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<li id="toc-1504_to_1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1504_to_1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1504 to 1901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1504_to_1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guano_mining_and_the_Navassa_Island_Rebellion_of_1889" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guano_mining_and_the_Navassa_Island_Rebellion_of_1889"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Guano mining and the Navassa Island Rebellion of 1889</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guano_mining_and_the_Navassa_Island_Rebellion_of_1889-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1901 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Wildlife_Refuge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Wildlife_Refuge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>National Wildlife Refuge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Wildlife_Refuge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography,_topography_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography,_topography_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography, topography and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography,_topography_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography, topography and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography,_topography_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_boundary_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_boundary_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maritime boundary disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_boundary_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Navassa Island</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naf%C4%81ssa-%C4%AAeg" title="Nafāssa-Īeg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nafāssa-Īeg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="جزيرة نافاسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة نافاسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_adas%C4%B1" title="Navassa adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Navassa adası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa-t%C3%B3" title="Navassa-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Navassa-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наваса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наваса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наваса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наваса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наваса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наваса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Navassa" title="Illa Navassa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa Navassa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island_(administratibo_nga_pulo)" title="Navassa Island (administratibo nga pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Navassa Island (administratibo nga pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_saar" title="Navassa saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Navassa saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Νήσος Ναβάσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσος Ναβάσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_Navaza" title="Isla de Navaza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla de Navaza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navasa_Insulo" title="Navasa Insulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Navasa Insulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_uhartea" title="Navassa uhartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Navassa uhartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="جزیره ناواسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره ناواسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Navasse" title="Île de la Navasse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île de la Navasse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Navassa" title="Illa de Navassa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa de Navassa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%B0%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%84%AC" title="나배사섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나배사섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Նավասա կղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նավասա կղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="नावासा द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नावासा द्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Navassa" title="Pulau Navassa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Navassa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Navassa" title="Insula Navassa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Insula Navassa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassaeyja" title="Navassaeyja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Navassaeyja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_Navassa" title="Isola Navassa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola Navassa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%99)" title="נבאסה (אי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נבאסה (אי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Navassa" title="Pulo Navassa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulo Navassa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ნავასა (კუნძული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნავასა (კუნძული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Навасса – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Навасса" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Navassa" title="Ynys Navassa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ynys Navassa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanavaz" title="Lanavaz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanavaz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Навасса аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Навасса аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navasa" title="Navasa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Navasa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navasa" title="Navasa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Navasa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_Navasa" title="Isola Navasa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Isola Navasa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa-sziget" title="Navassa-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Navassa-sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наваса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Наваса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="നവാസ്സ ദ്വീപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നവാസ്സ ദ്വീപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="नव्हासा द्वीप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नव्हासा द्वीप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="جزيره نافاسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيره نافاسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Navassa" title="Pulau Navassa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulau Navassa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E5%B3%B6" title="ナヴァッサ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナヴァッサ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5)" title="Навасса (гӀайре) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Навасса (гӀайре)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa%C3%B8ya" title="Navassaøya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Navassaøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navasa_Isle" title="Navasa Isle – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Navasa Isle" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_oroli" title="Navassa oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Navassa oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82" title="ਨਵਾਸ ਟਾਪੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਵਾਸ ਟਾਪੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="جزیرہ ناواسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ ناواسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_%C3%A9d_la_Navasse" title="Île éd la Navasse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Île éd la Navasse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_de_Navassa" title="Ilha de Navassa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha de Navassa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Navassa" title="Insula Navassa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Navassa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Навасса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Навасса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csula_Navassa" title="Ìsula Navassa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ìsula Navassa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csula_Navassa" title="Ìsula Navassa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ìsula Navassa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Navassa Island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrov_Navassa" title="Ostrov Navassa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ostrov Navassa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Наваса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наваса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Navassa" title="Pulo Navassa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pulo Navassa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa" title="Navassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Navassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa%C3%B6n" title="Navassaön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Navassaön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islang_Navassa" title="Islang Navassa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Islang Navassa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="நவாசா தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நவாசா தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Навасса – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Навасса" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="เกาะนาแวสซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะนาแวสซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Adas%C4%B1" title="Navassa Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Navassa Adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Навасса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Навасса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="جزیرہ ناواسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ ناواسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ناۋاسسا ئاراللىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ناۋاسسا ئاراللىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Czo%C5%82a_Navassa" title="Ìzoła Navassa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ìzoła Navassa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Navassa" title="Đảo Navassa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Navassa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%93%A6%E8%90%A8%E5%B2%9B" title="纳瓦萨岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纳瓦萨岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_Navassa" title="Erékùṣù Navassa – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Erékùṣù Navassa" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E5%BC%97%E6%B2%99%E5%B3%B6" title="納弗沙島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納弗沙島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E5%BC%97%E6%B2%99%E5%B3%B6" title="納弗沙島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="納弗沙島" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Navassa_Island&params=18_24_10_N_75_0_45_W_type:isle_region:UM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°24′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°0′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.40278°N 75.01250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.40278; -75.01250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Navassa_Island&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">History of Navassa Island</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caribbean island administered by the United States, claimed by Haiti</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Navassa</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed island</a><br /><div class="ib-islands-native">Native name: <div class="nickname" lang="ht"><span title="Haitian Creole-language text"><i lang="ht">Lanavaz</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>)</span>;<br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Île de la Navasse</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Navassa_ISS014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Navassa_ISS014.jpg/260px-Navassa_ISS014.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Navassa_ISS014.jpg/390px-Navassa_ISS014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Navassa_ISS014.jpg/520px-Navassa_ISS014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Image of Navassa Island</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Navassa_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Navassa_Island.svg/260px-Navassa_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Navassa_Island.svg/390px-Navassa_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Navassa_Island.svg/520px-Navassa_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navassa is located in Caribbean"><img alt="Navassa is located in Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Caribbean_location_map.svg/260px-Caribbean_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Caribbean_location_map.svg/390px-Caribbean_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Caribbean_location_map.svg/520px-Caribbean_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2323" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.701%;left:51.393%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Navassa"><img alt="Navassa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Navassa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the Caribbean</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windward_Passage" title="Windward Passage">Windward Passage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Navassa_Island&params=18_24_10_N_75_0_45_W_type:isle_region:UM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°24′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°0′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.40278°N 75.01250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.40278; -75.01250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">2.1 sq mi (5.4 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">11,700 ft (3570 m)<sup id="cite_ref-divilliers_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divilliers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">7,250 ft (2210 m)<sup id="cite_ref-divilliers_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divilliers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">5 mi (8 km)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">279 ft (85 m)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Insular_area#Unorganized_unincorporated_territories" title="Insular area">Unorganized unincorporated territory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex" title="Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex">Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex</a> (under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Project Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Silmarie Padrón</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Claimed by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-islands-country2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grand%27Anse_(department)" title="Grand'Anse (department)">Grand'Anse</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">0 (<a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Additional information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time Zone</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">APO / Zip Code</th><td class="infobox-data">96898</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Claimed by Haiti</b><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1697 (implicitly)</li><li>1874 (explicitly)</li></ul></div><b>Claimed by the United States</b><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>September 19, 1857</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Navassa Island</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: <i lang="ht">Lanavaz</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Île de la Navasse</i>, sometimes <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la Navase</i></span>) is a small <a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">uninhabited island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. Located northeast of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and 40 nautical miles (74 km; 46 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tiburon_Peninsula" title="Tiburon Peninsula">Tiburon Peninsula</a> of Haiti, it is subject to an ongoing <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">territorial dispute</a> between <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and the United States, which administers the island through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. has claimed the island as an <a href="/wiki/Appurtenance" title="Appurtenance">appurtenance</a> since 1857, based on the <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> of 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-Blocker_and_Gulati_2022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blocker_and_Gulati_2022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haiti's claim over Navassa goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a> in 1697 that recognized French, rather than Spanish, control of the western portion of the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and other specifically named nearby islands.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was no mention of Navassa in the treaty detailing terms.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haiti's <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Saint-Domingue#Art._1." class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of Saint-Domingue">1801 constitution</a> claimed several nearby islands by name, among which Navassa was not listed, but also laid claim to "other adjacent islands", which Haiti maintains included Navassa. The U.S. claim to the island, first made in 1857, asserts that Navassa was not included among the unnamed "other adjacent islands" in the 1801 Haitian Constitution. Since the Haitian Constitution of 1874, Haiti has explicitly named "la Navase" as one of the territories it claims. It maintains that it has continuously been claimed as part of Haiti since 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-windows_on_haiti_navassa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windows_on_haiti_navassa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constitution_1874_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution_1874-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) code for the island, as part of the <a href="/wiki/US_Minor_Outlying_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="US Minor Outlying Islands">US Minor Outlying Islands</a>, is <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:UM" title="ISO 3166-2:UM">ISO 3166-2:UM-76</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navassa_Island_Location.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Navassa_Island_Location.svg/220px-Navassa_Island_Location.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Navassa_Island_Location.svg/330px-Navassa_Island_Location.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Navassa_Island_Location.svg/440px-Navassa_Island_Location.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Navassa Island is west of Haiti's southwest peninsula, south of Cuba, east of Jamaica.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1504_to_1901">1504 to 1901</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1504 to 1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1504, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, stranded on <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> during his fourth voyage, sent some crew members by canoe to Hispaniola for help. En route, they landed on the island, which had no water. They called it Navaza (from <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">nava-,</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for 'plain' / 'field'), and mariners largely avoided it for the next 350 years. In 1798, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Louis_%C3%89lie_Moreau_de_Saint-M%C3%A9ry" title="Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry">Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> best known for his publications on <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, referred to "la Navasse" as a "small island between Saint-Domingue and Jamaica".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1801 to 1867, the successive constitutions of Haiti claimed sovereignty over adjacent islands, both named and unnamed, although Navassa was not specifically enumerated until 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-windows_on_haiti_navassa_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-windows_on_haiti_navassa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Navassa Island was claimed for the United States on September 19, 1857, by Peter Duncan, an American sea captain, under the <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> of 1856, for the rich <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> deposits found on the island and for not being within the lawful jurisdiction of any other government, nor occupied by another government's citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haiti protested the annexation, but on July 7, 1858, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> issued an Executive Order supporting the American claim, calling for military action to enforce it. Navassa Island has since been maintained by the United States as an <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territory">unincorporated territory</a> (according to the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Cases" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</a>). The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> on November 24, 1890, in <i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._United_States_(1890)" title="Jones v. United States (1890)">Jones v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_137" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 137">137</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/137/202/">202</a> (1890), Id. at 224, found that Navassa Island must be considered as appertaining to the United States, creating a legal history for the island under U.S. law, unlike many other islands initially claimed under the Guano Islands Act. Haiti's 1987 constitution maintains its claim to the island,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand%27Anse_(department)" title="Grand'Anse (department)">Grand'Anse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guano_mining_and_the_Navassa_Island_Rebellion_of_1889">Guano mining and the Navassa Island Rebellion of 1889</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Guano mining and the Navassa Island Rebellion of 1889"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navassa_Island_c_1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Navassa_Island_c_1870.png/220px-Navassa_Island_c_1870.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Navassa_Island_c_1870.png/330px-Navassa_Island_c_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Navassa_Island_c_1870.png/440px-Navassa_Island_c_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>An unsigned painting of Navassa Island <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span> showing the brig <i>Romance</i>, company buildings at Lulu Town near the shore, and guano mining activity up the hillside.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a> phosphate is a superior organic fertilizer that became a mainstay of American agriculture in the mid-19th century. In November 1857, Duncan transferred his discoverer's rights to his employer, an American guano trader in Jamaica, who sold them to the newly formed Navassa Phosphate Company of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an interruption for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the company built larger mining facilities on Navassa with barrack housing for 140 <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> contract laborers from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, houses for white supervisors, a blacksmith shop, warehouses, and a church.<sup id="cite_ref-poop_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining began in 1865. The workers dug out the guano by <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> and pick-axe and hauled it in rail cars to the landing point at Lulu Bay, where it was put into sacks and lowered onto boats for transfer to the Company <a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">barque</a>, the S.S. <i>Romance</i>. The living quarters at Lulu Bay were referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Lulu_Town" title="Lulu Town">Lulu Town</a>', as appears on old maps. Railway tracks eventually extended inland.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyles_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyles-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1875, the fierce <a href="/wiki/1875_Indianola_hurricane" title="1875 Indianola hurricane">1875 Indianola hurricane</a> swept over the island, destroying much of the company's infrastructure, including the rail line and workers' homes. In total, the storm caused an estimated $25,000 (equivalent to $690,000 in 2023) in damage on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hauling guano by muscle power in the fierce tropical heat, combined with general disgruntlement with conditions on the island, eventually contributed to a riot in 1889, in which five supervisors died. A U.S. warship returned 18 of the workers to Baltimore for three separate trials on murder charges. A black fraternal society, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Galilean_Fishermen" title="Order of Galilean Fishermen">Order of Galilean Fishermen</a>, raised money to defend the miners in federal court. The defense tried to build a case on the contention that the men acted in self-defense or the heat of passion and even claimed that the United States did not have jurisdiction over the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyles_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyles-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SOTUNI_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOTUNI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Everett_J._Waring" title="Everett J. Waring">E. J. Waring</a>, the first black lawyer called to the Maryland <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a>, was a part of the defense's legal team. The cases, including <i>Jones v. United States</i>, went to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in October 1890, which ruled the Guano Act constitutional. Three of the miners were scheduled for <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_the_United_States_federal_government" title="Capital punishment by the United States federal government">execution</a> in the spring of 1891. A grass-roots petition driven by black churches around the country, also signed by white jurors from the three trials, reached President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>, who mentioned the case in that year's <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a>. Among other things, he said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"There appeared on the trial and otherwise came to me such evidences of the bad treatment of the men that in consideration of this and of the fact that the men had no access to any public officer or tribunal for protection or the redress of their wrongs I commuted the death sentences that had been passed by the court upon three of them."</i></p></blockquote> <p>Guano mining resumed on Navassa at a much-reduced level. </p><p>In 1898, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, the Phosphate Company had to abandon its operations on Navassa due to its proximity to Spanish Cuba and Puerto Rico. Company president John H. Fowler noted that the war made it impossible to find ships to deliver supplies to the island and expected his workers to be evacuated by June. Maryland senator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pue_Gorman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Pue Gorman">Arthur Pue Gorman</a> called for a naval warship to escort supply ships to the island to help evacuate workers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1898, abrogating an agreement with Haitian Naval Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hammerton_Killick" title="Hammerton Killick">Hammerton Killick</a> that would have allowed the Phosphate Company to withdraw equipment and supplies left on Navassa, a group of Haitians occupied the island and seized the company's assets. They were unable to operate the machinery, and mining ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navassa Phosphate Company went bankrupt and the island was sold at auction in the United States in September 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dispute over the sale hampered efforts to restart mining on the island and left four contract workers virtually abandoned on Navassa from December 1900 to May 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1857 and 1898, approximately 1 million pounds (450,000 kg) of phosphate deposits were removed from the island.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901_to_present">1901 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1901 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navassa_Is._showing_the_peculiar_two-layer_formation_of_the_Is.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Navassa_Is._showing_the_peculiar_two-layer_formation_of_the_Is.png/220px-Navassa_Is._showing_the_peculiar_two-layer_formation_of_the_Is.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Navassa_Is._showing_the_peculiar_two-layer_formation_of_the_Is.png/330px-Navassa_Is._showing_the_peculiar_two-layer_formation_of_the_Is.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Navassa_Is._showing_the_peculiar_two-layer_formation_of_the_Is.png/440px-Navassa_Is._showing_the_peculiar_two-layer_formation_of_the_Is.png 2x" data-file-width="8258" data-file-height="4452" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Navassa taken May 10, 1930, from aboard the <i>Esperanaza</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wetmore" title="Alexander Wetmore">Alexander Wetmore</a> during the Parish–Smithsonian Expedition to Haiti.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Service" title="United States Lighthouse Service">U.S. Lighthouse Service</a> identified Navassa Island as a good location for a new lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, plans for the light moved slowly. With the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, shipping between the American eastern seaboard and the Canal through the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Passage" title="Windward Passage">Windward Passage</a> between Cuba and Haiti increased in the area of Navassa, which proved a hazard to navigation. Congress appropriated $125,000 in 1913 to build a lighthouse on Navassa,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1917 the Lighthouse Service built the 162-<a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a> (49-meter) <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island_Light" title="Navassa Island Light">Navassa Island Light</a> on the island, 395 feet (120 meters) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>. At the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a> station was established on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A keeper and two assistants were assigned to live there until the Lighthouse Service installed an automatic beacon in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-lhouse_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lhouse-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After absorbing the Lighthouse Service in 1939, the U.S. Coast Guard serviced the light twice yearly. The U.S. Navy set up an observation post for the duration of World War II. The island has been uninhabited since then. Fishermen, mainly from Haiti, fish the waters around Navassa. </p><p>As part of the Parish–Smithsonian Expedition to Haiti in 1930, Smithsonian naturalists <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wetmore" title="Alexander Wetmore">Alexander Wetmore</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waston_Perrygo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waston Perrygo (page does not exist)">Waston Perrygo</a> stopped at Navassa to document and collect examples of the island's birds and other terrestrial and marine wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1917 to 1996, Navassa was under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>. In 1996, the Coast Guard dismantled the light on Navassa, which ended its interest in the island. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> assumed responsibility for the civil administration of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">area</a>, and placed the island under its Office of Insular Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-InteriorNI_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InteriorNI-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For statistical purposes, Navassa was grouped with the now-obsolete term <a href="/wiki/United_States_Miscellaneous_Caribbean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Miscellaneous Caribbean Islands">United States Miscellaneous Caribbean Islands</a> and is now grouped with other islands claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, an American salvager, Bill Warren, claimed Navassa to the Department of State based on the <a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 27, 1997, the Department of the Interior rejected the claim on the basis that the Guano Islands Act applies only to islands which, at the time of the claim, are not "appertaining to" the United States. The department's opinion said that Navassa is and remains a U.S. possession "appertaining to" the United States and is "unavailable to be claimed" under the Guano Islands Act.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Government_Printing_Office_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Government_Printing_Office-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1998 scientific expedition led by the <a href="/wiki/The_Ocean_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ocean Conservancy">Center for Marine Conservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, described Navassa as "a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity."<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from a few extinctions covered below, the island's land and offshore ecosystems have mostly survived the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Wildlife_Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Wildlife Refuge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> established the Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge, which encompasses 1,344 acres (5.44 km<sup>2</sup>) of land and a 12 nautical mile (22.2 km) radius of marine habitat around the island. Later that year, full administrative responsibility for Navassa was transferred from the Office of Insular Affairs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InteriorNI_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InteriorNI-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge</a> protects coral reef ecosystems, native wildlife, and plants and provides opportunities for scientific research on and around Navassa Island. Navassa Island features large seabird colonies, including over 5,000 nesting <a href="/wiki/Red-footed_booby" title="Red-footed booby">red-footed booby</a> (<i>Sula sula</i>). Navassa is home to four endemic lizard species. Two other endemic lizards, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclura_cornuta_onchiopsis" title="Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis">Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Navassa_curly-tailed_lizard" title="Navassa curly-tailed lizard">Leiocephalus eremitus</a>,</i> are extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Navassa Island NWR is administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex" title="Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex">Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex</a>. Due to hazardous coastal conditions and to preserve species habitat, the refuge is closed to the general public, and visitors need permission from the Fish and Wildlife Service to enter its territorial waters or land.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, amateur radio operators occasionally visited to operate from the territory. Navassa is accorded "entity" (country) status by the <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arrl_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrl-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Callsign" class="mw-redirect" title="Callsign">callsign</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> is KP1.<sup id="cite_ref-arrl_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrl-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since it became a National Wildlife Refuge, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operators have repeatedly been denied entry.<sup id="cite_ref-arrl_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrl-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2014, permission was granted for a two-week <a href="/wiki/DX-pedition" title="DX-pedition">DX-pedition</a> in February 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation, designated K1N, made 138,409 contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NavassaLighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navassa Island's lighthouse with the light keeper's quarters in the foreground"><img alt="Navassa Island's lighthouse with the light keeper's quarters in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NavassaLighthouse.jpg/132px-NavassaLighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NavassaLighthouse.jpg/199px-NavassaLighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NavassaLighthouse.jpg/265px-NavassaLighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Navassa Island's lighthouse with the light keeper's quarters in the foreground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighthouse_Keeper_Residence_Navassa_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of Navassa Light keeper's quarters"><img alt="The ruins of Navassa Light keeper's quarters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lighthouse_Keeper_Residence_Navassa_Island.jpg/200px-Lighthouse_Keeper_Residence_Navassa_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lighthouse_Keeper_Residence_Navassa_Island.jpg/300px-Lighthouse_Keeper_Residence_Navassa_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lighthouse_Keeper_Residence_Navassa_Island.jpg/400px-Lighthouse_Keeper_Residence_Navassa_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of Navassa Light keeper's quarters</div> </li> </ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Geography"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography,_topography_and_ecology"><span id="Geography.2C_topography_and_ecology"></span>Geography, topography and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography, topography and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_j-26c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_j-26c.jpg/220px-Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_j-26c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_j-26c.jpg/330px-Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_j-26c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_j-26c.jpg/440px-Txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_j-26c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9522" data-file-height="6912" /></a><figcaption>Map including Navassa Island (<a href="/wiki/National_Imagery_and_Mapping_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Imagery and Mapping Agency">NIMA</a>, 1996)</figcaption></figure> <p>Navassa Island is about 2.1 square miles (5.4 km<sup>2</sup>) in area. It is located 35 miles (56 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>'s southwest peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 103 miles (166 km) south of the U.S. naval base at <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay, Cuba">Guantánamo Bay, Cuba</a>, and about one-quarter of the way from mainland Haiti to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Channel" title="Jamaica Channel">Jamaica Channel</a>. </p><p>Navassa reaches an elevation of 250 feet (76 m) at Dunning Hill 110 yards (100 m) south of the lighthouse, Navassa Island Light.<sup id="cite_ref-LattaRimmer2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LattaRimmer2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This location is 440 yards (400 m) from the southwestern coast or 655 yards (600 m) east of Lulu Bay. </p><p>The terrain of Navassa Island consists mostly of exposed coral and limestone, the island being ringed by vertical white cliffs 30 to 50 feet (9.1 to 15.2 m) high, but with enough grassland to support goat herds. The island is covered in a forest of four tree species: short-leaf <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a> (<i>Ficus populnea</i> var. <i>brevifolia</i>), pigeon plum (<i><a href="/wiki/Coccoloba_diversifolia" title="Coccoloba diversifolia">Coccoloba diversifolia</a></i>), mastic (<i><a href="/wiki/Sideroxylon_foetidissimum" title="Sideroxylon foetidissimum">Sideroxylon foetidissimum</a></i>), and poisonwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Metopium_brownei" title="Metopium brownei">Metopium brownei</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CoRIS_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoRIS-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wildfish_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildfish-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NavassaCoastAerialUSGS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NavassaCoastAerialUSGS.jpg/220px-NavassaCoastAerialUSGS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NavassaCoastAerialUSGS.jpg/330px-NavassaCoastAerialUSGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NavassaCoastAerialUSGS.jpg/440px-NavassaCoastAerialUSGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Navassa Island has a steep and rocky coastline that rings the island.</figcaption></figure> <p>Navassa Island's topography, ecology, and modern history are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Mona,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona, Puerto Rico">Mona Island</a>, a small limestone island located in the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Passage" title="Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a> between <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. These islands were once centers of <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> mining and are now nature reserves for the United States. </p><p>Transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on Navassa Island. Still, it is uninhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-CoRIS_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoRIS-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navassa has no ports or harbors, only offshore anchorages, and its only natural resource is guano. Economic activity consists of subsistence fishing and commercial trawling activities.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 survey of fishermen in southwestern Haiti estimated some 300 fishermen, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Anse_d%27Hainault_Arrondissement" title="Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement">Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement</a>, regularly fished near the island.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were eight species of native reptiles, all of which are believed to be, or to have been, <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to Navassa Island: <i><a href="/wiki/Comptus_badius" title="Comptus badius">Comptus badius</a></i> (an <a href="/wiki/Anguidae" title="Anguidae">anguid lizard</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Aristelliger_cochranae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristelliger cochranae">Aristelliger cochranae</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">gecko</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerodactylus_becki" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphaerodactylus becki">Sphaerodactylus becki</a></i> (a gecko), <i><a href="/wiki/Anolis_longiceps" title="Anolis longiceps">Anolis longiceps</a></i> (an <a href="/wiki/Anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anole">anole</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclura_cornuta_onchiopsis" title="Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis">Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis</a></i> (an endemic subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_iguana" title="Rhinoceros iguana">rhinoceros iguana</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Leiocephalus_eremitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiocephalus eremitus">Leiocephalus eremitus</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Curly-tailed_lizard" title="Curly-tailed lizard">curly-tailed lizard</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Tropidophis_bucculentus" title="Tropidophis bucculentus">Tropidophis bucculentus</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf boa">dwarf boa</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Typhlops_sulcatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhlops sulcatus">Typhlops sulcatus</a></i> (a tiny snake).<sup id="cite_ref-reptiles_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reptiles-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the first four remain common, with the next three likely <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>, and the last being possibly <a href="/wiki/Extirpated" class="mw-redirect" title="Extirpated">extirpated</a><sup id="cite_ref-reptiles_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reptiles-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to feral <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-ranging_dog" title="Free-ranging dog">dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feral_pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral pigs">pigs</a> inhabiting the island. </p><p>In 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/Acropora_palmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acropora palmata">Acropora palmata</a></i> (elkhorn coral), a common reef-building coral of the Caribbean, was located underwater near the island. The remaining coral was found to be in good condition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island, with its surrounding marine waters, has been recognized as an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA) by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> because it supports breeding <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Red-footed_booby" title="Red-footed booby">red-footed boobies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_frigatebird" title="Magnificent frigatebird">magnificent frigatebirds</a>, as well as hundreds of <a href="/wiki/White-crowned_pigeon" title="White-crowned pigeon">white-crowned pigeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bli_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bli-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maritime_boundary_disputes">Maritime boundary disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maritime boundary disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dispute has prevented the definitive delimitation of the maritime zones between the United States and Jamaica, Cuba, and Haiti, as well as determining the maritime frontier at the point of confluence between Jamaica, Cuba, and Haiti.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tavares2015_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tavares2015-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was disregarded for the purposes of determining equidistant boundary calculation with <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> during the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Haiti_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement">Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement</a> in 1977; Cuba backs Haiti's claim to the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETavares2015128_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETavares2015128-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guano_Island_claims" title="List of Guano Island claims">List of Guano Island claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/navassa-island/">"Navassa Island"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. July 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Navassa+Island&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.place=Langley%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnavassa-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-divilliers-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-divilliers_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-divilliers_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Invilliers1891" class="citation journal cs1">D'Invilliers, E. V. 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U.S. Government Printing Office. November 7, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192012/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-OGC-98-5/content-detail.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GAO%2FOGC-98-5+-+U.S.+Insular+Areas%3A+Application+of+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1997-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FGAOREPORTS-OGC-98-5%2Fcontent-detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blocker_and_Gulati_2022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blocker_and_Gulati_2022_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlocherGulati2022" class="citation journal cs1">Blocher, Joseph; Gulati, Mitu (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/navassa">"Navassa: Property, Sovereignty, and the Law of the Territories"</a>. <i>Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>131</b> (8): Introduction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Navassa%3A+Property%2C+Sovereignty%2C+and+the+Law+of+the+Territories&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=Introduction&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Blocher&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Gulati%2C+Mitu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Farticle%2Fnavassa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/171898">"Navassa Island: The U.S.'s 160-year Forgotten Tragedy | History News Network"</a>. <i>historynewsnetwork.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAVASSA%3A+LEGAL+NIGHTMARES+IN+A+BIOLOGICAL+HEAVEN%3F&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=IBRU+Boundary+and+Security+Bulletin%2C+Autumn+2001&rft.au=Spadi%2C+Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fibru%2Fpublications%2Fdownload%2F%3Fid%3D195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwp.edu/articles/2021/02/10/navassa-americas-forgotten-caribbean-island/">"Navassa: America's Forgotten Caribbean Island"</a>. <i>The Institute of World Politics</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navassa+Island%3A+Haiti+and+the+U.S.+%E2%80%93+A+Matter+of+History+and+Geography&rft.pub=windowsonhaiti.com&rft.date=1998-10&rft.au=Serge+Bellegarde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaitiforever.com%2Fwindowsonhaiti%2Fnavassa.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreau_de_Saint_Mery1798" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Louis_%C3%89lie_Moreau_de_Saint-M%C3%A9ry" title="Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry">Moreau de Saint Mery, Mederic Louis Elie</a> (1798). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbhIAAAAcAAJ"><i>Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'isle Saint-Domingue</i></a> [<i>Topographical, physical, civil, political and historical description of the French part of the island of Saint-Domingue</i>] (in French). Vol. 2nd. pp. 741–742<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books. <q>On prétend qu'on a pu gravir assez haut sur la Hotte pour découvrir dans un jour très-serein, la Navasse, petite île entre Saint-Domingue & la Jamaïque, & placée a environ 22 lieues dans l'Ouest du Cap Tiburon, qui lui-même est à envion douze lieues de la Hotte.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+topographique%2C+physique%2C+civile%2C+politique+et+historique+de+la+partie+fran%C3%A7aise+de+l%27isle+Saint-Domingue&rft.pages=741-742&rft.date=1798&rft.aulast=Moreau+de+Saint+Mery&rft.aufirst=Mederic+Louis+Elie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbhIAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubois2004" class="citation book cs1">Dubois, Laurent (2004). <i>Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avengers+of+the+New+World%3A+The+Story+of+the+Haitian+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/did-the-us-steal-an-island-covered-in-bird-poop-from-haiti-a-fortune-is-in-dispute/ar-BB1bojka">Did the US steal an island covered in bird poop from Haiti? A fortune is in dispute</a>, (By Jacqueline Charles), November 26, 2020, Miami Herald</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation archive">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4zc7wt6m">Dosye Lanavaz</a>" (September 14, 1998). Radio Haiti Archive, ID: RL10059RR0774. Duke University. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning1957" class="citation journal cs1">Fanning, Leonard M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Poop+Dreams&rft.date=2001-03-21&rft.au=Brennen+Jensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fmisctopic%2Fnavassa%2Fpoop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyles-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyles_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyles_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyles2017" class="citation book cs1">Hyles, Joshua (June 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1wpDwAAQBAJ"><i>Inter-American Relations: Past, Present, and Future Trends</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 155–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7390-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7390-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-7390-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inter-American+Relations%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+Trends&rft.pages=155-158&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7390-1&rft.aulast=Hyles&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1wpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Island of Navassa: A Terrible Hurricane and Its Results". <i>The Daily Picayune</i>. 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U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa">the original</a> on November 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navassa+Island%3A+A+Photographic+Tour+%281998%E2%80%931999%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.au=U.S.+Geological+Survey+%28August+2000%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoastal.er.usgs.gov%2Fnavassa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Powell" class="citation web cs1">Robert Powell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/bulletin/vol51no2.pdf">"Island Lists Of West Indian Amphibians And Reptiles"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohio+DXers+Denied+Descheo+Island+%28KP5%29+Landing+Permit&rft.pub=The+ARRL+Letter+Vol+24+No+06&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.au=Joe+Phillips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Farrlletter%3Fissue%3D2005-02-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/kp1-5-project-gets-permission-to-activate-navassa-island-kp1-in-january-2015">"KP1-5 Project Gets Permission to Activate Navassa Island (KP1) in January 2015"</a>. ARRL, the national association for Amateur Radio. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whose+Rock+Is+It%3F+And%2C+Yes%2C+the+Haitians+Care&rft.date=1998-10-19&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F10%2F19%2Fworld%2Fport-au-prince-journal-whose-rock-is-it-and-yes-the-haitians-care.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2014-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2014_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwan_W._Anderson2014" class="citation book cs1">Ewan W. Anderson (January 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8C2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT277"><i>Global Geopolitical Flashpoints: An Atlas of Conflict</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 277–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94101-7"><bdi>978-1-135-94101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Geopolitical+Flashpoints%3A+An+Atlas+of+Conflict&rft.pages=277-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94101-7&rft.au=Ewan+W.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8C2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LattaRimmer2010-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LattaRimmer2010_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattaRimmerKeithWiley2010" class="citation book cs1">Latta, Steven; Rimmer, Christopher; Keith, Allan; Wiley, James; Raffaele, Herbert A.; McFarland, Kent; Fernandez, Eladio (April 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBV06QyxYqsC&pg=PA9"><i>Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 9–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3410-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3410-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3410-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+the+Dominican+Republic+and+Haiti&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3410-5&rft.aulast=Latta&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Rimmer%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Keith%2C+Allan&rft.au=Wiley%2C+James&rft.au=Raffaele%2C+Herbert+A.&rft.au=McFarland%2C+Kent&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Eladio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBV06QyxYqsC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoRIS-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoRIS_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoRIS_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoRIS_-_NOAA's_coral_reef_information_system" class="citation web cs1">CoRIS - NOAA's coral reef information system. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102202601/http://coris.noaa.gov/about/eco_essays/navassa/">"Navassa Island"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coris.noaa.gov/about/eco_essays/navassa">the original</a> on November 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navassa+Island&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.au=CoRIS+-+NOAA%27s+coral+reef+information+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoris.noaa.gov%2Fabout%2Feco_essays%2Fnavassa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wildfish-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wildfish_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/Navassa_Island/wildlife_and_habitat/index.html">"Wildlife & Habitat—Navassa Island"</a>. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. September 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildlife+%26+Habitat%E2%80%94Navassa+Island&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Frefuge%2FNavassa_Island%2Fwildlife_and_habitat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFondation_pour_la_Protection_de_la_Biodiversité_Marine2009" class="citation report cs1">Fondation pour la Protection de la Biodiversité Marine (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/coris/library/NOAA/CRCP/project/1056/rapid_survey_haiti_fish_villages_navassa.pdf">Rapid Survey of Haitian Fishing Villages Exploiting Resources at Navassa Island</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Rapid+Survey+of+Haitian+Fishing+Villages+Exploiting+Resources+at+Navassa+Island&rft.date=2009-08&rft.au=Fondation+pour+la+Protection+de+la+Biodiversit%C3%A9+Marine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fdata%2Foceans%2Fcoris%2Flibrary%2FNOAA%2FCRCP%2Fproject%2F1056%2Frapid_survey_haiti_fish_villages_navassa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reptiles-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reptiles_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reptiles_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Robert (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avila.edu/bobpowell/6pownav.htm">Reptiles of Navassa Island.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725093035/http://www.avila.edu/bobpowell/6pownav.htm">Archived</a> July 25, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Avila University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mongabay.com/2012/07/strangest-island-in-the-caribbean-may-be-a-sanctuary-for-critically-endangered-coral/">"Strangest island in the Caribbean may be a sanctuary for critically endangered coral"</a>. July 16, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019183945/https://news.mongabay.com/2012/07/strangest-island-in-the-caribbean-may-be-a-sanctuary-for-critically-endangered-coral/">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strangest+island+in+the+Caribbean+may+be+a+sanctuary+for+critically+endangered+coral&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fstrangest-island-in-the-caribbean-may-be-a-sanctuary-for-critically-endangered-coral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Strangest island in the Caribbean may be a sanctuary for critically endangered coral.</i> Julian Smith. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bli-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bli_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/navassa-iba-united-states-minor-outlying-islands-(to-usa)">"Navassa"</a>. <i>BirdLife Data Zone</i>. BirdLife International. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BirdLife+Data+Zone&rft.atitle=Navassa&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatazone.birdlife.org%2Fsite%2Ffactsheet%2Fnavassa-iba-united-states-minor-outlying-islands-%28to-usa%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Patrice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr/en/page-122.html">"Maritimes Spaces: Multiple low level disputes"</a>. <i>Caribbean Atlas</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Caen_Normandy" title="University of Caen Normandy">University of Caen Normandy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Atlas&rft.atitle=Maritimes+Spaces%3A+Multiple+low+level+disputes&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlas-caraibe.certic.unicaen.fr%2Fen%2Fpage-122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tavares2015-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tavares2015_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavares2015" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tavares, António José Chrystêllo d'Oliveira Santos (2015). "Annex III: Los Contenciosos Marítimos en el Caribe: Zonas en Litigio Objeto y Carácter del Litigio Elementos y Estado Actual de los Litigios" [Appendix III: Maritime Disputes in the Caribbean: Areas in Litigation Object and Nature of the Litigation Elements and Current Status of the Litigation]. <i>Essequibo o Pomo da Discórdia: Diferendo Territorial Entre a Venezuela e a Guiana</i> [<i>Essequibo the Bone of Discord: Territorial Dispute Between Venezuela and Guyana</i>] (<abbr title="Mestre em Relações Internacionais">MRI</abbr>) (in Spanish). Lisbon, Portugal: Universidade NOVA de Lisboa. pp. 128, 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Essequibo+o+Pomo+da+Disc%C3%B3rdia%3A+Diferendo+Territorial+Entre+a+Venezuela+e+a+Guiana&rft.inst=Universidade+NOVA+de+Lisboa&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tavares&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Jos%C3%A9+Chryst%C3%AAllo+d%27Oliveira+Santos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETavares2015128-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETavares2015128_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTavares2015">Tavares 2015</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Navassa_Island_Riot" class="extiw" title="s:The Navassa Island Riot">The Navassa Island Riot</a>. Illustrated.</i> Published by the National Grand Tabernacle, Order of Gallilean Fishermen, Baltimore, Md.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabio_Spadi2001" class="citation web cs1">Fabio Spadi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122224655/http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=195">"Navassa: Legal Nightmares in a Biological Heaven?"</a>. IBRU Boundary & Security Bulletin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=195">the original</a> on January 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navassa%3A+Legal+Nightmares+in+a+Biological+Heaven%3F&rft.pub=IBRU+Boundary+%26+Security+Bulletin&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Fabio+Spadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fibru%2Fpublications%2Fview%2F%3Fid%3D195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavassa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navassa_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1473&context=all_dissertations">A 2014 dissertation entitled <i>Haiti's Claim over Navassa Island: A Case Study</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fws.gov/refuge/navassa-island">Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estadodenavaza.galeon.com/">State of Navaza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711063304/http://www.estadodenavaza.galeon.com/">Archived</a> July 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfrajola.com/KL_Navassa/KL_Navassa.pdf">The Mails of Navassa</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/21px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/42px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Navassa Island</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Navassa_Island" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Navassa Island">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Navassa_Island" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Navassa Island">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Navassa_Island" class="extiw" title="voy:Navassa Island">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25359" class="extiw" title="d:Q25359">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_divisions" title="Template talk:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_divisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political divisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_divisions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political divisions of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">List of states and territories</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">List of Indian reservations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Concessions_and_leases_in_international_relations" title="Concessions and leases in international relations">International concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituffik_Space_Base" title="Pituffik Space Base">Pituffik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Territories of the 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class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Organized incorporated territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950)</li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a> and other inhabited territories governed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Concession_(Shanghai)" title="American Concession (Shanghai)">American concession of Shanghai</a> (1848–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_concession_of_Tianjin" title="American concession of Tianjin">American concession of Tianjin</a> (1860–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> (1903–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Islands" title="Corn Islands">Corn Islands</a> (1914–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_and_Enderbury_Islands" title="Canton and Enderbury Islands">Canton and Enderbury Islands</a> (1939–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands#Navy_Time" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands#History" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a> (1945–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> (1947–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a> (1950–1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act</a> claims and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">uninhabited islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix Islands</a> (1856–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roncador_Bank" title="Roncador Bank">Roncador Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrana_Bank" title="Serrana Bank">Serrana Bank</a> (1856–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> (1857–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navassa Island</a> (1858–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a> (1860–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Islands,_Honduras" title="Swan Islands, Honduras">Swan Islands</a> (1863–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a> (1867–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quita_Sue%C3%B1o_Bank" title="Quita Sueño Bank">Quita Sueño Bank</a> (1869–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a> (1898–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> (1899–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">National Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway#Remembrances" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island#National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex" title="Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex">Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge">Navassa Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island#National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island#National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll#National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef#National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll#National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll#National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island#Protected_statuses" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll#History" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of Insular Affairs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;Flag_of_Haiti_Departments,_arrondissements_and_communes_of_Haiti" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communes_of_Haiti" title="Template:Communes of Haiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communes_of_Haiti" title="Template talk:Communes of Haiti"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communes_of_Haiti" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communes of Haiti"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;Flag_of_Haiti_Departments,_arrondissements_and_communes_of_Haiti" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Haiti"><img alt="Flag of Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Departments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">arrondissements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Communes of Haiti">communes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artibonite_(department)" title="Artibonite (department)">Artibonite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dessalines_Arrondissement" title="Dessalines Arrondissement">Dessalines Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desdunes" title="Desdunes">Desdunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessalines" title="Dessalines">Dessalines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Saline,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Saline, Haiti">Grande Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite_Rivi%C3%A8re_de_l%27Artibonite" title="Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite">Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves_Arrondissement" title="Gonaïves Arrondissement">Gonaïves Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ennery,_Artibonite" title="Ennery, Artibonite">Ennery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Est%C3%A8re" title="L'Estère">L'Estère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gona%C3%AFves" title="Gonaïves">Gonaïves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gros-Morne_Arrondissement" title="Gros-Morne Arrondissement">Gros-Morne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-Rouge" title="Anse-Rouge">Anse-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros-Morne,_Haiti" title="Gros-Morne, Haiti">Gros-Morne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve,_Artibonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Terre-Neuve, Artibonite">Terre-Neuve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marmelade_Arrondissement" title="Marmelade Arrondissement">Marmelade Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmelade" title="Marmelade">Marmelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel-de-l%27Atalaye" title="Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye">Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Marc_Arrondissement" title="Saint-Marc Arrondissement">Saint-Marc Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Chapelle,_Artibonite" class="mw-redirect" title="La Chapelle, Artibonite">La Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Marc" title="Saint-Marc">Saint-Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrettes" title="Verrettes">Verrettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_communes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Haiti_communes.png/150px-Haiti_communes.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Haiti_communes.png/225px-Haiti_communes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Haiti_communes.png/300px-Haiti_communes.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centre_(department)" title="Centre (department)">Centre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerca-la-Source_Arrondissement" title="Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement">Cerca-la-Source Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerca-la-Source" title="Cerca-la-Source">Cerca-la-Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomassique" title="Thomassique">Thomassique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinche_Arrondissement" title="Hinche Arrondissement">Hinche Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerca-Cavajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerca-Cavajal">Cerca-Cavajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinche" title="Hinche">Hinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AFssade" title="Maïssade">Maïssade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomonde" title="Thomonde">Thomonde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lascahobas_Arrondissement" title="Lascahobas Arrondissement">Lascahobas Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellad%C3%A8re" title="Belladère">Belladère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascahobas" title="Lascahobas">Lascahobas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanette" title="Savanette">Savanette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirebalais_Arrondissement" title="Mirebalais Arrondissement">Mirebalais Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boucan-Carr%C3%A9" title="Boucan-Carré">Boucan-Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirebalais" title="Mirebalais">Mirebalais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saut-d%27Eau" title="Saut-d'Eau">Saut-d'Eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand%27Anse_(department)" title="Grand'Anse (department)">Grand'Anse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anse_d%27Hainault_Arrondissement" title="Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement">Anse d'Hainault Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-d%27Hainault" title="Anse-d'Hainault">Anse-d'Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame-Marie,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame-Marie, Grand'Anse">Dame-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Irois" title="Les Irois">Les Irois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corail_Arrondissement" title="Corail Arrondissement">Corail Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumont, Grand'Anse">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corail,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corail, Grand'Anse">Corail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pestel,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestel, Grand'Anse">Pestel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseaux" title="Roseaux">Roseaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_Arrondissement" title="Jérémie Arrondissement">Jérémie Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abricots" title="Abricots">Abricots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonbon,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonbon, Grand'Anse">Bonbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambellan" title="Chambellan">Chambellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie" title="Jérémie">Jérémie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron,_Grand%27Anse" class="mw-redirect" title="Moron, Grand'Anse">Moron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navassa Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nippes" title="Nippes">Nippes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Veau_Arrondissement" title="Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement">Anse-à-Veau Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Veau" title="Anse-à-Veau">Anse-à-Veau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Asile" title="L'Asile">L'Asile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barad%C3%A8res" title="Baradères">Baradères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Trou-de-Nippes" title="Petit-Trou-de-Nippes">Petit-Trou-de-Nippes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirago%C3%A2ne_Arrondissement" title="Miragoâne Arrondissement">Miragoâne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirago%C3%A2ne" title="Miragoâne">Miragoâne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite-Rivi%C3%A8re-de-Nippes" title="Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes">Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)" title="Nord (Haitian department)">Nord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acul-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Acul-du-Nord Arrondissement">Acul du Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acul-du-Nord" title="Acul-du-Nord">Acul-du-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milot,_Haiti" title="Milot, Haiti">Milot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine-du-Nord" title="Plaine-du-Nord">Plaine-du-Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borgne_Arrondissement" title="Borgne Arrondissement">Borgne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borgne" title="Borgne">Borgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Margot" title="Port-Margot">Port-Margot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien_Arrondissement" title="Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement">Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonade" title="Limonade">Limonade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartier-Morin" title="Quartier-Morin">Quartier-Morin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grande-Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement">Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bahon,_Haiti" title="Bahon, Haiti">Bahon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grande-Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Nord" title="Grande-Rivière-du-Nord">Grande-Rivière-du-Nord</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb%C3%A9_Arrondissement" title="Limbé Arrondissement">Limbé Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bas-Limb%C3%A9" title="Bas-Limbé">Bas-Limbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb%C3%A9,_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbé, Nord">Limbé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaisance_Arrondissement" title="Plaisance Arrondissement">Plaisance Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilate,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate, Haiti">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaisance,_Nord" title="Plaisance, Nord">Plaisance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl_Arrondissement" title="Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement">Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dondon" title="Dondon">Dondon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Victoire,_Haiti" title="La Victoire, Haiti">La Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignon" title="Pignon">Pignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranquitte" title="Ranquitte">Ranquitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl,_Haiti" title="Saint-Raphaël, Haiti">Saint-Raphaël</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Est_(department)" title="Nord-Est (department)">Nord-Est</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9_Arrondissement" title="Fort-Liberté Arrondissement">Fort-Liberté Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9" title="Fort-Liberté">Fort-Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perches,_Haiti" title="Perches, Haiti">Perches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrier,_Haiti" title="Ferrier, Haiti">Ferrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ouanaminthe_Arrondissement" title="Ouanaminthe Arrondissement">Ouanaminthe Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capotille" title="Capotille">Capotille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Organis%C3%A9" title="Mont-Organisé">Mont-Organisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouanaminthe" title="Ouanaminthe">Ouanaminthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trou-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement">Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracol,_Haiti" title="Caracol, Haiti">Caracol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Suzanne,_Haiti" title="Sainte-Suzanne, Haiti">Sainte-Suzanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrier-Rouge" title="Terrier-Rouge">Terrier-Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trou-du-Nord" title="Trou-du-Nord">Trou-du-Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valli%C3%A8res_Arrondissement" title="Vallières Arrondissement">Vallières Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carice" title="Carice">Carice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombin-Crochu" title="Mombin-Crochu">Mombin-Crochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli%C3%A8res,_Nord-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallières, Nord-Est">Vallières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Ouest_(department)" title="Nord-Ouest (department)">Nord-Ouest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas_Arrondissement" title="Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement">Môle-Saint-Nicolas Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baie-de-Henne" title="Baie-de-Henne">Baie-de-Henne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardopolis" title="Bombardopolis">Bombardopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Rabel" title="Jean-Rabel">Jean-Rabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas" title="Môle-Saint-Nicolas">Môle-Saint-Nicolas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix_Arrondissement" title="Port-de-Paix Arrondissement">Port-de-Paix Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassin-Bleu" title="Bassin-Bleu">Bassin-Bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chansolme" title="Chansolme">Chansolme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">La Tortue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Nord_Arrondissement" title="Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement">Saint-Louis-du-Nord Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Foleur" title="Anse-à-Foleur">Anse-à-Foleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Nord" title="Saint-Louis-du-Nord">Saint-Louis-du-Nord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arcahaie_Arrondissement" title="Arcahaie Arrondissement">Arcahaie Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcahaie" title="Arcahaie">Arcahaie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabaret, Ouest">Cabaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets_Arrondissement" title="Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement">Croix-des-Bouquets Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornillon,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornillon, Ouest">Cornillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croix-des-Bouquets" title="Croix-des-Bouquets">Croix-des-Bouquets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds-Verrettes" title="Fonds-Verrettes">Fonds-Verrettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganthier" title="Ganthier">Ganthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomazeau" title="Thomazeau">Thomazeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/La_Gon%C3%A2ve_Arrondissement" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gonâve Arrondissement">La Gonâve Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Galets" title="Anse-à-Galets">Anse-à-Galets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Raquette" title="Pointe-à-Raquette">Pointe-à-Raquette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne_Arrondissement" title="Léogâne Arrondissement">Léogâne Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Go%C3%A2ve" title="Grand-Goâve">Grand-Goâve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit-Go%C3%A2ve" title="Petit-Goâve">Petit-Goâve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince_Arrondissement" title="Port-au-Prince Arrondissement">Port-au-Prince Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour,_Haiti" title="Carrefour, Haiti">Carrefour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmas,_Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmas, Ouest">Delmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gressier" title="Gressier">Gressier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenscoff" title="Kenscoff">Kenscoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville" title="Pétion-Ville">Pétion-Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarre" title="Tabarre">Tabarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_Soleil" title="Cité Soleil">Cité Soleil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud-Est_(department)" title="Sud-Est (department)">Sud-Est</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bainet_Arrondissement" title="Bainet Arrondissement">Bainet Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bainet" title="Bainet">Bainet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-de-Fer" title="Côtes-de-Fer">Côtes-de-Fer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belle-Anse_Arrondissement" title="Belle-Anse Arrondissement">Belle-Anse Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anse-%C3%A0-Pitres" title="Anse-à-Pitres">Anse-à-Pitres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle-Anse" title="Belle-Anse">Belle-Anse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Gosier" title="Grand-Gosier">Grand-Gosier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotte" title="Thiotte">Thiotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jacmel_Arrondissement" title="Jacmel Arrondissement">Jacmel Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayes-Jacmel" title="Cayes-Jacmel">Cayes-Jacmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacmel" title="Jacmel">Jacmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vall%C3%A9e,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vallée, Haiti">La Vallée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marigot,_Sud-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Marigot, Sud-Est">Marigot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sud_(department)" title="Sud (department)">Sud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquin_Arrondissement" title="Aquin Arrondissement">Aquin Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquin" title="Aquin">Aquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavaellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaellon">Cavaellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis-du-Sud" title="Saint-Louis-du-Sud">Saint-Louis-du-Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes_Arrondissement" title="Les Cayes Arrondissement">Les Cayes Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp-Perrin" title="Camp-Perrin">Camp-Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal,_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Chantal, Sud">Chantal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_%C3%A0_Vache" class="mw-redirect" title="Île à Vache">Île à Vache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniche,_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniche, Sud">Maniche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbeck" title="Torbeck">Torbeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chardonni%C3%A8res_Arrondissement" title="Chardonnières Arrondissement">Chardonnières Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Anglais" title="Les Anglais">Les Anglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonni%C3%A8res" title="Chardonnières">Chardonnières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiburon,_Sud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiburon, Sud">Tiburon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4teaux_Arrondissement" title="Côteaux Arrondissement">Côteaux Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4teaux,_Haiti" title="Côteaux, Haiti">Côteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-%C3%A0-Piment" title="Port-à-Piment">Port-à-Piment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-%C3%A0-Bateaux" title="Roche-à-Bateaux">Roche-à-Bateaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port-Salut_Arrondissement" title="Port-Salut Arrondissement">Port-Salut Arrondissement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arniquet" title="Arniquet">Arniquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Salut" title="Port-Salut">Port-Salut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-du-Sud" title="Saint-Jean-du-Sud">Saint-Jean-du-Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/48px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/64px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_natural_points_of_U.S._states,_district,_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._State_Highest_Points" title="Template:U.S. State Highest Points"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._State_Highest_Points" title="Template talk:U.S. State Highest Points"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._State_Highest_Points" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. State Highest Points"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_natural_points_of_U.S._states,_district,_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_elevation" title="List of U.S. states and territories by elevation">Highest natural points of U.S. states, district, and territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheaha_Mountain" title="Cheaha Mountain">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphreys_Peak" title="Humphreys Peak"> Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Magazine" title="Mount Magazine">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney" title="Mount Whitney">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbert" title="Mount Elbert">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Frissell" title="Mount Frissell">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebright_Azimuth" title="Ebright Azimuth">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britton_Hill" title="Britton Hill">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasstown_Bald" title="Brasstown Bald">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borah_Peak" title="Borah Peak">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mound" title="Charles Mound">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Hill" title="Hoosier Hill">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkeye_Point" title="Hawkeye Point">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sunflower" title="Mount Sunflower">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Kentucky)" title="Black Mountain (Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driskill_Mountain" title="Driskill Mountain">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Katahdin" title="Mount Katahdin">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye-Crest" title="Hoye-Crest">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Greylock" title="Mount Greylock">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arvon" title="Mount Arvon">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mountain_(Minnesota)" title="Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodall_Mountain" title="Woodall Mountain">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taum_Sauk_Mountain" title="Taum Sauk Mountain">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite_Peak_(Montana)" title="Granite Peak (Montana)">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_Point" title="Panorama Point">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Peak_(Nevada)" title="Boundary Peak (Nevada)">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Point_(New_Jersey)" title="High Point (New Jersey)">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Peak_(New_Mexico)" title="Wheeler Peak (New Mexico)">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Marcy" title="Mount Marcy">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mitchell" title="Mount Mitchell">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Butte_(North_Dakota)" title="White Butte (North Dakota)">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Hill_(Ohio)" title="Campbell Hill (Ohio)">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mesa_(Oklahoma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mesa (Oklahoma)">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Davis_(Pennsylvania)" title="Mount Davis (Pennsylvania)">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerimoth_Hill" title="Jerimoth Hill">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras_Mountain" title="Sassafras Mountain">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwohi" title="Kuwohi">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Peak" title="Guadalupe Peak">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Peak_(Utah)" title="Kings Peak (Utah)">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mansfield" title="Mount Mansfield">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rogers" title="Mount Rogers">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Knob" class="mw-redirect" title="Spruce Knob">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timms_Hill" title="Timms Hill">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannett_Peak" title="Gannett Peak">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denali3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Denali3.jpg/60px-Denali3.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Denali3.jpg/90px-Denali3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Denali3.jpg/120px-Denali3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg/60px-Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg/90px-Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg/120px-Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Reno_Park" title="Fort Reno Park">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mountain" title="Lata Mountain">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lamlam" title="Mount Lamlam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrihan" title="Agrihan">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta" title="Cerro de Punta">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Mountain_(United_States_Virgin_Islands)" title="Crown Mountain (United States Virgin Islands)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_points_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Highest_points_of_North_America" title="Template:Highest points of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Highest_points_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Highest points of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Highest_points_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Highest points of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Highest_points_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_North_American_countries" title="List of highest points of North American countries">Highest points of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boggy_Peak" title="Boggy Peak">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Alvernia" title="Mount Alvernia">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hillaby" title="Mount Hillaby">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doyle%27s_Delight" title="Doyle's Delight">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Logan" title="Mount Logan">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Chirrip%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Chirripó">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Turquino" title="Pico Turquino">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morne_Diablotins" title="Morne Diablotins">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_Duarte" title="Pico Duarte">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_El_Pital" title="Cerro El Pital">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Catherine_(Grenada)" title="Mount Saint Catherine (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Tajumulco" title="Volcán Tajumulco">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pic_la_Selle" title="Pic la Selle">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Las_Minas" title="Cerro Las Minas">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountain_Peak" title="Blue Mountain Peak">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogot%C3%B3n" title="Mogotón">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA" title="Volcán Barú">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Liamuiga" title="Mount Liamuiga">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gimie" title="Mount Gimie">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Soufri%C3%A8re_(Saint_Vincent)" title="La Soufrière (Saint Vincent)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cerro_del_Aripo" title="El Cerro del Aripo">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denali" title="Denali">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_Hill" title="Crocus Hill">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamanota" title="Jamanota">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Hill,_Bermuda" title="Town Hill, Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Brandaris" title="Mount Brandaris">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sage_National_Park" title="Mount Sage National Park">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_(Cayman_Islands)" title="The Bluff (Cayman Islands)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoffelberg" title="Christoffelberg">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B8rn_Fjeld" title="Gunnbjørn Fjeld">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande_Soufri%C3%A8re" title="La Grande Soufrière">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="Mount Pelée">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soufri%C3%A8re_Hills" title="Soufrière Hills">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Navassa / U.S. Minor Outlying Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Punta" title="Cerro de Punta">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Scenery" title="Mount Scenery">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morne_de_Vitet" title="Morne de Vitet">Saint Barthelemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pic_Paradis" title="Pic Paradis">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morne_de_la_Grande_Montagne" title="Morne de la Grande Montagne">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quill_(volcano)" title="The Quill (volcano)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Flagstaff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Flagstaff (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Mountain_(Turks_and_Caicos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Mountain (Turks and Caicos) (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Mountain_(United_States_Virgin_Islands)" title="Crown Mountain (United States Virgin Islands)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25359#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25359#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25359#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239204097">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4642673-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015117635">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007532112705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/L0n7BWNl">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10036978">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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