#cite_ref-davidmacd.com_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825160944/https://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/mary_perpetual_virgin.htm">"Mary's Perpetual Virginity"</a>. Davidmacd.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidmacd.com/catholic/mary_perpetual_virgin.htm">the original</a> on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mary%27s+Perpetual+Virginity&rft.pub=Davidmacd.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidmacd.com%2Fcatholic%2Fmary_perpetual_virgin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1430">"What does The United Methodist Church teach about the Virgin Mary?"</a>. Archives.umc.org. 6 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120701112647/https://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1430">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+The+United+Methodist+Church+teach+about+the+Virgin+Mary%3F&rft.pub=Archives.umc.org&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D1%26mid%3D1430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianity.about.com/od/denominationscomparison/ss/comparebeliefs1_9.htm">"Comparing Christian Denominations – Beliefs: Nature of Mary"</a>. Christianity.about.com. 30 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404182522/https://christianity.about.com/od/denominationscomparison/ss/comparebeliefs1_9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparing+Christian+Denominations+%E2%80%93+Beliefs%3A+Nature+of+Mary&rft.pub=Christianity.about.com&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.about.com%2Fod%2Fdenominationscomparison%2Fss%2Fcomparebeliefs1_9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepp2009" class="citation web cs1">Stepp, Todd (23 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://christianityfaq.com/methodists-pray-mary/">"Theotokos; Mary, Mother of God"</a>. Wesleyan/Anglican Society. <q>We Protestants (for the most part) tend to say something to the affect [sic] that, if it is not found in Scripture it is not held to be required as an article of faith. Thus, the assumption of Mary would not be held as an article of faith (i.e., as a required doctrine). However, in as much as the Scripture does not say that Mary was not assumed into heaven, and, in as much as we do have other instances of some sort of "assumption" in Scripture (e.g., Elijah, as mentioned, before), there seems to be nothing that would require that a Protestant Christian could not have a private "opinion" (in the Wesleyan sense of the term) that agrees with Rome or Constantinople (at least regarding Mary's assumption).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theotokos%3B+Mary%2C+Mother+of+God&rft.pub=Wesleyan%2FAnglican+Society&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.aulast=Stepp&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchristianityfaq.com%2Fmethodists-pray-mary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America 2006 p. 73 Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft: "Jehovah's Witnesses pray to God in the name of Jesus, but insist that the Bible never identifies Christ as an eternal ... Jehovah God caused an ovum, or egg cell, in Mary's womb to become fertile, accomplishing this by the transferral of." </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColton1992" class="citation cs2">Colton, Eleanor (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4311">"Virgin Birth"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>, vol. 4, New York1: Macmillan Publishing Co., p. 1510, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702201133/https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4311">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017, retrieved 14 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virgin+Birth&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York1&rft.pages=1510&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Colton&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/1_Nephi#11:13" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/1 Nephi">1 Nephi 11:13–20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_(1981)/Alma#7:10" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Mormon (1981)/Alma">Alma 7:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOM-220"><a href="#cite_ref-EOM_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFronk1992" class="citation cs2">Fronk, Camille (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3906">"Mary, Mother of Jesus"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>, vol. 2, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., pp. 863–864, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702194002/https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/3906">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017, retrieved 10 June 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary%2C+Mother+of+Jesus&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=863-864&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Fronk&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F3906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Christian mortalism from Tyndale to Milton Norman T. Burns – 1972 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman culture: Volume 3 – p. 369 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hezser" title="Catherine Hezser">Catherine Hezser</a> – 2002 The Mother of the Messiah in the Talmud Yerushalmi and <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Zerubbabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Zerubbabel">Sefer Zerubbabel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Himmelfarb" title="Martha Himmelfarb">Martha Himmelfarb</a> "Through the centuries the Virgin Mary has played a central role in Christian piety. Unlike so many aspects of Christianity, veneration of the…" </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Peter Schäfer, Mirror of His beauty: feminine images of God from the Bible to the early Kabbalah. 2002, p. 233: "On the one hand, it mockingly disapproves of the idea of the mother of God; on the other hand, it treats Mary considerately and by no means only polemically. The talmudic and post-talmudic discussions about the Virgin Mary are classic…" </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence WmB Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a> pp. 122, 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Michael J. Cook Jewish Perspectives on Jesus Chapter 14 in "The Blackwell Companion to Jesus" edited by Delbert Burkett 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2794-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2794-6">978-1-4443-2794-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remensnyder2014-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Remensnyder2014_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Remensnyder2014_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_G._Remensnyder2014" class="citation book cs1">Amy G. Remensnyder (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4EfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">La Conquistadora: The Virgin Mary at War and Peace in the Old and New Worlds</a>. OUP US. pp. 138–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989300-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989300-3"><bdi>978-0-19-989300-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211601/https://books.google.com/books?id=D4EfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Conquistadora%3A+The+Virgin+Mary+at+War+and+Peace+in+the+Old+and+New+Worlds&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=OUP+US&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989300-3&rft.au=Amy+G.+Remensnyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4EfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voorst2000-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Voorst2000_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Van_Voorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Robert Van Voorst (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC&pg=PA122">Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 122–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4368-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-4368-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818200857/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwzliMSRGGkC&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pages=122-&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4368-5&rft.au=Robert+Van+Voorst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlwzliMSRGGkC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Mary in the New Testament by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Edward_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Edward Brown">Raymond Edward Brown</a>, et al. 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9">0-8091-2168-9</a> p. 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence WmB Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9">0-8028-4368-9</a> p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-Glasse-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glasse_230-1">b</a> The new encyclopedia of Islam by Cyril Glassé, Huston Smith 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6">0-7591-0190-6</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&q=maryam+%22mother+of+Jesus%22&pg=PA296">296 sayyidatuna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705123338/https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q=maryam%20%22mother%20of%20Jesus%22&f=false">Archived</a> 5 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qaim2007-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Qaim2007_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQa'im2007" class="citation book cs1">Qa'im, Mahdi Muntazir (2007). Jesus Through the Qur'an and Shi'ite Narrations (bilingual ed.). Queens, New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1879402140" title="Special:BookSources/978-1879402140"><bdi>978-1879402140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Through+the+Qur%27an+and+Shi%27ite+Narrations&rft.place=Queens%2C+New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=bilingual&rft.pub=Tahrike+Tarsile+Qur%27an&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1879402140&rft.aulast=Qa%27im&rft.aufirst=Mahdi+Muntazir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=50&translations=20">23:50</a> -<a href="/wiki/Sahih_International" title="Sahih International">Sahih International</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|3|37|b=y-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|37|b=y_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|37|b=y_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|37|b=y_234-2">c</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=37">3:37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|3|42|b=y-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|42|b=y_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|42|b=y_235-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-qref|3|42|b=y_235-2">c</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=42&translations=20">3:42</a> -<a href="/wiki/Sahih_International" title="Sahih International">Sahih International</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=75">5:75</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=45">3:45</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Jomier, Jacques. The Bible and the Qur'an. 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-928-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-928-8">0-89870-928-8</a> p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Nazir-Ali, Michael. Islam, a Christian perspective. 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-24527-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-24527-7">0-664-24527-7</a> p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806044024/https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/marykran.htm">"The Virgin Mary In The Koran"</a>. EWTN.com. 13 April 1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/marykran.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN.com&rft.atitle=The+Virgin+Mary+In+The+Koran&rft.date=1978-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fmary%2Fmarykran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Jackson, Montell. Islam Revealed. 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59160-869-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59160-869-4">1-59160-869-4</a> p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=36">3:36</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Rodwell, J. M. The Koran. 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-559-13127-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-559-13127-5">0-559-13127-5</a> p. 505 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Akhtar, Shabbir.The Quran and the secular mind: a philosophy of Islam. 2007 p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Glassé, Cyril, Huston Smith. The new encyclopedia of Islam. 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6">0-7591-0190-6</a> p. 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Sarker, Abraham.Understand My Muslim People. 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59498-002-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59498-002-0">1-59498-002-0</a> p. 260 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkQfnwEACAAJ">no preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205618/https://books.google.com/books?id=xkQfnwEACAAJ&dq=isbn:1594980020">Archived</a> 17 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dana47-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dana47_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana47_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2008" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (2008). The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Michigan University press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9"><bdi>978-1-903900-36-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Michigan+University+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903900-36-9&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroHaddad2019" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Dane; Haddad, Nour Fara (2019). Peace Journeys: A New Direction in Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Research. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527543133" title="Special:BookSources/9781527543133"><bdi>9781527543133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Journeys%3A+A+New+Direction+in+Religious+Tourism+and+Pilgrimage+Research&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781527543133&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Dane&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Nour+Fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrehan2016" class="citation book cs1">Grehan, James (2016). Twilight of the Saints: Everyday Religion in Ottoman Syria and Palestine. Oxford University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190619145" title="Special:BookSources/9780190619145"><bdi>9780190619145</bdi></a>. <q>On Mt. Lebanon, so many Druze flocked to the shrine of the Virgin of the Mountain, located in the Shihabi administrative seat of Dayr al-Qamr, that it became known as the "Virgin of the Druze".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Saints%3A+Everyday+Religion+in+Ottoman+Syria+and+Palestine&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190619145&rft.aulast=Grehan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html">The Kitáb-i-Íqán Part One</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108183525/https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html">Archived</a> 8 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bahá'í Reference Library. Retrieved 10 September 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/promised-day-come/5#160284005">"The Promised Day Is Come | Bahá'í Reference Library"</a>. www.bahai.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807013812/https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/shoghi-effendi/promised-day-come/5#160284005">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bahai.org&rft.atitle=The+Promised+Day+Is+Come+%7C+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Reference+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahai.org%2Flibrary%2Fauthoritative-texts%2Fshoghi-effendi%2Fpromised-day-come%2F5%23160284005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog">God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says</a> (1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-446-54525-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2011. <q>god and sex.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex.+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=39&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-10&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsexwhatbi00coog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6">1-4415-1051-6</a> p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Cradle of redeeming love by John Saward 2002 Ignatius Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-886-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-886-9">0-89870-886-9</a> p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Mary in the New Testament by Raymond Edward Brown 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-2168-9">0-8091-2168-9</a> p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Ehrman, Bart Did Jesus Exist p. 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%201:45">John 1:45</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%206:42">John 6:42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman2008-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman2008_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lcrUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">Whose Word is It?: The Story Behind who Changed the New Testament and why</a>. A&C Black. pp. 158–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-314-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-314-4"><bdi>978-1-84706-314-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817223649/https://books.google.com/books?id=lcrUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whose+Word+is+It%3F%3A+The+Story+Behind+who+Changed+the+New+Testament+and+why&rft.pages=158-&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84706-314-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlcrUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman1999-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman1999_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm/page/96">96</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983943-8"><bdi>978-0-19-983943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pages=96-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983943-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusapocalyptic00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%201:3&version=nrsv">Romans 1:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog">God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says</a>. New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-446-54525-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex.+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsexwhatbi00coog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Bennett, Clinton, In search of Jesus 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-4916-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-4916-6">0-8264-4916-6</a> pp. 165–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> Also see: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Schaberg" title="Jane Schaberg">Schaberg, Jane</a>. Illegitimacy of Jesus: A Feminist Theological Interpretation of the Infancy Narratives (Biblical Seminar Series, No 28), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85075-533-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85075-533-7">1-85075-533-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Contra Celsum by Origen, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Henry Chadwick</a> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953) reprint 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29576-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29576-9">0-521-29576-9</a> p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> John Patrick The Apology of Origen in Reply to Celsus 1892 reprint 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-110-13388-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-110-13388-X">1-110-13388-X</a> pp. 22–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllert2002" class="citation book cs1">Allert, Craig D. (2002). Revelation, Truth, Canon and Interpretation: Studies in Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho. 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The Church at Prayer: The liturgy and time 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-1366-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-1366-7">0-8146-1366-7</a> p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> McNally, Terrence, What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6">1-4415-1051-6</a> p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Stefan Karwiese, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oeai.at%2Feng%2Fausland%2Fmarienk.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url">The Church of Holy Mary in Ephesos</a>, 2008 (phase 3) </li> <li id="cite_note-Initial-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Initial_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvner2016" class="citation book cs1">Avner, Rina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxWoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">"The Initial Tradition of the Theotokos at the Kathisma: Earliest Celebrations and the Calendar"</a>. In Leslie Brubaker; Mary B. Cunningham (eds.). The Cult of the Mother of God in Byzantium: Texts and Images. Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351891974" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351891974"><bdi>978-1351891974</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417204926/https://books.google.com/books?id=xxWoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84569-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84569-4"><bdi>978-1-108-84569-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Mary+in+Byzantium%2C+c.+400%E2%80%931000%3A+Hymns%2C+Homilies+and+Hagiography&rft.pages=211-212&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-108-84569-4&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Mary+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMGFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEphesus.us" class="citation web cs1">Ephesus.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/did_you_know_ephesus.htm">"Mysterious facts about Ephesus, Ephesus Turkey"</a>. www.ephesus.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034428/https://www.ephesus.us/ephesus/did_you_know_ephesus.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ephesus.us&rft.atitle=Mysterious+facts+about+Ephesus%2C+Ephesus+Turkey&rft.au=Ephesus.us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ephesus.us%2Fephesus%2Fdid_you_know_ephesus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/dw/virgin-mary-justinian-theotokus-theodora-kate-cooper/">"Virgin Mary – Justinian – Theotokus – Theodora – Kate Cooper – Divine Women"</a>. 18 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621072946/https://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/dw/virgin-mary-justinian-theotokus-theodora-kate-cooper/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virgin+Mary+%E2%80%93+Justinian+%E2%80%93+Theotokus+%E2%80%93+Theodora+%E2%80%93+Kate+Cooper+%E2%80%93+Divine+Women&rft.date=2015-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmymultiplesclerosis.co.uk%2Fdw%2Fvirgin-mary-justinian-theotokus-theodora-kate-cooper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing1931" class="citation web cs1">Laing, Gordon (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/survivalsofroman009154mbp/survivalsofroman009154mbp_djvu.txt">"Survivals of Roman Religion"</a>. Longmans, Green And Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survivals+of+Roman+Religion&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+And+Co.&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsurvivalsofroman009154mbp%2Fsurvivalsofroman009154mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2008" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, William E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hk1dZI5JYzEC&q=Gordon+Laing+Artemis+as+both+virgin+and+mother+at+the+grand+Ephesian+temple+contributed+to+the+veneration+of+Mary.&pg=PA46">Supernaturalism in Christianity: Its Growth and Cure</a>. Mercer University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881460940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881460940"><bdi>978-0881460940</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020143413/https://books.google.com/books?id=hk1dZI5JYzEC&q=Gordon+Laing+Artemis+as+both+virgin+and+mother+at+the+grand+Ephesian+temple+contributed+to+the+veneration+of+Mary.&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supernaturalism+in+Christianity%3A+Its+Growth+and+Cure&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0881460940&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhk1dZI5JYzEC%26q%3DGordon%2BLaing%2BArtemis%2Bas%2Bboth%2Bvirgin%2Band%2Bmother%2Bat%2Bthe%2Bgrand%2BEphesian%2Btemple%2Bcontributed%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bveneration%2Bof%2BMary.%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Toronto Star article – In December 2010, Catherine Lawless of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Limerick" title="University of Limerick">University of Limerick</a> stated that by analyzing 15th century Florentine manuscripts, she had concluded that 'Ismeria' was the maternal grandmother of Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/905109--is-this-the-real-identity-of-jesus-s-great-grandmother?bn=1">Toronto Star Dec 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053558/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/905109--is-this-the-real-identity-of-jesus-s-great-grandmother?bn=1">Archived</a> 14 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.discovery.com/history/jesus-great-grandmother.html">Discovery News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118154014/https://news.discovery.com/history/jesus-great-grandmother.html">Archived</a> 18 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMâle1978" class="citation book cs1">Mâle, Emile (1978). Religious Art in France: The Twelfth Century. Translated by Mathews, Marthiel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Art+in+France%3A+The+Twelfth+Century&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=M%C3%A2le&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1976" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Marina (1976). Alone of All her Sex: The Myth and the Cult of the Virgin Mary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone+of+All+her+Sex%3A+The+Myth+and+the+Cult+of+the+Virgin+Mary&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1996" class="citation book cs1">Pelikan, Jaroslav (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marythroughcentu00peli">Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300069518" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300069518"><bdi>978-0300069518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Through+the+Centuries%3A+Her+Place+in+the+History+of+Culture&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0300069518&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarythroughcentu00peli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Miravalle, Mark. Introduction to Mary. 1993 Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> The Orthodox word, Volumes 12–13, 1976 p. 73 </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Trigilio, John and Brighenti, Kenneth The Catholicism Answer Book 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4022-0806-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4022-0806-5">1-4022-0806-5</a> p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> The History of the Christian Church by Philip Smith 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-150-72245-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-150-72245-2">1-150-72245-2</a> p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> The Celebration of Faith: The Virgin Mary by Alexander Schmemann 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-141-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-141-8">0-88141-141-8</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sls53hUSodgC">11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705120656/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sls53hUSodgC">Archived</a> 5 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> De Sherbinin, Julie Chekhov and Russian religious culture: the poetics of the Marian paradigm 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-1404-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8101-1404-6">0-8101-1404-6</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w6qCCpYK1TsC&q=orthodox++venerated+icon&pg=PA15">15</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705123340/https://books.google.com/books?id=w6qCCpYK1TsC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20%20venerated%20icon&f=false">Archived</a> 5 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html">"Pope John Paul II, General Audience, 1997"</a>. Vatican.va. 29 October 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303020028/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1997/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+John+Paul+II%2C+General+Audience%2C+1997&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=1997-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Faudiences%2F1997%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_aud_29101997_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Kilmartin Edward The Eucharist in the West 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-6204-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-6204-8">0-8146-6204-8</a> p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Ciaravino, Helene How to Pray 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7570-0012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7570-0012-6">0-7570-0012-6</a> p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams, Rowan</a> Ponder these things: praying with icons of the Virgin 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85311-362-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85311-362-X">1-85311-362-X</a> p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:22–40&version=nrsv">Luke 2:22–40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaryClayton-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaryClayton_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaryClayton_310-1">b</a> Clayton, Mary. The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England. 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53115-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53115-2">0-521-53115-2</a> pp. 26–37 </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/olislam.htm">Our Lady and Islam: Heaven's Peace Plan – EWTN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023223846/https://www.ewtn.com/library/mary/olislam.htm">Archived</a> 23 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> by Butler, Alban, Peter Doyle. Butler's Lives of the Saints. 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-253-0">0-86012-253-0</a> p. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Jackson, Gregory Lee, Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison. 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3">978-0-615-16635-3</a> p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1543" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin, John</a> (1543). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32136/32136-pdf.pdf">A Treatise on Relics</a> (PDF). Project Gutenberg EBook. pp. 184–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Relics&rft.pages=184-187&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg+EBook&rft.date=1543&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F32136%2F32136-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican-315"><a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20041003_emmerick_en.html">"Anna Katharina Emmerick (1774–1824), biography"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040909222047/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20041003_emmerick_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2004. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anna+Katharina+Emmerick+%281774%E2%80%931824%29%2C+biography&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fliturgy%2Fsaints%2Fns_lit_doc_20041003_emmerick_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Emmerich, Anna Catherine: The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-210-5">978-0-89555-210-5</a> p. viii </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Frommer's Turkey by Lynn A. Levine 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470593660" title="Special:BookSources/0470593660">0470593660</a> pp. 254–255 </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Home of the Assumption: Reconstructing Mary's Life in Ephesus by V. Antony John Alaharasan 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1929039387" title="Special:BookSources/1929039387">1929039387</a> p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> The Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Mary's Dormition and Assumption by Stephen J. Shoemaker 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199210748" title="Special:BookSources/0199210748">0199210748</a> p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Mary's House by Donald Carroll (20 April 2000) Veritas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0953818802" title="Special:BookSources/0953818802">0953818802</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:27&version=nrsv">John 19:27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Based on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:20–24&version=nrsv">John 21:20–24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Adversus haereses</a> III,1,1; <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, Church History, III,1 </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 July 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706013025/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Tomb+of+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1912-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14774a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugeares-325"><a href="#cite_ref-Kugeares_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugeares1991" class="citation book cs1">Kugeares, Sophia Manoulian (1991). Images Of The Annunciation Of The Virgin Mary Of The 13th, 14th And 15th Century.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+Of+The+Annunciation+Of+The+Virgin+Mary+Of+The+13th%2C+14th+And+15th+Century&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kugeares&rft.aufirst=Sophia+Manoulian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> de Bles, Arthur. How to Distinguish the Saints in Art by Their Costumes, Symbols and Attributes, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-0870-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-0870-X">1-4179-0870-X</a> p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Jameson, Anna. Legends of the Madonna: as represented in the fine arts. 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4286-3499-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4286-3499-1">1-4286-3499-1</a> p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> Chojnacki, Stanisław. 1977. "Note on the Early Imagery of the Virgin Mary in Ethiopia."  Ethnologische Zeitschrift 3:5-41. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelcher2023" class="citation web cs1">Belcher, Wendy (6 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pemm.princeton.edu/research/research-and-lessons/16">"The African Library of Paintings of the Virgin Mary"</a>. Princeton Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Egyptian Miracles of Mary (PEMM) project. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Ethiopian%2C+Eritrean%2C+and+Egyptian+Miracles+of+Mary+%28PEMM%29+project&rft.atitle=The+African+Library+of+Paintings+of+the+Virgin+Mary&rft.date=2023-10-06&rft.aulast=Belcher&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpemm.princeton.edu%2Fresearch%2Fresearch-and-lessons%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Brown, Jeremy, Mehari Worku, Dawit Muluneh, and Evgeniia Lambrinaki. 2023. "The Ethiopian Stories about the Miracles of the Virgin Mary (Täˀammərä Maryam)." In Ethiopia at the Crossroads: Exhibition Catalogue, edited by Christine Sciacca. Baltimore, MD: Walters Art Museum. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1986" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, R. M. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt7bAAAAMAAJ">Trick cinematography: the Oscar special-effects movies</a>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="McFarland Publishing">McFarland Publishing</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899501574" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899501574"><bdi>978-0899501574</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212641/https://books.google.com/books?id=zt7bAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trick+cinematography%3A+the+Oscar+special-effects+movies&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=McFarland+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0899501574&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt7bAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray, Nicholas</a> (10 September 1993). Rey, Susan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iwasinterruptedn00rayn">I Was Interrupted: Nicholas Ray on Making Movies</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iwasinterruptedn00rayn/page/230">230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520916678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520916678"><bdi>978-0520916678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Was+Interrupted%3A+Nicholas+Ray+on+Making+Movies&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0520916678&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fiwasinterruptedn00rayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerRuetherCantlon2006" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA1012">Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 1012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253346872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253346872"><bdi>978-0253346872</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212637/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA1012">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Religion+in+North+America%3A+Native+American+creation+stories&rft.pages=1012&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0253346872&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Skinner&rft.au=Ruether%2C+Rosemary+Radford&rft.au=Cantlon%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPILfbtT5tQC%26pg%3DPA1012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation news cs1">Nicholson, Amy (1 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/01/olivia-hussey-romeo-and-juliet-film-franco-zeffirelli">"Olivia Hussey, star of Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet: 'I was wild'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guardian_News_%26_Media_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian News & Media Limited">Guardian News & Media Limited</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221032548/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/aug/01/olivia-hussey-romeo-and-juliet-film-franco-zeffirelli">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Olivia+Hussey%2C+star+of+Zeffirelli%27s+Romeo+and+Juliet%3A+%27I+was+wild%27&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2018%2Faug%2F01%2Folivia-hussey-romeo-and-juliet-film-franco-zeffirelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindlof2008" class="citation book cs1">Lindlof, Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blepPjQL9I0C&pg=PA57">Hollywood Under Siege: Martin Scorsese, the Religious Right, and the Culture Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813173160" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813173160"><bdi>978-0813173160</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417214201/https://books.google.com/books?id=blepPjQL9I0C&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Under+Siege%3A+Martin+Scorsese%2C+the+Religious+Right%2C+and+the+Culture+Wars&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0813173160&rft.aulast=Lindlof&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblepPjQL9I0C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_O%27Brien_(film_scholar)" title="Catherine O'Brien (film scholar)">O'Brien, Catherine</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GDnyI3GLMEC&pg=PA5">The Celluloid Madonna: From Scripture to Screen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906660284" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906660284"><bdi>978-1906660284</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818162347/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GDnyI3GLMEC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. 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Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iFilm&rft.atitle=%27Saint+Mary%27+female+lead+Shabnam+Gholikhani+talks+with+ifilm&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.ifilmtv.com%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2F6989%2Fsaint-mary-female-lead-shabnam-gholikhani-talks-with-ifilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2004" class="citation news cs1">Flynn, JD (6 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/599/actress-who-plays-mary-speaks-of-filming-the-passion">"Actress who plays Mary speaks of filming 'The Passion'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Agency" title="Catholic News Agency">Catholic News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072555/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/actress_who_plays_mary_speaks_of_filming_the_passion">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Actress+who+plays+Mary+speaks+of+filming+%27The+Passion%27&rft.date=2004-02-06&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.aufirst=JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F599%2Factress-who-plays-mary-speaks-of-filming-the-passion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Jason B. (7 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/What-race-was-Jesus-Color-of-the-Cross-puts-a-2547475.php">"What race was Jesus? 'Color of the Cross' puts a different face on the debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SFGate" title="SFGate">SFGate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Communications,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Hearst Communications, Inc.">Hearst Communications, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118175612/https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F11%2F07%2FDDG0VM628B1.DTL">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=What+race+was+Jesus%3F+%27Color+of+the+Cross%27+puts+a+different+face+on+the+debate.&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Jason+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2FWhat-race-was-Jesus-Color-of-the-Cross-puts-a-2547475.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2006" class="citation news cs1">Roach, Erin (30 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpnews.net/24487/nativity-story-actress-should-not-be-shunned-leaders-say">"'Nativity Story' actress should not be shunned, leaders say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Press" title="Baptist Press">Baptist Press</a> News. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727003526/https://www.bpnews.net/24487/nativity-story-actress-should-not-be-shunned-leaders-say">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baptist+Press+News&rft.atitle=%27Nativity+Story%27+actress+should+not+be+shunned%2C+leaders+say&rft.date=2006-11-30&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpnews.net%2F24487%2Fnativity-story-actress-should-not-be-shunned-leaders-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazat_Butt2007" class="citation web cs1">Riazat Butt (18 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105035856/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/18/religion.news">"TV airing for Islam's story of Christ"</a>. The Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/18/religion.news">the original</a> on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=TV+airing+for+Islam%27s+story+of+Christ&rft.date=2007-08-18&rft.au=Riazat+Butt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2007%2Faug%2F18%2Freligion.news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> Featured in <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> documentary. </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016032528/https://primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk/the-muslim-jesus-itv/">"The Muslim Jesus, ITV – Unreality Primetime"</a>. Primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk. 18 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk/the-muslim-jesus-itv/">the original</a> on 16 October 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Jesus%2C+ITV+%E2%80%93+Unreality+Primetime&rft.pub=Primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk&rft.date=2007-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprimetime.unrealitytv.co.uk%2Fthe-muslim-jesus-itv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwyn2014" class="citation web cs1">Goodwyn, Hannah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.cbn.com/roma-downey-and-diogo-morgado-faith-and-filming-son-god">"Roma Downey and Diogo Morgado on Faith and Filming Son of God"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Broadcasting_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The Christian Broadcasting Network">The Christian Broadcasting Network</a>, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501030350/https://www1.cbn.com/roma-downey-and-diogo-morgado-faith-and-filming-son-god">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Broadcasting+Network%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Roma+Downey+and+Diogo+Morgado+on+Faith+and+Filming+Son+of+God&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Goodwyn&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbn.com%2Froma-downey-and-diogo-morgado-faith-and-filming-son-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2018/03/14/news/mary-magdalene-attempts-to-wash-away-biblical-character-s-stains-of-ill-repute-1276541/">"Mary Magdalene attempts to wash away biblical character's stains of ill repute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish News">Irish News</a>. 14 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308053802/https://www.irishnews.com/arts/2018/03/14/news/mary-magdalene-attempts-to-wash-away-biblical-character-s-stains-of-ill-repute-1276541/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+News&rft.atitle=Mary+Magdalene+attempts+to+wash+away+biblical+character%27s+stains+of+ill+repute&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Farts%2F2018%2F03%2F14%2Fnews%2Fmary-magdalene-attempts-to-wash-away-biblical-character-s-stains-of-ill-repute-1276541%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorke2019" class="citation news cs1">Rorke, Robert (20 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2019/03/20/jesus-his-life-dispels-beliefs-about-christ-and-biblical-history/">"'Jesus: His Life' dispels beliefs about Christ and biblical history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NY_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="NY Post">NY Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417204333/https://nypost.com/2019/03/20/jesus-his-life-dispels-beliefs-about-christ-and-biblical-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Post&rft.atitle=%27Jesus%3A+His+Life%27+dispels+beliefs+about+Christ+and+biblical+history&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.aulast=Rorke&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2019%2F03%2F20%2Fjesus-his-life-dispels-beliefs-about-christ-and-biblical-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Brown, Raymond E., The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives of Matthew and Luke: New and Updated Edition, Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47202-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47202-1">0-385-47202-1</a></li> <li>Brown, Raymond, E., Donfried, Karl, P., Fitzmyer, Joseph A., & Reumann, John, (eds.), Mary in the New Testament, Fortress/Paulist Press, 1978, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1345-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1345-7">0-8006-1345-7</a></li> <li>Kugeares, Sophia Manoulian. Images of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary of the 13th, 14th and 15th Century. n.p.: 1991, University of South Florida Libraries Catalog. Web. 8 April 2016. Hahn, Scott, Hail, Holy Queen: The Mother of God in the Word of God, Doubleday, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50168-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50168-4">0-385-50168-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiguori1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori, Alphonsus</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecatholic2000.com/liguori/glories.shtml">The Glories of Mary, Mother of God. Translated from the Italian</a>. Dublin: John Coyne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glories+of+Mary%2C+Mother+of+God.+Translated+from+the+Italian&rft.pub=Dublin%3A+John+Coyne&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Liguori&rft.aufirst=Alphonsus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecatholic2000.com%2Fliguori%2Fglories.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_O%27Reilly_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard O'Reilly (historian) (page does not exist)">O'Reilly, Bernard</a> (1897). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Beautiful_pearls_of_Catholic_truth/Life_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary.">"Life of the Blessed Virgin Mary." </a>. Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth. Henry Sphar & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary.&rft.btitle=Beautiful+pearls+of+Catholic+truth&rft.pub=Henry+Sphar+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary%2C+mother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yale.edu/yup/">Yale University Press</a>, 1998, hardcover, 240 pp. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mary, mother of Jesus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="extiw" title="wikt:Virgin Mary">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="extiw" title="c:Virgin Mary">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" class="extiw" title="q:Mary, mother of Jesus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mary_of_Nazareth" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Mary of Nazareth">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Angel_oracle#8_Mother_Mary" class="extiw" title="v:Angel oracle">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mariologicalsociety.com/">Marilogical Society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017234855/https://campus.udayton.edu/mary/aboutmary2.html">University of Dayton – The Mary Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161110164434/https://www.churchfathers.org/category/mary-and-the-saints/mary-without-sin/">Church Fathers on the Sinless Nature of Mary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116120838/https://www.churchfathers.org/category/mary-and-the-saints/mary-ever-virgin/">Church Fathers on the Perpetual Virginity of Mary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christians.eu/mary/">Mary</a> (Biblical perspective)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p-vi_exh_19740202_marialis-cultus_en.html">Apostolic exhortation of Paul VI. Marialis Cultus</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Mary" title="Template talk:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Template talk:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nativity of Jesus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nativity_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/220px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/330px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/440px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Gifts" title="Biblical Magi">Gifts of the Magi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:18" title="Matthew 1:18">Matthew 1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:19" title="Matthew 1:19">Matthew 1:19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:20" title="Matthew 1:20">Matthew 1:20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:21" title="Matthew 1:21">Matthew 1:21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:22" title="Matthew 1:22">Matthew 1:22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:23" title="Matthew 1:23">Matthew 1:23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:24" title="Matthew 1:24">Matthew 1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1:25" title="Matthew 1:25">Matthew 1:25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:11" title="Matthew 2:11">Matthew 2:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_art" title="Category:Adoration of the Magi in art">In art</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">Luke 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manger" title="Manger">Manger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_dreams" title="Saint Joseph's dreams">Saint Joseph's dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">In art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_the_Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus">In film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batlejka" title="Batlejka">Batlejka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_village" title="Christmas village">Christmas village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus_theft" title="Baby Jesus theft">theft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Nativity play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertep_(Serbian)" title="Vertep (Serbian)">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Category:Nativity of Jesus in art">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (Billboard)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In modern society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and drink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man (Bethsaida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief ("Dismas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief ("Gestas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judaea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a> (1964 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a> (1971 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Mark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template talk:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Mark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_1" title="Mark 1">Mark 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_2" title="Mark 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4" title="Mark 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5" title="Mark 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7" title="Mark 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8" title="Mark 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_9" title="Mark 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11" title="Mark 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12" title="Mark 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14" title="Mark 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Parable of the Growing Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">Cleansing a leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment/Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_(biblical_figure)" title="Rufus (biblical figure)">Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmanutha" title="Dalmanutha">Dalmanutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis" title="Three-source hypothesis">three-source hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertextual_production_of_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Intertextual production of the Gospel of Mark">Intertextual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(attributed_to_Keiser)" title="St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)">St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion,_BWV_247" title="St Mark Passion, BWV 247">St Mark Passion, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n_seg%C3%BAn_San_Marcos_(Golijov)" title="La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)">La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(N._Matthes)" title="St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)">St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">Papyrus 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_88" title="Papyrus 88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_137" title="Papyrus 137">137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_2427" title="Minuscule 2427">Minuscule 2427 (forgery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5 (disputed)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Μάρκον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Marcus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Marcus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Mark">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Mark">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Mark">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Luke" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template talk:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Luke" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Luke chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_4" title="Luke 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_5" title="Luke 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_6" title="Luke 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_7" title="Luke 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_9" title="Luke 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_10" title="Luke 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_11" title="Luke 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_12" title="Luke 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_14" title="Luke 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_15" title="Luke 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_18" title="Luke 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_19" title="Luke 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_20" title="Luke 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22" title="Luke 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_23" title="Luke 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22:43%E2%80%9344" title="Luke 22:43–44">Luke 22:43–44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">and the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">John the Baptist's Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_the_cost" title="Counting the cost">Counting the cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wine_into_Old_Wineskins" title="New Wine into Old Wineskins">New Wine into Old Wineskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Unjust_Steward" title="Parable of the Unjust Steward">Parable of the Unjust Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_woes_of_Jesus" title="The four woes of Jesus">The four woes of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip (apostle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip (tetrarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilene (biblical)">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiizas:_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion,_BWV_246" title="St Luke Passion, BWV 246">St Luke Passion, BWV 246</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)">St Luke Passion</a> (Penderecki, 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a> (1979 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witness:_Five_Plays_from_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke">Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke</a> (2007, radio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Savior_(2014_film)" title="The Savior (2014 film)">The Savior</a> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_3" title="Papyrus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_7" title="Papyrus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_42" title="Papyrus 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_69" title="Papyrus 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_82" title="Papyrus 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_97" title="Papyrus 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Λουκάν">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Lucas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Lucas">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Luke">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Luke">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_John" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_John" title="Template talk:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_John" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of John chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">John 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Signs" title="Book of Signs">Book of Signs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_4" title="John 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_5" title="John 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_8" title="John 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_9" title="John 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_12" title="John 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Glory">Book of Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_13" title="John 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_15" title="John 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_16" title="John 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_17" title="John 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18" title="John 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_20" title="John 20">20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">Epilogue: 21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_verses" title="Category:Gospel of John verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:20" title="John 1:20">20</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:23" title="John 1:23">23</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:25" title="John 1:25">25</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:33" title="John 1:33">33</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:35" title="John 1:35">35</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:42" title="John 1:42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">3:16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">14:6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18:38" title="John 18:38">18:38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_20" title="Category:John 20">20:1–31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events (chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth" title="Healing the man blind from birth">Healing a blind man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Bethesda" title="Healing the paralytic at Bethesda">Healing a paralytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_royal_official%27s_son" title="Healing the royal official's son">Healing a sick son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Raising of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration of Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Feast of Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Commandment" title="New Commandment">"Love one another"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi,_scripsi" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi">Quod scripsi, scripsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_they_all_may_be_one" title="That they all may be one">That they all may be one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_truth_will_set_you_free" title="The truth will set you free">The truth will set you free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Ænon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well" title="Jacob's Well">Jacob's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Ego_eimi" title="Ego eimi">I AM</a>" sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)" title="I am (biblical term)">I am (biblical term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">Gate for the Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">Resurrectio et Vita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_John" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of John">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">Second Apocalypse of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_John_(Pillar_New_Testament_Commentary)" title="The Gospel According to John (Pillar New Testament Commentary)">Pillar New Testament Commentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a> (J. S. Bach, 1724) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_structure" title="St John Passion structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_discography" title="St John Passion discography">Discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passio_(P%C3%A4rt)" title="Passio (Pärt)">Passio</a> (Pärt, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)">The Gospel of John</a> (2003 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2014_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2014 film)">The Gospel of John</a> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_6" title="Papyrus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_22" title="Papyrus 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_28" title="Papyrus 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_36" title="Papyrus 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_39" title="Papyrus 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_55" title="Papyrus 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_59" title="Papyrus 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_60" title="Papyrus 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_63" title="Papyrus 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_66" title="Papyrus 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_76" title="Papyrus 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_80" title="Papyrus 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_93" title="Papyrus 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_95" title="Papyrus 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_106" title="Papyrus 106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_107" title="Papyrus 107">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_108" title="Papyrus 108">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_109" title="Papyrus 109">109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_119" title="Papyrus 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_120" title="Papyrus 120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_121" title="Papyrus 121">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_122" title="Papyrus 122">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_128" title="Papyrus 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ιωάννην">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/John">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/John">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/John">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Symbols_of_Georgia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Symbols_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Symbols of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Symbols_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Symbols of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Symbols of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Symbols_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symbols of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Georgia (country)">Coat of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="text=none"><img alt="text=none" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/225px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/300px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="485" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew the Apostle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virgin Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetri_Giorgi" title="Tetri Giorgi">Tetri Giorgi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crosses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Cross">Cross of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">Cross of Saint Nino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Cross of Bolnisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">Grapevine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a> </li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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