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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Childhood and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_Carthage,_Rome,_and_Milan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_Carthage,_Rome,_and_Milan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Move to Carthage, Rome, and Milan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_Carthage,_Rome,_and_Milan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Christianity_and_priesthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Christianity_and_priesthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Conversion to Christianity and priesthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Christianity_and_priesthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_sainthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_sainthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Death and sainthood </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_sainthood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death and sainthood subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_sainthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Relics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_and_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_and_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Views and thought </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_and_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views and thought subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views_and_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Christian anthropology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Ecclesiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Eschatology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Mariology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_knowledge_and_biblical_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_knowledge_and_biblical_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Natural knowledge and biblical interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_knowledge_and_biblical_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.7 Original sin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predestination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predestination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.8 Predestination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predestination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacramental_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacramental_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.9 Sacramental theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacramental_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Astrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Epistemology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Just_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Just_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Just war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Just_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Free will </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology,_morals_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology,_morals_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Sociology, morals and ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology,_morals_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Natural law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality_and_the_sexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality_and_the_sexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Sexuality and the sexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality_and_the_sexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedagogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedagogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Pedagogy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedagogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coercion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coercion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 Coercion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coercion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6.1 The context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6.2 The theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 In philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 In theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oratorio,_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oratorio,_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Oratorio, music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oratorio,_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 In popular art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_Augustine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Augustine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Works by Augustine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Augustine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biography_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Biography and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Augustine of Hippo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" > 152 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_van_Hippo" title="Augustinus van Hippo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Augustinus van Hippo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_von_Hippo" title="Augustinus von Hippo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Augustinus von Hippo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95" title="ኦግስቲን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦግስቲን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أوغسطينوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوغسطينوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Agost%C3%ADn_d%27Hipona" title="Sant Agostín d'Hipona – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sant Agostín d'Hipona" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_d%27Hipona" title="Agustín d'Hipona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agustín d'Hipona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangatu_Agust%C3%ADn" title="Marangatu Agustín – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marangatu Agustín" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avqustin_Avreli" title="Avqustin Avreli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avqustin Avreli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آقوستین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آقوستین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8" title="আউরেলিয়ুস আউগুস্তিনুস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আউরেলিয়ুস আউগুস্তিনুস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippo_%C3%AA_Augustinus" title="Hippo ê Augustinus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hippo ê Augustinus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Аўгусцін Аўрэлій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўгусцін Аўрэлій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Аўгустын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўгустын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Августин Блажени – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Августин Блажени" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_vo_Hippo" title="Augustinus vo Hippo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Augustinus vo Hippo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="སན་ཏོ་ཨོའོ་ཀོའོ་སེ་ཐིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སན་ཏོ་ཨོའོ་ཀོའོ་སེ་ཐིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelije_Augustin" title="Aurelije Augustin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aurelije Augustin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosten_Hippo" title="Eosten Hippo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eosten Hippo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%AD_d%27Hipona" title="Agustí d'Hipona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agustí d'Hipona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_sa_Hipona" title="Agustin sa Hipona – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Agustin sa Hipona" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Augustin" title="Svatý Augustin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Augustin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstin_o_Hippo" title="Awstin o Hippo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awstin o Hippo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin" title="Augustin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Augustin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_von_Hippo" title="Augustinus von Hippo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augustinus von Hippo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αυγουστίνος Ιππώνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυγουστίνος Ιππώνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Августин Уцяскав – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Августин Уцяскав" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Hipona" title="Agustín de Hipona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agustín de Hipona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADgusteno_de_Hipono" title="Aŭgusteno de Hipono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭgusteno de Hipono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Hipona" title="Agustín de Hipona – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Agustín de Hipona" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_Hiponakoa" title="Agustin Hiponakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Agustin Hiponakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آگوستین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگوستین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Augustine of Hippo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelius_Augustin" title="Aurelius Augustin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aurelius Augustin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_d%27Hippone" title="Augustin d'Hippone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Augustin d'Hippone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh_Agaist%C3%ADn" title="Naomh Agaistín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naomh Agaistín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomh_Augustine_%C3%A0_Hippo" title="Naomh Augustine à Hippo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Naomh Augustine à Hippo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agosti%C3%B1o_de_Hipona" title="Agostiño de Hipona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Agostiño de Hipona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="सेंट ऑगस्टीन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सेंट ऑगस्टीन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="아우구스티누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아우구스티누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_na_Hippo" title="Augustine na Hippo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Augustine na Hippo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Օգոստինոս Երանելի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օգոստինոս Երանելի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="हिप्पो का ऍगस्टीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिप्पो का ऍगस्टीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Augustin" title="Sveti Augustin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Augustin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Augustinus" title="Santa Augustinus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santa Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_nke_Hippo" title="Augustine nke Hippo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Augustine nke Hippo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_ti_Hipona" title="Agustin ti Hipona – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Agustin ti Hipona" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustinus_dari_Hippo" title="Agustinus dari Hippo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agustinus dari Hippo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustino_de_Hippona" title="Augustino de Hippona – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Augustino de Hippona" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81g%C3%BAst%C3%ADnus" title="Ágústínus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ágústínus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_d%27Ippona" title="Agostino d'Ippona – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agostino d'Ippona" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אוגוסטינוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגוסטינוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_saka_Hippo" title="Augustinus saka Hippo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Augustinus saka Hippo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Hippon_t%CA%8B" title="Augustin Hippon tʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Augustin Hippon tʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟೀನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇಂಟ್ ಆಗಸ್ಟೀನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_ning_Hippo" title="Augustine ning Hippo – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Augustine ning Hippo" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ნეტარი ავგუსტინე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეტარი ავგუსტინე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_a_Hippo" title="Augustine a Hippo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Augustine a Hippo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusitini" title="Agusitini – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Agusitini" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_wa_Hippo" title="Agostino wa Hippo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Agostino wa Hippo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%C3%AEnus" title="Augustînus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Augustînus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_Hipponensis" title="Augustinus Hipponensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augustinus Hipponensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93tais_August%C4%ABns" title="Svētais Augustīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētais Augustīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelius_Augustinus" title="Aurelius Augustinus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aurelius Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Augustinas" title="Šv. Augustinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Augustinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustinus_Hippo" title="Agustinus Hippo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Agustinus Hippo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Aostin" title="Sant'Aostin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sant'Aostin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustino_de_Hipon" title="Augustino de Hipon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Augustino de Hipon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostin_de_Ipona" title="Agostin de Ipona – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Agostin de Ipona" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipp%C3%B3i_Szent_%C3%81goston" title="Hippói Szent Ágoston – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hippói Szent Ágoston" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Свети Августин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свети Августин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aogostino_avy_any_Hip%C3%B4na" title="Aogostino avy any Hipôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aogostino avy any Hipôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹിപ്പോയിലെ അഗസ്തീനോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിപ്പോയിലെ അഗസ്തീനോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santu_Wistin" title="Santu Wistin – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Santu Wistin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="हिप्पोचा ऑगस्टीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिप्पोचा ऑगस्टीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ნეტარი ავგუსტინე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნეტარი ავგუსტინე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أوغسطينوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="أوغسطينوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustinus_dari_Hippo" title="Agustinus dari Hippo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agustinus dari Hippo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustinus_dari_Hippo" title="Agustinus dari Hippo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Agustinus dari Hippo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_de_Hipona" title="Agostino de Hipona – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Agostino de Hipona" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Амгалан Августин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амгалан Августин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A9%E1%80%82%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စိန့်ဩဂတ်စတင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိန့်ဩဂတ်စတင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_itech_Hipona" title="Agustin itech Hipona – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Agustin itech Hipona" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_van_Hippo" title="Augustinus van Hippo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augustinus van Hippo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="アウグスティヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウグスティヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_av_Hippo" title="Augustin av Hippo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Augustin av Hippo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_av_Hippo" title="Augustin av Hippo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Augustin av Hippo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82og%C3%BBtin_d%27Hippoune" title="Âogûtin d'Hippoune – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Âogûtin d'Hippoune" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_d%27Ip%C3%B2na" title="Agustin d'Ipòna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Agustin d'Ipòna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgustin_Avreliy" title="Avgustin Avreliy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avgustin Avreliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੰਤ ਅਗਸਤੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਤ ਅਗਸਤੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_na_Hippo" title="Augustine na Hippo – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Augustine na Hippo" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آگسٹین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آگسٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_di_Hipona" title="Agustin di Hipona – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Agustin di Hipona" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88_%D8%A2%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="د هیپو آګوستین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هیپو آګوستین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F_%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%BC" title="អាអ៊ូហ្គូស្ធីនូស នៃ ហុីបផូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាអ៊ូហ្គូស្ធីនូស នៃ ហុីបផូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustin" title="Saint Augustin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Saint Augustin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_d%27Ipon-a" title="Agustin d'Ipon-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Agustin d'Ipon-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustyn_z_Hippony" title="Augustyn z Hippony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Augustyn z Hippony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostinho_de_Hipona" title="Agostinho de Hipona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agostinho de Hipona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_de_Hipona" title="Augustin de Hipona – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Augustin de Hipona" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_da_Hippo" title="Augustinus da Hippo – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Augustinus da Hippo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_(santu)" title="Agustín (santu) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Agustín (santu)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Святый Августин – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Святый Августин" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austinu_de_Ippona" title="Austinu de Ippona – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Austinu de Ippona" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostini" title="Agostini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Agostini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Austinu" title="Sant'Austinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sant'Austinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Augustine of Hippo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%C3%ADn_z_Hippa" title="Augustín z Hippa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Augustín z Hippa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgu%C5%A1tin_iz_Hipona" title="Avguštin iz Hipona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avguštin iz Hipona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئۆگەستین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆگەستین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Августин Хипонски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Августин Хипонски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin" title="Augustin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Augustin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_ng_Hipona" title="Agustin ng Hipona – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agustin ng Hipona" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹிப்போவின் அகஸ்டீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹிப்போவின் அகஸ்டீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urilyus_Ugu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADinus" title="Urilyus Uguṣṭinus – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Urilyus Uguṣṭinus" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerram_Augustin_(Saint_Augustin)" title="Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелий Августин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аврелий Августин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B" title="ออกัสตินแห่งฮิปโป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออกัสตินแห่งฮิปโป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Августин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Августин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus" title="Augustinus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Augustinus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Аврелій Августин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аврелій Августин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آگسٹین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آگسٹین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Agostin_(Santo)" title="Sant'Agostin (Santo) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sant'Agostin (Santo)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrelii_Avgustin" title="Avrelii Avgustin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Avrelii Avgustin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin%C3%B4_th%C3%A0nh_Hippo" title="Augustinô thành Hippo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Augustinô thành Hippo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinus_Hipponensis" title="Augustinus Hipponensis – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Augustinus Hipponensis" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Ogust%C3%A9n" title="Sint Ogustén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sint Ogustén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A5%A7%E6%80%9D%E5%AE%9A" title="聖奧思定 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聖奧思定" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin_han_Hipona" title="Agustin han Hipona – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Agustin han Hipona" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E4%B8%AA%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="希波个奥古斯丁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="希波个奥古斯丁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אויגוסטינוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויגוסטינוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_ar%C3%A1_H%C3%ADpp%C3%B2" title="Augustine ará Híppò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Augustine ará Híppò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="奧古斯丁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧古斯丁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Augost%C4%97ns" title="Šv. Augostėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šv. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian theologian and philosopher (354–430)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Augustine", "Saint Augustine", and "Augustinus" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Augustine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Augustine (disambiguation)">Augustine (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Augustine (disambiguation)">Saint Augustine (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustinus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Augustinus (disambiguation)">Augustinus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Augustine of Hippo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg/230px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg/345px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg/460px-Saint_Augustine_by_Philippe_de_Champaigne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="4000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Saint Augustin by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a>, c. 1645</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hippo_Regius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Hippo Regius">Bishop of Hippo Regius</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Aurelius Augustinus 13 November 354 <a href="/wiki/Thagaste" title="Thagaste">Thagaste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numidia_Cirtensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Numidia Cirtensis">Numidia Cirtensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 430 (aged 75) <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a>, Numidia Cirtensis, <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">All <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> which <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of saints">venerate saints</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>28 August (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>)</li> <li>15 June (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>)</li> <li>4 November (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">Crozier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>, young child, book, small church, flaming or pierced heart<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer (publisher)">Printers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologians">Theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">Philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">Sore eyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">Bridgeport, Connecticut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/San_Agustin,_Isabela" title="San Agustin, Isabela">San Agustin, Isabela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mendez,_Cavite" title="Mendez, Cavite">Mendez, Cavite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanza" title="Tanza">Tanza, Cavite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baliwag" title="Baliwag">Baliwag, Bulacan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iba,_Zambales" title="Iba, Zambales">Iba, Zambales</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Christian_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="On Christian Doctrine">On Christian Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">On the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">The City of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Paul Orosius</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyenPrior201466-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prosper_of_Aquitaine" title="Prosper of Aquitaine">Prosper of Aquitaine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Christian anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski2010-2">[2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Roman_Catholic" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Absence_of_good" title="Absence of good">Absence of good</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">Concupiscence</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenblatt2017-5">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_character" title="Sacramental character">Sacramental character</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1908-6">[6]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian values">Augustinian values</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsmeraldan.d.-8">[8]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin2006-9">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/You_are_Christ" title="You are Christ">You are Christ</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Solvitur_ambulando" title="Solvitur ambulando">Solvitur ambulando</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffington2013-12">[12]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroic virtue</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm1910-13">[13]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenson2006-14">[14]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Genesis as an allegory</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Theocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentricism">Theocentricism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemacopoulosPapanikolaou2008271-17">[17]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Limbo_of_Infants" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbo of Infants">Limbo</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> Ordination history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">391</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecrated by</th><td class="infobox-data">Megalius</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">395</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source(s):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907a-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table>Augustine of Hippo (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːˈɡʌstɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">aw-GUST-in</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɔːɡəstiːn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">AW-gə-steen</a>;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells200054-23">[23]</a> also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> origin and the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman North Africa">Roman North Africa</a>. His writings deeply influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, and he is viewed as one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church Fathers">Church Fathers of the Latin Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Patristic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic Period">Patristic Period</a>. His many important works include <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="De Doctrina Christiana">On Christian Doctrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a>. According to his contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridon</a>, Augustine "established anew the ancient Faith".<a href="#cite_note-25">[a]</a> In his youth he was drawn to the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean faith</a>, and later to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>. After his conversion to Christianity and baptism in 386, Augustine developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeSelle2002343-24">[24]</a> Believing the <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace of Christ</a> was indispensable to human freedom, he helped formulate the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and made significant contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war theory</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> began to disintegrate, Augustine imagined the Church as a spiritual <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem#Christianity" title="New Jerusalem">City of God</a>, distinct from the material Earthly City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1992-26">[25]</a> The segment of the Church that adhered to the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Council of Constantinople</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilken2003291-27">[26]</a> closely identified with Augustine's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">On the Trinity</a>. Augustine is recognized as a saint in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran churches</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. He is also a preeminent Catholic <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> and the patron of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>. His memorial is celebrated on 28 August, the day of his death. Augustine is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of brewers, printers, theologians, and a number of cities and dioceses.<a href="#cite_note-KnoYrSaint-28">[27]</a> His thoughts profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. Many <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, consider him one of the theological fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> due to his teachings on <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHägglund2007139–140-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález1987-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-St._Augustine_of_Hippo-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a> generally, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in particular, held Augustine in preeminence among early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. From 1505 to 1521, Luther was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Augustinian_Eremites" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Augustinian Eremites">Order of the Augustinian Eremites</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">East</a>, his teachings are more disputed and were notably attacked by <a href="/wiki/John_Romanides" title="John Romanides">John Romanides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> but other theologians and figures of the Eastern Orthodox Church have shown significant approbation of his writings, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Georges_Florovsky" title="Georges Florovsky">Georges Florovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The most controversial doctrine associated with him, the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">filioque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rev._Dr.-34">[33]</a> was rejected by the Eastern Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski201053–67-35">[34]</a> Other disputed teachings include his views on original sin, the doctrine of grace, and <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rev._Dr.-34">[33]</a> Though considered to be mistaken on some points, he is still considered a saint and has influenced some Eastern Church Fathers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox churches</a>, his feast day is celebrated on 15 June.<a href="#cite_note-Rev._Dr.-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> has written: "Augustine's impact on Western Christian thought can hardly be overstated; only his beloved example, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul of Tarsus</a>, has been more influential, and Westerners have generally seen Paul through Augustine's eyes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2010319-38">[37]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> Augustine of Hippo, also known as Saint Augustine or Saint Austin,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> is known by various <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomens</a> throughout the many denominations of the Christian world, including Blessed Augustine and the Doctor of Grace<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907a-20">[20]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Doctor gratiae). <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a>, where Augustine was the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, was in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick200126-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOakes2008183-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7_Nicolo_di_Pietro._1413-15._The_Saint_Augustine_Taken_to_School_by_Saint_Monica._Pinacoteca,_Vatican..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/7_Nicolo_di_Pietro._1413-15._The_Saint_Augustine_Taken_to_School_by_Saint_Monica._Pinacoteca%2C_Vatican..jpg/260px-7_Nicolo_di_Pietro._1413-15._The_Saint_Augustine_Taken_to_School_by_Saint_Monica._Pinacoteca%2C_Vatican..jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/7_Nicolo_di_Pietro._1413-15._The_Saint_Augustine_Taken_to_School_by_Saint_Monica._Pinacoteca%2C_Vatican..jpg/390px-7_Nicolo_di_Pietro._1413-15._The_Saint_Augustine_Taken_to_School_by_Saint_Monica._Pinacoteca%2C_Vatican..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/7_Nicolo_di_Pietro._1413-15._The_Saint_Augustine_Taken_to_School_by_Saint_Monica._Pinacoteca%2C_Vatican..jpg/520px-7_Nicolo_di_Pietro._1413-15._The_Saint_Augustine_Taken_to_School_by_Saint_Monica._Pinacoteca%2C_Vatican..jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>Saint Augustine Taken to School by Saint Monica, by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_di_Pietro" title="Niccolò di Pietro">Niccolò di Pietro</a>, 1413–15</figcaption></figure> Augustine was born in 354 in the <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thagaste" title="Thagaste">Thagaste</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras" title="Souk Ahras">Souk Ahras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Roman province of Numidia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagill2003172-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201739-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayapalan200151-46">[45]</a> His mother, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Monica" title="Saint Monica">Monica</a> or Monnica,<a href="#cite_note-47">[b]</a> was a devout Christian; his father Patricius was a <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> who converted to Christianity on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> He had a brother named Navigius and a sister whose name is lost but is conventionally remembered as <a href="/wiki/%27Perpetua%27_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="'Perpetua' of Hippo">Perpetua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986-49">[47]</a> Scholars generally agree that Augustine and his family were <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, an ethnic group indigenous to North Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith199024-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> but were heavily Romanized, speaking only Latin at home as a matter of pride and dignity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51-50">[48]</a> In his writings, Augustine leaves some information as to the consciousness of his African heritage, at least geographically and perhaps ethnically. For example, he refers to <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> as "the most notorious of us Africans,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> to Ponticianus as "a country man of ours, insofar as being African,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Mileve" title="Faustus of Mileve">Faustus of Mileve</a> as "an African <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentleman</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> Augustine's family name, Aurelius, suggests his father's ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Liberti" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberti">freedmen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelia (gens)">gens Aurelia</a> given full Roman citizenship by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Caracalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Caracalla">Edict of Caracalla</a> in 212. Augustine's family had been Roman, from a legal standpoint, for at least a century when he was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel20025-56">[54]</a> It is assumed that his mother, Monica, was of Berber origin, on the basis of her name,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower1999353–354-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettFentress199671,_293-58">[56]</a> but as his family were <a href="/wiki/Decurion_(administrative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decurion (administrative)">honestiores</a>, an upper class of citizens known as honorable men, Augustine's first language was likely Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower1999353–354-57">[55]</a> At the age of 11, Augustine was sent to school at Madaurus (now <a href="/wiki/M%27Daourouch" title="M'Daourouch">M'Daourouch</a>), a small Numidian city about 31 kilometres (19 miles) south of Thagaste. There he became familiar with <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>, as well as pagan beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowlesPenkett2004Ch._2-59">[57]</a> His first insight into the nature of sin occurred when he and a number of friends stole pears from a neighbourhood garden. He tells this story in his autobiography, Confessions. He realises that the pears were "tempting neither for its colour nor its flavour" - he was neither hungry nor poor, and he had enough of fruit which were "much better". Over the next few chapters, Augustine agonises over this past sin of his, recognising that one does not desire evil for evil's sake. Rather, "through an inordinate preference for these goods of a lower kind, the better and higher are neglected".<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> In other words, man is drawn to sin when grossly choosing the lesser good over a greater good. Eventually, Augustine concludes that it was the good of the "companionship" between him and his accomplices that allowed him to delight in this theft.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> At the age of 17, through the generosity of his fellow citizen Romanianus,<a href="#cite_note-EA-62">[60]</a> Augustine went to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> to continue his education in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, though it was above the financial means of his family.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-63">[61]</a> Despite the good warnings of his mother, as a youth Augustine lived a <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonistic</a> lifestyle for a time, associating with young men who boasted of their sexual exploits. The need to gain their acceptance encouraged inexperienced boys like Augustine to seek or make up stories about sexual experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FLNZ1-64">[62]</a> Despite multiple claims to the contrary, it has been suggested that Augustine's actual sexual experiences were likely with members of the opposite sex only.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> It was while he was a student in Carthage that he read <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> <a href="/wiki/Hortensius_(Cicero)" title="Hortensius (Cicero)">Hortensius</a> (now lost), which he described as leaving a lasting impression, enkindling in his heart the love of wisdom and a great thirst for truth. It started his interest in philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Although raised Christian, Augustine became a <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a>, much to his mother's chagrin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1911-67">[65]</a> At about the age of 17, Augustine began a relationship with a young woman in Carthage. Though his mother wanted him to marry a person of his class, the woman remained his lover. He was warned by his mother to avoid fornication (sex outside marriage), but Augustine persisted in the relationship<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke-Heinemann1990-68">[66]</a> for over fifteen years,<a href="#cite_note-utne.com-69">[67]</a> and the woman gave birth to his son Adeodatus (372–388), which means "Gift from God",<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> who was viewed as extremely intelligent by his contemporaries. In 385, Augustine ended his relationship with his lover in order to prepare to marry a teenage heiress. By the time he was able to marry her, however, he had decided to become a Christian priest and the marriage did not happen.<a href="#cite_note-utne.com-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200063-71">[69]</a> Augustine was, from the beginning, a brilliant student, with an eager intellectual curiosity, but he never mastered Greek<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell2005-72">[70]</a> – his first Greek teacher was a brutal man who constantly beat his students, and Augustine rebelled and refused to study. By the time he realized he needed to know Greek, it was too late; and although he acquired a smattering of the language, he was never eloquent with it. He did, however, become a master of Latin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_to_Carthage,_Rome,_and_Milan">Move to Carthage, Rome, and Milan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_Lateran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Augustine_Lateran.jpg/220px-Augustine_Lateran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Augustine_Lateran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The earliest known portrait of Augustine in a 6th-century fresco, Lateran, Rome</figcaption></figure> Augustine taught grammar at Thagaste during 373 and 374. The following year he moved to Carthage to conduct a school of rhetoric and remained there for the next nine years.<a href="#cite_note-EA-62">[60]</a> Disturbed by unruly students in Carthage, he moved to establish a school in Rome, where he believed the best and brightest rhetoricians practised, in 383. However, Augustine was disappointed with the apathetic reception. It was the custom for students to pay their fees to the professor on the last day of the term, and many students attended faithfully all term, and then did not pay. Manichaean friends introduced him to the prefect of the City of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a>, who had been asked by the imperial court at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907a-20">[20]</a> to provide a rhetoric professor. Augustine won the job and headed north to take his position in Milan in late 384. Thirty years old, he had won the most visible academic position in the Latin world at a time when such posts gave ready access to political careers. Although Augustine spent ten years as a Manichaean, he was never an initiate or "elect", but an "auditor", the lowest level in this religion's hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907a-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick200114-73">[71]</a> While still at Carthage a disappointing meeting with the Manichaean bishop, <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Mileve" title="Faustus of Mileve">Faustus of Mileve</a>, a key exponent of Manichaean theology, started Augustine's scepticism of Manichaeanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907a-20">[20]</a> In Rome, he reportedly turned away from Manichaeanism, embracing the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_scepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical scepticism">scepticism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Academy">New Academy</a> movement. Because of his education, Augustine had great rhetorical prowess and was very knowledgeable of the philosophies behind many faiths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishlanskyGearyO'Brien2005142–143-74">[72]</a> At Milan, his mother's religiosity, Augustine's own studies in <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, and his friend <a href="/wiki/Simplician" title="Simplician">Simplicianus</a> all urged him towards Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-EA-62">[60]</a> This was shortly after the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> declared Christianity to be the only legitimate religion for the Roman Empire on 27 February 380 by the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999689–690-75">[73]</a> and then issued a decree of death for all Manichaean monks in 382. Initially, Augustine was not strongly influenced by Christianity and its ideologies, but after coming in contact with <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> of Milan, Augustine reevaluated himself and was forever changed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg/170px-Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg/255px-Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg/340px-Saint_Augustine_and_Saint_Monica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Saint Augustine and his mother, Saint Monica (1846) by <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a></figcaption></figure> Augustine arrived in Milan and visited Ambrose, having heard of his reputation as an orator. Like Augustine, Ambrose was a master of rhetoric, but older and more experienced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2010163-76">[74]</a> Soon, their relationship grew, as Augustine wrote, "And I began to love him, of course, not at the first as a teacher of the truth, for I had entirely despaired of finding that in thy Church—but as a friendly man."<a href="#cite_note-Augustine:_Account_of_His_Own_Conversion-77">[75]</a> Augustine was very much influenced by Ambrose, even more than by his own mother and others he admired. In his Confessions, Augustine states, "That man of God received me as a father would, and welcomed my coming as a good bishop should."<a href="#cite_note-Augustine:_Account_of_His_Own_Conversion-77">[75]</a> Ambrose adopted Augustine as a spiritual son after the death of Augustine's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201890-78">[76]</a> Augustine's mother had followed him to Milan and arranged a respectable marriage for him. Although Augustine acquiesced, he had to dismiss his concubine and grieved for having forsaken his lover. He wrote, "My mistress being torn from my side as an impediment to my marriage, my heart, which clave to her, was racked, and wounded, and bleeding." Augustine confessed he had not been a lover of wedlock so much as a slave of lust, so he procured another concubine since he had to wait two years until his fiancée came of age. However, his emotional wound was not healed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> It was during this period that he uttered his famously insincere prayer, "Grant me <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">continence</a>, but not yet."<a href="#cite_note-FLNZ2-80">[78]</a> There is evidence Augustine may have considered this former relationship to be equivalent to marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrus20111–20-81">[79]</a> In his Confessions, he admitted the experience eventually produced a decreased sensitivity to pain. Augustine eventually broke off his engagement to his eleven-year-old fiancée but never renewed his relationship with either of his concubines. <a href="/wiki/Alypius_of_Thagaste" title="Alypius of Thagaste">Alypius of Thagaste</a> steered Augustine away from marriage, saying they could not live a life together in the love of wisdom if he married. Augustine looked back years later on the life at <a href="/wiki/Cassago_Brianza" title="Cassago Brianza">Cassiciacum</a>, a villa outside of Milan where he gathered with his followers, and described it as Christianae vitae otium – the leisure of Christian life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1999208-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Christianity_and_priesthood">Conversion to Christianity and priesthood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_angelico_-_conversion_de_saint_augustin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fra_angelico_-_conversion_de_saint_augustin.jpg/260px-Fra_angelico_-_conversion_de_saint_augustin.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fra_angelico_-_conversion_de_saint_augustin.jpg/390px-Fra_angelico_-_conversion_de_saint_augustin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Fra_angelico_-_conversion_de_saint_augustin.jpg/520px-Fra_angelico_-_conversion_de_saint_augustin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>The Conversion of St. Augustine by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a></figcaption></figure> In late August of 386,<a href="#cite_note-83">[c]</a> at the age of 31, having heard of Ponticianus's and his friends' first reading of the life of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony of the Desert</a>, Augustine converted to Christianity. As Augustine later told it, his conversion was prompted by hearing a child's voice say "take up and read" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: tolle, lege). Resorting to the <a href="/wiki/Sortes_biblicae" title="Sortes biblicae">sortes biblicae</a>, he opened a book of St. Paul's writings (codex apostoli, 8.12.29) at random and read Romans 13: 13–14: "Not in rioting and drunkenness, not in chambering and wantonness, not in strife and envying, but put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh to fulfil the lusts thereof."<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> He later wrote an account of his conversion in his <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Confessiones), which has since become a classic of Christian theology and a key text in the history of <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>. This work is an outpouring of thanksgiving and penitence. Although it is written as an account of his life, the Confessions also talks about the nature of time, causality, free will, and other important philosophical topics.<a href="#cite_note-justus.anglican.org-85">[82]</a> The following is taken from that work: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Belatedly I loved thee, O Beauty so ancient and so new, belatedly I loved thee. For see, thou wast within and I was without, and I sought thee out there. Unlovely, I rushed heedlessly among the lovely things thou hast made. Thou wast with me, but I was not with thee. These things kept me far from thee; even though they were not at all unless they were in thee. Thou didst call and cry aloud, and didst force open my deafness. Thou didst gleam and shine, and didst chase away my blindness. Thou didst breathe fragrant odours and I drew in my breath; and now I pant for thee. I tasted, and now I hunger and thirst. Thou didst touch me, and I burned for thy peace.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascanio_Luciano_%E2%80%93_Capriccio_with_the_vision_of_St._Augustine_in_a_ruined_arcade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ascanio_Luciano_%E2%80%93_Capriccio_with_the_vision_of_St._Augustine_in_a_ruined_arcade.jpg/260px-Ascanio_Luciano_%E2%80%93_Capriccio_with_the_vision_of_St._Augustine_in_a_ruined_arcade.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ascanio_Luciano_%E2%80%93_Capriccio_with_the_vision_of_St._Augustine_in_a_ruined_arcade.jpg/390px-Ascanio_Luciano_%E2%80%93_Capriccio_with_the_vision_of_St._Augustine_in_a_ruined_arcade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ascanio_Luciano_%E2%80%93_Capriccio_with_the_vision_of_St._Augustine_in_a_ruined_arcade.jpg/520px-Ascanio_Luciano_%E2%80%93_Capriccio_with_the_vision_of_St._Augustine_in_a_ruined_arcade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>The vision of St. Augustine by <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Luciano" title="Ascanio Luciano">Ascanio Luciano</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> baptized Augustine and his son Adeodatus, in Milan on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a>, 24–25 April 387.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2000117-87">[84]</a> A year later, in 388, Augustine completed his <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">apology</a> On the Holiness of the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907a-20">[20]</a> That year, also, Adeodatus and Augustine returned home to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-EA-62">[60]</a> Augustine's mother <a href="/wiki/Saint_Monica" title="Saint Monica">Monica</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a>, Italy, as they prepared to embark for Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1911-67">[65]</a> Upon their arrival, they began a life of aristocratic leisure at Augustine's family's property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossidius20083.1-88">[85]</a> Soon after, Adeodatus, too, died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA'Becket1907-89">[86]</a> Augustine then sold his patrimony and gave the money to the poor. He only kept the family house, which he converted into a <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> foundation for himself and a group of friends.<a href="#cite_note-EA-62">[60]</a> Furthermore, while he was known for his major contributions to Christian rhetoric, another major contribution was his preaching style.<a href="#cite_note-:4-90">[87]</a> After converting to Christianity, Augustine turned against his profession as a rhetoric professor in order to devote more time to preaching.<a href="#cite_note-:1-91">[88]</a> In 391 Augustine was <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> (now Annaba), in Algeria. He was especially interested in discovering how his previous rhetorical training in Italian schools would help the Christian Church achieve its objective of discovering and teaching the different scriptures in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> He became a famous <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preacher</a> (more than 350 preserved sermons are believed to be authentic), and was noted for combating the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean religion</a>, to which he had formerly adhered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907a-20">[20]</a> He preached around 6,000 to 10,000 sermons when he was alive; however, there are only around 500 sermons that are accessible today.<a href="#cite_note-:2-93">[90]</a> When Augustine preached his sermons, they were recorded by stenographers.<a href="#cite_note-:4-90">[87]</a> Some of his sermons would last over one hour and he would preach multiple times throughout a given week.<a href="#cite_note-:2-93">[90]</a> When talking to his audience, he would stand on an elevated platform; however, he would walk towards the audience during his sermons.<a href="#cite_note-:2-93">[90]</a> When he was preaching, he used a variety of rhetorical devices that included <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogies</a>, word pictures, <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">similes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(rhetorical_device)" title="Repetition (rhetorical device)">repetition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">antithesis</a> when trying to explain more about the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-:2-93">[90]</a> In addition, he used questions and rhymes when talking about the differences between people's life on Earth and Heaven as seen in one of his sermons that was preached in 412 AD.<a href="#cite_note-:3-94">[91]</a> Augustine believed that the preachers' ultimate goal is to ensure the salvation of their audience.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In 395, he was made <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Coadjutor Bishop">coadjutor Bishop</a> of Hippo and became full Bishop shortly thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2000-96">[93]</a> hence the name "Augustine of Hippo"; and he gave his property to the church of Thagaste.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> He remained in that position until his death in 430. Bishops were the only individuals allowed to preach when he was alive and he scheduled time to preach after being ordained despite a busy schedule made up of preparing sermons and preaching at other churches besides his own.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> When serving as the Bishop of Hippo, his goal was to minister to individuals in his congregation and he would choose the passages that the church planned to read every week.<a href="#cite_note-:42-99">[96]</a> As bishop, he believed that it was his job to interpret the work of the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-:42-99">[96]</a> He wrote his autobiographical <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a> in 397–398. His work The City of God was written to console his fellow Christians shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> had <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sacked Rome in 410</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Augustine worked tirelessly to convince the people of Hippo to convert to Christianity. Though he had left his monastery, he continued to lead a monastic life in the episcopal residence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907b-101">[98]</a> Much of Augustine's later life was recorded by his friend <a href="/wiki/Possidius" title="Possidius">Possidius</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Calama</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a>, Algeria), in his Sancti Augustini Vita. During this latter part of Augustine's life, he helped lead a large community of Christians against different political and religious factors which had a major influence on his writings.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Possidius admired Augustine as a man of powerful intellect and a stirring orator who took every opportunity to defend Christianity against its detractors. Possidius also described Augustine's personal traits in detail, drawing a portrait of a man who ate sparingly, worked tirelessly, despised gossip, shunned the temptations of the flesh, and exercised prudence in the financial stewardship of his see.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossidius2008-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_sainthood">Death and sainthood</h2></div> Shortly before Augustine's death, the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribe">Germanic tribe</a> that had converted to <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_conquest_of_Roman_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalic conquest of Roman Africa">invaded Roman Africa</a>. The Vandals besieged Hippo in the spring of 430 when Augustine entered his final illness. According to Possidius, one of the few miracles attributed to Augustine, the healing of an ill man, took place during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossidius200843-104">[101]</a> Augustine has been cited to have excommunicated himself upon the approach of his death in an act of public penance and solidarity with sinners.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Spending his final days in prayer and repentance, he requested the penitential <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David be hung on his walls so he could read them and upon which led him to "[weep] freely and constantly" according to Possidius' biography.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> He directed the library of the church in Hippo and all the books therein should be carefully preserved. He died on 28 August 430.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossidius200857-107">[104]</a> Shortly after his death, the Vandals lifted the siege of Hippo, but they returned soon after and burned the city. They destroyed all but Augustine's cathedral and library, which they left untouched. Augustine was <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> by popular acclaim, and later recognized as a Doctor of the Church in 1298 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOestreich1907-108">[105]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is 28 August, the day on which he died. He is considered the patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians, and a number of cities and dioceses. He is invoked against sore eyes.<a href="#cite_note-KnoYrSaint-28">[27]</a> Augustine is remembered in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">calendar of saints</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">lesser festival</a> on 28 August.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics">Relics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica-sant%27agostino-annaba03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basilica-sant%27agostino-annaba03.jpg/260px-Basilica-sant%27agostino-annaba03.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basilica-sant%27agostino-annaba03.jpg/390px-Basilica-sant%27agostino-annaba03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basilica-sant%27agostino-annaba03.jpg/520px-Basilica-sant%27agostino-annaba03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Augustine's arm bones, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin_Basilica" title="Saint Augustin Basilica">Saint Augustin Basilica</a>, Annaba, Algeria</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s True Martyrology, Augustine's body was later <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translated</a> or moved to <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, by the Catholic bishops expelled from North Africa by <a href="/wiki/Huneric" title="Huneric">Huneric</a>. Around 720, his remains were transported again by Peter, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Pavia">bishop of Pavia</a> and uncle of the Lombard king <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a>, to the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a> in Pavia, to save them from frequent coastal raids by <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>. In January 1327, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> issued the papal bull Veneranda Santorum Patrum, in which he appointed the Augustinians guardians of the tomb of Augustine (called Arca), which was remade in 1362 and elaborately carved with bas-reliefs of scenes from Augustine's life, created by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Balduccio" title="Giovanni di Balduccio">Giovanni di Balduccio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arca_di_S._Agostino_(1362),_Pavia,_S._Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arca_di_S._Agostino_%281362%29%2C_Pavia%2C_S._Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro_16.JPG/220px-Arca_di_S._Agostino_%281362%29%2C_Pavia%2C_S._Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arca_di_S._Agostino_%281362%29%2C_Pavia%2C_S._Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro_16.JPG/330px-Arca_di_S._Agostino_%281362%29%2C_Pavia%2C_S._Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arca_di_S._Agostino_%281362%29%2C_Pavia%2C_S._Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro_16.JPG/440px-Arca_di_S._Agostino_%281362%29%2C_Pavia%2C_S._Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Balduccio" title="Giovanni di Balduccio">Giovanni di Balduccio</a>, Tomb of St Augustine, 1362–1365, <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> In October 1695, some workmen in the Church of San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro in Pavia discovered a marble box containing human bones (including part of a skull). A dispute arose between the Augustinian hermits (Order of Saint Augustine) and the regular canons (<a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons Regular of Saint Augustine">Canons Regular of Saint Augustine</a>) as to whether these were the bones of Augustine. The hermits did not believe so; the canons affirmed they were. Eventually <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Pope Benedict XIII</a> (1724–1730) directed the Bishop of Pavia, <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> Pertusati, to make a determination. The bishop declared that, in his opinion, the bones were those of Augustine.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The Augustinians were expelled from Pavia in 1785,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Augustine's ark and relics were brought to <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Cathedral" title="Pavia Cathedral">Pavia Cathedral</a> in 1799.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> San Pietro fell into disrepair but was finally restored in the 1870s, under the urging of <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Gaetano_Riboldi" title="Agostino Gaetano Riboldi">Agostino Gaetano Riboldi</a>, and reconsecrated in 1896 when the relics of Augustine and the shrine were once again reinstalled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale200155-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2002-115">[112]</a> In 1842, a portion of Augustine's right arm (cubitus) was secured from Pavia and returned to Annaba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnaubeltVan_Fleteren1999165-116">[113]</a> It now rests in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin_Basilica" title="Saint Augustin Basilica">Saint Augustin Basilica</a> within a glass tube inserted into the arm of a life-size marble statue of the saint. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_thought">Views and thought</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a 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Along with <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, Augustine was among the most prolific scholars of the early church by quantity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_anthropology">Christian anthropology</h4></div> Augustine was one of the first Christian <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">ancient Latin</a> authors with a very clear vision of <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">theological anthropology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> He saw the human being as a perfect unity of soul and body. In his late treatise <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_III/Moral_Treatises_of_St._Augustin/On_Care_to_Be_Had_for_the_Dead/Section_5" class="extiw" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Care to Be Had for the Dead/Section 5">On Care to Be Had for the Dead, section 5</a> (420) he exhorted respect for the body on the grounds it belonged to the very nature of the human <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Augustine's favourite figure to describe body-soul unity is marriage: caro tua, coniunx tua – your body is your wife.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Initially, the two elements were in perfect harmony. After the <a href="#Original_sin">fall of humanity</a> they are now experiencing dramatic combat with one another. They are two categorically different things. The body is a three-dimensional object composed of the four elements, whereas the soul has no spatial dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Soul is a kind of substance, participating in reason, fit for ruling the body.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Augustine was not preoccupied, as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> were, in detailed efforts to explain the <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> of the soul-body union. It sufficed for him to admit they are metaphysically distinct: to be a human is to be a composite of soul and body, with the soul superior to the body. The latter statement is grounded in his <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_classification" title="Hierarchical classification">hierarchical classification</a> of things into those that merely exist, those that exist and live, and those that exist, live, and have intelligence or reason.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1999141–142-125">[122]</a> Like other Church Fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlinn20074-127">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuker198512-128">[125]</a> Augustine "vigorously condemned the practice of induced <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>", and although he disapproved of abortion during any stage of pregnancy, he made a distinction between early and later abortions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerschmidt19991-129">[126]</a> He acknowledged the distinction between "formed" and "unformed" fetuses mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of Exodus 21:22–23, which incorrectly translates the word "harm" (from the original Hebrew text) as "form" in the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> of the Septuagint. His view was based on the Aristotelian distinction "between the fetus before and after its supposed 'vivification'". Therefore, he did not classify as murder the abortion of an "unformed" fetus since he thought it could not be known with certainty the fetus had received a soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerschmidt19991-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Augustine held that "the timing of the infusion of the soul was a mystery known to God alone".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELysaughtKotvaLammersVerhey2012676-131">[128]</a> However, he considered procreation as "one of the goods of marriage; abortion figured as a means, along with drugs which cause sterility, of frustrating this good. It lay along a continuum which included infanticide as an instance of 'lustful cruelty' or 'cruel lust.' Augustine called the use of means to avoid the birth of a child an 'evil work:' a reference to either abortion or contraception or both."<a href="#cite_note-Vasa-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation">Creation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Genesis" title="Allegorical interpretations of Genesis">Allegorical interpretations of Genesis</a></div> In City of God, Augustine rejected both the contemporary ideas of ages (such as those of certain Greeks and Egyptians) that differed from the Church's sacred writings.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> In The Literal Interpretation of Genesis, Augustine argued that God had created everything in the universe simultaneously and not over a period of six days. He argued the six-day structure of creation presented in the Book of Genesis represents a <a href="/wiki/Framework_interpretation_(Genesis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framework interpretation (Genesis)">logical framework</a>, rather than the passage of time in a physical way – it would bear a spiritual, rather than physical, meaning, which is no less literal. One reason for this interpretation is the passage in <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a> 18:1, creavit omnia simul ("He created all things at once"), which Augustine took as proof that the days of Genesis 1 had to be taken non-literalistically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeske1999377–378-134">[131]</a> As additional support for describing the six days of creation as a <a href="/wiki/Heuristic_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristic device">heuristic device</a>, Augustine thought the actual event of creation would be incomprehensible by humans and therefore needed to be translated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin-Brown2012280-135">[132]</a> Augustine also does not envision original sin as causing structural changes in the universe, and even suggests that the bodies of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> were already created mortal before <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">the Fall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Apart from his specific views, Augustine recognized that interpreting the creation story was difficult, and remarked that interpretations could change should new information come up.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/130px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/195px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="4183" /></a><figcaption>St. Augustine by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a></figcaption></figure> Augustine developed his doctrine of the Church principally in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatist</a> sect. He taught there is one Church, but within this Church there are two realities, namely, the visible aspect (the institutional <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Catholic sacraments</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>) and the invisible (the souls of those in the Church, who are either dead, sinful members or elect predestined for Heaven). The former is the institutional body established by Christ on earth which proclaims salvation and administers the sacraments, while the latter is the invisible body of the elect, made up of genuine believers from all ages, who are known only to God. The Church, which is visible and societal, will be made up of "wheat" and "tares", that is, good and wicked people (as per Mat. 13:30), until the end of time. This concept countered the Donatist claim that only those in a <a href="/wiki/State_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (theology)">state of grace</a> were the "true" or "pure" church on earth, and that priests and bishops who were not in a state of grace had no authority or ability to confect the sacraments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198728-140">[137]</a> Augustine's ecclesiology was more fully developed in City of God. There he conceives of the church as a heavenly city or kingdom, ruled by love, which will ultimately triumph over all earthly empires which are self-indulgent and ruled by pride. Augustine followed <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a> in teaching that bishops and priests of the Church are the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">successors of the Apostles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález1987-30">[29]</a> and their authority in the Church is God-given. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Church_invisible" title="Church invisible">Church invisible</a> was advocated by Augustine as part of his refutation of the Donatist sect, though he, as other Church Fathers before him, saw the invisible Church and visible Church as one and the same thing, unlike the later Protestant reformers who did not identify the Catholic Church as the <a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">true church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> He was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonist</a> belief that true reality is invisible and that, if the visible reflects the invisible, it does so only partially and imperfectly (see <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a>).<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Others question whether Augustine really held to some form of an "invisible true Church" concept.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h4></div> Augustine originally believed in <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialism</a>, namely that Christ would establish a literal 1,000-year kingdom prior to the general <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, but later rejected the belief, viewing it as carnal. During the medieval period, the Catholic Church built its system of eschatology on Augustinian <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">amillennialism</a>, where Christ rules the earth spiritually through his triumphant church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2006519-144">[141]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> accepted amillennialism. Augustine taught that the eternal fate of the soul is determined at death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatorial</a> fires of the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> purify only those who died in communion with the Church. His teaching provided fuel for later theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mariology">Mariology</h4></div> Although Augustine did not develop an independent <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>, his statements on Mary surpass in number and depth those of other early writers. Even before the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a>, he defended the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Ever-Virgin Mary</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a>, believing her to be "full of grace" (following earlier Latin writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>) on account of her sexual integrity and innocence.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Likewise, he affirmed that the Virgin Mary "conceived as virgin, gave birth as virgin and stayed virgin forever".<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_knowledge_and_biblical_interpretation">Natural knowledge and biblical interpretation</h4></div> Augustine took the view that, if a literal interpretation contradicts science and humans' God-given reason, the biblical text should be interpreted metaphorically. While each passage of Scripture has a literal sense, this "literal sense" does not always mean the Scriptures are mere history; at times they are rather an <a href="/wiki/Extended_metaphor" title="Extended metaphor">extended metaphor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Original_sin">Original sin</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Augustine_-_Tomas_Giner.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Saint_Augustine_-_Tomas_Giner.JPG/220px-Saint_Augustine_-_Tomas_Giner.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Saint_Augustine_-_Tomas_Giner.JPG/330px-Saint_Augustine_-_Tomas_Giner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Saint_Augustine_-_Tomas_Giner.JPG/440px-Saint_Augustine_-_Tomas_Giner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Augustine (1458) by Tomás Giner, tempera on panel, Diocesan Museum of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain</figcaption></figure> Augustine taught that the sin of Adam and Eve was either an act of foolishness (insipientia) followed by pride and disobedience to God or that pride came first.<a href="#cite_note-150">[d]</a> The first couple disobeyed God, who had told them not to eat of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">Tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a> (Gen 2:17).<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> The tree was a symbol of the order of creation.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Self-centeredness made Adam and Eve eat of it, thus failing to acknowledge and respect the world as it was created by God, with its hierarchy of beings and values.<a href="#cite_note-153">[e]</a> They would not have fallen into pride and lack of wisdom if <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> had not sown into their senses "the root of evil" (radix Mali).<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> Their nature was wounded by <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>, which affected human intelligence and will, as well as affections and desires, including sexual desire.<a href="#cite_note-155">[f]</a> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, concupiscence is not a state of being but a bad quality, the privation of good or a wound.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> Augustine's understanding of the consequences of original sin and the necessity of redeeming grace was developed in the struggle against <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagian</a> disciples, <a href="/wiki/Caelestius" title="Caelestius">Caelestius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Eclanum" title="Julian of Eclanum">Julian of Eclanum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález1987-30">[29]</a> who had been inspired by <a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufinus of Syria">Rufinus of Syria</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner198735-158">[152]</a> They refused to agree original sin wounded human will and mind, insisting human nature was given the power to act, to speak, and to think when God created it. Human nature cannot lose its moral capacity for doing good, but a person is free to act or not act in a righteous way. Pelagius gave an example of eyes: they have capacity for seeing, but a person can make either good or bad use of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986355–356-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> Pelagians insisted human affections and desires were not touched by the fall either. Immorality, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>, is exclusively a matter of will, i.e. a person does not use natural desires in a proper way. In opposition, Augustine pointed out the apparent disobedience of the flesh to the spirit, and explained it as one of the results of original sin, punishment of Adam and Eve's disobedience to God.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> Augustine had served as a "Hearer" for the Manichaeans for about nine years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200035-162">[156]</a> who taught that the original sin was <a href="/wiki/Carnal_knowledge" title="Carnal knowledge">carnal knowledge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> But his struggle to understand the cause of evil in the world started before that, at the age of nineteen.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> By malum (evil) he understood most of all concupiscence, which he interpreted as a vice dominating people and causing in men and women moral disorder. Agostino Trapè insists Augustine's personal experience cannot be credited for his doctrine about concupiscence. He considers Augustine's marital experience to be quite normal, and even exemplary, aside from the absence of Christian wedding rites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrapè1987113–114-165">[159]</a> As J. Brachtendorf showed, Augustine used Ciceronian <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> concept of passions, to interpret <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul's</a> doctrine of universal sin and redemption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrachtendorf1997307-166">[160]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_St_Augustine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_St_Augustine.JPG/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_St_Augustine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_St_Augustine.JPG/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_St_Augustine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_St_Augustine.JPG/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_St_Augustine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>St. Augustine by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></figcaption></figure> The view that not only human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> but also senses were influenced by the fall of Adam and Eve was prevalent in Augustine's time among the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">Fathers of the Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESfameni_Gasparro2001250–251-167">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomers1961115-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> It is clear the reason for Augustine's distancing from the affairs of the flesh was different from that of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">Neoplatonist</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[g]</a> who taught that only through disdain for fleshly desire could one reach the ultimate state of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerson1999203-171">[164]</a> Augustine taught the redemption, i.e. transformation and purification, of the body in the resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> Some authors perceive Augustine's doctrine as directed against <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a> and attribute his insistence on continence and devotion to God as coming from Augustine's need to reject his own highly sensual nature as described in the Confessions.<a href="#cite_note-174">[h]</a> Augustine taught that human sexuality has been wounded, together with the whole of human nature, and requires <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a> of Christ. That healing is a process realized in conjugal acts. The virtue of continence is achieved thanks to the grace of the sacrament of Christian marriage, which becomes therefore a remedium concupiscentiae – remedy of concupiscence.<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2006481–536-176">[168]</a> The redemption of human sexuality will be, however, fully accomplished only in the resurrection of the body.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> The sin of Adam is inherited by all human beings. Already in his pre-Pelagian writings, Augustine taught that Original Sin is transmitted to his descendants by concupiscence,<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> which he regarded as the passion of both soul and body,<a href="#cite_note-179">[i]</a> making humanity a massa damnata (mass of perdition, condemned crowd) and much enfeebling, though not destroying, the freedom of the will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204-180">[171]</a> Although earlier Christian authors taught the elements of physical death, moral weakness, and a sin propensity within original sin, Augustine was the first to add the concept of inherited guilt (reatus) from Adam whereby an infant was eternally damned at birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201893,_127,_140,_146,_231–233,_279–280-181">[172]</a> Although Augustine's anti-Pelagian defence of original sin was confirmed at numerous councils, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(418)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (418)">Carthage (418)</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a> (431), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Orange_(529)" title="Council of Orange (529)">Orange</a> (529), <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a> (1546) and by popes, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> (401–417) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Pope Zosimus</a> (417–418), his inherited guilt eternally damning infants was omitted by these councils and popes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018221,_231,_267,_296-182">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> established in his <a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a> the definition that was followed by the great 13th-century Schoolmen, namely that Original Sin is the "privation of the righteousness which every man ought to possess," thus separating it from concupiscence, with which some of Augustine's disciples had identified it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986371-183">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1953234–237-184">[175]</a> as later did Luther and Calvin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204-180">[171]</a> In 1567, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> condemned the identification of Original Sin with concupiscence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204-180">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predestination">Predestination</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a></div>Augustine taught that God orders all things while preserving human freedom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201144-185">[176]</a> Prior to 396, he believed <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a> was based on God's foreknowledge of whether individuals would believe in Christ, that God's grace was "a reward for human assent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201148–49-186">[177]</a> Later, in response to <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a>, Augustine said that the sin of <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a> consists in assuming "we are the ones who choose God or that God chooses us (in his foreknowledge) because of something worthy in us", and argued that God's grace causes the individual act of faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48-187">[178]</a> Scholars are divided over whether Augustine's teaching implies <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination">double predestination</a>, or the belief God chooses some people for damnation as well as some for salvation. Catholic scholars tend to deny he held such a view while some Protestants and secular scholars have held that Augustine did believe in double predestination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-188">[179]</a> About 412, Augustine became the first Christian to understand predestination as a divine unilateral pre-determination of individuals' eternal destinies independently of human choice, although his prior Manichaean sect did teach this concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidengren197763–65,_90-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStroumsa1992344–345-190">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018286–293-191">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Oort2010520-192">[183]</a> Some Protestant theologians, such as <a href="/wiki/Justo_L._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Justo L. González">Justo L. González</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198744-193">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengt_H%C3%A4gglund" title="Bengt Hägglund">Bengt Hägglund</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHägglund2007139–140-29">[28]</a> interpret Augustine's teaching that grace is <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">irresistible</a>, results in conversion, and leads to <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">perseverance</a>. In On Rebuke and Grace (De correptione et gratia), Augustine wrote: "And what is written, that He wills all men to be saved, while yet all men are not saved, may be understood in many ways, some of which I have mentioned in other writings of mine; but here I will say one thing: He wills all men to be saved, is so said that all the predestinated may be understood by it, because every kind of men is among them."<a href="#cite_note-St._Augustine_of_Hippo-31">[30]</a> Speaking of the twins Jacob and Esau, Augustine wrote in his book On the Gift of Perseverance, "[I]t ought to be a most certain fact that the former is of the predestinated, the latter is not."<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacramental_theology">Sacramental theology</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittore_carpaccio,_visione_di_sant%27agostino_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vittore_carpaccio%2C_visione_di_sant%27agostino_01.jpg/310px-Vittore_carpaccio%2C_visione_di_sant%27agostino_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vittore_carpaccio%2C_visione_di_sant%27agostino_01.jpg/465px-Vittore_carpaccio%2C_visione_di_sant%27agostino_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vittore_carpaccio%2C_visione_di_sant%27agostino_01.jpg/620px-Vittore_carpaccio%2C_visione_di_sant%27agostino_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_in_His_Study_(Carpaccio)" title="St. Augustine in His Study (Carpaccio)">St. Augustine in His Study</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Vittore Carpaccio</a>, 1502</figcaption></figure> Also in reaction to the Donatists, Augustine developed a distinction between the "regularity" and "validity" of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>. Regular sacraments are performed by clergy of the Catholic Church, while sacraments performed by schismatics are considered irregular. Nevertheless, the validity of the sacraments does not depend upon the holiness of the priests who perform them (<a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a>); therefore, irregular sacraments are still accepted as valid provided they are done in the name of Christ and in the manner prescribed by the Church. On this point, Augustine departs from the earlier teaching of <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, who taught that converts from schismatic movements must be re-baptised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález1987-30">[29]</a> Augustine taught that sacraments administered outside the Catholic Church, though true sacraments, avail nothing. However, he also stated that baptism, while it does not confer any grace when done outside the Church, does confer grace as soon as one is received into the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> Augustine is said to have held [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>] an understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a>, saying that Christ's statement, "This is my body" referred to the bread he carried in his hands,<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> and that Christians must have faith the bread and wine are in fact the body and blood of Christ, despite what they see with their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> For instance, he stated that "He [Jesus] walked here in the same flesh, and gave us the same flesh to be eaten unto salvation. But no one eats that flesh unless first he adores it; and thus it is discovered how such a footstool of the Lord's feet is adored; and not only do we not sin by adoring, we do sin by not adoring."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurgens197020§&nbsp;1479a-199">[190]</a> Presbyterian professor and author John Riggs argued that Augustine held that Christ is really present in the elements of the Eucharist, but not in a bodily manner, because his body remains in <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiggs201515-200">[191]</a> Augustine, in his work On Christian Doctrine, referred to the Eucharist as a "figure" and a "sign".<a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose191935-202">[193]</a> Against the <a href="/wiki/Pelagians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagians">Pelagians</a>, Augustine strongly stressed the importance of <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>. About the question whether baptism is an absolute necessity for salvation, however, Augustine appears to have refined his beliefs during his lifetime, causing some confusion among later theologians about his position. He said in one of his sermons that only the baptized are saved.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> This belief was shared by many early Christians. However, a passage from his City of God, concerning the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>, may indicate Augustine did believe in an exception for children born to Christian parents.<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_(CXXXVIr).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_%28CXXXVIr%29.jpg/220px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_%28CXXXVIr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_%28CXXXVIr%29.jpg/330px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_%28CXXXVIr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_%28CXXXVIr%29.jpg/440px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Augustine_%28CXXXVIr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Saint Augustine in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astrology">Astrology</h4></div> Augustine's contemporaries often believed <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> to be an exact and genuine science. Its practitioners were regarded as true men of learning and called mathematici. Astrology played a prominent part in Manichaean doctrine, and Augustine himself was attracted by their books in his youth, being particularly fascinated by those who claimed to foretell the future. Later, as a bishop, he warned that one should avoid astrologers who combine science and <a href="/wiki/Horoscope" title="Horoscope">horoscopes</a>. (Augustine's term "mathematici", meaning "astrologers", is sometimes mistranslated as "mathematicians".) According to Augustine, they were not genuine students of <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> but "common swindlers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Der_Meer196160-205">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner198663-206">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETestard1958100–106-207">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemological</a> concerns shaped Augustine's intellectual development. His early dialogues Contra academicos (386) and De Magistro (389), both written shortly after his conversion to Christianity, reflect his engagement with sceptical arguments and show the development of his doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">divine illumination</a>. The doctrine of illumination claims God plays an active and regular part in human perception and understanding by illuminating the mind so human beings can recognize intelligible realities God presents (as opposed to God designing the human mind to be reliable consistently, as in, for example, Descartes's idea of clear and distinct perceptions). According to Augustine, illumination is obtainable to all rational minds and is different from other forms of <a href="/wiki/Sense_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense perception">sense perception</a>. It is meant to be an explanation of the conditions required for the mind to have a connection with intelligible entities.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-209">[200]</a> Augustine also posed the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">problem of other minds</a> throughout different works, most famously perhaps in <a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">On the Trinity</a> (VIII.6.9), and developed what has come to be a standard solution: the argument from analogy to other minds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1992-210">[201]</a> In contrast to Plato and other earlier philosophers, Augustine recognized the centrality of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_problems_of_testimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical problems of testimony">testimony</a> to human knowledge and argued that what others tell us can provide knowledge even if we do not have independent reasons to believe their testimonial reports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingBallantyne2009195-211">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Just_war">Just war</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></div> Augustine asserted Christians should be <a href="/wiki/Pacifists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifists">pacifists</a> as a personal, philosophical stance.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> However, peacefulness in the face of a grave wrong that could only be stopped by violence would be a sin. Defence of one's self or others could be a necessity, especially when authorized by a legitimate authority. While not breaking down the conditions necessary for war to be just, Augustine coined the phrase in his work The City of God.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> In essence, the pursuit of peace must include the option of fighting for its long-term preservation.<a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a> Such a war could not be pre-emptive, but defensive, to restore peace.<a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, centuries later, used the authority of Augustine's arguments in an attempt to define the conditions under which a war could be just.<a href="#cite_note-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez2010-217">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_will">Free will</h4></div> Included in Augustine's earlier <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> is the claim God created humans and angels as rational beings possessing <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. Free will was not intended for sin, meaning it is not equally predisposed to both good and evil. A will defiled by sin is not considered as "free" as it once was because it is bound by material things, which could be lost or be difficult to part with, resulting in unhappiness. Sin impairs free will, while grace restores it. Only a will that was once free can be subjected to sin's corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisterCopan2013-218">[209]</a> After 412, Augustine changed his theology, teaching that humanity had no free will to believe in Christ but only a free will to sin: "I in fact strove on behalf of the free choice of the human 'will,' but God's grace conquered" (Retract. 2.1).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018285-219">[210]</a> The early Christians opposed the deterministic views (e.g., fate) of Stoics, Gnostics, and Manichaeans prevalent in the first four centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntire20053206–3209-220">[211]</a> Christians championed the concept of a relational God who interacts with humans rather than a Stoic or Gnostic God who unilaterally foreordained every event (yet Stoics still claimed to teach free will).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihle1982152-221">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> scholar Ken Wilson argues that every early Christian author with extant writings who wrote on the topic prior to Augustine of Hippo (412) advanced human free choice rather than a deterministic God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201893–94,_273–274-222">[213]</a> According to Wilson, Augustine taught traditional free choice until 412, when he reverted to his earlier Manichaean and Stoic deterministic training when battling the Pelagians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018281–294-223">[214]</a> Only a few Christians accepted Augustine's view of free will until the Protestant Reformation when both Luther and Calvin embraced Augustine's deterministic teachings wholeheartedly.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> considers Augustine's teaching to be consistent with free will. He often said that anyone can be saved if they wish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907b-101">[98]</a> While God knows who will and will not be saved, with no possibility for the latter to be saved in their lives, this knowledge represents God's perfect knowledge of how humans will freely choose their destinies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907b-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology,_morals_and_ethics">Sociology, morals and ethics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_law">Natural law</h4></div> Augustine was among the earliest to examine the legitimacy of the laws of man, and attempt to define the boundaries of what laws and rights occur naturally, instead of being arbitrarily imposed by mortals. All who have wisdom and conscience, he concludes, are able to use reason to recognize the lex naturalis, <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>. Mortal law should not attempt to force people to do what is right or avoid what is wrong, but simply to remain just. Therefore "<a href="/wiki/An_unjust_law_is_no_law_at_all" title="An unjust law is no law at all">an unjust law is no law at all</a>". People are not obligated to obey laws that are unjust, those that their conscience and reason tell them violate natural law and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery">Slavery</h4></div> Augustine led many clergy under his authority at Hippo to free their slaves as a "pious and holy" act.<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> He boldly wrote a letter urging the emperor to set up a new law against slave traders and was very much concerned about the sale of children. Christian emperors of his time for 25 years had permitted the sale of children, not because they approved of the practice, but as a way of preventing <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> when parents were unable to care for a child. Augustine noted that the tenant farmers in particular were driven to hire out or to sell their children as a means of survival.<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> In his book, The City of God, he presents the development of slavery as a product of sin and as contrary to God's divine plan. He wrote that God "did not intend that this rational creature, who was made in his image, should have dominion over anything but the irrational creation – not man over man, but man over the beasts". Thus he wrote that righteous men in primitive times were made shepherds of cattle, not kings over men. "The condition of slavery is the result of sin", he declared.<a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> In The City of God, Augustine wrote he felt the existence of slavery was a punishment for the existence of sin, even if an individual enslaved person committed no sin meriting punishment. He wrote: "Slavery is, however, penal, and is appointed by that law which enjoins the preservation of the natural order and forbids its disturbance."<a href="#cite_note-:0-230">[221]</a> Augustine believed slavery did more harm to the slave owner than the enslaved person himself: "the lowly position does as much good to the servant as the proud position does harm to the master."<a href="#cite_note-:10-231">[222]</a> Augustine proposes as a solution to sin a type of cognitive reimagining of one's situation, where slaves "may themselves make their slavery in some sort free, by serving not in crafty fear, but in faithful love," until the end of the world eradicated slavery for good: "until all unrighteousness pass away, and all principality and every human power be brought to nothing, and God be all in all."<a href="#cite_note-:0-230">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jews">Jews</h4></div> Against certain Christian movements, some of which rejected the use of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Scripture">Hebrew Scripture</a>, Augustine countered that God had chosen the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> as a special people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch20108-232">[223]</a> and he considered the scattering of Jewish people by the Roman Empire to be a fulfilment of prophecy.<a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> He rejected homicidal attitudes, quoting part of the same prophecy, namely "Slay them not, lest they should at last forget Thy law" (Psalm 59:11). Augustine, who believed Jewish people would be converted to Christianity at "the end of time", argued God had allowed them to survive their dispersion as a warning to Christians; as such, he argued, they should be permitted to dwell in Christian lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199933–35-234">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> The sentiment sometimes attributed to Augustine that Christians should let the Jews "survive but not thrive" (it is repeated by the author <a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(author)" title="James Carroll (author)">James Carroll</a> in his book Constantine's Sword, for example)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2002219-237">[228]</a> is apocryphal and is not found in any of his writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Biema2008-238">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexuality_and_the_sexes">Sexuality and the sexes</h4></div> For Augustine, the evil of sexual immorality was not in the sexual act itself, but in the emotions that typically accompany it. In On Christian Doctrine Augustine contrasts love, which is enjoyment on account of God, and lust, which is not on account of God.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> Augustine claims that, following the Fall, sexual lust (concupiscentia) has become necessary for copulation (as required to stimulate male erection), sexual lust is an evil result of the Fall, and therefore, evil must inevitably accompany sexual intercourse (On marriage and concupiscence <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_V/On_Marriage_and_Concupiscence/Book_I/Chapter_19">1.19</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a>). Therefore, following the Fall, even marital sex carried out merely to procreate inevitably perpetuates evil (On marriage and concupiscence 1.27; A Treatise against Two Letters of the Pelagians 2.27). For Augustine, proper love exercises a denial of selfish pleasure and the subjugation of corporeal desire to God. The only way to avoid evil caused by sexual intercourse is to take the "better" way (Confessions 8.2) and abstain from marriage (On marriage and concupiscence 1.31). Sex within marriage is not, however, for Augustine a sin, although necessarily produces the evil of sexual lust. Based on the same logic, Augustine also declared the pious virgins raped during the sack of Rome to be innocent because they did not intend to sin nor enjoy the act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1945356-241">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> Before the Fall, Augustine believed sex was a passionless affair, "just like many a laborious work accomplished by the compliant operation of our other limbs, without any lascivious heat",<a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> that the seed "might be sown without any shameful lust, the genital members simply obeying the inclination of the will".<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> After the Fall, by contrast, the penis cannot be controlled by mere will, subject instead to both unwanted impotence and involuntary erections: "Sometimes the urge arises unwanted; sometimes, on the other hand, it forsakes the eager lover, and desire grows cold in the body while burning in the mind... It arouses the mind, but it does not follow through what it has begun and arouse the body also" (City of God 14.16). Augustine censured those who try to prevent the creation of offspring when engaging in sexual relations, saying that though they may be nominally married they are not really, but are using that designation as a cloak for turpitude. When they allow their unwanted children to die of exposure, they unmask their sin. Sometimes they use drugs to produce sterility, or other means to try to destroy the fetus before they are born. Their marriage is not wedlock but debauchery.<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> Augustine believed Adam and Eve had both already chosen in their hearts to disobey God's command not to eat of the Tree of Knowledge before Eve took the fruit, ate it, and gave it to Adam.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-246">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1996-247">[238]</a> Accordingly, Augustine did not believe Adam was any less guilty of sin.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-246">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1986139–162-248">[239]</a> Augustine praises women and their role in society and in the Church. In his Tractates on the Gospel of John, Augustine, commenting on the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> woman from John 4:1–42, uses the woman as a figure of the Church in agreement with the New Testament teaching that the Church is the bride of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> "Husbands, love your wives, as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her."<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> Augustine believed that "woman has been made for man" and that "in sex she is physically subject to him in the same way as our natural impulses need to be subjected to the reasoning power of the mind, in order that the actions to which they lead may be inspired by the principles of good conduct".<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> Women were created as a "helper" to men for Augustine.<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_-_St_Augustin_dans_son_cabinet_de_travail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sandro_Botticelli_-_St_Augustin_dans_son_cabinet_de_travail.jpg/220px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_St_Augustin_dans_son_cabinet_de_travail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sandro_Botticelli_-_St_Augustin_dans_son_cabinet_de_travail.jpg/330px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_St_Augustin_dans_son_cabinet_de_travail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sandro_Botticelli_-_St_Augustin_dans_son_cabinet_de_travail.jpg/440px-Sandro_Botticelli_-_St_Augustin_dans_son_cabinet_de_travail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_in_His_Cell_(Botticelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine in His Cell (Botticelli)">Saint Augustine in His Study</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, 1494, <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> Augustine is considered an influential figure in the history of education. A work early in Augustine's writings is De Magistro (On the Teacher), which contains insights into education. His ideas changed as he found better directions or better ways of expressing his ideas. In the last years of his life, Augustine wrote his Retractationes (Retractations), reviewing his writings and improving specific texts. Henry Chadwick believes an accurate translation of "retractationes" may be "reconsiderations". Reconsiderations can be seen as an overarching theme of the way Augustine learned. Augustine's understanding of the search for understanding, meaning, and truth as a restless journey leaves room for doubt, development, and change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCloskey2008-253">[244]</a> Augustine was a strong advocate of <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a> skills. Because written works were limited during this time, spoken communication of knowledge was very important. His emphasis on the importance of community as a means of learning distinguishes his pedagogy from some others. Augustine believed dialectic is the best means for learning and that this method should serve as a model for learning encounters between teachers and students. Augustine's dialogue writings model the need for lively interactive dialogue among learners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCloskey2008-253">[244]</a> He recommended adapting educational practices to fit the students' educational backgrounds: <ul><li>the student who has been well-educated by knowledgeable teachers;</li> <li>the student who has had no education; and</li> <li>the student who has had a poor education, but believes himself to be well-educated.</li></ul> If a student has been well educated in a wide variety of subjects, the teacher must be careful not to repeat what they have already learned, but to challenge the student with material they do not yet know thoroughly. With the student who has had no education, the teacher must be patient, willing to repeat things until the student understands, and sympathetic. Perhaps the most difficult student, however, is the one with an inferior education who believes he understands something when he does not. Augustine stressed the importance of showing this type of student the difference between "having words and having understanding"<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> and of helping the student to remain humble with his acquisition of knowledge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a>, De catechizandis rudibus came to exercise an important role in the education of clergy at the monastic schools, especially from the eighth century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowie1969150–153-255">[246]</a> Augustine believed students should be given an opportunity to apply learned theories to practical experience. Yet another of Augustine's major contributions to education is his study on the styles of teaching. He claimed there are two basic styles a teacher uses when speaking to the students. The mixed style includes complex and sometimes showy language to help students see the beautiful artistry of the subject they are studying. The grand style is not quite as elegant as the mixed style, but is exciting and heartfelt, with the purpose of igniting the same passion in the students' hearts. Augustine balanced his teaching philosophy with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>-based practice of strict discipline.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Augustine knew <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>. He had a long correspondence with St Jerome regarding the textual differences existing between the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, concluding that the original Greek manuscripts were closely similar to the other Hebrew ones, and also that even the differences in the two original versions of the Holy Scripture could enlight its spiritual meaning to have been unitarily inspired by God.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coercion">Coercion</h4></div> Augustine of Hippo had to deal with issues of violence and coercion throughout his entire career due largely to the Donatist-Catholic conflict. He is one of the very few authors in Antiquity who ever truly theoretically examined the ideas of religious freedom and coercion.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1964-257">[248]</a>: 107  Augustine handled the infliction of punishment and the exercise of power over law-breakers by analyzing these issues in ways similar to modern debates on penal reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1964115-258">[249]</a> His teaching on coercion has "embarrassed his modern defenders and vexed his modern detractors,"<a href="#cite_note-Markus-259">[250]</a>: 116  because it is seen as making him appear "to generations of religious liberals as le prince et patriarche de persecuteurs."<a href="#cite_note-Brown1964-257">[248]</a>: 107  Yet Brown asserts that, at the same time, Augustine becomes "an eloquent advocate of the ideal of corrective punishment" and reformation of the wrongdoer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1964116-260">[251]</a> Russell says Augustine's theory of coercion "was not crafted from dogma, but in response to a unique historical situation" and is, therefore, context-dependent, while others see it as inconsistent with his other teachings.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 125  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_context">The context</h5></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocletianic persecution">Great Persecution</a>, "When Roman soldiers came calling, some of the [Catholic] officials handed over the sacred books, vessels, and other church goods rather than risk legal penalties" over a few objects.<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1996-262">[253]</a>: ix  Maureen Tilley says this was a problem by 305, that became a schism by 311, because many of the North African Christians had a long established tradition of a "physicalist approach to religion."<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1996-262">[253]</a>: xv  The sacred scriptures were not simply books to them, but were the Word of God in physical form, therefore they saw handing over the Bible, and handing over a person to be martyred, as "two sides of the same coin."<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1996-262">[253]</a>: ix  Those who cooperated with the authorities became known as traditores. The term originally meant one who hands over a physical object, but it came to mean "traitor".<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1996-262">[253]</a>: ix  According to Tilley, after the persecution ended, those who had apostatized wanted to return to their positions in the church.<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1996-262">[253]</a>: xiv  The North African Christians, (the rigorists who became known as Donatists), refused to accept them.<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1996-262">[253]</a>: ix, x  Catholics were more tolerant and wanted to wipe the slate clean.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron1993-263">[254]</a>: xiv, 69  For the next 75 years, both parties existed, often directly alongside each other, with a double line of bishops for the same cities.<a href="#cite_note-Tilley1996-262">[253]</a>: xv  Competition for the loyalty of the people included multiple new churches and violence.<a href="#cite_note-264">[j]</a>: 334  No one is exactly sure when the <a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a> and the Donatists allied, but for decades, they fomented protests and street violence, accosted travellers and attacked random Catholics without warning, often doing serious and unprovoked bodily harm such as beating people with clubs, cutting off their hands and feet, and gouging out eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Frend1-265">[255]</a>: 172, 173, 222, 242, 254  Augustine became <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Coadjutor Bishop">coadjutor Bishop</a> of Hippo in 395, and since he believed that conversion must be voluntary, his appeals to the Donatists were verbal. For several years, he used popular propaganda, debate, personal appeal, General Councils, appeals to the emperor and political pressure to bring the Donatists back into union with the Catholics, but all attempts failed.<a href="#cite_note-Frend1-265">[255]</a>: 242, 254  The harsh realities Augustine faced can be found in his Letter 28 written to bishop Novatus around 416. Donatists had attacked, cut out the tongue and cut off the hands of a Bishop Rogatus who had recently converted to Catholicism. An unnamed count of Africa had sent his agent with Rogatus, and he too had been attacked; the count was "inclined to pursue the matter."<a href="#cite_note-Markus-259">[250]</a>: 120  Russell says Augustine demonstrates a "hands-on" involvement with the details of his bishopric, but at one point in the letter, he confesses he does not know what to do. "All the issues that plague him are there: stubborn Donatists, Circumcellion violence, the vacillating role of secular officials, the imperative to persuade, and his own trepidations."<a href="#cite_note-Markus-259">[250]</a>: 120, 121  The empire responded to the civil unrest with the law and its enforcement, and thereafter, Augustine changed his mind about using verbal arguments alone. Instead, he came to support the state's use of coercion.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1964-257">[248]</a>: 107–116  Augustine did not believe the empire's enforcement would "make the Donatists more virtuous" but he did believe it would make them "less vicious."<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 128  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_theology">The theology</h5></div> The primary 'proof-text' of what Augustine thought concerning coercion is from Letter 93, written in 408, as a reply to bishop Vincentius, of Cartenna (Mauretania, North Africa). This letter shows that both practical and biblical reasons led Augustine to defend the legitimacy of coercion. He confesses that he changed his mind because of "the ineffectiveness of dialogue and the proven efficacy of laws."<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-266">[256]</a>: 3  He had been worried about false conversions if force was used, but "now," he says, "it seems imperial persecution is working." Many Donatists had converted.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 116  "Fear had made them reflect, and made them docile."<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-266">[256]</a>: 3  Augustine continued to assert that coercion could not directly convert someone, but concluded it could make a person ready to be reasoned with.<a href="#cite_note-Park-267">[257]</a>: 103–121  According to Mar Marcos, Augustine made use of several biblical examples to legitimize coercion, but the primary analogy in Letter 93 and in Letter 185, is the parable of the Great Feast in Luke 14.15–24 and its statement compel them to come in.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-266">[256]</a>: 1  Russell says, Augustine uses the Latin term cogo, instead of the compello of the Vulgate, since to Augustine, cogo meant to "gather together" or "collect" and was not simply "compel by physical force."<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 121  In 1970, Robert Markus<a href="#cite_note-268">[258]</a> argued that, for Augustine, a degree of external pressure being brought for the purpose of reform was compatible with the exercise of free will.<a href="#cite_note-Markus-259">[250]</a> Russell asserts that Confessions 13 is crucial to understanding Augustine's thought on coercion; using Peter Brown's explanation of Augustine's view of salvation, he explains that Augustine's past, his own sufferings and "conversion through God's pressures," along with his biblical hermeneutics, is what led him to see the value in suffering for discerning truth.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 116–117  According to Russell, Augustine saw coercion as one among many conversion strategies for forming "a pathway to the inner person."<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 119  In Augustine's view, there is such a thing as just and unjust persecution. Augustine explains that when the purpose of persecution is to lovingly correct and instruct, then it becomes discipline and is just.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-266">[256]</a>: 2  He said the church would discipline its people out of a loving desire to heal them, and that, "once compelled to come in, heretics would gradually give their voluntary assent to the truth of Christian orthodoxy."<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 115  Frederick H. Russell<a href="#cite_note-Russell-269">[259]</a> describes this as "a pastoral strategy in which the church did the persecuting with the dutiful assistance of Roman authorities,"<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 115  adding that it is "a precariously balanced blend of external discipline and inward nurturance."<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 125  Augustine placed limits on the use of coercion, recommending fines, imprisonment, banishment, and moderate floggings, preferring beatings with rods which was a common practice in the ecclesial courts.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-270">[260]</a>: 164  He opposed severity, maiming, and the execution of heretics.<a href="#cite_note-271">[261]</a>: 768  While these limits were mostly ignored by Roman authorities, Michael Lamb says that in doing this, "Augustine appropriates republican principles from his Roman predecessors..." and maintains his commitment to liberty, legitimate authority, and the rule of law as a constraint on arbitrary power. He continues to advocate holding authority accountable to prevent domination but affirms the state's right to act.<a href="#cite_note-272">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Deane" title="Herbert A. Deane">Herbert A. Deane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[263]</a> on the other hand, says there is a fundamental inconsistency between Augustine's political thought and "his final position of approval of the use of political and legal weapons to punish religious dissidence" and others have seconded this view.<a href="#cite_note-274">[k]</a> Brown asserts that Augustine's thinking on coercion is more of an attitude than a doctrine since it is "not in a state of rest," but is instead marked by "a painful and protracted attempt to embrace and resolve tensions."<a href="#cite_note-Brown1964-257">[248]</a>: 107  According to Russell, it is possible to see how Augustine himself had evolved from his earlier Confessions to this teaching on coercion and the latter's strong patriarchal nature: "Intellectually, the burden has shifted imperceptibly from discovering the truth to disseminating the truth."<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 129  The bishops had become the church's elite with their own rationale for acting as "stewards of the truth." Russell points out that Augustine's views are limited to time and place and his own community, but later, others took what he said and applied it outside those parameters in ways Augustine never imagined or intended.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2-261">[252]</a>: 129  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo_bibliography" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine of Hippo bibliography">Augustine of Hippo bibliography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_-_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_-_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_-_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_-_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_-_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_-_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antonio_Rodr%C3%ADguez_-_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2341" /></a><figcaption>Saint Augustine painting by Antonio Rodríguez</figcaption></figure> Augustine was one of the most prolific Latin authors in terms of surviving works, and the list of his works consists of more than one hundred separate titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightSinclair193156–-275">[264]</a> They include <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic</a> works against the heresies of the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatists">Donatists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaeans">Manichaeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelagians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagians">Pelagians</a>; texts on Christian <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/De_Doctrina_Christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="De Doctrina Christiana">De Doctrina Christiana</a> (On Christian Doctrine); <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegetical</a> works such as commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul's</a> <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Romans">Letter to the Romans</a>; many <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">letters</a>; and the Retractationes, a review of his earlier works which he wrote near the end of his life. Apart from those, Augustine is probably best known for his <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a>, which is a personal account of his earlier life, and for De civitate Dei (<a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a>, consisting of 22 books), which he wrote to restore the confidence of his fellow Christians, which was badly shaken by the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sack of Rome</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in 410. His <a href="/wiki/On_the_Trinity" title="On the Trinity">On the Trinity</a>, in which he developed what has become known as the 'psychological analogy' of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, is also considered to be among his masterpieces, and arguably of more <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrinal">doctrinal</a> importance than the Confessions or the City of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1961540–548-276">[265]</a> He also wrote On Free Choice of the Will (<a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_(Augustine)" class="mw-redirect" title="De libero arbitrio (Augustine)">De libero arbitrio</a>), addressing why God gives humans free will that can be used for evil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verg%C3%B3s_Group_-_Saint_Augustine_Disputing_with_the_Heretics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Verg%C3%B3s_Group_-_Saint_Augustine_Disputing_with_the_Heretics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Verg%C3%B3s_Group_-_Saint_Augustine_Disputing_with_the_Heretics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Verg%C3%B3s_Group_-_Saint_Augustine_Disputing_with_the_Heretics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Verg%C3%B3s_Group_-_Saint_Augustine_Disputing_with_the_Heretics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Verg%C3%B3s_Group_-_Saint_Augustine_Disputing_with_the_Heretics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Verg%C3%B3s_Group_-_Saint_Augustine_Disputing_with_the_Heretics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="6370" /></a><figcaption>Saint Augustine Disputing with the Heretics painting by Vergós Group</figcaption></figure> In both his philosophical and theological reasoning, Augustine was greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, particularly by the work of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, author of the <a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a>, probably through the mediation of <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Marius Victorinus">Victorinus</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Hadot" title="Pierre Hadot">Pierre Hadot</a> has argued). Some Neoplatonic concepts are still visible in Augustine's early writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1945Book_II,_Chapter_IV-277">[266]</a> His early and influential writing on the <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">human will</a>, a central topic in <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, would become a focus for later philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>. He was also influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (known for his teaching on language), and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> (known for his teaching on argument).<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-209">[200]</a> Augustine, along with <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, is considered one of the four Great Latin <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_philosophy">In philosophy</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">Philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> was impressed by Augustine's meditation on the nature of time in the Confessions, comparing it favourably to <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s version of the view that time is subjective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1945352–353-279">[268]</a> Catholic theologians generally subscribe to Augustine's belief that God exists <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">outside of time</a> in the "eternal present"; that time only exists within the created universe because only in space is time discernible through motion and change. His meditations on the nature of time are closely linked to his consideration of the human ability of <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a> in her 1966 study <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Memory" title="The Art of Memory">The Art of Memory</a> argues that a brief passage of the Confessions, 10.8.12, in which Augustine writes of walking up a flight of stairs and entering the vast fields of memory<a href="#cite_note-280">[269]</a> clearly indicates that the ancient Romans were aware of how to use explicit spatial and architectural metaphors as a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> technique for organizing large amounts of information. Augustine's philosophical method, especially demonstrated in his Confessions, had a continuing influence on Continental philosophy throughout the 20th century. His descriptive approach to intentionality, memory, and language as these phenomena are experienced within consciousness and time anticipated and inspired the insights of modern <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Paulo2006-281">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> writes: "The analysis of time-consciousness is an age-old crux of descriptive psychology and theory of knowledge. The first thinker to be deeply sensitive to the immense difficulties to be found here was Augustine, who laboured almost to despair over this problem."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHusserl201921-282">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> refers to Augustine's descriptive philosophy at several junctures in his influential work <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[l]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> began her philosophical writing with a dissertation on Augustine's concept of love, Der Liebesbegriff bei Augustin (1929): "The young Arendt attempted to show that the philosophical basis for vita socialis in Augustine can be understood as residing in neighbourly love, grounded in his understanding of the common origin of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiba1995507-284">[272]</a> Jean Bethke Elshtain in Augustine and the Limits of Politics tried to associate Augustine with Arendt in their concept of evil: "Augustine did not see evil as glamorously demonic but rather as absence of good, something which paradoxically is really nothing. Arendt ... envisioned even the extreme evil which produced <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> as merely banal [in <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_in_Jerusalem" title="Eichmann in Jerusalem">Eichmann in Jerusalem</a>]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinder1997432–433-285">[273]</a> Augustine's philosophical legacy continues to influence contemporary critical theory through the contributions and inheritors of these 20th-century figures. Seen from a historical perspective, there are three main perspectives on the political thought of Augustine: first, political Augustinianism; second, Augustinian <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a>; and third, Augustinian political theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoo2015421–441-286">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_theology">In theology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scholasticism" title="Category:Scholasticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.4em; font-size:120%; line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval-university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg/100px-Medieval-university.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg/150px-Medieval-university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Grammatica" title="Summa Grammatica">Summa Grammatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_of_Logic" title="Sum of Logic">Summa logicae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus#Work" title="Duns Scotus">Opus Oxoniense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libri_Quattuor_Sententiarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Libri Quattuor Sententiarum">Libri Quattuor Sententiarum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Precursors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> ("Doctor Marianus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> ("Doctor Scholasticus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a> ("The Master")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> ("The Commentator")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> ("Rabbi Moses")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> ("Doctor Universalis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> ("Doctor Angelicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> ("Doctor Seraphicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> ("Doctor Subtilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> ("Doctor Invincibilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a> ("Doctor Eximius")</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_scholasticism" title="Protestant scholasticism">Protestant scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Problem of universals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscholastic_writing" title="Protoscholastic writing">Protoscholastic writing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scholasticism" title="Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scholasticism" title="Template talk:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> was influenced heavily by Augustine. On the topic of original sin, Aquinas proposed a more optimistic view of man than that of Augustine in that his conception leaves to the reason, will, and passions of fallen man their natural powers even after the Fall, without "supernatural gifts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051203-287">[275]</a> While in his pre-Pelagian writings Augustine taught that Adam's guilt as transmitted to his descendants much enfeebles, though does not destroy, the freedom of their will, Protestant reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin affirmed that Original Sin completely destroyed liberty (see <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204-180">[171]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie" title="Leo Ruickbie">Leo Ruickbie</a>, Augustine's arguments against <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, differentiating it from a miracle, were crucial in the early Church's fight against <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> and became a central thesis in the later denunciation of witches and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. According to Professor Deepak Lal, Augustine's vision of the heavenly city has influenced the secular projects and traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freudianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudianism">Freudianism</a> and eco-fundamentalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal2002-288">[276]</a> Post-Marxist philosophers Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt rely heavily on Augustine's thoughts, particularly The City of God, in their book of political philosophy Empire. Augustine has influenced many modern-day theologians and authors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(theologian)" title="John Piper (theologian)">John Piper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, an influential 20th-century political theorist, wrote her doctoral dissertation in philosophy on Augustine, and continued to rely on his thought throughout her career. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> extensively quotes Augustine in <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a> for his approach to language, both admiringly, and as a sparring partner to develop his own ideas, including an extensive opening passage from the <a href="/wiki/Confessions_(Augustine)" title="Confessions (Augustine)">Confessions</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Contemporary linguists have argued that Augustine has significantly influenced the thought of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, who did not 'invent' the modern discipline of <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, but rather built upon <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> and Neoplatonic knowledge from the Middle Ages, via an Augustinian connection: "as for the constitution of Saussurian semiotic theory, the importance of the Augustinian thought contribution (correlated to the Stoic one) has also been recognized. Saussure did not do anything but reform an ancient theory in Europe, according to the modern conceptual exigencies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunteanu199665-289">[277]</a> In his autobiographical book Milestones, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> claims Augustine as one of the deepest influences in his thought. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oratorio,_music">Oratorio, music</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, Motet "Pour St Augustin mourant", H.419, for 2 voices and continuo (1687), and "Pour St Augustin", H.307, for 2 voices and continuo (1670s). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaume_Huguet_-_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jaume_Huguet_-_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Jaume_Huguet_-_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jaume_Huguet_-_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Jaume_Huguet_-_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jaume_Huguet_-_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Jaume_Huguet_-_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4546" data-file-height="5907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Consecration_of_Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consecration of Saint Augustine">The Consecration of Saint Augustine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Huguet" title="Jaume Huguet">Jaume Huguet</a></figcaption></figure> Much of Augustine's conversion is dramatized in the oratorio La conversione di Sant'Agostino (1750) composed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a>. The libretto for this oratorio, written by <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Antonia_of_Bavaria" title="Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria">Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria</a>, draws upon the influence of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Metastasio" title="Pietro Metastasio">Metastasio</a> (the finished libretto having been edited by him) and is based on an earlier five-act play Idea perfectae conversionis dive Augustinus written by the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumayr" title="Franz Neumayr">Franz Neumayr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmither197797–98-290">[278]</a> In the libretto Augustine's mother Monica is presented as a prominent character that is worried that Augustine might not convert to Christianity. As Dr. Andrea Palent<a href="#cite_note-291">[279]</a> says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Maria Antonia Walpurgis revised the five-part Jesuit drama into a two-part oratorio liberty in which she limits the subject to the conversion of Augustine and his submission to the will of God. To this was added the figure of the mother, Monica, so as to let the transformation appear by experience rather than the dramatic artifice of deus ex machina.</blockquote> Throughout the oratorio Augustine shows his willingness to turn to God, but the burden of the act of conversion weighs heavily on him. This is displayed by Hasse through extended recitative passages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_art">In popular art</h3></div> In his poem "Confessional", <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bidart" title="Frank Bidart">Frank Bidart</a> compares the relationship between Augustine and his mother, Saint Monica, to the relationship between the poem's speaker and his mother.<a href="#cite_note-Bidart1983-292">[280]</a> In the 2010 TV miniseries <a href="/wiki/Restless_Heart:_The_Confessions_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Restless Heart: The Confessions of Saint Augustine">Restless Heart: The Confessions of Saint Augustine</a>, Augustine is played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matteo_Urzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matteo Urzia (page does not exist)">Matteo Urzia</a> (aged 15), <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Preziosi" title="Alessandro Preziosi">Alessandro Preziosi</a> (aged 25) and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Nero" title="Franco Nero">Franco Nero</a> (aged 76).<a href="#cite_note-Dipollina-293">[281]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1967, American singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> released a song entitled "<a href="/wiki/I_Dreamed_I_Saw_St._Augustine" title="I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine">I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine</a>" as part of his album <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Harding" title="John Wesley Harding">John Wesley Harding</a>. The song has been covered by several artists including <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vic_Chesnutt" title="Vic Chesnutt">Vic Chesnutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Doe_(musician)" title="John Doe (musician)">John Doe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thea_Gilmore" title="Thea Gilmore">Thea Gilmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Selzer" title="Adam Selzer">Adam Selzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Projectors" title="Dirty Projectors">Dirty Projectors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[282]</a> English pop/rock musician, singer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> wrote a song related to Saint Augustine entitled "Saint Augustine in Hell" which was part of his fourth solo studio album <a href="/wiki/Ten_Summoner%27s_Tales" title="Ten Summoner's Tales">Ten Summoner's Tales</a> released in March 1993.<a href="#cite_note-295">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Rule of Saint Augustine">Rule of Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinus-Lexikon" title="Augustinus-Lexikon">Augustinus-Lexikon</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Jerome wrote to Augustine in 418: "You are known throughout the world; Catholics honour and esteem you as the one who has established anew the ancient Faith" (conditor antiquae rursum fidei).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeSelle2002343-24">[24]</a> Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/lettere/lettera_200_testo.htm">Epistola 195</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "[T]he names Monnica and Nonnica are found on tombstones in the Libyan language—as such Monnica is the only Berber name commonly used in English."<a href="#CITEREFBrettFentress1996">Brett & Fentress 1996</a>, p. 293 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2000">Brown 2000</a>, p. 64 places Augustine's garden conversion at the end of August, 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> He explained to Julian of Eclanum that it was a most subtle job to discern what came first: Sed si disputatione subtilissima et elimatissima opus est, ut sciamus utrum primos homines insipientia superbos, an insipientes superbia fecerit. (Contra Julianum, V, 4.18; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 795) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Augustine explained it in this way: "Why therefore is it enjoined upon mind, that it should know itself? I suppose, in order that, it may consider itself, and live according to its own nature; that is, seek to be regulated according to its own nature, viz., under Him to whom it ought to be subject, and above those things to which it is to be preferred; under Him by whom it ought to be ruled, above those things which it ought to rule. For it does many things through vicious desire, as though in forgetfulness of itself. For it sees some things intrinsically excellent, in that more excellent nature which is God: and whereas it ought to remain steadfast that it may enjoy them, it is turned away from Him, by wishing to appropriate those things to itself, and not to be like to Him by His gift, but to be what He is by its own, and it begins to move and slip gradually down into less and less, which it thinks to be more and more." ("<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/130105.htm">On the Trinity</a>" (De Trinitate), 5:7; <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 50, 320 [1–12]) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> In one of Augustine's late works, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retractationes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retractationes (page does not exist)">Retractationes</a>, he made a significant remark indicating the way he understood the difference between spiritual, moral libido and the sexual desire: "Libido is not good and righteous use of the libido" ("libido non-est bonus et rectus usus libidinis"). See the whole passage: Dixi etiam quodam loco: «Quod enim est cibus ad salutem hominis, hoc est concubitus ad salutem generis, et utrumque non-est sine delectatione carnali, quae tamen modificata et temperantia refrenante in usum naturalem redacta, libido esse non-potest». Quod ideo dictum est, quoniam "libido non-est bonus et rectus usus libidinis". Sicut enim malum est male uti bonis, ita bonum bene uti malis. De qua re alias, maxime contra novos haereticos Pelagianos, diligentius disputavi. Cf. De bono coniugali, 16.18; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 40, 385; De nuptiis et concupiscentia, II, 21.36; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 443; Contra Iulianum, III, 7.16; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 710; ibid., V, 16.60; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 817. See also <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIdem1983" class="citation book cs1">Idem (1983). Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin. Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale. Paris: Études Augustiniennes. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mariage+chr%C3%A9tien+dans+l%27oeuvre+de+Saint+Augustin.+Une+th%C3%A9ologie+baptismale+de+la+vie+conjugale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Idem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Although Augustine praises him in the Confessions, 8.2., it is widely acknowledged that Augustine's attitude towards that pagan philosophy was very much of a Christian apostle, as <a href="#CITEREFClarke1958">Clarke 1958</a>, p. 151 writes: Towards Neoplatonism there was throughout his life a decidedly ambivalent attitude; one must expect both agreement and sharp dissent, derivation but also repudiation. In the matter which concerns us here, the agreement with Neoplatonism (and with the Platonic tradition in general) centres on two related notions: immutability as the primary characteristic of divinity, and likeness to divinity as the primary vocation of the soul. The disagreement chiefly concerned, as we have said, two related and central Christian dogmas: the Incarnation of the Son of God and the resurrection of the flesh. Cf. É. Schmitt's chapter 2: L'idéologie hellénique et la conception augustinienne de réalités charnelles in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdem1983" class="citation book cs1">Idem (1983). Le mariage chrétien dans l'oeuvre de Saint Augustin. Une théologie baptismale de la vie conjugale. Paris: Études Augustiniennes. pp. 108–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+mariage+chr%C3%A9tien+dans+l%27oeuvre+de+Saint+Augustin.+Une+th%C3%A9ologie+baptismale+de+la+vie+conjugale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=108-123&rft.pub=%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Idem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Meara1954" class="citation book cs1">O'Meara, J.J. (1954). The Young Augustine: The Growth of St. Augustine's Mind up to His Conversion. London. pp. 143–151 and 195f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Augustine%3A+The+Growth+of+St.+Augustine%27s+Mind+up+to+His+Conversion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143-151+and+195f&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=O%27Meara&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadec" class="citation book cs1">Madec, G. Le "platonisme" des Pères. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+%22platonisme%22+des+P%C3%A8res&rft.pages=42&rft.aulast=Madec&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdem1994" class="citation book cs1">Idem (1994). Petites Études Augustiniennes. «Antiquité» 142. Paris: Collection d'Études Augustiniennes. pp. 27–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petites+%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=%C2%ABAntiquit%C3%A9%C2%BB+142&rft.pages=27-50&rft.pub=Collection+d%27%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Idem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> Thomas Aq. STh I q84 a5; Augustine of Hippo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120108.htm">City of God</a> (De Civitate Dei), VIII, 5; CCL 47, 221 [3–4]. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> "It is, of course, always easier to oppose and denounce than to understand."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986312-173">[166]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> In 393 or 394 he commented: Moreover, if unbelief is fornication, and <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> unbelief, and <a href="/wiki/Covetousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Covetousness">covetousness</a> idolatry, it is not to be doubted that covetousness also is fornication. Who, then, in that case can rightly separate any unlawful lust whatever from the category of fornication, if covetousness is fornication? And from this we perceive, that because of unlawful lusts, not only those of which one is guilty in acts of uncleanness with another's husband or wife, but any unlawful lusts whatever, which cause the soul to make a bad use of the body to wander from the law of God, and to be ruinously and basely corrupted, a man may, without crime, put away his wife, and a wife her husband, because the Lord makes the cause of fornication an exception; which fornication, in accordance with the above considerations, we are compelled to understand as being general and universal. ("<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/16011.htm">On the Sermon on the Mount</a>", De sermone Domini in monte, 1:16:46; <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 35, 52). </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> French archaeology has shown the north African landscape of this time period became "covered with a white robe of churches" with Catholics and Donatists building multiple churches with granaries to feed the poor as they competed for the loyalty of the people.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1964-257">[248]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> See: C. Kirwan, Augustine (London, 1989), pp. 209–218; and J. M. Rist. Augustine: Ancient Thought Baptized (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 239–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s articulations of how "<a href="/wiki/Being-in-the-world" class="mw-redirect" title="Being-in-the-world">Being-in-the-world</a>" is described through thinking about seeing: "The remarkable priority of 'seeing' was noticed particularly by Augustine, in connection with his Interpretation of concupiscentia." Heidegger then quotes the Confessions: "Seeing belongs properly to the eyes. But we even use this word 'seeing' for the other senses when we devote them to cognizing... We not only say, 'See how that shines', ... 'but we even say, 'See how that sounds'". Being and Time, Trs. Macquarrie & Robinson. New York: Harpers, 1964, p. 171. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1996" class="citation book cs1">Hall, James (1996). Hall's Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art (2nd ed.). John Murray. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-4147-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-4147-6"><bdi>0-7195-4147-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hall%27s+Dictionary+of+Subjects+and+Symbols+in+Art&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7195-4147-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel1971" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Howard (1971). Encyclopedia of Themes and Subjects in Painting. 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Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Saint+Augustine+%E2%80%93+Biography%2C+Philosophy%2C+%26+Major+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagill2003172-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagill2003172_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagill2003">Magill 2003</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Augustine_(Bishop_of_Hippo.)1999" class="citation book cs1">Saint Augustine (Bishop of Hippo.) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5pv1MGv0TUC&pg=PR26">On Christian Teaching</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283928-2"><bdi>978-0-19-283928-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Christian+Teaching&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283928-2&rft.au=Saint+Augustine+%28Bishop+of+Hippo.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5pv1MGv0TUC%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201739-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201739_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2017">Jones 2017</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayapalan200151-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJayapalan200151_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJayapalan2001">Jayapalan 2001</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Vesey, Mark, trans. (2007) "Confessions Saint Augustine", introduction, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59308-259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59308-259-8">978-1-59308-259-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner1986_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner1986">Bonner 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollingworth201350–51_50-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHollingworth2013">Hollingworth 2013</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith199024-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith199024_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeith1990">Leith 1990</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAAXAQAAIAAJ">Catholic World, Volumes 175–176</a>. Paulist Fathers. 1952. p. 376. <q>The whole of North Africa was a glory of Christendom with St. Augustine, himself a Berber, its chief ornament.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+World%2C+Volumes+175%E2%80%93176&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Paulist+Fathers&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAAXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Ep., CXXXIII, 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102138.htm">English version</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/lettere/lettera_139_testo.htm">Latin version</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Confess., VIII, 6, 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/110108.htm">English version</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/confessioni/index2.htm">Latin version</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Contra Faustum, I, 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/140601.htm">English version</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/contro_fausto/index2.htm">Latin version</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancel20025-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancel20025_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLancel2002">Lancel 2002</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower1999353–354-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower1999353–354_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower1999353–354_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPower1999">Power 1999</a>, pp. 353–354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrettFentress199671,_293-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrettFentress199671,_293_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrettFentress1996">Brett & Fentress 1996</a>, pp. 71, 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowlesPenkett2004Ch._2-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnowlesPenkett2004Ch._2_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnowlesPenkett2004">Knowles & Penkett 2004</a>, Ch. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 2:5 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 2:8 </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EA_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_62-4">e</a> Encyclopedia Americana, v. 2, p. 685. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-0129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-0129-5">0-7172-0129-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_63-0">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 2:3.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FLNZ1-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FLNZ1_64-0">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 2:3.7 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoble2002" class="citation journal cs1">Soble, Alan G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704726">"Correcting Some Misconceptions about St. Augustine's Sex Life"</a>. Journal of the History of Sexuality. 11 (4): 545–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2003.0045">10.1353/sex.2003.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4070">1043-4070</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704726">3704726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142659448">142659448</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Correcting+Some+Misconceptions+about+St.+Augustine%27s+Sex+Life&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=545-569&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1043-4070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142659448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2003.0045&rft.aulast=Soble&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 3:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1911-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1911_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1911_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPope1911">Pope 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke-Heinemann1990-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke-Heinemann1990_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke-Heinemann1990">Ranke-Heinemann 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-utne.com-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utne.com_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-utne.com_69-1">b</a> Boyce, James (May 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/mind-and-body/st-augustine-and-original-sin-ze0z1505zken.aspx">"Don't Blame the Devil: St Augustine and Original Sin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Utne_Reader" title="Utne Reader">Utne Reader</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, 4:2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200063-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200063_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2000">Brown 2000</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell2005-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell2005_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Donnell2005">O'Donnell 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick200114-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick200114_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwick2001">Chadwick 2001</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKishlanskyGearyO'Brien2005142–143-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKishlanskyGearyO'Brien2005142–143_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKishlanskyGearyO'Brien2005">Kishlansky, Geary & O'Brien 2005</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999689–690-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger1999689–690_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoniger1999">Doniger 1999</a>, pp. 689–690. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2010163-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeDuhn2010163_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeDuhn2010">BeDuhn 2010</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustine:_Account_of_His_Own_Conversion-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Augustine:_Account_of_His_Own_Conversion_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Augustine:_Account_of_His_Own_Conversion_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOutler" class="citation web cs1">Outler, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/aug-conv.asp">""Medieval Sourcebook." 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New York: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-56673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-56673-0"><bdi>978-0-205-56673-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theory+of+Rhetoric&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-205-56673-0&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_93-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSypert2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sypert, John (1 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol4/iss1/3">"Redeeming Rhetoric: Augustine's Use of Rhetoric in His Preaching Ministry"</a>. 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MacDonald, Michael J (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731596.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199731596-e-025">"Augustine's Rhetoric in Theory and Practice"</a>. The Oxford Handbook of Rhetorical Studies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199731596.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199731596.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973159-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973159-6</bdi></a>. 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Augustinian Studies. 39 (2): 265–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Faugstudies200839224">10.5840/augstudies200839224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustinian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rhetoric%28s%29+of+St.+Augustine%27s+Confessions&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-291&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Faugstudies200839224&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholars.unh.edu%2Fcomm_facpub%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2000-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2000_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2000">Brown 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Augustine, ep.126.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanlon2014" class="citation book cs1">Sanlon, Peter T. (2014). Augustine's Theology of Preaching. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8278-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8278-2"><bdi>978-1-4514-8278-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Theology+of+Preaching&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-8278-2&rft.aulast=Sanlon&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOort2009" class="citation journal cs1">Oort, Johannes van (5 October 2009). "Augustine, His Sermons, and Their Significance". HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies. 65: 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Teologiese+Studies%2FTheological+Studies&rft.atitle=Augustine%2C+His+Sermons%2C+and+Their+Significance&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.aulast=Oort&rft.aufirst=Johannes+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell1985" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, James J. (1985). Augustine. Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-6609-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-6609-X"><bdi>0-8057-6609-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8057-6609-X&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907b-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907b_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907b_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortalié1907b_101-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPortalié1907b">Portalié 1907b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, Nathan (1 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/rhetorica/article-abstract/36/2/105/83045/Rhetorical-Distinctions-in-Augustine-s-Early-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Rhetorical Distinctions in Augustine's Early and Later Writing"</a>. Rhetorica. 36 (2): 105–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frh.2018.36.2.105">10.1525/rh.2018.36.2.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-8584">0734-8584</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:172122521">172122521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetorica&rft.atitle=Rhetorical+Distinctions+in+Augustine%27s+Early+and+Later+Writing&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-131&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A172122521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0734-8584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frh.2018.36.2.105&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Frhetorica%2Farticle-abstract%2F36%2F2%2F105%2F83045%2FRhetorical-Distinctions-in-Augustine-s-Early-and%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossidius2008-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossidius2008_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPossidius2008">Possidius 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossidius200843-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossidius200843_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPossidius2008">Possidius 2008</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Joseph Ratzinger, Behold the Pierced One (Ignatius Press: 2011), ePub ed. 63 See also, J.van der Meer, Augustinus der Seelsorger (Cologned 1951), 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Possidius, Life of St. Augustine (trans. Weiskotten), CHAPTER XXXI. Death and burial, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/possidius_life_of_augustine_02_text.htm#C31">https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/possidius_life_of_augustine_02_text.htm#C31</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPossidius200857-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPossidius200857_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPossidius2008">Possidius 2008</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOestreich1907-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOestreich1907_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOestreich1907">Oestreich 1907</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England. 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Augnet.org (22 April 2007). Retrieved on 17 June 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonasteri_Imperiali_Pavia" class="citation web cs1">Monasteri Imperiali Pavia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monasteriimperialipavia.it/san-pietro-in-ciel-doro/">"San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro"</a>. monasteriimperialipavia.it. University of Pavia. 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Haec enim non-ad ornamentum vel adiutorium, quod adhibetur extrinsecus, sed ad ipsam naturam hominis pertinent. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Enarrationes in psalmos, 143, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 40, 2077 [46] – 2078 [74]; 46, 234–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De utilitate ieiunii, 4, 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De quantitate animae 1.2; 5.9. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De quantitate animae 13.12: Substantia quaedam rationis particeps, regendo corpori accomodata. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, On the free will (De libero arbitrio) 2.3.7–6.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann1999141–142-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann1999141–142_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMann1999">Mann 1999</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthenagoras_the_Athenian" class="citation web cs1">Athenagoras the Athenian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0205.htm">"A Plea for the Christians"</a>. 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U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELysaughtKotvaLammersVerhey2012676-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELysaughtKotvaLammersVerhey2012676_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLysaughtKotvaLammersVerhey2012">Lysaught et al. 2012</a>, p. 676. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasa-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasa_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220044432/https://www.ewtn.com/library/bishops/vasapelosi.htm">"Modern Look at Abortion Not Same as St. Augustine's"</a>. www.ewtn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/bishops/vasapelosi.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Modern+Look+at+Abortion+Not+Same+as+St.+Augustine%27s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fbishops%2Fvasapelosi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF1-02/npnf1-02-18.htm#P2017_1154484">"Of the Falseness of the History Which Allots Many Thousand Years to the World's Past"</a>. The City of God. Book 12: Chapt. 10 [419].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Of+the+Falseness+of+the+History+Which+Allots+Many+Thousand+Years+to+the+World%27s+Past&rft.btitle=The+City+of+God&rft.pages=Book-12%3A+Chapt.-10+419&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Ffathers2%2FNPNF1-02%2Fnpnf1-02-18.htm%23P2017_1154484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeske1999377–378-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeske1999377–378_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeske1999">Teske 1999</a>, pp. 377–378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranklin-Brown2012280-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranklin-Brown2012280_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranklin-Brown2012">Franklin-Brown 2012</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. On the Merits. 1.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Merits&rft.pages=1.2&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. City of God. 13:1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+God&rft.pages=13%3A1&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo. Enchiridion. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchiridion&rft.pages=104&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Young, Davis A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html">"The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine's View of Creation"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Science_and_Christian_Faith" title="Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith">Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith</a> 40.1:42–45 (3/1988). Retrieved 30 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198728-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198728_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález1987">González 1987</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJusto_L._Gonzalez1970–1975" class="citation book cs1">Justo L. Gonzalez (1970–1975). A History of Christian Thought: Volume 2 (From Augustine to the eve of the Reformation). Abingdon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Thought%3A+Volume+2+%28From+Augustine+to+the+eve+of+the+Reformation%29&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1970%2F1975&rft.au=Justo+L.+Gonzalez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JeXFXXHBgnoC">Wallace M. Alston, The Church of the Living God: A Reformed Perspective</a> (Westminster John Knox Press, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22553-7">978-0-664-22553-7</a>), p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/non-orthodox_ch7.pdf">"Patrick Barnes, The Non-Orthodox: The Orthodox Teaching on Christians Outside of the Church"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patrick+Barnes%2C+The+Non-Orthodox%3A+The+Orthodox+Teaching+on+Christians+Outside+of+the+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Finquirers%2Fnon-orthodox_ch7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2006519-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlomberg2006519_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlomberg2006">Blomberg 2006</a>, p. 519. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Enchiridion, 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De Sancta Virginitate, 6,6, 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De Sancta Virginitate, 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De Genesi ad literam 1:19–20, Chapt. 19 [408], De Genesi ad literam, 2:9 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, On the Literal Meaning of Genesis (<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Genesi_ad_litteram%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Genesi ad litteram' (page does not exist)">De Genesi ad litteram'</a>'), VIII, 6:12, vol. 1, pp. 192–93 and 12:28, vol. 2, pp. 219–20, trans. John Hammond Taylor SJ; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_Augustinniene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliothèque Augustinniene (page does not exist)">BA</a> 49,28 and 50–52; PL 34, 377; cf. idem, De Trinitate, XII, 12.17; <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 50, 371–372 [v. 26–31; 1–36]; De natura boni 34–35; CSEL 25, 872; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 42, 551–572 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, On the Literal Meaning of Genesis (De Genesi ad litteram), VIII, 4.8; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioth%C3%A8que_Augustinniene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliothèque Augustinniene (page does not exist)">BA</a> 49, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Nisi radicem mali humanus tunc reciperet sensus ("Contra Julianum", I, 9.42; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 670) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Non substantialiter manere concupiscentiam, sicut corpus aliquod aut spiritum; sed esse affectionem quamdam malae qualitatis, sicut est languor. (De nuptiis et concupiscentia), I, 25. 28; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 430; cf. Contra Julianum, VI, 18.53; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 854; ibid. VI, 19.58; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 857; ibid., II, 10.33; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 697; Contra Secundinum Manichaeum, 15; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 42, 590. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marius_Mercator" title="Marius Mercator">Marius Mercator</a> Lib. subnot.in verb. Iul. Praef.,2,3; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 48,111 /v.5-13/ </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner198735-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner198735_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner1987">Bonner 1987</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986355–356-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner1986355–356_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner1986">Bonner 1986</a>, pp. 355–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/latino/grazia_cristo/grazia_cristo_1_libro.htm">De gratia Christi et de peccato originali</a>, I, 15.16; CSEL 42, 138 [v. 24–29]; Ibid., I,4.5; CSEL 42, 128 [v.15–23]. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Against Two Letters of the Pelagians 1.31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200035-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200035_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2000">Brown 2000</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029144459/http://www.religiousstudies.uncc.edu/jcreeves/manichaean_version_of_genesis_2-4.htm">"The Manichaean Version of Genesis 2–4"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religiousstudies.uncc.edu/jcreeves/manichaean_version_of_genesis_2-4.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manichaean+Version+of+Genesis+2%E2%80%934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religiousstudies.uncc.edu%2Fjcreeves%2Fmanichaean_version_of_genesis_2-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988">. Translated from the Arabic text of Ibn al-Nadīm, Fihrist, as reproduced by G. Flügel in Mani: Seine Lehre und seine Schriften (Leipzig, 1862; reprinted, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>: Biblio Verlag, 1969) 58.11–61.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De libero arbitrio 1,9,1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrapè1987113–114-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrapè1987113–114_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrapè1987">Trapè 1987</a>, p. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrachtendorf1997307-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrachtendorf1997307_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrachtendorf1997">Brachtendorf 1997</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESfameni_Gasparro2001250–251-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESfameni_Gasparro2001250–251_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSfameni_Gasparro2001">Sfameni Gasparro 2001</a>, pp. 250–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomers1961115-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomers1961115_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSomers1961">Somers 1961</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, Περι παρθενίας (De Sancta Virginitate), XIV, 6; SCh 125, 142–145; <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/130105.htm">On the Making of Man</a>, 17; SCh 6, 164–165; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2907.htm">On Virginity</a>, 12.2; SCh 119, 402 [17–20]. Cf. Augustine of Hippo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1309.htm">On the Good of Marriage</a>, 2.2; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 40, 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerson1999203-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerson1999203_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerson1999">Gerson 1999</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, "Enarrations on the Psalms" (Enarrationes in psalmos), 143:6; <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 40, 2077 [46] – 2078 [74]; On the Literal Meaning of Genesis (De Genesi ad Litteram), 9:6:11, trans. John Hammond Taylor SJ, vol. 2, pp. 76–77; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 34, 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986312-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner1986312_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner1986">Bonner 1986</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, De continentia, 12.27; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 40, 368; Ibid., 13.28; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 40, 369; Contra Julianum, III, 15.29, <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 717; Ibid., III, 21.42, <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 724. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2006481–536-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke2006481–536_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurke2006">Burke 2006</a>, pp. 481–536. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1501.htm">Merits and Remission of Sin, and Infant Baptism</a> (De peccatorum meritis et remissione et de baptismo parvulorum), I, 6.6; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 44, 112–113; cf. On the Literal Meaning of Genesis (De Genesi ad litteram) 9:6:11, trans. John Hammond Taylor SJ, vol. 2, pp. 76–77; <abbr title="Patrologia Latina">PL</abbr> 34, 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, Imperfectum Opus contra Iulianum, II, 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone20051200–1204_180-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, pp. 1200–1204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201893,_127,_140,_146,_231–233,_279–280-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201893,_127,_140,_146,_231–233,_279–280_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, pp. 93, 127, 140, 146, 231–233, 279–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018221,_231,_267,_296-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018221,_231,_267,_296_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, pp. 221, 231, 267, 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1986371-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner1986371_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner1986">Bonner 1986</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern1953234–237-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern1953234–237_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern1953">Southern 1953</a>, pp. 234–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201144-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201144_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201148–49-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201148–49_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidengren197763–65,_90-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidengren197763–65,_90_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWidengren1977">Widengren 1977</a>, pp. 63–65, 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStroumsa1992344–345-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStroumsa1992344–345_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStroumsa1992">Stroumsa 1992</a>, pp. 344–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018286–293-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018286–293_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, pp. 286–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Oort2010520-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Oort2010520_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Oort2010">van Oort 2010</a>, p. 520. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález198744-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález198744_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzález1987">González 1987</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, On the Gift of Perseverance, Chapter 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo2012" class="citation book cs1">Augustine of Hippo (2012). 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Retrieved on 28 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzalez2010-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzalez2010_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGonzalez2010">Gonzalez 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisterCopan2013-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisterCopan2013_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeisterCopan2013">Meister & Copan 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018285-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018285_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntire20053206–3209-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntire20053206–3209_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntire2005">McIntire 2005</a>, pp. 3206–3209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDihle1982152-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDihle1982152_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDihle1982">Dihle 1982</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201893–94,_273–274-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201893–94,_273–274_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, pp. 93–94, 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2018281–294-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2018281–294_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2018">Wilson 2018</a>, pp. 281–294. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1963" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Luther (1963). Lehman, Helmut (ed.). Luther's Works. Vol. 48. Translated by Krodel, Gottfried. Fortress Press. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Works&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Luther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1927" class="citation book cs1">Calvin, John (1927). "A Treatise on the Eternal Predestination of God". Calvin's Calvinism. Translated by Cole, Henry. London: Sovereign Grace Union. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Eternal+Predestination+of+God&rft.btitle=Calvin%27s+Calvinism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Sovereign+Grace+Union&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawexplores.com/the-philosophy-of-law-in-the-writings-of-augustine/#Fn23">"Augustine on Law and Order — Lawexplores.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augustine+on+Law+and+Order+%E2%80%94+Lawexplores.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawexplores.com%2Fthe-philosophy-of-law-in-the-writings-of-augustine%2F%23Fn23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Augustine, "Of the Work of Monks", n. 25, in Philip Schaff, ed., A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, volume 3, p. 516. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1956. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> The Saints, Pauline Books & Media, Daughters of St. Paul, Editions du Signe (1998), p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Augustine, The City of God, Ch. 15, p. 411, Vol. II, Nicene & Post-Nicene Fathers, Eerdman's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Reprinted 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120119.htm">"Church Fathers: City of God, Book XIX (St. Augustine)"</a>. www.newadvent.org. 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HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies. 65: 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HTS+Teologiese+Studies%2F+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Augustine%2C+His+Sermons%2C+and+Their+Significance&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2009-10-05&rft.aulast=Oort&rft.aufirst=Johannes+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhts.org.za%2Findex.php%2Fhts%2Farticle%2Fview%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch20108-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch20108_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2010">MacCulloch 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, City of God, book 18, chapter 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199933–35-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199933–35_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1999">Edwards 1999</a>, pp. 33–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Richard S. Levy ed. Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2005) vol 1 pp 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> . Paula Fredricksen, Augustine and the Jews: A Christian Defense of Jews and Judaism (Yale UP, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2002219-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2002219_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2002">Carroll 2002</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Biema2008-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Biema2008_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Biema2008">Van Biema 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, On Christian Doctrine, 3.37 </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_Nuptiis_et_Concupiscentia_ad_Valerium">Latin text</a>: "Carnis autem concupiscentia non est nuptiis imputanda, sed toleranda. Non enim est ex naturali connubio veniens bonum, sed ex antiquo peccato accidens malum." (Carnal concupiscence, however, must not be ascribed to marriage: it is only to be tolerated in marriage. It is not a good which comes out of the essence of marriage, but an evil which is the accident of original sin.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1945356-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1945356_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1945">Russell 1945</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Augustine of Hippo, City of God, Book I, Ch. 16, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> On marriage and concupiscence <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_V/On_Marriage_and_Concupiscence/Book_II/Chapter_26">2.26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0354-0430,_Augustinus,_De_Nuptiis_Et_Concupiscentia,_MLT.pdf">Latin text</a>: "Sine qua libidine poterat opus fieri conjugum in generatione filiorum, sicut multa opera fiunt obedientia caeterorum sine illo ardore membrorum, quae voluptatis nutu moventur, non aestu libidinis concitantur." </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> On marriage and concupiscence <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_V/On_Marriage_and_Concupiscence/Book_II/Chapter_29">2.29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0354-0430,_Augustinus,_De_Nuptiis_Et_Concupiscentia,_MLT.pdf">Latin text</a>: "sereretur sine ulla pudenda libidine, ad voluntatis nutum membris obsequentibus genitalibus"; cf. City of God 14.23 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> On marriage and concupiscence <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_V/On_Marriage_and_Concupiscence/Book_I/Chapter_17">1.17</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_Nuptiis_et_Concupiscentia_ad_Valerium">Latin text</a>: "Aliquando eo usque pervenit haec libidinosa crudelitas vel libido crudelis, ut etiam sterilitatis venena procuret et si nihil valuerit, conceptos fetus aliquo modo intra viscera exstinguat ac fundat, volendo suam prolem prius interire quam vivere, aut si in utero iam vivebat, occidi ante quam nasci. Prorsus si ambo tales sunt, coniuges non sunt; et si ab initio tales fuerunt, non sibi per connubium, sed per stuprum potius convenerunt." </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_246-1">b</a> Augustine of Hippo, City of God, 14.13 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1996-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1996_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1996">Clark 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1986139–162-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark1986139–162_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark1986">Clark 1986</a>, pp. 139–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%204:1–42&version=nrsv">John 4:1–42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%205:25&version=nrsv">Eph 5:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay_Schott2003" class="citation book cs1">May Schott, Robin (2003). 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Oxford University Press: 97–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflv160">10.1093/jts/flv160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Augustine+on+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-114&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflv160&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1964-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1964_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1964_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1964_257-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1964_257-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1964_257-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1964" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, P. 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Retrieved 26 August 2020. <q>professor emeritus of political philosophy and a former vice provost at Columbia University</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Herbert+L.+Deane%2C+69%2C+Ex-Columbia+Official&rft.date=1991-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F02%2F16%2Fobituaries%2Fherbert-l-deane-69-ex-columbia-official.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrightSinclair193156–-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWrightSinclair193156–_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWrightSinclair1931">Wright & Sinclair 1931</a>, pp. 56–. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1961540–548-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1961540–548_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1961">Hill 1961</a>, pp. 540–548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1945Book_II,_Chapter_IV-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1945Book_II,_Chapter_IV_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1945">Russell 1945</a>, Book II, Chapter IV. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Dool_KILLEN1871" class="citation book cs1">William Dool KILLEN (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.sk/books/edition/The_Old_Catholic_Or_the_History_Doctrine/bQuV3kJWKAsC?hl=sk&gbpv=1&dq=four+great+fathers++Augustine++Jerome++Gregory&pg=PA90&printsec=frontcover">The Old Catholic: Or the History, Doctrine, Worship, and Polity of the Christians</a>. 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Retrieved 19 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Confessional&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bidart&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Fpoetry%2F3046%2Fconfessional-frank-bidart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dipollina-293"><a href="#cite_ref-Dipollina_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDipollina2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dipollina, Antonio (28 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mymovies.it/film/2009/santagostino/rassegnastampa/514822/">"Sant'Agostino (2009)"</a>. La Repubblica (in Italian). MYmovies. Retrieved 5 March 2021. <q>Quello giovanissimo è interpretato da Matteo Urzia – bellissimo, già una stellina del panorama nazionale – l' Agostino maturo è il divo-in-fiction Alessandro Preziosi. Quello anziano, ma attivissimo sotto l' assedio dei Vandali, è addirittura un Franco Nero smagliante.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Sant%27Agostino+%282009%29&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Dipollina&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mymovies.it%2Ffilm%2F2009%2Fsantagostino%2Frassegnastampa%2F514822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/song/i-dreamed-i-saw-st-augustine-mt0002990220">"I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine - Bob Dylan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801054737/https://www.allmusic.com/song/i-dreamed-i-saw-st-augustine-mt0002990220">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=I+Dreamed+I+Saw+St.+Augustine+-+Bob+Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsong%2Fi-dreamed-i-saw-st-augustine-mt0002990220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://songmeanings.com/songs/view/10455/">"Sting – Saint Augustine In Hell Lyrics"</a>. SongMeanings. 21 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SongMeanings&rft.atitle=Sting+%E2%80%93+Saint+Augustine+In+Hell+Lyrics&rft.date=2006-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsongmeanings.com%2Fsongs%2Fview%2F10455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA'Becket1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">A'Becket, John (1907). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Adeodatus">"Adeodatus" </a>. 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Wm B Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3843-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abortion&rft.btitle=Augustine+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wm+B+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3843-8&rft.aulast=Bauerschmidt&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcVhAGpvTQ0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeDuhn2010" class="citation book cs1">BeDuhn, Jason (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEmZaq1Gg3wC&pg=PA163">Conversion and Apostasy, 373–388 C.E.</a> Augustine's Manichaean Dilemma. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22757-6"><bdi>978-0-520-22757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine+of+Hippo%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22757-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustineofhippo00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrus2011" class="citation journal cs1">Burrus, Virginia (2011). ""Fleeing the Uxorious Kingdom": Augustine's Queer Theology of Marriage". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 19 (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2011.0002">10.1353/earl.2011.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144407492">144407492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Fleeing+the+Uxorious+Kingdom%22%3A+Augustine%27s+Queer+Theology+of+Marriage&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2011.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144407492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burrus&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(author)" title="James Carroll (author)">Carroll, James</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FewzTELynqUC">Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews</a>. 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Recherches Augustiniennes et Patristiques. 21: 139–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RA.5.102318">10.1484/J.RA.5.102318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0484-0887">0484-0887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recherches+Augustiniennes+et+Patristiques&rft.atitle=%22+Adam%27s+Only+Companion+%22+%3A+Augustine+and+the+Early+Christian+Debate+on+Marriage&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=139-162&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.RA.5.102318&rft.issn=0484-0887&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1484%252FJ.RA.5.102318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1996" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Elizabeth, ed. 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Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1021-3"><bdi>978-0-8146-1021-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+the+Early+Fathers&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+MN&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-1021-3&rft.aulast=Jurgens&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkvLsueY_DwC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingBallantyne2009" class="citation journal cs1">King, Peter; Ballantyne, Nathan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911164130/http://www.canadianjournalofphilosophy.com/PDFs/cjp39-2--195-214--Ballantyne-King.pdf">"Augustine on Testimony"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Philosophy" title="Canadian Journal of Philosophy">Canadian Journal of Philosophy</a>. 39 (2): 195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcjp.0.0045">10.1353/cjp.0.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:660491">660491</a>. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20999-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20999-2"><bdi>978-0-520-20999-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inner-Life+Ethics&rft.btitle=The+Augustinian+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20999-2&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=WE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DouXatAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1992" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Gareth B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoughtsegoinaug00matt">Thought's Ego in Augustine and Descartes</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-2775-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-2775-4"><bdi>0-8014-2775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thought%27s+Ego+in+Augustine+and+Descartes&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8014-2775-4&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Gareth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthoughtsegoinaug00matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskey2008" class="citation web cs1">McCloskey, Gary N. (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119161450/https://www.merrimack.edu/academics/augustinian_pedagogy/documents/encountering_0408.pdf">"Encounters of Learning: Saint Augustine on Education"</a> (PDF). Saint Augustine Institute for Learning and Teaching, <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_College" title="Merrimack College">Merrimack College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merrimack.edu/academics/augustinian_pedagogy/documents/encountering_0408.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encounters+of+Learning%3A+Saint+Augustine+on+Education&rft.pub=Saint+Augustine+Institute+for+Learning+and+Teaching%2C+Merrimack+College&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=McCloskey&rft.aufirst=Gary+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merrimack.edu%2Facademics%2Faugustinian_pedagogy%2Fdocuments%2Fencountering_0408.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntire2005" class="citation book cs1">McIntire, C.T. (2005). "Free Will and Predestination: Christian Concepts". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Free+Will+and+Predestination%3A+Christian+Concepts&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Farmington+Hills%2C+MI&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=McIntire&rft.aufirst=C.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisterCopan2013" class="citation book cs1">Meister, Chad V.; Copan, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5KrAa6e_VN4C">The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion</a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78294-4"><bdi>978-0-415-78294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78294-4&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Chad+V.&rft.au=Copan%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5KrAa6e_VN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunteanu1996" class="citation book cs1">Munteanu, E. (1996). "On the Object-Language / Metalanguage Distinction in Saint Augustine's Works. De Dialectica and de Magistro". In Cram, D.; Linn, A.R.; Nowak, E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWtCAAAAQBAJ">Volume 2: From Classical to Contemporary Linguistics</a>. History of Linguistics. <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027283818" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027283818"><bdi>978-9027283818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Object-Language+%2F+Metalanguage+Distinction+in+Saint+Augustine%27s+Works.+De+Dialectica+and+de+Magistro&rft.btitle=Volume+2%3A+From+Classical+to+Contemporary+Linguistics&rft.series=History+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9027283818&rft.aulast=Munteanu&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWtCAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenPrior2014" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen, vanThanh; Prior, John M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdF2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA66">God's People on the Move: Biblical and Global Perspectives on Migration and Mission</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-751-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63087-751-4"><bdi>978-1-63087-751-4</bdi></a>. <q>Paul Orosius was a fifth century CE historian and theologian and a student of St. Augustine of Hippo</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+People+on+the+Move%3A+Biblical+and+Global+Perspectives+on+Migration+and+Mission&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-63087-751-4&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=vanThanh&rft.au=Prior%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdF2BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, James Joseph (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQqB_hiupPgC">Augustine: A New Biography</a>. 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Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-232-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-232-3"><bdi>978-1-84162-232-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-232-3&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyg7ViBs4JAC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2013" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Jae-Eun (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=646939318099580;res=IELHSS">"Lacking love or conveying love?: The fundamental roots of the Donatists and Augustine's nuanced treatment of them"</a>. 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Arx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-90-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-90-9"><bdi>978-1-889758-90-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Augustine&rft.pub=Arx&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-889758-90-9&rft.au=Possidius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoFt_6GNlsjkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1999" class="citation book cs1">Power, Kim (1999). "Family, Relatives". In Allan D. Fitzgerald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcVhAGpvTQ0C">Augustine Through the Ages: An Encyclopedia</a>. 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Paris: Études Augustiniennes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustin+et+Cic%C3%A9ron%2C+I.+Cic%C3%A9ron+dans+la+formation+et+l%27oeuvre+de+saint+Augustin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Testard&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeske1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Teske, Roland J. (1999). "Genesi ad litteram liber imperfectus, De". In Fitzgerald, Allan D. (ed.). Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia. Wm B Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3843-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesi+ad+litteram+liber+imperfectus%2C+De&rft.btitle=Augustine+through+the+Ages%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wm+B+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3843-8&rft.aulast=Teske&rft.aufirst=Roland+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinder1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tinder, Glenn (1997). "Review of Augustine and the Limits of Politics, by Jean Bethke Elshtain". <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a>. 91 (2): 432–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2952372">10.2307/2952372</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952372">2952372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151790345">151790345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Augustine+and+the+Limits+of+Politics%2C+by+Jean+Bethke+Elshtain&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=432-433&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151790345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2952372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2952372&rft.aulast=Tinder&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrapè1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trapè, Agostino (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bqc2fEu2IxAC">S. Agostino, introduzione alla dottrina della grazia</a> [St. Augustine, introduction to the doctrine of grace] (in Italian). Vol. 1. Città Nuova. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-311-3402-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-311-3402-6"><bdi>978-88-311-3402-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Agostino%2C+introduzione+alla+dottrina+della+grazia&rft.pub=Citt%C3%A0+Nuova&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-88-311-3402-6&rft.aulast=Trap%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Agostino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqc2fEu2IxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Biema2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Van Biema, David (7 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1864878,00.html">"Paula Fredriksen Was Saint Augustine Good for the Jews?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Paula+Fredriksen+Was+Saint+Augustine+Good+for+the+Jews%3F&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft.aulast=Van+Biema&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1864878%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Meer1961" class="citation book cs1">Van Der Meer, F (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustinebishopl0000meer/page/60">Augustine the Bishop. The Life and Work of the Father of the Church</a>. London & New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine+the+Bishop.+The+Life+and+Work+of+the+Father+of+the+Church&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Meer&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustinebishopl0000meer%2Fpage%2F60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Oort2010" class="citation journal cs1">van Oort, Johannes (2010). "Manichaean Christians in Augustine's Life and Work". History and Religious Culture. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Religious+Culture&rft.atitle=Manichaean+Christians+in+Augustine%27s+Life+and+Work&rft.volume=90&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=van+Oort&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, J.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia00jcwe/page/54/mode/2up/">Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36467-7"><bdi>978-0-582-36467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-36467-7&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongmanpronuncia00jcwe%2Fpage%2F54%2Fmode%2F2up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidengren1977" class="citation book cs1">Widengren, Geo (1977). Der Manichäismus. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Manich%C3%A4ismus&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Widengren&rft.aufirst=Geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1910" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilhelm, Joseph (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Heroic_virtue">"Heroic virtue" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heroic+virtue&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2003" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert L. (2003). The Spirit of Early Christian Thought. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10598-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Early+Christian+Thought&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10598-8&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxhdDwAAQBAJ">Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology</a>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-155753-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-155753-8"><bdi>978-3-16-155753-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Conversion+from+Traditional+Free+Choice+to+%22Non-free+Free+Will%22%3A+A+Comprehensive+Methodology&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-16-155753-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxhdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ken (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U0VMyAEACAAJ">The Foundation of Augustinian-Calvinism</a>. Independently Published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-08-280035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-08-280035-1"><bdi>978-1-08-280035-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundation+of+Augustinian-Calvinism&rft.pub=Independently+Published&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-08-280035-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU0VMyAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, B. Hoon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16870779">"Pilgrim's Progress in Society – Augustine's Political Thought in The City of God"</a>. Political Theology. 16 (5): 421–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F1462317X14Z.000000000113">10.1179/1462317X14Z.000000000113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218691369">218691369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Theology&rft.atitle=Pilgrim%27s+Progress+in+Society+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BAugustine%27s+Political+Thought+in+The+City+of+God&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=421-441&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F1462317X14Z.000000000113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218691369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=B.+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16870779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightSinclair1931" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Frederick Adam; Sinclair, Thomas Alan (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jmxUxwEACAAJ">A History of Later Latin Literature</a>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Later+Latin+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Adam&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+Thomas+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmxUxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation. New York: Newman Press. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Christian+Writers%3A+The+Works+of+the+Fathers+in+Translation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Newman+Press&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine1974" class="citation book cs1">Augustine, Saint (1974). Vernon Joseph Bourke (ed.). The Essential Augustine (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Hackett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Augustine&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Augustine&rft.aufirst=Saint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres,_Lewis2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Ayres" title="Lewis Ayres">Ayres, Lewis</a> (2010). Augustine and the Trinity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83886-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83886-3"><bdi>978-0-521-83886-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine+and+the+Trinity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83886-3&rft.au=Ayres%2C+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeierwaltes1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Beierwaltes" title="Werner Beierwaltes">Beierwaltes, Werner</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.villanova.edu/villanova/provost/institutes/augustinianinstitute/lectures/staugustine/_jcr_content/widgetiparsys/download_8/file.res/as_1980.pdf">Regio Beatitudinis: Augustine's Concept of Happiness</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University Institute for the Study of Augustine and Augustinian Tradition</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regio+Beatitudinis%3A+Augustine%27s+Concept+of+Happiness&rft.pub=Villanova+University+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Augustine+and+Augustinian+Tradition&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Beierwaltes&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.villanova.edu%2Fvillanova%2Fprovost%2Finstitutes%2Faugustinianinstitute%2Flectures%2Fstaugustine%2F_jcr_content%2Fwidgetiparsys%2Fdownload_8%2Ffile.res%2Fas_1980.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke1945" class="citation book cs1">Bourke, Vernon Joseph (1945). Augustine's Quest of Wisdom. Milwaukee: Bruce.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Quest+of+Wisdom&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Bruce&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Vernon+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke1984" class="citation book cs1">Bourke, Vernon Joseph (1984). Wisdom From St. Augustine. Houston: Center for Thomistic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisdom+From+St.+Augustine&rft.place=Houston&rft.pub=Center+for+Thomistic+Studies&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Vernon+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrachtendorf_J1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brachtendorf J (1997). "Cicero and Augustine on the Passions". 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IV (17): 545–565.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communio&rft.atitle=St.+Augustine+and+Conjugal+Sexuality&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=545-565&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cormacburke.or.ke%2Fnode%2F355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnaby1938" class="citation book cs1">Burnaby, John (1938). Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine. 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Augustinian Just War Theory and the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: Confessions, Contentions and the Lust for Power. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-1232-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-1232-4"><bdi>978-1-4331-1232-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustinian+Just+War+Theory+and+the+Wars+in+Afghanistan+and+Iraq%3A+Confessions%2C+Contentions+and+the+Lust+for+Power&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-1232-4&rft.aulast=de+Paulo&rft.aufirst=Craig+J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodaro2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dodaro" title="Robert Dodaro">Dodaro, Robert</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/universitypress/subjects/religion/theology/christ-and-just-society-thought-augustine">Christ and the Just Society in the Thought of Augustine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521069649" title="Special:BookSources/9780521069649"><bdi>9780521069649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+and+the+Just+Society+in+the+Thought+of+Augustine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521069649&rft.aulast=Dodaro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fgb%2Funiversitypress%2Fsubjects%2Freligion%2Ftheology%2Fchrist-and-just-society-thought-augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoull1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Doull" title="James Doull">Doull, James A.</a> (1979). 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Études Augustiniennes. pp. 897–903. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000R97CFU">B000R97CFU</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Augustine%27s+Interpretation+of+Infant+Baptism&rft.btitle=Augustinus+Magister%3A+Congr%C3%A8s+International+Augustinien%2C+1954&rft.pages=897-903&rft.pub=%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000R97CFU%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Fairweather&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustinusmagist0002cong%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Fox, Robin Lane</a> (2015). 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New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Philosophy+of+St.+Augustine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Gilson&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianphiloso00gilsrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Green, Bradley G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesclarke.co/product_info.php/products_id/1675?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6">Colin Gunton and the Failure of Augustine: The Theology of Colin Gunton in the Light of Augustine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518162919/https://www.jamesclarke.co/product_info.php/products_id/1675?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6">Archived</a> 18 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, James Clarke and Co. (2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227680056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227680056">978-0227680056</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterYates2021" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, David G.; Yates, Jonathan P., eds. (2021). Augustine and Tradition: Influences, Contexts, Legacy. 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Totonto: PIMS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-421-9"><bdi>978-0-88844-421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+Order+Understanding%3A+Natural+Theology+in+the+Augustinian+Tradition&rft.place=Totonto&rft.pub=PIMS&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-88844-421-9&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus,_R.A.1972" class="citation book cs1">Markus, R.A., ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustinecollect00mark">Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays</a>. Garden City, NY: Anchor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%3A+A+Collection+of+Critical+Essays&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustinecollect00mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews,_Gareth_B.2005" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Gareth B. (2005). Augustine. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23348-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23348-0"><bdi>978-0-631-23348-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23348-0&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Gareth+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Cornelius P. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Augustinus-Lexikon" title="Augustinus-Lexikon">Augustinus-Lexikon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>: Schwabe AG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustinus-Lexikon&rft.place=Basel&rft.pub=Schwabe+AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Miles, Margaret R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php/products_id/1674?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6">Augustine and the Fundamentalist's Daughter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516211705/https://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php/products_id/1674?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6">Archived</a> 16 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutterworth Press">Lutterworth Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0718892623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0718892623">978-0718892623</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1969" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Ronald H (1969). The Light of the Mind: St Augustine's Theory of Knowledge. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+of+the+Mind%3A+St+Augustine%27s+Theory+of+Knowledge&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1973" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, John Charles (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist3.xml;chunk.id=dv3-64">"Platonism in the Renaissance"</a>. In Wiener, Philip (ed.). Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Vol. 3. New York: Scribner. pp. 510–515 (vol. 3). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13293-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-13293-8"><bdi>978-0-684-13293-8</bdi></a>. <q>(...) Saint Augustine asserted that Neo-Platonism possessed all spiritual truths except that of the Incarnation. (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Platonism+in+the+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=510-515+%28vol.+3%29&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-684-13293-8&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxtf.lib.virginia.edu%2Fxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3DDicHist%2FuvaBook%2Ftei%2FDicHist3.xml%3Bchunk.id%3Ddv3-64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Daly1987" class="citation book cs1">O'Daly, Gerard (1987). Augustine's Philosophy of the Mind. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Philosophy+of+the+Mind&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=O%27Daly&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_J._O%27Donnell" title="James J. O'Donnell">O'Donnell, James</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustine00jame_qqt">Augustine: A New Biography</a>. New York: ECCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053537-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053537-7"><bdi>978-0-06-053537-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%3A+A+New+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=ECCO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-053537-7&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustine00jame_qqt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00elai">Adam, Eve, and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72232-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72232-8"><bdi>978-0-679-72232-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adam%2C+Eve%2C+and+the+Serpent%3A+Sex+and+Politics+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72232-8&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadameveserpent00elai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2013" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Jae-Eun (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4811679">"Lacking Love or Conveying Love? The Fundamental Roots of the Donatists and Augustine's Nuanced Treatment of Them"</a>. The Reformed Theological Review. 72 (2): 103–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reformed+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Lacking+Love+or+Conveying+Love%3F+The+Fundamental+Roots+of+the+Donatists+and+Augustine%27s+Nuanced+Treatment+of+Them&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=103-121&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Jae-Eun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4811679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumer,_Eric_Antone2003" class="citation book cs1">Plumer, Eric Antone (2003). Augustine's Commentary on Galatians. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924439-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Commentary+on+Galatians&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924439-3&rft.au=Plumer%2C+Eric+Antone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollman,_Karla2007" class="citation book cs1">Pollman, Karla (2007). Saint Augustine the Algerian. Göttingen: Edition Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89744-209-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89744-209-2"><bdi>978-3-89744-209-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustine+the+Algerian&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Edition+Ruprecht&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89744-209-2&rft.au=Pollman%2C+Karla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottier2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pottier, René (2006). Saint Augustin le Berbère (in French). Fernand Lanore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85157-282-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85157-282-0"><bdi>978-2-85157-282-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustin+le+Berb%C3%A8re&rft.pub=Fernand+Lanore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-85157-282-0&rft.aulast=Pottier&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Règle de St. Augustin pour les religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congrégation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarné et du Saint-Sacrament (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp. 28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp. 22–24. English edition, (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp. 33–35.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarnes1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Starnes" title="Colin Starnes">Starnes, Colin</a> (1990). Augustine's Conversion: A Guide to the Arguments of Confessions I–IX. Waterloo, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Press" title="Wilfrid Laurier University Press">Wilfrid Laurier University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Conversion%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Arguments+of+Confessions+I%E2%80%93IX&rft.place=Waterloo%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Starnes&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanquerey2001" class="citation book cs1">Tanquerey, Adolphe (2001). <a href="/wiki/Ascetical_theology" title="Ascetical theology">The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on Ascetical and Mystical Theology</a>. Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books & Publishers. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-659-2"><bdi>978-0-89555-659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Life%3A+A+Treatise+on+Ascetical+and+Mystical+Theology&rft.place=Rockford%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Tan+Books+%26+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89555-659-2&rft.aulast=Tanquerey&rft.aufirst=Adolphe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrapè1990" class="citation book cs1">Trapè, A. (1990). "S. Agostino: Introduzione alla Dottrina della Grazia". I – Natura e Grazia. Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4. Rome: Città Nuova. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-311-3402-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-311-3402-6"><bdi>978-88-311-3402-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S.+Agostino%3A+Introduzione+alla+Dottrina+della+Grazia&rft.btitle=I+%E2%80%93+Natura+e+Grazia&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=Collana+di+Studi+Agostiniani+4&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Citt%C3%A0+Nuova&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-88-311-3402-6&rft.aulast=Trap%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Heyking2001" class="citation book cs1">von Heyking, John (2001). Augustine and Politics as Longing in the World. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1349-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-1349-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine+and+Politics+as+Longing+in+the+World&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1349-5&rft.aulast=von+Heyking&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, B. Hoon (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5228314">"Augustine's Hermeneutics and Homiletics in De doctrina christiana"</a>. Journal of Christian Philosophy. 17: 97–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Christian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Augustine%27s+Hermeneutics+and+Homiletics+in+De+doctrina+christiana&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=97-117&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=B.+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5228314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumkeller_O.S.A.1986" class="citation book cs1">Zumkeller O.S.A., Adolar (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustinesidealo00zumk">Augustine's Ideal of the Religious Life</a>. New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1105-0"><bdi>978-0-8232-1105-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Ideal+of+the+Religious+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1105-0&rft.aulast=Zumkeller+O.S.A.&rft.aufirst=Adolar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustinesidealo00zumk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumkeller_O.S.A.1987" class="citation book cs1">Zumkeller O.S.A., Adolar (1987). Augustine's Rule. Villanova: Augustinian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941491-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941491-06-8"><bdi>978-0-941491-06-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Rule&rft.place=Villanova&rft.pub=Augustinian+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-941491-06-8&rft.aulast=Zumkeller+O.S.A.&rft.aufirst=Adolar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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Hippo</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Augustine_of_Hippo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augustinus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Augustinus">Augustinus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Augustine of Hippo <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Augustine+of+Hippo&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Augustine+of+Hippo">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Augustine+of+Hippo&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Augustine of Hippo <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Augustine+of+Hippo&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Augustine+of+Hippo">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Augustine+of+Hippo&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/links/inglese/opere.htm">"Complete Works of Saint Augustine (in English)"</a> from Augustinus.it</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316095930/http://www.abbaye-saint-benoit.ch/saints/augustin/">"Complete Works of Saint Augustine (in French)"</a> from Abbey Saint Benoît de Port-Valais</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercaba.org/Filosofia/Medieval/agustin_de_hipona_00.htm">"Complete Works of Saint Augustine (in Spanish)"</a> from Mercaba, Catholic leaders' website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/augustine?show=worksBy">"Works by Saint Augustine"</a> from CCEL.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Augustine&redirect=true">Works by Augustine at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mendelson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/">"Saint Augustine"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Augustine&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faugustine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/augustin">"Augustine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustine&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Faugustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/aug-poso">"Augustine's Political and Social Philosophy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augustine%27s+Political+and+Social+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Faug-poso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/281.html">"St. Augustine, Bishop and Confessor, Doctor of the Church"</a>, Butler's Lives of the Saints</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/augustine/">Augustine of Hippo</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/James_J._O%27Donnell" title="James J. O'Donnell">James J. O'Donnell</a> – texts, translations, introductions, commentaries, etc.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo/Augustine%27s_Theory_of_Knowledge" class="extiw" title="v:Augustine of Hippo/Augustine's Theory of Knowledge">Augustine's Theory of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/augustine.html">"Saint Augustine of Hippo"</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/">Christian Iconography</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/augustine.htm">"The Life of St. Austin, or Augustine, Doctor"</a> from the Caxton translation of the Golden Legend</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidaslindsay.blogspot.com/2009/08/doctor-gratiae.html">David Lindsay: Saint Augustine – Doctor Gratiae</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409175403/http://www.its.caltech.edu/~nmcenter/women-cp/augustin.html">St. Augustine – A Male Chauvinist?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/MALECHAU.HTM">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610220015/http://www.ewtn.com/library/theology/malechau.htm">Archived</a> 10 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fr. Edmund Hill, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">OP</a>. Talk given to the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Benson" title="Robert Hugh Benson">Robert Hugh Benson</a> Graduate Society at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Catholic_Chaplaincy" title="Cambridge University Catholic Chaplaincy">Fisher House, Cambridge</a>, on 22 November 1994.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchhistorytimelines.com/pages/st-augustine">St. Augustine Timeline – Church History Timelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307232543/http://churchhistorytimelines.com/pages/st-augustine">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Giovanni Domenico Giulio: Nachtgedanken des heiligen Augustinus. Trier 1843 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:1-481434">Digitized</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/augustine.php">Augustine of Hippo</a> at EarlyChurch.org.uk – extensive bibliography and on-line articles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findingaugustine.org/">Bibliography on St. Augustine</a> – Started by T.J. van Bavel O.S.A., continued at the Augustinian historical Institute in Louvain, Belgium</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_by_Augustine">Works by Augustine</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Augustine,+Aurelius">Works by Aurelius Augustine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1156">Works by Saint Augustine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Bishop+of+Hippo%22+OR+%22Saint+Augustine%22+OR+%22Augustine%2C+Saint%22+OR+%22Aurelius+Augustine%22+OR+%22Aurelius%2C+Augustine%22+OR+%22Saint+Austin%22+OR+%22Austin%2C+Saint%22%29">Works by or about Saint Augustine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/79">Works by Augustine of Hippo</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/">St. Augustine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/augustine-against-secundinus-the-manichaean-in-english/">Augustine against Secundinus</a> in English.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT31.HTM">Aurelius Augustinus</a> at "IntraText Digital Library" – texts in several languages, with concordance and frequency list</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augustinus.it/">Augustinus.it</a> – Latin, Spanish and Italian texts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_40_0354-0430-_Augustinus,_Sanctus.html">Sanctus Augustinus</a> at Documenta Catholica Omnia – Latin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html">City of God, Confessions, Enchiridion, Doctrine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192235/http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> audio books</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Augustine2008" class="citation book cs1">Saint Augustine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4EJZWrmqgkC">The Happy Life; Answer to Sceptics; Divine Providence and the Problem of Evil; Soliloquies</a>. US: CUA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1551-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1551-8"><bdi>978-0-8132-1551-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Happy+Life%3B+Answer+to+Sceptics%3B+Divine+Providence+and+the+Problem+of+Evil%3B+Soliloquies&rft.place=US&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1551-8&rft.au=Saint+Augustine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4EJZWrmqgkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugustine+of+Hippo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0580">Digitized manuscript</a> created in France between 1275 and 1325 with extract of Augustine of Hippo works at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">SOMNI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0895">Expositio Psalmorum beati Augustini</a> – digitized codex created between 1150 and 1175, also known as "Enarrationes in Psalmos. 1–83", at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">SOMNI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0892">Aurelii Agustini Hipponae episcopi super loannem librum</a> – digitized codex created in 1481; his sermons about John's Gospel at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">SOMNI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-r.mtak.hu/104/">Sententiae ex omnibus operibus Divi Augustini decerptae</a> – digitized codex created in 1539; at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://konyvtar.mta.hu/index_en.php">Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_019.html">Lewis E 19 In epistolam Johannis ad Parthos (Sermons on the first epistle of Saint John) at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_021.html">Lewis E 21 De sermone domini in monte habito (On the sermon on the mount) and other treatises; De superbia (On pride) and other treatises; Expositio dominice orationis (Exposition on the lord's prayer) at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_022.html">Lewis E 22 Enarrationes in psalmos (Expositions on the psalms); Initials (ABC); Prayer at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_023.html">Lewis E 23 Sermons at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_213.html">Lewis E 213 Rule of Saint Augustine; Sermon on Matthew 25:6 at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0007/html/lehigh_003.html">Lehigh Codex 3 Bifolium from De civitate Dei, Book 22 at OPenn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography_and_criticism">Biography and criticism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060610111127/http://augnet.org/">Order of St Augustine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx">Blessed Augustine of Hippo: His Place in the Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528110934/http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/">Augustine's World: An Introduction to His Speculative Philosophy</a> by Donald Burt, OSA, member of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0049">Tabula in librum Sancti Augustini De civitate Dei</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" title="Robert Kilwardby">Robert Kilwardby</a>, digitized manuscript of 1464 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">SOMNI</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A posteriori knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> (c. 322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> (1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_philosophers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Platonists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Platonists" title="Template:Platonists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Platonists" title="Template talk:Platonists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Platonists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Platonists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Platonists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristonymus_of_Athens" title="Aristonymus of Athens">Aristonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriscus_of_Scepsis" title="Coriscus of Scepsis">Coriscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Scepsis" title="Erastus of Scepsis">Erastus of Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Amphipolis" title="Demetrius of Amphipolis">Demetrius of Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaeon_of_Lampsacus" title="Euaeon of Lampsacus">Euaeon of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_of_Aenus" title="Heraclides of Aenus">Heraclides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_of_Aenus" title="Python of Aenus">Python of Aenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestiaeus_of_Perinthus" title="Hestiaeus of Perinthus">Hestiaeus of Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastheneia_of_Mantinea" title="Lastheneia of Mantinea">Lastheneia of Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaus_of_Cyzicus" title="Timolaus of Cyzicus">Timolaus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius" title="Axiothea of Phlius">Axiothea of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Pyrrha" title="Menedemus of Pyrrha">Menedemus of Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(philosopher)" title="Albinus (philosopher)">Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peloplaton" title="Alexander Peloplaton">Alexander Peloplaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Longinus_(philosopher)" title="Cassius Longinus (philosopher)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater_of_Apamea" title="Sopater of Apamea">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Cappadocia" title="Eustathius of Cappadocia">Eustathius of Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesius" title="Aedesius">Aedesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus_(philosopher)" title="Dexippus (philosopher)">Dexippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthius" title="Chrysanthius">Chrysanthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Asine" title="Theodorus of Asine">Theodorus of Asine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Myndus" title="Eusebius of Myndus">Eusebius of Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_of_Epirus" title="Priscus of Epirus">Priscus of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_(philosopher)" title="Antoninus (philosopher)">Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Marius Victorinus">Gaius Marius Victorinus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_of_Alexandria" title="Asclepiodotus of Alexandria">Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegias" title="Hegias">Hegias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus_(philosopher)" title="Zenodotus (philosopher)">Zenodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Athens" title="Agapius of Athens">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Moosburg" title="Berthold of Moosburg">Berthold of Moosburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florentine_Academy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Academy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Ralph Cudworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kaplan_(philosopher)" title="David Kaplan (philosopher)">David Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Template talk:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_virtue_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian virtue ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_virtues_in_Christian_ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Four <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">cardinal virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a> (Prudentia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a> (Iustitia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Fortitude</a> (Fortitudo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (Temperantia)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>, Book IV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faith,_Hope_and_Love,_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)"><img alt="Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/100px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/150px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg/200px-Faith%2C_Hope_and_Love%2C_Mary_Lizzie_Macomber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Faith, Hope and Love, as portrayed by Mary Lizzie Macomber (1861–1916)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Three <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">theological virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a> (Fides)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a> (Spes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Love</a> (Caritas)</li></ul> <ul><li>Sources: <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_13" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 13">1 Corinthians 13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Seven lively virtues versus <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a> (Castitas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a> (Temperantia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Charity</a> (Caritas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a> (Diligentia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a> (Humanitas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a> (Patientia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a> (Humilitas)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a> (Luxuria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">Gluttony</a> (Gula)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a> (Avaritia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">Sloth</a> (Acedia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a> (Ira)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a> (Invidia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> (Superbia)</li></ul> <ul><li>Source: <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychomachia" title="Psychomachia">Psychomachia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>People: <a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66806872">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6909159478265027990005">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4975167807364318130000">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5507167807391018130006">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61554/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDhMY9wQ8PqWFFxJfDv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118505114">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126290">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889551s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889551s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431905">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004595">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35010207">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0003884&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000078715&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100954&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034484">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=199541">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023995">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199601187">Korea</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N4258">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn244qg848hwt8d">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810683183305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53026">Vatican</a><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53027">2</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53028">3</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53029">4</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53030">5</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258184305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500104317">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/af70e766-6f46-43c7-a23e-6266e3909f0d">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/artist/wd/ced983dd-5416-43e9-a21d-4ea4f57df5ab">Prado</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/a0587">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788753">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118505114.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthern1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Augustine_of_Hippo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarnes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroumsa1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSypert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanquerey2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeSelle2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeske1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTestard1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTinder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrapè1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrapè1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Biema2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Meer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidengren1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilken2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Dool_KILLEN1871\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightSinclair1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZumkeller_O.S.A.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZumkeller_O.S.A.1987\"] = 1,\n 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