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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgical_celebration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgical_celebration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Liturgical celebration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liturgical_celebration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Liturgical celebration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Liturgical_celebration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Eastern churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kneeling_Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kneeling_Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Kneeling Prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kneeling_Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostles'_Fast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostles'_Fast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Apostles' Fast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostles'_Fast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Western churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Red symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowers,_fruits,_and_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers,_fruits,_and_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Flowers, fruits, and branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers,_fruits,_and_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lowering_of_doves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lowering_of_doves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Lowering of doves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lowering_of_doves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymns_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymns_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Hymns and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymns_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasting_and_devotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasting_and_devotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Fasting and devotions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasting_and_devotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Sacraments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rosalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mariology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Classical compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_customs_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_customs_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regional customs and traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_customs_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_and_public_holiday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_and_public_holiday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Date and public holiday</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_and_public_holiday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_allusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_allusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literary allusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_allusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pentecost</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkster" title="Pinkster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pinkster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfingsten" title="Pfingsten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pfingsten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="عيد العنصرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد العنصرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecosta" title="Pentecosta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pentecosta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%9D" title="ܦܢܛܝܩܘܣܛܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܢܛܝܩܘܣܛܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Հոգեգալուստ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոգեգալուստ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusa%C4%BEi" title="Arusaľi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arusaľi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincuesma" title="Cincuesma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cincuesma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentikost_bayram%C4%B1" title="Pentikost bayramı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pentikost bayramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পঞ্চাশত্তমী রবিবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পঞ্চাশত্তমী রবিবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пяцідзясятніца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пяцідзясятніца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Дзень Сьвятога Духа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзень Сьвятога Духа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostes" title="Pentekostes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pentekostes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Петдесетница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Петдесетница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantekost" title="Pantekost – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pantekost" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecosta" title="Pentecosta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pentecosta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostes" title="Pentekostes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pentekostes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letnice" title="Letnice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulgwyn" title="Sulgwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sulgwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinse" title="Pinse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pinse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingschtfescht" title="Pingschtfescht – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pingschtfescht" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfingsten" title="Pfingsten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfingsten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelip%C3%BChad" title="Nelipühad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nelipühad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Πεντηκοστή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πεντηκοστή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost%C3%A9s" title="Pentecostés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pentecostés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekosto" title="Pentekosto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pentekosto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendekoste" title="Mendekoste – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendekoste" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87" title="عید پنجاهه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عید پنجاهه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtusunna" title="Hvítusunna – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hvítusunna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentec%C3%B4te" title="Pentecôte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pentecôte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkster" title="Pinkster – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pinkster" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chinc%C3%ADs" title="An Chincís – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chincís" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecoste" title="Pentecoste – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pentecoste" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%88%9C%EC%A0%88" title="오순절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오순절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Հոգեգալուստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեգալուստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swjatki" title="Swjatki – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swjatki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovi_(svetkovina)" title="Duhovi (svetkovina) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duhovi (svetkovina)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekosto" title="Pentekosto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pentekosto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentik%E1%BB%8Dst" title="Pentikọst – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Pentikọst" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentakosta" title="Pentakosta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pentakosta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecoste" title="Pentecoste – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pentecoste" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pentecost" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtasunnudagur" title="Hvítasunnudagur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítasunnudagur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecoste" title="Pentecoste – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pentecoste" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="פנטקוסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנטקוסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentakosta" title="Pentakosta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pentakosta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სულთმოფენობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სულთმოფენობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zes%C5%82ani%C3%A9_Swi%C3%A3t%C3%A9g%C3%B2_D%C3%ABcha" title="Zesłanié Swiãtégò Dëcha – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zesłanié Swiãtégò Dëcha" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekoste" title="Pentekoste – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pentekoste" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecoste" title="Pentecoste – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pentecoste" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasarsv%C4%93tki" title="Vasarsvētki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vasarsvētki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ischten" title="Päischten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Päischten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekmin%C4%97s" title="Sekminės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sekminės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkstere" title="Pinkstere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pinkstere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantekote" title="Pantekote – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pantekote" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroi%C4%8Dan_P%C3%A4ivy" title="Stroičan Päivy – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Stroičan Päivy" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pentecost" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sd" title="Pünkösd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pünkösd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Духовден – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Духовден" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentek%C3%B4sta" title="Pentekôsta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pentekôsta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="പെന്തിക്കൊസ്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെന്തിക്കൊസ്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="पेंटेकोस्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पेंटेकोस्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87" title="عيد العنصره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيد العنصره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8F_(%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Тройця (ила) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тройця (ила)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Пентекост – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пентекост" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochipaxcua" title="Xochipaxcua – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xochipaxcua" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinksteren" title="Pinksteren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pinksteren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkster" title="Pinkster – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pinkster" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86" title="ペンテコステ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペンテコステ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasca_rusata" title="Pasca rusata – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pasca rusata" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingster" title="Pingster – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pingster" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinse" title="Pinse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pinse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinse" title="Pinse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pinse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Тройчын (пайрем) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тройчын (пайрем)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfingsten" title="Pfingsten – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Pfingsten" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پنتکست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنتکست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintecoute" title="Pintecoute – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pintecoute" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingsten" title="Pingsten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pingsten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zes%C5%82anie_Ducha_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego" title="Zesłanie Ducha Świętego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zesłanie Ducha Świętego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostes" title="Pentecostes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pentecostes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingste" title="Pingste – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pingste" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusalii" title="Rusalii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rusalii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschuncaisma" title="Tschuncaisma – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschuncaisma" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintikustis" title="Pintikustis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pintikustis" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="День Святой Троицы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="День Святой Троицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%ABshaj%C3%ABt" title="Rrëshajët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrëshajët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pentecost" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C3%ADce" title="Turíce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turíce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binko%C5%A1ti" title="Binkošti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Binkošti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Духови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Духови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhovi_(praznik)" title="Duhovi (praznik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duhovi (praznik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helluntai" title="Helluntai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Helluntai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingst" title="Pingst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pingst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentekostes" title="Pentekostes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pentekostes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="பெந்தக்கோஸ்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெந்தக்கோஸ்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="เทศกาลเพนเทคอสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทศกาลเพนเทคอสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsin_Yortusu" title="Hamsin Yortusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hamsin Yortusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96" title="День Святої Трійці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="День Святої Трійці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پنتکست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنتکست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroicanp%C3%A4iv" title="Stroicanpäiv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stroicanpäiv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%85_Ch%C3%BAa_Th%C3%A1nh_Th%E1%BA%A7n_Hi%E1%BB%87n_Xu%E1%BB%91ng" title="Lễ Chúa Thánh Thần Hiện Xuống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lễ Chúa Thánh Thần Hiện Xuống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Christian holy day</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christian holiday. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pentecost (disambiguation)">Pentecost (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lavender">Pentecost</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vienna_Karlskirche_frescos4b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vienna_Karlskirche_frescos4b.jpg/290px-Vienna_Karlskirche_frescos4b.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Vienna_Karlskirche_frescos4b.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="397" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> of the Pentecostal dove (representing the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Karlskirche" title="Karlskirche">Karlskirche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitsunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitsunday">Whitsunday</a> (Ireland, United Kingdom)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a> (Eastern Orthodoxy)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholics">Old Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Christian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Celebrates the descent of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> and other followers of Jesus; birth of the Church</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Church services</a>, festive meals, processions, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>, folk customs, dancing, spring and woodland rites.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a>, vigils, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> (pre-festival), <a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">novenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retreats" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreats">retreats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">50 days after <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>May 19 (Western)</li><li>June 23 (Eastern)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>June 8 (Western)</li><li>June 8 (Eastern)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>May 24 (Western)</li><li>May 31 (Eastern)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2027 date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>May 16 (Western)</li><li>June 20 (Eastern)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Day" title="Jesus Day">Jesus Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)" title="Rosalia (festival)">Rosalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Green Week</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinkster" title="Pinkster">Pinkster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whit_Tuesday" title="Whit Tuesday">Whit Tuesday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whit_Friday" title="Whit Friday">Whit Friday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pentecost</b> (also called <b>Whit Sunday</b>, <b>Whitsunday</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a></b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> holiday which takes place on the 49th day (50th day when <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive counting</a> is used) after <a href="/wiki/Easter_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Day">Easter Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It commemorates the descent of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles of Jesus</a> while they were in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Jerusalem</a> celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Weeks">Feast of Weeks</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (Acts 2:1–31).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church believes the Holy Spirit descended upon Mary, the mother of Jesus, at the same time, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> (Acts 1:14).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pentecost is one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Solemnity" title="Solemnity">Solemnity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)#Festivals" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Festival</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Churches</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Principal_Feast" title="Principal Feast">Principal Feast</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. Many Christian denominations provide a special liturgy for this holy celebration. Since its date depends on the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">date of Easter</a>, Pentecost is a "<a href="/wiki/Moveable_feast" title="Moveable feast">moveable feast</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Monday after Pentecost</a> is a legal holiday in many European, African and Caribbean countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Pentecost</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πεντηκοστή</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pentēkostē</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'fiftieth'. One of the meanings of "Pentecost" in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Koine translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, refers to the festival of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>, which is celebrated on the fiftieth day after <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Re%27eh#Shavuot" title="Re'eh">Deuteronomy 16:10</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa#Shavuot" title="Ki Tissa">Exodus 34:22</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it is referred to as the "Festival of Weeks" (Koinē Greek: <span lang="grc">ἑορτὴν ἑβδομάδων</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">heortēn hebdomádōn</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jansen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jansen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BDAG_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDAG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Septuagint uses the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pentēkostē</i></span> in this context in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is Tobit in the Septuagint? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-TDNT_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDNT-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbe_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbe-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The translators of the Septuagint also used the word in two other senses: to signify the year of <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(biblical)" title="Jubilee (biblical)">Jubilee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Behar" title="Behar">Leviticus 25:10</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TDNT_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDNT-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an event which occurs every 50th year, and in several passages of chronology as an <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_number" title="Ordinal number">ordinal number</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has also been used in the literature of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> to refer to Shavuot.<sup id="cite_ref-BDAG_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDAG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, Shavuot is a <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a> that is celebrated seven weeks and one day after the first day of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> in Deuteronomy 16:9, or seven weeks and one day after the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a> according to Leviticus 23:16.<sup id="cite_ref-EDNT_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDNT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keil_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keil-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, tractate <a href="/wiki/Arakhin" title="Arakhin">Arakhin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual mention of fifty days comes from Leviticus 23:16.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-niv_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niv-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Festival of Weeks is also known as the Feast of Harvest in Exodus 23:16 and the Day of First Fruits in Numbers 28:26.<sup id="cite_ref-keil_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keil-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Exodus 34:22, it is called the "first fruits of the wheat harvest."<sup id="cite_ref-EBC_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometime during the Hellenistic period, the ancient harvest festival also became a day of renewing the <a href="/wiki/Seven_laws_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven laws of Noah">Noahic covenant</a>, described in <a href="/wiki/Noach" title="Noach">Genesis 9:17</a>, which is established between God and "all flesh that is upon the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-jansen_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jansen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Temple in 70 CE</a>, offerings could no longer be brought to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and the focus of the festival shifted from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> to the Israelites receiving the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, some Jews were already living in the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a>. According to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#2:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 2:5–11</a> there were Jews from "every nation under heaven" in Jerusalem, possibly visiting the city as <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a> during Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-ebcacts_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebcacts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenacle_on_Mount_Zion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cenacle_on_Mount_Zion.jpg/220px-Cenacle_on_Mount_Zion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cenacle_on_Mount_Zion.jpg/330px-Cenacle_on_Mount_Zion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cenacle_on_Mount_Zion.jpg/440px-Cenacle_on_Mount_Zion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is claimed to be the location of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The narrative in <a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">Acts 2</a> of the Pentecost includes numerous references to earlier biblical narratives like the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">flood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation</a> narratives from the Book of Genesis. It also includes references to certain <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophanies</a>, with certain emphasis on God's incarnate appearance on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">biblical Mount Sinai</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> were presented to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jansen_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jansen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologian Stephen Wilson has described the narrative as "exceptionally obscure" and various points of disagreement persist among bible scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some biblical commentators have sought to establish that the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἶκος</span></span> ("house") given as the location of the events in Acts 2:2 was one of the thirty halls of the Temple where St. John's school is now placed (called <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">οἶκοι</span></span>), but the text itself is lacking in specific details. <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._H._Lenski" title="Richard C. H. Lenski">Richard C. H. Lenski</a> and other scholars contend that the author of Acts could have chosen the word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἱερόν</span></span> (sanctuary or temple) if this meaning were intended, rather than "house".<sup id="cite_ref-ebcacts_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebcacts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenski_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenski-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some semantic details suggest that the "house" could be the "upper room" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὑπερῷον</span></span>) mentioned in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 1:12–26</a>, but there is no literary evidence to confirm the location with certainty and it remains a subject of dispute amongst scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-jansen_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jansen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ebcacts_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebcacts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_226.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_226.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_226.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_226.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_226.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_226.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_226.png 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Pentecost by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1472_map_of_Jerusalem_by_Hugo_Comminelli_and_Pietro_del_Massaio_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1472_map_of_Jerusalem_by_Hugo_Comminelli_and_Pietro_del_Massaio_01.jpg/220px-1472_map_of_Jerusalem_by_Hugo_Comminelli_and_Pietro_del_Massaio_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1472_map_of_Jerusalem_by_Hugo_Comminelli_and_Pietro_del_Massaio_01.jpg/330px-1472_map_of_Jerusalem_by_Hugo_Comminelli_and_Pietro_del_Massaio_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1472_map_of_Jerusalem_by_Hugo_Comminelli_and_Pietro_del_Massaio_01.jpg/440px-1472_map_of_Jerusalem_by_Hugo_Comminelli_and_Pietro_del_Massaio_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>This 1472 <a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Jerusalem" title="Cartography of Jerusalem">map of Jerusalem</a> notes the place of the Pentecost, <i>Ubi apostoli acceperunt spiritum sanctum</i>, at the location of the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The events of Acts Chapter 2 are set against the backdrop of the celebration of Pentecost in Jerusalem. There are several major features to the Pentecost narrative presented in the second chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. The author begins by noting that the disciples of Jesus "were all together in one place" on the "day of Pentecost" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡμέρα τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verb used in Acts 2:1 to indicate the arrival of the day of Pentecost carries a connotation of fulfillment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenski_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenski-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vine_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a "mighty rushing wind" (wind is a common symbol for the Holy Spirit)<sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "tongues as of fire" appear.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gathered disciples were "filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit gave them utterance".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have interpreted the passage as a reference to the multitude of languages spoken by the gathered disciples,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others have taken the reference to "tongues" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γλῶσσαι</span></span>) to signify <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">ecstatic speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gilbert_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilbert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christian tradition, this event represents fulfillment of the promise that Christ will <a href="/wiki/Baptize" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptize">baptize</a> his followers with the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenski_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenski-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the four New Testament gospels, the distinction between baptism by water and the baptism by Christ with "Holy Spirit and fire" is only found in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Matthew">Matthew</a> and Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrative in Acts evokes the symbolism of Jesus's baptism in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, and the start of his ministry, by explicitly connecting the earlier prophecy of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> to the baptism of the disciples with the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-ebcacts_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebcacts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing of the narrative during the law giving festival of Pentecost symbolizes both continuity with the giving of the law, but also the central role of the Holy Spirit for the early church. The central role of Christ in Christian faith signified a fundamental theological separation from the traditional Jewish faith, which was grounded in the Torah and Mosaic Law.<sup id="cite_ref-ebcacts_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebcacts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter's sermon in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#2:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 2:14–36</a> stresses the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">exaltation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbe_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbe-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his sermon, Peter quotes <a href="/wiki/Joel_2:28%E2%80%9332" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel 2:28–32">Joel 2:28–32</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm_16" title="Psalm 16">Psalm 16</a> to indicate that first Pentecost marks the start of the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>. About one hundred and twenty followers of Christ (Acts 1:15) were present, including the Twelve Apostles (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a> was <a href="/wiki/Judas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas">Judas</a>'s replacement) (Acts 1:13, 26), Jesus's mother Mary, other female disciples and his brothers (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#1:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 1:14</a>). While those on whom the Spirit had descended were speaking in many languages, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Apostle Peter</a> stood up with the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">eleven</a> and proclaimed to the crowd that this event was the fulfillment of the prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Acts_2#Verses_16–21" title="Acts 2">Acts 2:17</a>, it reads: "'And in the last days,' God says, 'I will pour out my spirit upon every sort of flesh, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy and your young men will see visions and your old men will dream dreams." He also mentions (<a href="/wiki/Acts_2:15" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 2:15">Acts 2:15</a>) that it was the third hour of the day (about 9:00 am). <a href="/wiki/Acts_2:41" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 2:41">Acts 2:41</a> then reports: "Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critical scholars believe some features of the narrative are theological constructions. They believe that even if the Pentecost narrative is not literally true, it does signify an important event in the history of the early church which enabled the rapid spread of Christianity. Within a few decades important congregations had been established in all major cities of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-isbe_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbe-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning <a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">Acts 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_L%C3%BCdemann" title="Gerd Lüdemann">Gerd Lüdemann</a> considers the Pentecost gathering as very possible,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the apostolic instruction to be historically credible.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wedderburn acknowledges the possibility of a ‘mass ecstatic experience’,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and notes it is difficult to explain why early Christians later adopted this Jewish festival if there had not been an original Pentecost event as described in Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also holds the description of the early community in Acts 2 to be reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lüdemann views Acts 3:1–4:31 as historical.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wedderburn notes what he sees as features of an idealized description,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but nevertheless cautions against dismissing the record as unhistorical.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hengel likewise insists that Luke described genuine historical events, even if he has idealized them.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biblical commentator <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._H._Lenski" title="Richard C. H. Lenski">Richard C. H. Lenski</a> has noted that the use of the term "Pentecost" in Acts is a reference to the Jewish festival. He writes that a well-defined, distinct Christian celebration did not exist until later years, when Christians kept the name of "Pentecost" but began to calculate the date of the feast based on Easter rather than Passover.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenski_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenski-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter stated that this event was the beginning of a continual outpouring that would be available to all believers from that point on, Jews and Gentiles alike.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liturgical_celebration">Liturgical celebration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liturgical celebration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pentecost" title="Special:EditPage/Pentecost">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pentecost%22">"Pentecost"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pentecost%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pentecost%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pentecost%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pentecost%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pentecost%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:lavender; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical seasons</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Pre-Christmas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> (<i>Western</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a> (<i>Byzantine</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_of_Annunciation" title="Season of Annunciation">Annunciation</a> (<i>Syriac</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a> (<i>Western</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> (<i>Western</i>) / <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a> (<i>Eastern</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a> (<i>Western</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a> (<i>Western</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_of_Summer_(liturgy)" title="Season of Summer (liturgy)">Summer</a> (<i>East Syriac</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a> (<i>Eastern</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition Fast">Dormition Fast</a> (<i>Eastern</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elijah%E2%80%93Cross%E2%80%93Moses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elijah–Cross–Moses (page does not exist)">Elijah–Cross–Moses</a> (<i>East Syriac</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Season_of_the_Dedication_of_the_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Season of the Dedication of the Church (page does not exist)">Dedication of the Church</a> (<i>Syriac</i>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liturgical_year" title="Template:Liturgical year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liturgical_year" title="Template talk:Liturgical year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical_year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, Pentecost is one of the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Great_Feasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Feasts">Great Feasts</a> and is considered to be the highest ranking Great Feast of the Lord, second in rank only to <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a> (Easter). The service is celebrated with an <a href="/wiki/All-night_Vigil" class="mw-redirect" title="All-night Vigil">All-night Vigil</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">eve</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> on the day of the feast itself. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Orthodox churches</a> are often decorated with greenery and flowers on this feast day, and the celebration is intentionally similar to the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>, which celebrates the giving of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, Pentecost is one of the seven Major "Lord's Feasts". </p><p>The feast itself lasts three days. The first day is known as "<a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>"; the second day is known as "<a href="/wiki/Spirit_Monday" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit Monday">Spirit Monday</a>" (or "Monday of the Holy Spirit"); and the third day, Tuesday, is called the "<a href="/wiki/Third_Day_of_the_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Day of the Trinity">Third Day of the Trinity</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Afterfeast" title="Afterfeast">Afterfeast</a> of Pentecost lasts for one week, during which <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> is not permitted, even on Wednesday and Friday. In the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">Tradition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical color">liturgical color</a> used at Pentecost is <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, and the clergy and faithful carry flowers and green branches in their hands during the services. </p><p>All of the remaining days of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical year">ecclesiastical year</a>, until the preparation for the next <a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a>, are named for the day after Pentecost on which they occur. This is again counted inclusively, such that the 15th day of Pentecost is 14 days after Trinity Sunday. The exception is that the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> marks Sundays "after <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Holy Cross</a>". </p><p>The Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the feast depicts the Twelve Apostles seated in a semicircle (sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> (Virgin Mary) is shown sitting in the center of them). At the top of the icon, the Holy Spirit, in the form of tongues of fire, is descending upon them. At the bottom is an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> figure, called <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">Kosmos</a></i>, which symbolizes the world. Although Kosmos is crowned with earthly glory he sits in the darkness caused by the ignorance of God.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He is holding a towel on which have been placed 12 scrolls, representing the teaching of the Twelve Apostles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kneeling_Prayer">Kneeling Prayer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kneeling Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An extraordinary service called the "Kneeling Prayer" is observed on the night of Pentecost. This is a <a href="/wiki/Great_Vespers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Vespers">Vespers</a> service to which are added three sets of long poetical prayers, the composition of <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a>, during which everyone makes a full <a href="/wiki/Genuflection#Orthodox_Christianity" title="Genuflection">prostration</a>, touching their foreheads to the floor (prostrations in church having been forbidden from the day of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Pascha</a> (Easter) up to this point). Uniquely, these prayers include a petition for all of those in hell, that they may be granted relief and even ultimate release from their confinement, if God deems this possible.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, it is observed at the time of ninth hour (3:00 pm) on the Sunday of Pentecost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apostles'_Fast"><span id="Apostles.27_Fast"></span>Apostles' Fast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Apostles' Fast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></div> <p>The Second Monday after Pentecost is the beginning of the Apostles' Fast (which continues until the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Feast of Saints Peter and Paul</a> on June 29). Theologically, Orthodox do not consider Pentecost to be the "birthday" of the church; they see the church as having existed before the creation of the world (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a>, the "Apostles Fast" has a fixed end date on the fifth of the Coptic month of Epip (which currently falls on July 12, which is equivalent to June 29, due to the current 13-day Julian-Gregorian calendar offset). The fifth of Epip is the commemoration of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and Paul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_churches">Western churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Western churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A typical Western image of the Pentecost. Duccio di Buoninsegna (1308) Tempera on wood." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_018.jpg/220px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_018.jpg/330px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_018.jpg/440px-Duccio_di_Buoninsegna_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption> A typical Western image of the Pentecost. <a href="/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna" class="mw-redirect" title="Duccio di Buoninsegna">Duccio di Buoninsegna</a> (1308).</figcaption></figure> <p>The liturgical celebrations of Pentecost in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western churches</a> are as rich and varied as those in the East. The typical image of Pentecost in the West is that of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> seated centrally and prominently among the disciples with flames resting on the crowns of their heads. Occasionally, parting clouds suggesting the action of the "mighty wind";<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rays of light and the Dove are also depicted. the Western iconographic style is less static and stylized than that of the East, and other very different representations have been produced, and, in some cases, have achieved great fame such as the Pentecosts by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">el Greco</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St. Paul</a> already in the 1st century notes the importance of this festival to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> communities: see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2020:16&version=nrsv">Acts 20:16</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2016:8&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 16:8</a>. Since the lifetime of some who may have been eyewitnesses, annual celebrations of the descent of the Holy Spirit have been observed. </p><p>In the Roman Catholic liturgy, Pentecost marks the end and completion of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter season">Easter season</a>, and the birth or "great beginning" of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitmonday" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitmonday">Pentecost Monday</a> as well was a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Day_of_Obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Day of Obligation">Holy Day of Obligation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> during which the Catholic Church addressed the newly baptized and confirmed. Since the council, Pentecost Monday is no longer solemnized. Pentecost Monday remains an official festival in many Protestant churches, such as the (Lutheran) <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a>, and others. In the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Byzantine Catholic Rite</a> Pentecost Monday is no longer a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Day_of_Obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Day of Obligation">Holy Day of Obligation</a>, but rather a simple <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holiday</a>. In the Extraordinary Form of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church, as at Easter, the <a href="/wiki/Ranks_of_Catholic_liturgical_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks of Catholic liturgical days">liturgical rank</a> of Monday and Tuesday of Pentecost week is a Double of the First Class<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and across many Western denominations, Pentecost is celebrated with an <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave (liturgical)">octave</a> culminating on <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>. However, in the modern Roman Rite (Ordinary Form), Pentecost ends after Evening Prayer on the feast day itself, with <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a> resuming the next day. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentecost_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pentecost_01.jpg/220px-Pentecost_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pentecost_01.jpg/330px-Pentecost_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pentecost_01.jpg/440px-Pentecost_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Pentecost depicted in a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marking the festival's importance, as the principal feast of the church and the fulfilment of Christ's purpose in coming into the world, namely bringing the Holy Spirit which had departed with Adam and Eve's fall, back into the world, all 33 following Sundays are "Sundays after Pentecost" in the Orthodox Church. In several denominations, such as the Lutheran, Episcopal, and <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist">United Methodist</a> churches, and formerly in the Roman Catholic Church, all the Sundays from the holiday itself until <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a> in late November or December are designated the 2nd, 3rd, etc. Sunday after Pentecost, again traditionally <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">reckoned inclusively</a>. Throughout the year, in Roman Catholic piety, Pentecost is the third of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Glorious Mysteries">Glorious Mysteries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Holy Rosary</a>, as well as being one of the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Resurrection" title="Stations of the Resurrection">Stations of the Resurrection</a> or Via Lucis. </p><p>In some <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> churches, where there is less emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a>, Pentecost may still be one of the greatest celebrations in the year, such as in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. In other cases, Pentecost may be ignored as a holy day in these churches. In many evangelical churches in the United States, the secular holiday, <a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a>, may be more celebrated than the biblical feast of Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some evangelicals and Pentecostals are observing the liturgical calendar and observe Pentecost as a day to teach the <a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gifts of the Holy Spirit">Gifts of the Holy Spirit</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Across denominational lines Pentecost has been an opportunity for Christians to honor the role of the Holy Spirit in their lives, and celebrate the birth of the Christian Church in an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical">ecumenical</a> context.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_symbolism">Red symbolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Red symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentecost_Altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pentecost_Altar.jpg/220px-Pentecost_Altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pentecost_Altar.jpg/330px-Pentecost_Altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pentecost_Altar.jpg/440px-Pentecost_Altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A Protestant church altar, decorated for Pentecost with red burning candles and red banners and altar cloth depicting the movement of the Holy Spirit</figcaption></figure> <p>The main sign of Pentecost in the West is the colour red. It symbolizes joy and the fire of the Holy Spirit. </p><p>Priests or ministers, and choirs wear red <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>, and in modern times, the custom has extended to the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay people</a> of the congregation wearing red clothing in celebration as well. Red banners are often hung from walls or ceilings to symbolize the blowing of the "mighty wind"<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the free movement of the Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, red fans, or red handkerchiefs, are distributed to the congregation to be waved during the procession, etc. Other congregations have incorporated the use of red balloons, signifying the "Birthday of the Church". These may be borne by the congregants, decorate the sanctuary, or released all at once. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flowers,_fruits,_and_branches"><span id="Flowers.2C_fruits.2C_and_branches"></span>Flowers, fruits, and branches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flowers, fruits, and branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_Altar_Pentecost_Red_Flowers_Green_Birch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Protestant church altar and font, decorated for Pentecost with red flowering plants and green birch branches" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Protestant_Altar_Pentecost_Red_Flowers_Green_Birch.jpg/220px-Protestant_Altar_Pentecost_Red_Flowers_Green_Birch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Protestant_Altar_Pentecost_Red_Flowers_Green_Birch.jpg/330px-Protestant_Altar_Pentecost_Red_Flowers_Green_Birch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Protestant_Altar_Pentecost_Red_Flowers_Green_Birch.jpg/440px-Protestant_Altar_Pentecost_Red_Flowers_Green_Birch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A Protestant church altar and font, decorated for Pentecost with red flowering plants and green birch branches</figcaption></figure> <p>The celebrations may depict symbols of the Holy Spirit, such as the dove or flames, symbols of the church such as <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>, or especially within Protestant churches of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> traditions, words rather than images naming for example, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_gifts_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit">gifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruits_of_the_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits of the Spirit">Fruits of the Spirit</a>. Red flowers at the altar/preaching area, and red flowering plants such as <a href="/wiki/Geraniums" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraniums">geraniums</a> around the church are also typical decorations for Pentecost masses/services.<sup id="cite_ref-stcatherineofsweden1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcatherineofsweden1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These symbolize the renewal of life, the coming of the warmth of summer, and the growth of the church at and from the first Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-stcatherineofsweden1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcatherineofsweden1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern hemisphere, for example, in southern Australia, Pentecost comes in the mellow autumntide, after the often great heat of summer, and the red leaves of the poinsettia have often been used to decorate churches then. </p><p>These flowers often play an important role in the ancestral rites, and other rites, of the particular congregation. For example, in both Protestant and Catholic churches, the plants brought in to decorate for the holiday may be each "sponsored" by individuals in memory of a particular loved one, or in honor of a living person on a significant occasion, such as their <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> day.<sup id="cite_ref-stcatherineofsweden1_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stcatherineofsweden1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="German language in Europe">German-speaking</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> countries, and also in overseas congregations originating from these countries through migration, green branches are also traditionally used to decorate churches for Pentecost. <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a> is the tree most typically associated with this practice in Europe, but other species are employed in different climates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lowering_of_doves">Lowering of doves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lowering of doves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Peter_und_Paul_in_S%C3%B6ll_-_Heilig-Geist-Loch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/St.Peter_und_Paul_in_S%C3%B6ll_-_Heilig-Geist-Loch.jpg/220px-St.Peter_und_Paul_in_S%C3%B6ll_-_Heilig-Geist-Loch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/St.Peter_und_Paul_in_S%C3%B6ll_-_Heilig-Geist-Loch.jpg/330px-St.Peter_und_Paul_in_S%C3%B6ll_-_Heilig-Geist-Loch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/St.Peter_und_Paul_in_S%C3%B6ll_-_Heilig-Geist-Loch.jpg/440px-St.Peter_und_Paul_in_S%C3%B6ll_-_Heilig-Geist-Loch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Holy Ghost hole, Saints Peter and Paul Church in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ll" title="Söll">Söll</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, cathedrals and great churches throughout Western Europe were fitted with a peculiar architectural feature known as a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost_hole" title="Holy Ghost hole">Holy Ghost hole</a>: a small circular opening in the roof that symbolized the entrance of the Holy Spirit into the midst of the congregation. At Pentecost, these Holy Ghost holes would be decorated with flowers, and sometimes a dove figure lowered through into the church while the narrative of Pentecost was read. Holy Ghost holes can still be seen today in European churches such as <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, a large two dimensional dove figure would be, and in some places still is, cut from wood, painted, and decorated with flowers, to be lowered over the congregation, particularly during the singing of the <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence (poetry)">sequence hymn</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a></i>. In other places, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)#Rose_Sundays" title="Rosalia (festival)">rose petals</a> were and are thrown from the galleries over the congregation, recalling the tongues of fire. (see <a href="#Rosalia">below</a>) In modern times, this practice has been revived, and adapted as well, to include the strewing of <a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">origami</a> doves from above or suspending them, sometimes by the hundreds, from the ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hymns_and_music">Hymns and music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hymns and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The singing of Pentecost hymns is also central to the celebration in the Western tradition. Hymns such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Komm,_Heiliger_Geist,_Herre_Gott" title="Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott">Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott</a>" (Come, Holy Spirit, God and Lord),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>'s "Spirit of Faith Come Down"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Come Holy Ghost Our Hearts Inspire"<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildegard von Bingen">Hildegard von Bingen</a>'s "O Holy Spirit Root of Life"<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are popular. Some traditional hymns of Pentecost make reference not only to themes relating to the Holy Spirit or the church, but to folk customs connected to the holiday as well, such as the decorating with green branches.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other hymns include "Oh that I had a Thousand Voices" ("<i>O daß ich tausend Zungen hätte</i>")<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by German, Johann Mentzer Verse 2: "<i>Ye forest leaves so green and tender, that dance for joy in summer air</i> ..." or "O Day Full of Grace" ("<i>Den signede Dag</i>")<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Dane</a>, <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a> verse 3: "<i>Yea were every tree endowed with speech and every leaflet singing</i> ...". </p><p>As Pentecost closes the Easter Season in the Roman Catholic Church, the dismissal with the double alleluia is sung at the end of Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paschal Candle is removed from the sanctuary at the end of the day. In the Roman Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Veni_Sancte_Spiritus" title="Veni Sancte Spiritus">Veni Sancte Spiritus</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sequence_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequence (poetry)">sequence hymn</a> for the Day of Pentecost. This has been translated into many languages and is sung in many denominations today. As an invocation of the Holy Spirit, <a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a> is sung during liturgical celebrations on the feast of Pentecost.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trumpeters or <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass ensembles</a> are often specially contracted to accompany singing and provide special music at Pentecost services, recalling the Sound of the mighty wind.<sup id="cite_ref-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this practice is common among a wide spectrum of Western denominations (Eastern Churches do not employ instrumental accompaniment in their worship) it is particularly typical, and distinctive to the heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_music" title="Moravian Church music">Moravian</a> Church.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another custom is reading the appointed Scripture lessons in multiple foreign languages recounting the speaking in tongues recorded in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:4–12&version=nrsv">Acts 2:4–12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fasting_and_devotions">Fasting and devotions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fasting and devotions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pent_IMG_1023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pent_IMG_1023.jpg/220px-Pent_IMG_1023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pent_IMG_1023.jpg/330px-Pent_IMG_1023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pent_IMG_1023.jpg/440px-Pent_IMG_1023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window showing the Pentecost, at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For some <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, the nine days between <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension Day</a>, and Pentecost are set aside as a time of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> and universal prayer in honour of the disciples' time of prayer and unity awaiting the Holy Spirit. Similarly among <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a>, special Pentecost <a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">novenas</a> are prayed. The Pentecost Novena is considered the first novena, all other novenas prayed in preparation of various feasts deriving their practice from those original nine days of prayer observed by the disciples of Christ. </p><p>While the Eve of Pentecost was traditionally a day of fasting for Catholics, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> no longer requires it. Both Catholics and Protestants may hold spiritual <a href="/wiki/Retreats" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreats">retreats</a>, prayer <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Litanies" class="mw-redirect" title="Litanies">litanies</a> in the days leading up to Pentecost. In some cases vigils on the Eve of Pentecost may last all night. Pentecost is also one of the occasions specially appointed for the Lutheran Litany to be sung.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of Pentecost, a popular custom is "to ascend hill tops and mountains during the early dawn of Whitsunday to pray. People call this observance 'catching the Holy Ghost.' Thus they express in symbolic language the spiritual fact that only by means of prayer can the divine Dove be 'caught' and the graces of the Holy Spirit obtained."<sup id="cite_ref-Wesier1956_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesier1956-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another custom is for families to suspend "artfully carved and painted wooden doves, representing the Holy Spirit" over the dining tables as "a constant reminder for members of the family to venerate the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-Wesier1956_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesier1956-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are left hanging year-round and are cleaned before the feast of Pentecost, often being "encased in a globe of glass".<sup id="cite_ref-Wesier1956_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesier1956-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the vigil of Pentecost, a traditional custom is practiced, in which "flowers, fields, and fruit trees" are blessed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesier1956_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesier1956-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sacraments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early days of Western Christianity, Pentecost became one of the days set aside to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>. In Northern Europe Pentecost was preferred even over Easter for this rite, as the temperatures in late spring might be supposed to be more conducive to outdoor <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion</a> as was then the practice. It is proposed that the term <a href="/wiki/Whit_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Whit Sunday">Whit Sunday</a> derives from the custom of the newly baptized wearing white clothing, and from the white vestments worn by the clergy in <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">English liturgical uses</a>. The holiday was also one of the three days each year (along with <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>) Roman Catholics were required to <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confess</a> and receive <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> in order to remain in good ecclesiastical standing.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Holy Communion is likewise often a feature of the Protestant observance of Pentecost as well. It is one of the relatively few Sundays some <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> denominations may offer the communion meal, and is one of the days of the year specially appointed among <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a> for the celebration of their Love Feasts. <a href="/wiki/Ordinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinations">Ordinations</a> are celebrated across a wide array of Western denominations at Pentecost, or near to it. In some denominations, for example the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> Church, even if an ordination or consecration of a <a href="/wiki/Deaconess" title="Deaconess">deaconess</a> is not celebrated on Pentecost, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical color">liturgical color</a> will invariably be red, and the theme of the service will be the Holy Spirit. </p><p>Above all, Pentecost is a day to hold <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> celebrations for youth. Flowers, the wearing of white robes or white dresses recalling Baptism, rites such as the <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a>, and vibrant singing play prominent roles on these joyous occasions, the blossoming of Spring forming an equal analogy with the blossoming of youth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rosalia">Rosalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rosalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)#Rose_Sundays" title="Rosalia (festival)">Rosalia (festival) § Rose Sundays</a></div> <p>A popular tradition arose in both west and east of decorating the church with roses on Pentecost, leading to a popular designation of Pentecost as <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Festa Rosalia</i> or "Rose Feast"; in Greek this became <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ρουσάλια</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">rousália</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-byzcatharchpittspent_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byzcatharchpittspent-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to <i>Rusalii</i> becoming the <a href="/wiki/Romanian-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian-language">Romanian-language</a> term for the feast, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> popular designation <i>Pasca rusata</i> ("rosey Easter").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In modern times, the term in Greek refers to the eve of Pentecost, not Pentecost itself; or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, to the Monday and Tuesday after <i>Pascha</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-endemicgreekrousalia_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endemicgreekrousalia-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as roses are often used during the whole liturgical season of the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostarion" title="Pentecostarion">Pentecostarion</a>, not just Pentecost. <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> warned his flock not to allow this custom to replace spiritually adorning themselves with virtue in reception of the <a href="/wiki/Fruits_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits of the Holy Spirit">Fruits of the Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byzcatharchpittspent_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byzcatharchpittspent-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mariology">Mariology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mariology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A secular iconography in both Western and Eastern Churches reflects the belief of the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> on the day of Pentecost and her central role in the divine concession of the gift of the Holy Spirit to the Apostles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:14&version=nrsv">Acts 1.14</a> confirms the presence of the Mother of Jesus with the Twelve in a spiritual communion of daily prayer. It is the unique reference to the Mother of God after Jesus's entrusting to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a>. </p><p>According to that iconographic tradition, the Latin encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i> officially stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>She it was through her powerful prayers obtained that the spirit of our Divine Redeemer, already given on the Cross, should be bestowed, accompanied by miraculous gifts, on the newly founded Church at Pentecost; and finally, bearing with courage and confidence the tremendous burden of her sorrows and desolation, she, truly the Queen of Martyrs, more than all the faithful "filled up those things that are wanting of the sufferings of Christ...for His Body, which is the Church"; and she continues to have for the Mystical Body of Christ, born of the pierced Heart of the Savior, the same motherly care and ardent love with which she cherished and fed the Infant Jesus in the crib. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, <i>Mystici Corporis Christi</i>, 2 March 1943<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Catholic and the Orthodox Churches accord the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a> a special form of veneration called <i><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Catholicism_and_Orthodoxy" title="Veneration">hyperdulia</a></i>. It corresponds to the special power of <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercessory</a> prayers dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary over those of all saints. Popes have stated that Mary prayed to God and her intercession was capable to persuade God to send the Holy Spirit as a permanent gift to the Twelve and their successors, thus forming the Apostolic Church. </p><p>In a similar way, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, in the general audience held in Vatican on May 28, 1997, affirmed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Retracing the course of the Virgin Mary’s life, the Second Vatican Council recalls her presence in the community waiting for Pentecost. “But since it had pleased God not to manifest solemnly the mystery of the salvation of the human race before he would pour forth the Spirit promised by Christ, we see the Apostles before the day of Pentecost ‘persevering with one mind in prayer with the women and Mary the Mother of Jesus, and with his brethren’ (Acts 1:14), and we also see Mary by her prayers imploring the gift of the Spirit, who had already overshadowed her in the Annunciation” (<a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a>, n.59). The first community is the prelude to the birth of the Church; the Blessed Virgin’s presence helps to sketch her definitive features, a fruit of the gift of Pentecost. [...] </p><p>In contemplating Mary’s powerful intercession as she waits for the Holy Spirit, Christians of every age have frequently had recourse to her intercession on the long and tiring journey to salvation, in order to receive the gifts of the Paraclete in greater abundance. [...] </p><p> In the Church and for the Church, mindful of Jesus’s promise, she waits for Pentecost and implores a multiplicity of gifts for everyone, in accordance with each one's personality and mission.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pope John Paul II, <i>General Audience</i>, 28 May 1997, Rome<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Marian intercessory prayer is dated to the day before Pentecost; while it is not explicitly stated that she was with the Apostles, it is in consideration of the fact she was called “full of grace” by the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Gabriel">Archangel Gabriel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>. </p><p>Mary's special relationship with the Holy Spirit and her presence at Pentecost gave way to one of her devotional titles being “Mother of the Church”. In 2018 Pope Francis designated the Monday after Pentecost each year as the feast of Mary, Mother of the Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_for_Pentecost" title="List of hymns for Pentecost">Several hymns were written and composed for Pentecost</a>, the earliest in use today being <i><a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a></i> in (Come, Creator Spirit), attributed to the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a>, and translated throughout the centuries in different languages. </p><p>This one and some more are suitable also for other occasions imploring the Holy Spirit, such as <a href="/wiki/Ordination_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordination in the Catholic Church">ordinations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronations</a>, as well as the beginning of school years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_compositions">Classical compositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Classical compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pentecost" title="Special:EditPage/Pentecost">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pentecost%22">"Pentecost"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pentecost%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pentecost%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pentecost%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pentecost%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pentecost%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> church of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> observed three days of Pentecost. Some composers wrote sacred <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a> to be performed in the church services of these days. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> composed several <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas</a> for <a href="/wiki/List_of_church_cantatas_by_liturgical_occasion#Pentecost" title="List of church cantatas by liturgical occasion">Pentecost</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Erschallet,_ihr_Lieder,_erklinget,_ihr_Saiten!_BWV_172" title="Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172"><i>Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten!</i> BWV 172</a>, in 1714 and <a href="/wiki/Also_hat_Gott_die_Welt_geliebt,_BWV_68" title="Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt, BWV 68"><i>Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt</i>, BWV 68</a>, in 1725. <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_St%C3%B6lzel" title="Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel">Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel</a> wrote cantatas such as <i>Werdet voll Geistes</i> (Get full of spirit) in 1737.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mozart composed an antiphon <i><a href="/wiki/Veni_Sancte_Spiritus_(Mozart)" title="Veni Sancte Spiritus (Mozart)">Veni Sancte Spiritus</a></i> in 1768. </p><p>Gustav Mahler composed a setting of Maurus' hymn "Veni, Creator Spiritus" as the first part of his Symphony No. 8, premiered in 1910. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> composed an organ mass <i><a href="/wiki/Messe_de_la_Pentec%C3%B4te" title="Messe de la Pentecôte">Messe de la Pentecôte</a></i> in 1949/50. In 1964 <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Werner" title="Fritz Werner">Fritz Werner</a> wrote an <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorio</a> for Pentecost <i>Veni, sancte spiritus</i> (Come, Holy Spirit) on the sequence <i><a href="/wiki/Veni_Sancte_Spiritus" title="Veni Sancte Spiritus">Veni Sancte Spiritus</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Jani_Christou" title="Jani Christou">Jani Christou</a> wrote <i>Tongues of Fire</i>, a Pentecost oratorio. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hillert" title="Richard Hillert">Richard Hillert</a> wrote a <i>Motet for the Day of Pentecost</i> for choir, vibraphone, and prepared electronic tape in 1969. <a href="/wiki/Violeta_Dinescu" title="Violeta Dinescu">Violeta Dinescu</a> composed <i>Pfingstoratorium</i>, an oratorio for Pentecost for five soloists, mixed chorus and small orchestra in 1993. Daniel Elder's 21st century piece, "Factus est Repente", for a cappella choir, was premiered in 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_customs_and_traditions">Regional customs and traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regional customs and traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Green week</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)#Rose_Sundays" title="Rosalia (festival)">Rosalia (festival) § Rose Sundays</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentecost_in_Tavna_Monastery,_Bijeljina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pentecost_in_Tavna_Monastery%2C_Bijeljina.jpg/285px-Pentecost_in_Tavna_Monastery%2C_Bijeljina.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pentecost_in_Tavna_Monastery%2C_Bijeljina.jpg/428px-Pentecost_in_Tavna_Monastery%2C_Bijeljina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pentecost_in_Tavna_Monastery%2C_Bijeljina.jpg/570px-Pentecost_in_Tavna_Monastery%2C_Bijeljina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Pentecost in <a href="/wiki/Tavna_Monastery" title="Tavna Monastery">Tavna Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijeljina" title="Bijeljina">Bijeljina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> it was customary to scatter <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> petals from the ceiling of the churches to recall the miracle of the fiery tongues; hence in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and elsewhere in Italy, the feast is called <i>Pasqua rosatum</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> name <i>Pasqua rossa</i> comes from the red colours of the vestments used on Whitsunday.<sup id="cite_ref-Kellner_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellner-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> it was customary to blow <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a> during Mass, to recall the sound of the mighty wind which accompanied the Descent of the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Kellner_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellner-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northwest of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, church and chapel parades called Whit Walks take place at Whitsun (sometimes on <a href="/wiki/Whit_Friday" title="Whit Friday">Whit Friday</a>, the Friday after Whitsun).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the parades contain brass bands and choirs; girls attending are dressed in white. Traditionally, Whit Fairs (sometimes called Whitsun Ales)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place. Other customs such as <a href="/wiki/Morris_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris dancing">morris dancing</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheese rolling">cheese rolling</a><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2005_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2005-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also associated with Whitsun. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> the day (called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentacost_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentacost in Hungary (page does not exist)">Pünkösd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>) is surrounded by many unique rites, which probably have their origins in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">ancient Hungarian</a> customs. The girls dressed in festive costumes choose a Little Queen (Kiskirályné not to be confused with the Pünkösdi Királyné), who is raised high. Then a figure dressed as an animal appears and dies, and is brought back to life by his attendant chanting a joke incantation.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> there is a saying known virtually by everyone which translates as "if one has no sweetheart until Pentecost, he/she will not have it during the whole summer."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, people originating from <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Island">Pentecost Island</a> usually celebrate their island's name-day with a special church service followed by cultural events such as dancing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> the springtime feast day of <i>Zeleni Sviata</i> became associated with the Pentecost. (The exact origin of the relationship is not known). The customs for the festival were performed in the following order: first, home and <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> would be cleaned; second, foods were prepared for the festival; finally, homes and churches were decorated with wildflowers and various types of green <a href="/wiki/Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs">herbs</a> and plants. A seven course meal may have been served as the Pentecost feast which may have included traditional dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> (<i>kolyvo</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> grains with <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> soup (<i>kapusniak</i>), chicken broth with handmade <a href="/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">noodles</a> (<i>yushka z zaterkoiu</i>), cheese turnovers (<i><a href="/wiki/Pirozhki" title="Pirozhki">pyrizhky</a> z syrom</i>), roast pork, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> pancakes served with <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> (<i>mlyntsi</i>), and baked <a href="/wiki/Kasha" title="Kasha">kasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_and_public_holiday">Date and public holiday</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Date and public holiday"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em"> <caption>Dates for Pentecost <br /> 2018–2032<br /><small>In Gregorian dates</small> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Year</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2018 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 20</td><td>May 27 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2019 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">June 9</td><td>June 16 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2020 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 31</td><td>June 7 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2021 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 23</td><td>June 20 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2022 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">June 5</td><td>June 12 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2023 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 28</td><td>June 4 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2024 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 19</td><td>June 23 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: gold"> <th style="background-color: gold">2025 </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">June 8 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2026 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 24</td><td>May 31 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2027 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 16</td><td>June 20 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2028 </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">June 4 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2029 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 20</td><td>May 27 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2030 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">June 9</td><td>June 16 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2031 </th> <td colspan="2" align="center">June 1 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:"> <th style="background-color:">2032 </th> <td colspan="1" align="center">May 16</td><td>June 20 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest possible date is May 10 (as in 1818 and 2285). The latest possible date is June 13 (as in 1943 and 2038). The day of Pentecost is seven weeks after Easter Sunday: that is to say, the fiftieth day after Easter inclusive of Easter Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentecost may also refer to the 50 days from Easter to Pentecost Sunday inclusive of both.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Easter itself has no fixed date, this makes Pentecost a moveable feast.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, traditionally the next day, <a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a>, was until 1970 a public holiday. Since 1971, by statute, the last Monday in May has been a Bank Holiday. </p><p>While Eastern Christianity treats Pentecost as the last day of Easter in its liturgies, in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman liturgy">Roman liturgy</a> it is usually a separate feast.<sup id="cite_ref-liturgy_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liturgy-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifty days from Easter Sunday to Pentecost Sunday may also be called <a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Eastertide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-liturgy_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liturgy-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Pentecost itself is on a Sunday, it is automatically considered to be a public holiday in countries with large Christian denominations. However, in Hungary, it is distinguished from a regular Sunday due to the stricter trading laws, forcing most businesses to close on even if they are normally open on Sundays (the same restrictions apply to the following Monday).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Pentecost Monday</a> is a public holiday in many countries including <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (since 2008), <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, (most parts of) <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. It is also a public holiday in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, where it is known as <i>la Segona Pasqua</i> (Second Easter).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> it was also a public holiday, but Pentecost Monday (Annandag Pingst) was replaced by Swedish National Day on June 6, by a government decision on December 15, 2004. In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, it is no longer a public holiday. It was a public holiday in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> until 1973, when it was replaced by Early Summer Holiday on the first Monday in June. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> the day is known as <a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a>, and was a <a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holiday</a> until 1967 when it was replaced by the Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May. In France, following reactions to the implementation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journ%C3%A9e_de_solidarit%C3%A9_envers_les_personnes_%C3%A2g%C3%A9es" title="Journée de solidarité envers les personnes âgées">Journée de solidarité envers les personnes âgées</a></i>, Pentecost Monday has been reestablished as a regular (not as a <i>working</i>) holiday on May 3, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_allusions">Literary allusions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literary allusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legend, <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> always gathered all his knights at the round table for a feast and a quest on Pentecost: </p> <blockquote> <p>So ever the king had a custom that at the feast of Pentecost in especial, afore other feasts in the year, he would not go that day to meat until he had heard or seen of a great marvel. <sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>German poet <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> declared Pentecost "das liebliche Fest" – the lovely Feast, in a selection by the same name in his <i><a href="/wiki/Reineke_Fuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reineke Fuchs">Reineke Fuchs</a></i>. </p> <dl><dd>Pfingsten, das liebliche Fest, war gekommen;</dd> <dd>es grünten und blühten Feld und Wald;</dd> <dd>auf Hügeln und Höhn, in Büschen und Hecken</dd> <dd>Übten ein fröhliches Lied die neuermunterten Vögel;</dd> <dd>Jede Wiese sprosste von Blumen in duftenden Gründen,</dd> <dd>Festlich heiter glänzte der Himmel und farbig die Erde.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>"Pfingsten, das liebliche Fest", speaks of Pentecost as a time of greening and blooming in fields, woods, hills, mountains, bushes and hedges, of birds singing new songs, meadows sprouting fragrant flowers, and of festive sunshine gleaming from the skies and coloring the earth – iconic lines idealizing the Pentecost holidays in the German-speaking lands. </p><p>Further, Goethe records an old peasant proverb relating to Pentecost in his "Sankt-Rochus-Fest zu Bingen"<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <i>Ripe strawberries at Pentecost mean a good wine crop.</i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a> mentions of Pentecost in <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years_After" title="Twenty Years After">Twenty Years After</a></i> (French: Vingt ans après), the sequel to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i>. A meal is planned for the holiday, to which La Ramée, second in command of the prison, is invited, and by which contrivance, the Duke is able to escape. He speaks sarcastically of the festival to his jailor, foreshadowing his escape : <i>"Now, what has Pentecost to do with me? Do you fear, say, that the Holy Ghost may come down in the form of fiery tongues and open the gates of my prison?"</i><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> mentions Pentecost in a line from <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> Act 1, Scene V. At the ball at his home, Capulet speaks in refuting an overestimate of the time elapsed since he last danced: <i>"What, man? 'Tis not so much, 'tis not so much! 'Tis since the nuptial of Lucentio, Come Pentecost as quickly as it will, Some five-and-twenty years, and then we mask'd."</i><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note here the allusion to the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Mumming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumming">mumming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris dancing">Morris dancing</a> and wedding celebrations at Pentecost. </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/The_Whitsun_Weddings_(poem)" title="The Whitsun Weddings (poem)">The Whitsun Weddings</a>" is one of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a>'s most famous poems, describing a train journey made through England on a Whitsun weekend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 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title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven deacons">Seven deacons</a> (in Jerusalem and St. Philip in <a href="/wiki/Ashdod_(ancient_city)" title="Ashdod (ancient city)">Azotus</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2016:10&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 16:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As part of the phrase <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπ᾽ αὐτὴν ἔτους πεντηκοστοῦ καὶ ἑκατοστοῦ</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-acadbible1mac6.20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acadbible1mac6.20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ep autēn etous pentēkastou kai hekatostou</i></span>, "in the hundred and fiftieth year", or some variation of the phrase in combination with other numbers to define a precise number of years, and sometimes months. See: "... in the hundred and fiftieth year..." (1 Maccabees 6:20, KJV),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the hundred and one and fiftieth year..." (1 Maccabees 7:1, KJV),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> " Also the first month of the hundred fifty and second year..." (1 Maccabees 9:3, KJV)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with other examples at 1 Maccabees 9:54 (KJV)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2 Maccabees 14:4 (KJV).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TDNT_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDNT-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pritchard2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pritchard2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPritchard" class="citation web cs1">Pritchard, Ray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianity.com/jesus/early-church-history/pentecost/where-did-pentecost-come-from.html">"What Is Pentecost?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity.com" title="Christianity.com">Christianity.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>According to the Old Testament, you would go to the day of the celebration of Firstfruits, and beginning with that day, you would count off 50 days. The fiftieth day would be the Day of Pentecost. So Firstfruits is the beginning of the barley harvest and Pentecost the celebration of the beginning of the wheat harvest. Since it was always 50 days after Firstfruits, and since 49 days equals seven weeks, it always came a 'week of weeks' later.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Pentecost%3F&rft.pub=Christianity.com&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianity.com%2Fjesus%2Fearly-church-history%2Fpentecost%2Fwhere-did-pentecost-come-from.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:1–31&version=nrsv">Acts 2:1–31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%201:14&version=nrsv">Acts 1:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2034:22&version=nrsv">Exodus 34:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratcherHatton2000" class="citation book cs1">Bratcher, Robert G; Hatton, Howard (2000). <i>A handbook on Deuteronomy</i>. New York: United Bible Societies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8267-0104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8267-0104-6"><bdi>978-0-8267-0104-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+on+Deuteronomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Bible+Societies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8267-0104-6&rft.aulast=Bratcher&rft.aufirst=Robert+G&rft.au=Hatton%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jansen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jansen_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jansen_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jansen_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jansen_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen1993" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, John Frederick (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001/acref-9780195046458-e-0560">"Pentecost"</a>. In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8"><bdi>978-0-19-504645-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentecost&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504645-8&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046458-e-0560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDAG-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BDAG_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BDAG_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDankerArndtBauer2000" class="citation book cs1">Danker, Frederick W; Arndt, William; Bauer, Walter (2000). <i>A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03933-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03933-6"><bdi>978-0-226-03933-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+lexicon+of+the+New+Testament+and+other+early+Christian+literature&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03933-6&rft.aulast=Danker&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W&rft.au=Arndt%2C+William&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TDNT-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TDNT_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TDNT_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TDNT_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardFriedrichBromiley2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gerhard, Kittel; Friedrich, Gerhard; Bromiley, Geoffrey William, eds. (2006). "Pentecost". <i>Theological dictionary of the New Testament</i>. Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2243-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2243-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-2243-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentecost&rft.btitle=Theological+dictionary+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2243-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbe-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbe_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbe_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbe_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William, ed. (2009). "Pentecost". <i>The International standard Bible encyclopedia</i> (2 ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentecost&rft.btitle=The+International+standard+Bible+encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Tobit%202:1&version=nrsvae">Tobit 2:1</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Maccabees%2012:32&version=nrsvae">2 Maccabees 12:32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2025:10&version=nrsv">Leviticus 25:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acadbible1mac6.20-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acadbible1mac6.20_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/septuagint-lxx/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/stelle/45/60001/69999/ch/d41d34ca2080867bd6761e2a9fcef7a9/">"Septuagint (LXX), 1 Maccabees 6:20"</a>. <i>academic-bible.com: The Scholarly Portal of the German Bible Society</i>. German Bible Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic-bible.com%3A+The+Scholarly+Portal+of+the+German+Bible+Society&rft.atitle=Septuagint+%28LXX%29%2C+1+Maccabees+6%3A20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academic-bible.com%2Fen%2Fonline-bibles%2Fseptuagint-lxx%2Fread-the-bible-text%2Fbibel%2Ftext%2Flesen%2Fstelle%2F45%2F60001%2F69999%2Fch%2Fd41d34ca2080867bd6761e2a9fcef7a9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Maccabees#6:20" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees 6:20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%207:1&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 7:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Maccabees#9:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees 9:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Maccabees#9:54" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees 9:54</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Maccabees#14:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees 14:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDNT-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EDNT_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalzSchneider1994" class="citation book cs1">Balz, Horst Robert; Schneider, Gerhard (1994). <i>Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2803-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-2803-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exegetical+dictionary+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2803-3&rft.aulast=Balz&rft.aufirst=Horst+Robert&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keil-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keil_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keil_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeilDelitzsch2011" class="citation book cs1">Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz (2011). <i>Commentary on the Old Testament</i>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913573-88-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913573-88-4"><bdi>978-0-913573-88-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-913573-88-4&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Carl+Friedrich&rft.au=Delitzsch%2C+Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBC-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBC_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBC_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaebelein1984" class="citation book cs1">Gaebelein, Frank E (1984). <i>The expositors Bible commentary with the New International Version of the Holy Bible in twelve volum</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-36500-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-36500-6"><bdi>978-0-310-36500-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+expositors+Bible+commentary+with+the+New+International+Version+of+the+Holy+Bible+in+twelve+volum&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-310-36500-6&rft.aulast=Gaebelein&rft.aufirst=Frank+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Arakhin.7">Mishnah Arakhin 7:1–9:8</a>; Tosefta Arakhin 5:1–19; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Arakhin.24a">Babylonian Talmud Arakhin 24a–34a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niv-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-niv_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>NIV archaeological study Bible an illustrated walk through biblical history and culture : New International Version</i>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-92605-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-92605-4"><bdi>978-0-310-92605-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NIV+archaeological+study+Bible+an+illustrated+walk+through+biblical+history+and+culture+%3A+New+International+Version.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-310-92605-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/111377/jewish/Shavuot.htm">"Shavuot - The Holiday of the Giving of the Torah - Chabad.org"</a>. <i>chabad.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chabad.org&rft.atitle=Shavuot+-+The+Holiday+of+the+Giving+of+the+Torah+-+Chabad.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F111377%2Fjewish%2FShavuot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebcacts-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebcacts_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebcacts_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebcacts_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebcacts_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebcacts_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongenecker2017" class="citation book cs1">Longenecker, Richard N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gu8xDgAAQBAJ"><i>Acts</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53203-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53203-3"><bdi>978-0-310-53203-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53203-3&rft.aulast=Longenecker&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGu8xDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaʻozNusseibeh2000" class="citation book cs1">Maʻoz, Moshe; Nusseibeh, Sari (2000). <i>Jerusalem: Points Beyond Friction, and Beyond</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-8843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-8843-4"><bdi>978-90-411-8843-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+Points+Beyond+Friction%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-411-8843-4&rft.aulast=Ma%CA%BBoz&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft.au=Nusseibeh%2C+Sari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilbert-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gilbert_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gilbert_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Gary (2002). "The List of Nations in Acts 2: Roman Propaganda and the Lukan Response". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>121</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">497–</span>529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3268158">10.2307/3268158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268158">3268158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=The+List+of+Nations+in+Acts+2%3A+Roman+Propaganda+and+the+Lukan+Response&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E497-%3C%2Fspan%3E529&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3268158%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3268158&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenski-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenski_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenski_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenski_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenski_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2008" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, R. C. H. (2008). <i>Commentary on the New Testament: The Interpretation of the Acts of the Apostles 1-14</i>. Augsburg Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1677-0"><bdi>978-1-4514-1677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+New+Testament%3A+The+Interpretation+of+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles+1-14&rft.pub=Augsburg+Fortress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1677-0&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+2:1">Acts 2:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vine-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vine_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine2003" class="citation book cs1">Vine, W. E. (2003). <i>Vine's Expository Dictionary of the Old & New Testament Words</i>. Thomas Nelson Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-5054-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7852-5054-8"><bdi>978-0-7852-5054-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vine%27s+Expository+Dictionary+of+the+Old+%26+New+Testament+Words&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Incorporated&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7852-5054-8&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvin-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calvin_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calvin_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin" class="citation book cs1">Calvin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom36.ix.i.html"><i>Commentary on Acts – Volume 1 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Acts+%E2%80%93+Volume+1+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Fcalcom36.ix.i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+2:2">Acts 2:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+2:3&version=nabre">Acts 2:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+2:4">Acts 2:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+2:6–11&version=nabre">Acts 2:6–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+14:1">1 Corinthians 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+1:5">Acts 1:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2014:16–17&version=nrsv">John 14:16–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+3:16">Luke 3:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Expositor's Bible Commentary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+1:5">Acts 1:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+11:16">Acts 11:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Joel+2:28">Joel 2:28–29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+2:41">Acts 2:41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘Although doubting that the specification "Pentecost" belongs to the tradition, Lüdemann supposes, on the basis of references to glossolalia in Paul's letters and the ecstatic prophecy of Philip's daughters (Acts 21:9), that "we may certainly regard a happening of the kind described by the tradition behind vv.1–4 as very possible."’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 166 (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘"The instruction by the apostles is also to be accepted as historical, since in the early period of the Jerusalem community the apostles had a leading role. So Paul can speak of those who were apostles before him (in Jerusalem!, Gal. 1.17)" (40.)’, Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, p. 166 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘It is also possible that at some point of time, though not necessarily on this day, some mass ecstatic experience took place.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 26 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘At any rate, as Weiser and Jervell point out,39 it needs to be explained why early Christians adopted Pentecost as one of their festivals, assuming that the Acts account was not reason enough.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 27 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘Many features of them are too intrinsically probable to be lightly dismissed as the invention of the author. It is, for instance, highly probable that the earliest community was taught by the apostles (2:42)—at least by them among others.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘Again, if communal meals had played an important part in Jesus’ ministry and had indeed served then as a demonstration of the inclusive nature of God’s kingly rule, then it is only to be expected that such meals would continue to form a prominent part of the life of his followers (Acts 2:42, 46), even if they and their symbolic and theological importance were a theme particularly dear to ‘Luke’s’ heart.47 It is equally probable that such meals took place, indeed had to take place, in private houses or in a private house (2:46) and that this community was therefore dependent, as the Pauline churches would be at a later stage, upon the generosity of at least one member or sympathizer who had a house in Jerusalem which could be placed at the disposal of the group. At the same time it might seem unnecessary to deny another feature of the account in Acts, namely that the first followers of Jesus also attended the worship of the Temple (2:46; 3:1; 5:21, 25, 42), even if they also used the opportunity of their visits to the shrine to spread their message among their fellow-worshippers. For without question they would have felt themselves to be still part of Israel.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Despite what is in other respects the negative result of the historical analysis of the tradition in Acts 3–4:31, the question remains whether Luke's general knowledge of this period of the earliest community is of historical value. We should probably answer this in the affirmative, because his description of the conflict between the earliest community and the priestly nobility rests on correct historical assumptions. For the missionary activity of the earliest community in Jerusalem not long after the crucifixion of Jesus may have alarmed Sadducean circles... so that they might at least have prompted considerations about action against the Jesus community.", Lüdemann quoted by Matthews, ‘Acts and the History of the Earliest Jerusalem Church’, in Cameron & Miller (eds.), ‘Redescribing Christian origins’, pp. 168–169 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘The presence of such idealizing features does not mean, however, that these accounts are worthless or offer no information about the earliest Christian community in Jerusalem.46 Many features of them are too intrinsically probable to be lightly dismissed as the invention of the author.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘At the same time it might seem unnecessary to deny another feature of the account in Acts, namely that the first followers of Jesus also attended the worship of the Temple (2:46; 3:1; 5:21, 25, 42), even if they also used the opportunity of their visits to the shrine to spread their message among their fellow-worshippers. For without question they would have felt themselves to be still part of Israel.48 The earliest community was entirely a Jewish one; even if Acts 2:5 reflects an earlier tradition which spoke of an ethnically mixed audience at Pentecost,49 it is clear that for the author of Acts only Jewish hearers come in question at this stage and on this point he was in all probability correct.’, Wedderburn, ‘A History of the First Christians’, p. 30 (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘There is a historical occasion behind the description of the story of Pentecost in Acts and Peter's preaching, even if Luke has depicted them with relative freedom.’, Hengel & Schwemer, 'Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: the unknown years', p. 28 (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘Luke's ideal, stained-glass depiction in Acts 2–5 thus has a very real background, in which events followed one another rapidly and certainly were much more turbulent than Acts portrays them.’, Hengel & Schwemer, 'Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: the unknown years', p. 29 (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#2:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 2:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAll_troparia_and_kontakia_·_All_lives_of_saints" class="citation web cs1">All troparia and kontakia · All lives of saints. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=47">"Trinity Week – 3rd Day of the Trinity"</a>. Ocafs.oca.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trinity+Week+%E2%80%93+3rd+Day+of+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Ocafs.oca.org&rft.au=All+troparia+and+kontakia+%C2%B7+All+lives+of+saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focafs.oca.org%2FFeastSaintsViewer.asp%3FSID%3D4%26ID%3D1%26FSID%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholaspdx.org/2004/06/02/25.pentecost-prayers-of-kneeling/">Pentecost – Prayers of Kneeling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021042/http://www.stnicholaspdx.org/2004/06/02/25.pentecost-prayers-of-kneeling/">Archived</a> 2013-11-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See the third prayer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graecae" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrologia Graecae">Patrologia Graecae</a></i>, 35:1108–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibleverse|Acts|2:2|KJV_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#2:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 2:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Preface_(liturgy)" title="Preface (liturgy)">Preface</a> of Pentecost, <i>The New Sunday Missal: Texts approved for use in England and Wales, Ireland, Scotland and Africa</i>, Geoffrey Chapman, 1982, p. 444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15614b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Pentecost"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1912-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Pentecost&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1912-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15614b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchyear.net/pentecost.html">"Pentecost: All About Pentecost (Whitsunday)!"</a>. ChurchYear.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentecost%3A+All+About+Pentecost+%28Whitsunday%29%21&rft.pub=ChurchYear.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchyear.net%2Fpentecost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themint.org.uk/yPhoto086_PentecostPicnic2009.html">"Pentecost Picnic 2009"</a>. Themint.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pentecost+Picnic+2009&rft.pub=Themint.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themint.org.uk%2FyPhoto086_PentecostPicnic2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#3:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 3:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stcatherineofsweden1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stcatherineofsweden1_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stcatherineofsweden1_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stcatherineofsweden1_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829002010/http://www.stcatherineofsweden.org/BULLETIN.htm">"St. Catherine of Sweden Roman Catholic Church – Bulletin"</a>. StCatherineofSweden.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcatherineofsweden.org/BULLETIN.htm">the original</a> on 2009-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Catherine+of+Sweden+Roman+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+Bulletin&rft.pub=StCatherineofSweden.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcatherineofsweden.org%2FBULLETIN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228211404/http://ww38.ontheway.us/may-2012/seeing-red-and-other-symbols-of-pentecost">"Seeing red, and other symbols of Pentecost - On The Way e-zine"</a>. <i>www.ontheway.us</i>. May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontheway.us/may-2012/seeing-red-and-other-symbols-of-pentecost">the original</a> on 2021-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-02</span></span>. <q>In the Middle Ages, cathedrals and great churches were built with a peculiar architectural feature called the Holy Ghost hole, a small portal in the roof through which the Holy Spirit could descend to reside among the assembled worshippers. As part of the Pentecost celebration, the hole was adorned with flowers and often a lowly servant on the cathedral roof would lower the figure of a dove through the roof into the nave of the church while the Acts account of Pentecost was read. England's Canterbury Cathedral, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, is one church where a Holy Ghost hole can be seen today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ontheway.us&rft.atitle=Seeing+red%2C+and+other+symbols+of+Pentecost+-+On+The+Way+e-zine&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontheway.us%2Fmay-2012%2Fseeing-red-and-other-symbols-of-pentecost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecva.org/congregations/resources/trinity_bloomington_pentecost/trinity_pentecost.htm">"The Episcopal Church and Visual Arts"</a>. Ecva.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Episcopal+Church+and+Visual+Arts&rft.pub=Ecva.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecva.org%2Fcongregations%2Fresources%2Ftrinity_bloomington_pentecost%2Ftrinity_pentecost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813020306/http://www.lutheran-hymnal.com/online/tlh2.html">"200–299 TLH Hymns"</a>. Lutheran-hymnal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheran-hymnal.com/online/tlh2.html">the original</a> on 2020-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=200%E2%80%93299+TLH+Hymns&rft.pub=Lutheran-hymnal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheran-hymnal.com%2Fonline%2Ftlh2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714002912/http://www.lutheran-hymnal.com/lyrics/tlh224.htm">"Come, Holy Ghost, God and Lord"</a>. Lutheran-hymnal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheran-hymnal.com/lyrics/tlh224.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Come%2C+Holy+Ghost%2C+God+and+Lord&rft.pub=Lutheran-hymnal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheran-hymnal.com%2Flyrics%2Ftlh224.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnsite.com/lection/cpe01.htm">"HymnSite.com's Suggested Hymns for the Day of Pentecost (Year C)"</a>. Hymnsite.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HymnSite.com%27s+Suggested+Hymns+for+the+Day+of+Pentecost+%28Year+C%29&rft.pub=Hymnsite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnsite.com%2Flection%2Fcpe01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/s/p/spifaith.htm">"Spirit of Faith, Come Down"</a>. Hymntime.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spirit+of+Faith%2C+Come+Down&rft.pub=Hymntime.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymntime.com%2Ftch%2Fhtm%2Fs%2Fp%2Fspifaith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/c/o/comehgoh.htm">"Come, Holy Ghost, Our Hearts Inspire"</a>. Hymntime.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Come%2C+Holy+Ghost%2C+Our+Hearts+Inspire&rft.pub=Hymntime.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymntime.com%2Ftch%2Fhtm%2Fc%2Fo%2Fcomehgoh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnsite.com/fws/hymn.cgi?2121">"O Holy Spirit, Root of Life"</a>. Hymnsite.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Holy+Spirit%2C+Root+of+Life&rft.pub=Hymnsite.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnsite.com%2Ffws%2Fhymn.cgi%3F2121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnary.org/text/o_holy_spirit_root_of_life">"Texts > O Holy Spirit, root of life"</a>. Hymnary.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texts+%3E+O+Holy+Spirit%2C+root+of+life&rft.pub=Hymnary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnary.org%2Ftext%2Fo_holy_spirit_root_of_life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228211405/https://hymnary.org/">"Hymns and Hymnwriters of Denmark | Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. Hymnary.com. 2009-08-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnary.com/ccel/aaberg/hymnsdenmark.c15.html">the original</a> on 2021-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hymns+and+Hymnwriters+of+Denmark+%26%23124%3B+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.pub=Hymnary.com&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnary.com%2Fccel%2Faaberg%2Fhymnsdenmark.c15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/o/t/othatiha.htm">"O That I Had a Thousand Voices"</a>. Hymntime.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+That+I+Had+a+Thousand+Voices&rft.pub=Hymntime.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymntime.com%2Ftch%2Fhtm%2Fo%2Ft%2Fothatiha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ingeb.org/spiritua/odassich.html">"O daß ich tausend Zungen hätte gospel christian songs free mp3 midi download"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archpitt.org&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Catholics+and+the+Feast+Of+Pentecost%3A+%22Your+good+Spirit+shall+lead+me+into+the+land+of+righteousness.+Alleluia%2C+Alleluia%2C+Alleluia%21%22&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archpitt.org%2Fbyzantine-catholics-and-the-feast-of-pentecost-your-good-spirit-shall-lead-me-into-the-land-of-righteousness-alleluia-alleluia-alleluia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-endemicgreekrousalia-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-endemicgreekrousalia_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greek_greek.enacademic.com/150108/%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1">"ρουσάλια"</a> [rousalia]. <i>Enacademic.com – Greek Dictionary</i> (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enacademic.com+%E2%80%93+Greek+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreek_greek.enacademic.com%2F150108%2F%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CF%2583%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Pius_XII1943" class="citation web cs1">Pope Pius XII (March 2, 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html">"Encyclical "Mystici Corporis Christi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Holy See</i>. <a href="/wiki/Libreria_Editrice_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Libreria Editrice Vaticana">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+See&rft.atitle=Encyclical+%22Mystici+Corporis+Christi%22&rft.date=1943-03-02&rft.au=Pope+Pius+XII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-xii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+See&rft.atitle=General+audience+of+Wednestay+28+May+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fit%2Faudiences%2F1997%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_aud_28051997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/May05/Stolzel_9998762.htm">Cantatas for Pentecost</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165554/http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/May05/Stolzel_9998762.htm">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> review of the 2002 recording by Johan van Veen, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellner-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kellner_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kellner_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner1908" class="citation web cs1">Kellner, Karl Adam Heinrich (May 11, 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/heortologyhistor00kelluoft">"Heortology; a history of the Christian festivals from their origin to the present day"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whit+Friday%3A+Whit+Walks&rft.pub=Whitfriday.brassbands.saddleworth.org&rft.date=2011-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitfriday.brassbands.saddleworth.org%2FWalks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feastsandfestivals.blogspot.com/2010/05/23-may-whitsun-ales.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Feasts and Festivals': 23 May: Whitsun Ales"</a>. Feastsandfestivals.blogspot.com. 2010-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Feasts+and+Festivals%27%3A+23+May%3A+Whitsun+Ales&rft.pub=Feastsandfestivals.blogspot.com&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeastsandfestivals.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F05%2F23-may-whitsun-ales.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927112717/http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~ef/forester/BBCTranscript.htm">"Foresters Morris Men"</a>. <i>www.cs.nott.ac.uk</i>. 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Budapest: Corvina. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9631301788" title="Special:BookSources/9631301788"><bdi>9631301788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+N%C3%A9pszok%C3%A1sok&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Corvina&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9631301788&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6m%C3%B6t%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Tekla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trinityinthevalley.com/trinity-lutheran-blog/2018/8/2/did-you-ever-wonder-about-famous-lutherans-k55z5-brh87-bsmjr-648cc-3fkpl-gml4n">"Did You Ever Wonder... about Pentecost Traditions?"</a>. <i>Trinity Lutheran Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-03</span></span>. <q>Pentecost... major festival in the Christian church, celebrated on the Sunday that falls on the 50th day after Easter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pentecost&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPentecost-Christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaft2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Taft, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-4212">"Pentecost"</a>. In Kazhdan Alexander P (ed.). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046526.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810071131/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-4212">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Easter%3A+A+Moveable+Feast&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.aulast=Grassie&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fwilliam-grassie%2Feaster-a-moveable-feast_b_2970557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liturgy-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liturgy_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liturgy_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresbyterian_Church_(US)1992" class="citation book cs1">Presbyterian Church (US) (1992). <i>Liturgical Year: The Worship of God</i>. 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(June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telex.hu/gazdasag/2024/05/18/punkosd-boltok-nyitva-zarva">"Vasárnap, hétfőn nem lesz bolt!"</a>. 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0521.shtml">the original</a> on 2009-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9cision+du+Conseil+d%27Etat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-etat.fr%2Fce%2Fjurispd%2Findex_ac_ld0521.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i>, Thomas Malory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthurian-legend.com/le-morte-darthur/le-morte-darthur-7.php">Book 7, chapter 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119060020/http://www.arthurian-legend.com/le-morte-darthur/le-morte-darthur-7.php">Archived</a> 2010-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gedichte-fuer-alle-faelle.de/allegedichte/gedicht_476.html">"Das Gedicht Pfingsten, das liebliche Fest... von Johann Wolfgang von Goethe"</a>. <i>gedichte-fuer-alle-faelle.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gedichte-fuer-alle-faelle.de&rft.atitle=Das+Gedicht+Pfingsten%2C+das+liebliche+Fest...+von+Johann+Wolfgang+von+Goethe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gedichte-fuer-alle-faelle.de%2Fallegedichte%2Fgedicht_476.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/index.php?id=5&xid=898&kapitel=8&cHash=b151364af22#gb_found">"Nachrichten – Kultur"</a>. Projekt Gutenberg.spiegel.de. 2009-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nachrichten+%E2%80%93+Kultur&rft.pub=Projekt+Gutenberg.spiegel.de&rft.date=2009-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.spiegel.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D5%26xid%3D898%26kapitel%3D8%26cHash%3Db151364af22%23gb_found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/index.php?id=5&xid=486&kapitel=12&cHash=1&hilite=Pfingsten#gb_found">"Nachrichten – Kultur"</a>. Projekt Gutenberg.spiegel.de. 2009-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nachrichten+%E2%80%93+Kultur&rft.pub=Projekt+Gutenberg.spiegel.de&rft.date=2009-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.spiegel.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D5%26xid%3D486%26kapitel%3D12%26cHash%3D1%26hilite%3DPfingsten%23gb_found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/romeo-and-juliet-text/act-i-scene-v">"Romeo and Juliet Text and Translation – Act I, Scene V"</a>. Enotes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romeo+and+Juliet+Text+and+Translation+%E2%80%93+Act+I%2C+Scene+V&rft.pub=Enotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fromeo-and-juliet-text%2Fact-i-scene-v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APentecost" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentecost&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pentecost" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pentecost">Pentecost</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.request.org.uk/main/festivals/pentecost/pentecost01.htm">Pentecost on RE:Quest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419021444/http://www.request.org.uk/main/festivals/pentecost/pentecost01.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428204333/http://www.catholicexpert.com/pentecost.htm">A collection of 22 prayers for Pentecost</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15614b.htm">"Pentecost"</a> article from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=177&letter=P&search=Pentecost">"Pentecost"</a> article from the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613193611/http://www.goarch.org/en/special/listen_learn_share/pentecost/learn/">Feast of Pentecost</a> Greek Orthodox Archdiocese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodox.net/ustav/bulgakov-pentecost.html">Explanation of the Feast</a> from the <i>Handbook for Church Servers</i> (<i>Nastolnaya Kniga</i>) by Sergei V. Bulgakov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222132204/http://www.a.youversion.com/events/311741">The Main Event: The Church Takes Center Stage</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagleslanding.org/">Mcdonough | Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church</a> Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #c00;">Sundays of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">Seventh Sunday of Easter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Pentecost </b><br />June 8, 2025 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_1" title="Acts 1">Acts 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_3" title="Acts 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_4" title="Acts 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_5" title="Acts 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_6" title="Acts 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_7" title="Acts 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_8" title="Acts 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_10" title="Acts 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_11" title="Acts 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_13" title="Acts 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_14" title="Acts 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_16" title="Acts 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_17" title="Acts 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_19" title="Acts 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_20" title="Acts 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_23" title="Acts 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_24" title="Acts 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_25" title="Acts 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_27" title="Acts 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_28" title="Acts 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Peter's vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Peter's liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning_at_Ephesus" title="Book burning at Ephesus">Book burning at Ephesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias (High Priest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Bar-jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary mother of John Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon the Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullus" title="Tertullus">Tertullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Libertines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles">Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel%27s_principle" title="Gamaliel's principle">Gamaliel's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_8" title="Papyrus 8">Papyrus 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_29" title="Papyrus 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_33" title="Papyrus 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_38" title="Papyrus 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_48" title="Papyrus 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_50" title="Papyrus 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_56" title="Papyrus 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_57" title="Papyrus 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_91" title="Papyrus 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_112" title="Papyrus 112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_127" title="Papyrus 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Laudianus" title="Codex Laudianus">Codex Laudianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mutinensis" title="Codex Mutinensis">Codex Mutinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_095" title="Uncial 095">Uncial 095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_096" title="Uncial 096">096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_097" title="Uncial 097">097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0120" title="Uncial 0120">0120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0140" title="Uncial 0140">0140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0165" title="Uncial 0165">0165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0175" title="Uncial 0175">0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0189" title="Uncial 0189">0189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0236" title="Uncial 0236">0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0244" title="Uncial 0244">0244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0294" title="Uncial 0294">0294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0304" title="Uncial 0304">0304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1kovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Gršković's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Gršković's fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihanovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Mihanović's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Mihanović's fragment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A.D._(miniseries)" title="A.D. (miniseries)">A.D.</a></i> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Acts" title="The Visual Bible: Acts">The Visual Bible: Acts</a></i> (1994 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pentecost185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#D1E231;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pentecost" title="Template:Pentecost"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pentecost" title="Template talk:Pentecost"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pentecost" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pentecost"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pentecost185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecost</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E231;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Church<br />calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D1E231"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostarion" title="Pentecostarion">Pentecostarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Pentecost" title="Mid-Pentecost">Mid-Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday#Eastern_Christianity" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday#Observance_in_Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Whit Monday">Monday of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Tuesday#Observance_in_Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Whit Tuesday">Third Day of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D1E231"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Tuesday" title="Whit Tuesday">Whit Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E231;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_jumping" title="Baby jumping">Baby jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari" title="Călușari">Călușari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Green week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance#History_in_England" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkster" title="Pinkster">Pinkster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalia_(festival)#Rose_Sundays" title="Rosalia (festival)">Rose Sundays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakes_week" title="Wakes week">Wakes week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_ale#Description" title="Parish ale">Whit ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Friday" title="Whit Friday">Whit Friday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E231;;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D1E231"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_for_Pentecost" title="List of hymns for Pentecost">Hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathe_on_Me,_Breath_of_God" title="Breathe on Me, Breath of God">Breathe on Me, Breath of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Down,_O_Love_Divine" title="Come Down, O Love Divine">Come Down, O Love Divine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Geist_des_Herrn_erf%C3%BCllt_das_All" title="Der Geist des Herrn erfüllt das All">Der Geist des Herrn erfüllt das All</a> (The Spirit of the Lord fills the Universe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komm,_Gott_Sch%C3%B6pfer,_Heiliger_Geist" title="Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist">Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist</a> (Come, God Creator, Holy Spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komm,_Heilger_Geist,_der_Leben_schafft" title="Komm, Heilger Geist, der Leben schafft">Komm, Heilger Geist, der Leben schafft</a> (Come, Holy Spirit, creating life)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komm,_Heiliger_Geist,_Herre_Gott" title="Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott">Komm, Heiliger Geist, Herre Gott</a> (Come, Holy Spirit, God and Lord)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komm,_Sch%C3%B6pfer_Geist,_kehr_bei_uns_ein" title="Komm, Schöpfer Geist, kehr bei uns ein">Komm, Schöpfer Geist, kehr bei uns ein</a> (Come, Creator Spirit, visit us)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_bitten_wir_den_Heiligen_Geist" title="Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist">Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist</a> (We now implore the Holy Ghost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_sancte_nobis_spiritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nunc sancte nobis spiritus">Nunc sancte nobis spiritus</a> (Come, Holy Ghost, Who Ever One)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_komm,_du_Geist_der_Wahrheit" title="O komm, du Geist der Wahrheit">O komm, du Geist der Wahrheit</a> (O come, you spirit of truth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a> (Come Creator Spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veni_Sancte_Spiritus" title="Veni Sancte Spiritus">Veni Sancte Spiritus</a> (Come, Holy Spirit)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D1E231">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messe_de_la_Pentec%C3%B4te" title="Messe de la Pentecôte">Messe de la Pentecôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein#Pentecost_BWV_631–634" title="Orgelbüchlein">Orgelbüchlein § Pentecost BWV 631–634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_cantata_(Bach)#Pentecost_to_Trinity" title="Church cantata (Bach)">Bach's church cantatas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#D1E231;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_of_Apostles" title="Season of Apostles">Season of Apostles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year#Ordinary_Time,_Time_after_Pentecost,_Time_after_Trinity,_or_Kingdomtide" title="Liturgical year">Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#D1E231;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pentecost" title="Category:Pentecost">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church866" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liturgical_year_of_the_Catholic_Church866" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Ordinary_Form_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1969_Calendar)866" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Ordinary Form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">1969 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Sunday" title="Advent Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">December 17 to 23</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/250px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/375px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg/500px-Roman_Catholic_liturgical_seasons_pie_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mary, Mother of God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Feast of the Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Presentation of the Lord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">5th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">7th</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Nativity of John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: #ffea7d; font-weight: normal;"><div id="Tridentine_Mass_of_the_Roman_Rite_of_the_Latin_Church_(1960_Calendar)866" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">1960 Calendar</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Advent">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sunday of Advent">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudete_Sunday" title="Gaudete Sunday">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Sunday of Advent">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorate_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorate Mass">Rorate Mass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Antiphons" title="O Antiphons">Greater Ferias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Winter Ember Days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Christmas Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Circumcision_of_Christ" title="Feast of the Circumcision of Christ">Octave Day of Christmas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus">Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Holy_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of the Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Purification of Mary</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 purple;"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li>Sundays <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadragesima_Sunday" title="Quadragesima Sunday">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Sunday_of_Lent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Sunday of Lent (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Spring Ember Days</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Day" title="Saint Joseph's Day">Saint Joseph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Paschal Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Holy Thursday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #f0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Easter Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">P</a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sundays after Easter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Sunday_of_Easter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Sunday of Easter (page does not exist)">6th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation Days</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension</a></i><sup><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_Holy_Blood" title="Procession of the Holy Blood">P</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #ffea7d;width:1%;text-align: right;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 green;"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Pentecost Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Summer Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Corpus Christi</a></i><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Nativity of John the Baptist">Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">Saints Peter and Paul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Most_Precious_Blood" title="Feast of the Most Precious Blood">Precious Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Cross</a><sup><abbr title="Procession">P</abbr></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Autumn Ember Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Maternity of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_King" title="Feast of Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day / All Hallows' Day</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">All Saints' Eve / All Hallows' Eve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffea7d"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd>P = <a href="/wiki/Procession#Roman_Catholics" title="Procession">Ordinary Procession</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ritual" title="Roman Ritual">Roman Ritual</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold;background-color: gold;"><div> <dl><dt>Legend</dt> <dd><i>Italic font</i> marks the 10 <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in the universal calendar which do not normally fall on a Sunday.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Older calendars <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_Pope_Pius_XII" title="General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">pre-1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_colours" title="Liturgical colours">Liturgical colours</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">Easter cycle</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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