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id="toc-Pre-European_contact_and_early_colonial_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-European_contact_and_early_colonial_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-European contact and early colonial periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-European_contact_and_early_colonial_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1688_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1688_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Post-1688 period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1688_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th–21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th–21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 20th–21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th–21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_of_the_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_of_the_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Representation of the State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_of_the_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 National representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_and_statutory_evolution_of_the_island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_and_statutory_evolution_of_the_island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Institutional and statutory evolution of the island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_and_statutory_evolution_of_the_island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_collectivity_of_Martinique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_collectivity_of_Martinique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 New collectivity of Martinique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_collectivity_of_Martinique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Political forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Defence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Relief </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Beaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hydrography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Major urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exports_and_imports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports_and_imports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Exports and imports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports_and_imports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Banana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Rum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sugarcane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sugarcane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Sugarcane </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sugarcane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pineapples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pineapples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Pineapples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pineapples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Air services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Railroads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_telephony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_telephony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Mobile telephony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_telephony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telephone_and_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telephone_and_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Telephone and Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telephone_and_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistic_features_of_Martinican_Creole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_features_of_Martinican_Creole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Linguistic features of Martinican Creole </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_features_of_Martinican_Creole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Symbols and flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Association football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Surf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regattas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regattas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Regattas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regattas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Handball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painters_and_sculptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painters_and_sculptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Painters and sculptors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painters_and_sculptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film-makers,_screenwriters,_directors_and_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film-makers,_screenwriters,_directors_and_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Film-makers, screenwriters, directors and actors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-makers,_screenwriters,_directors_and_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singers,_musicians_or_music_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singers,_musicians_or_music_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Singers, musicians or music groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singers,_musicians_or_music_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Sports personalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Athletics_/_Parathletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics_/_Parathletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 Athletics / Parathletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics_/_Parathletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.2 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.3 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handball_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handball_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.4 Handball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handball_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.5 Judo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.6 Tennis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volleyball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volleyball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.7 Volleyball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volleyball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_political_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_political_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Contemporary political figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_political_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians_of_Martinique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians_of_Martinique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.2 Politicians of Martinique </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians_of_Martinique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martinican_writers_and_intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martinican_writers_and_intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Martinican writers and intellectuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martinican_writers_and_intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Other personalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Energy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Energy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewable_energies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Renewable energies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Health </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_health_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_health_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Regional health agency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_health_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare_professionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_professionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Healthcare professionals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_professionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Health facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chlordecone_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chlordecone_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Chlordecone controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chlordecone_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actions_of_the_French_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_of_the_French_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4.1 Actions of the French government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions_of_the_French_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4.2 Health consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_community_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_community_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4.3 Local community response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_community_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 COVID-19 pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Martinique</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" > 150 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AD" title="ማርቲኒክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማርቲኒክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinic" title="Martinic – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Martinic" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="مارتينيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتينيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مارتینیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتینیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="মার্তিনিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্তিনিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Марцініка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцініка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартыніка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мартыніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%86%DE%AB" title="މާޓިނީކޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މާޓިނީކޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Μαρτινίκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρτινίκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiniko" title="Martiniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martiniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مارتینیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتینیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinyk" title="Martinyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Martinyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC" title="마르티니크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르티니크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մարտինիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտինիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="मार्टीनिक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टीनिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="মার্টিনিক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মার্টিনিক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Мартиникæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мартиникæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מרטיניק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטיניק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მარტინიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარტინიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritike" title="Maritike – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Maritike" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinina" title="Madinina – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Madinina" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matinik" title="Matinik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Matinik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%AEn%C3%AEk" title="Martînîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Martînîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departement_Martinique" title="Departement Martinique – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Departement Martinique" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinike" title="Martinike – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Martinike" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinic" title="Martinic – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Martinic" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мартиник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мартиник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="मार्टिनिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्टिनिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მარტინიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარტინიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="مارتينيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتينيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="マルティニーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルティニーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟੀਨੀਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مارٹینیک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹینیک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatiniik" title="Maatiniik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Maatiniik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martynika" title="Martynika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martynika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty%C5%84ika" title="Martyńika – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Martyńika" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مارتینیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارتینیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мартиник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартиник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மர்தினிக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மர்தினிக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиника – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мартиника" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မႃးတိၼ်ႇၼိၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မႃးတိၼ်ႇၼိၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="మార్టినిక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్టినిక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มาร์ตีนิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ตีนิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мартиники – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мартиники" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81tiniki" title="Mātiniki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mātiniki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мартиніка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартиніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مارٹینیک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارٹینیک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="مارتىنىكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مارتىنىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinica" title="Martinica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Martinica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinike%C3%A4n" title="Martinikeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Martinikeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Martinique" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="马提尼克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马提尼克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rt%C3%ADn%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Mártíníkì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mártíníkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="馬提尼克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬提尼克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinik" title="Martinik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Martinik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="馬提尼克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬提尼克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinika" title="Martinika – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Martinika" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17054#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martinique&params=14_39_00_N_61_00_54_W_type:adm1st_region:MQ">14°39′00″N 61°00′54″W / 14.65000°N 61.01500°W / 14.65000; -61.01500</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overseas department of France in the Caribbean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the New York City nightclub of the 1940s, see <a href="/wiki/La_Martinique" title="La Martinique">La Martinique</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MTQ" redirects here. For the Irish politician, see <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Taylor-Quinn" title="Madeleine Taylor-Quinn">Madeleine Taylor-Quinn</a>. For the Indonesian religious festival, see <a href="/wiki/Musabaqah_Tilawatil_Quran" title="Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran">Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique" class="extiw" title="fr:Martinique">the corresponding article</a> in French. (March 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMartinique&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the French article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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.ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Martinique</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Matinik or Matnik (<a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Martinican French Creole</a>) Madinina <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style>or Madiana (<a href="/wiki/Island_Carib_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Carib language">Island Carib</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas department and region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single_territorial_collectivity" title="Single territorial collectivity">single territorial collectivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">French Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outermost_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Outermost region">outermost region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Territorial Collectivity of Martinique Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique-de-haut_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of Martinique from above"><img alt="Image of Martinique from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martinique-de-haut_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Martinique-de-haut_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martinique-de-haut_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Martinique-de-haut_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Martinique-de-haut_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Martinique-de-haut_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="1329" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Image of Martinique from above</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Martinique"><img alt="Flag of Martinique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/125px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/188px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/250px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Martinique" title="Flag of Martinique">Flag</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">La collectivité au service du pays<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a> ("The Marseillaise") <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique_in_France_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Martinique_in_France_2016.svg/250px-Martinique_in_France_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Martinique_in_France_2016.svg/375px-Martinique_in_France_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Martinique_in_France_2016.svg/500px-Martinique_in_France_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="434" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martinique&params=14_39_00_N_61_00_54_W_type:adm1st_region:MQ">14°39′00″N 61°00′54″W / 14.65000°N 61.01500°W / 14.65000; -61.01500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">Prefecture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Regional_Council_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Regional Council of Martinique">President of Executive Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Letchimy" title="Serge Letchimy">Serge Letchimy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Martinican_Progressive_Party" title="Martinican Progressive Party">PPM</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Martinique" title="Assembly of Martinique">Assembly of Martinique</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,128 km2 (436 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">17th region</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mont_Pel%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Pelée">Mont Pelée</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,397 m (4,583 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Jan. 1, 2024)<a href="#cite_note-pop-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">349,925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">310/km2 (800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>80% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbeans">African</a>/<a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples#Caribbean" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a></li><li>10% <a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Indian</a></li><li>5% <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">Béké</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="White Caribbeans">European</a></li><li>5% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbeans">Chinese</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-Statistiques_ethniques-2">[2]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Religion<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>91.6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>86% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li>5.6% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li>2% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Martinique" title="Hinduism in Martinique">Hinduism</a></li> <li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li>5.5% other</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Martinican (English) Martiniquais (<a href="/wiki/Neuter_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter (grammar)">m</a>) Martiniquaise (<a href="/wiki/Neuter_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter (grammar)">f</a>) (French)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">Vernacular language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Martinican French Creole</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€9.082 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€24,700</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MQ" title="ISO 3166-2:MQ">MQ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:FR" title="ISO 3166-2:FR">FR-972</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinique.pref.gouv.fr/">Prefecture</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/">Territorial collectivity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Martinique (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɑːrtɪˈniːk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MAR-tin-EEK</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[maʁtinik]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Martinique.wav">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martinican_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinican Creole">Martinican Creole</a>: Matinik or Matnik;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalinago_language" title="Kalinago language">Kalinago</a>: Madinina or Madiana) is an island in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. A part of the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> (Antilles), Martinique is an <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas department and region</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Single_territorial_collectivity" title="Single territorial collectivity">single territorial collectivity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republic">French Republic</a>. It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Outermost_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Outermost region">outermost region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">special territories of members of the European Economic Area</a>, and an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">CARICOM</a>, but is not part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> or the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a>. The currency in use is the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. Martinique has a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi) and a population of 349,925 inhabitants as of January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-pop-3">[3]</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a>, it lies directly north of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>. Virtually the entire population speaks both French (the sole official language) and <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Antillean Creole French">Martinican Creole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Saint_Martin,_Grand_Rivi%C3%A8re_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cape_Saint_Martin%2C_Grand_Rivi%C3%A8re_.jpg/250px-Cape_Saint_Martin%2C_Grand_Rivi%C3%A8re_.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cape_Saint_Martin%2C_Grand_Rivi%C3%A8re_.jpg/375px-Cape_Saint_Martin%2C_Grand_Rivi%C3%A8re_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cape_Saint_Martin%2C_Grand_Rivi%C3%A8re_.jpg/500px-Cape_Saint_Martin%2C_Grand_Rivi%C3%A8re_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>The Cape Saint Martin cliffs and the Dominica channel, as seen from Grand Rivière at the northern tip of the island</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> It is thought that Martinique is a corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> name for the island (Madiana/Madinina, meaning 'island of flowers', or Matinino, 'island of women'), as relayed to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> when he visited the island in 1502.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> According to historian Sydney Daney, the island was called Jouanacaëra or Iouanacaera by the <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a>, which means 'the island of iguanas'.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">History of Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-European_contact_and_early_colonial_periods">Pre-European contact and early colonial periods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-European contact and early colonial periods">edit</a>]</div> The island was occupied first by <a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawaks</a>, then by <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a>. The Arawaks came from Central America in the 1st century AD and the Caribs came from the Venezuelan coast around the 11th century. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> charted Martinique (without landing) in 1493, during his second voyage, but Spain had little interest in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Columbus landed during a later voyage, on 15 June 1502, after a 21-day <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade wind</a> <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">passage</a>, his fastest ocean voyage.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> He spent three days there refilling his water casks, bathing and washing laundry.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Indigenous people Columbus encountered called Martinique "Matinino". He was told by Indigenous people of San Salvador that "the island of Matinino was entirely populated by women on whom the Caribs descended at certain seasons of the year; and if these women bore sons they were entrusted to the father to bring up."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> On 15 September 1635, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belain_d%27Esnambuc" title="Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc">Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc</a>, French governor of the island of <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts">St. Kitts</a>, landed in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/St._Pierre,_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Pierre, Martinique">St. Pierre</a> with 80 to 150 French settlers after being driven off St. Kitts by the English. D'Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> and the French "<a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_%C3%8Eles_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique">Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique</a>" (Company of the American Islands), and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre (now St. Pierre).<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> D'Esnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dyel_du_Parquet" title="Jacques Dyel du Parquet">Jacques Dyel du Parquet</a>, who in 1637 became governor of the island.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> In 1636, in the first of many skirmishes, the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a> rose against the settlers to drive them off the island.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The French repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the eastern part of the island, on the Caravelle Peninsula in the region then known as the Capesterre. When the Caribs revolted against French rule in 1658, the governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hou%C3%ABl_du_Petit_Pr%C3%A9" title="Charles Houël du Petit Pré">Charles Houël du Petit Pré</a> retaliated with war against them. Many were killed, and those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. Some Caribs fled to <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">St. Vincent</a>, where the French agreed to leave them at peace.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the death of du Parquet in 1658, his widow <a href="/wiki/Marie_Bonnard_du_Parquet" title="Marie Bonnard du Parquet">Marie Bonnard du Parquet</a> tried to govern Martinique, but dislike of her rule led King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> to take over the sovereignty of the island.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> In 1654, Dutch Jews expelled from Portuguese Brazil introduced sugar plantations worked by large numbers of enslaved Africans.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> In 1667, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> spilled out into the Caribbean, with Britain <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1667)" title="Battle of Martinique (1667)">attacking</a> the pro-Dutch French fleet in Martinique, virtually destroying it and further cementing British preeminence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1674, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1674)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1674)">attempted to conquer</a> the island, but were repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique_1667.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Martinique_1667.jpg/300px-Martinique_1667.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Martinique_1667.jpg/450px-Martinique_1667.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Martinique_1667.jpg/600px-Martinique_1667.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1667)" title="Battle of Martinique (1667)">attack on the French ships</a> at Martinique in 1667</figcaption></figure> Because there were few <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> priests in the French Antilles, many of the earliest French settlers were <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> who sought religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Others were transported there as a punishment for refusing to convert to Catholicism, many of them dying en route.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Those who survived were quite industrious and over time prospered, though the less fortunate were reduced to the status of indentured servants. Although edicts from King Louis XIV's court regularly came to the islands to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> "heretics", these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV's <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">Edict of Revocation</a> in 1685.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As many of the planters on Martinique were Huguenots suffering under the harsh strictures of the Revocation, they began plotting to emigrate from Martinique with many of their recently arrived brethren. Many of them were encouraged by the Catholics, who looked forward to their departure and the opportunities for seizing their property. By 1688, nearly all of Martinique's French Protestant population had escaped to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">British American</a> colonies or Protestant countries in Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The policy decimated the population of Martinique and the rest of the French Antilles and set back their colonisation by decades, causing the French king to relax his policies in the region, which left the islands susceptible to British occupation over the next century.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1688_period">Post-1688 period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-1688 period">edit</a>]</div> Under governor of the Antilles <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Courbon,_comte_de_Bl%C3%A9nac" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac">Charles de Courbon, comte de Blénac</a>, Martinique served as a home port for French pirates, including <a href="/wiki/Captain_Crapo" title="Captain Crapo">Captain Crapeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Montauban" title="Étienne de Montauban">Étienne de Montauban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathurin_Desmarestz" title="Mathurin Desmarestz">Mathurin Desmarestz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gasser-18">[18]</a> In later years, pirate <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a> styled his <a href="/wiki/Jolly_roger" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolly roger">jolly roger</a> as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled "ABH" and "AMH" for "A Barbadian's Head" and "A Martinican's Head" after governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts.<a href="#cite_note-Little-The_Golden_Age_of_Piracy-19">[19]</a> On 28 November 1717 the pirate <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a> and his pirates captured a French <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> named La Concorde near the island of Martinique in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After selling her cargo of slaves on the island, Blackbeard made the vessel his <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>, added more heavy <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> and renamed her <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_martinique_1779_img_9388.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Battle_martinique_1779_img_9388.jpg/290px-Battle_martinique_1779_img_9388.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Battle_martinique_1779_img_9388.jpg/435px-Battle_martinique_1779_img_9388.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Battle_martinique_1779_img_9388.jpg/580px-Battle_martinique_1779_img_9388.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3126" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)" title="Battle of Martinique (1779)">Battle of Martinique</a> between British and French fleets in 1779</figcaption></figure> Martinique was attacked or occupied several times by the British, in 1693, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1759)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1759)">1759</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1762)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1762)">1762</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)" title="Battle of Martinique (1779)">1779</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Excepting a period from 1802 to 1809 following signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>, Britain controlled the island for most of the time from 1794 to 1815, when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-LP-22">[22]</a> Martinique has remained a French possession since then. Despite the introduction of successful coffee plantations to Martinique in the 1720s, making it the first coffee-growing area in the Western hemisphere, the planter class lost political influence as sugar prices declined in the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Slave rebellions in 1789, 1815 and 1822, plus the campaigns of abolitionists such as <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Bissette" title="Cyrille Bissette">Cyrille Bissette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Victor Schœlcher</a>, persuaded the French government to end <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">slavery in the French West Indies</a> in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-LP-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Martinique was the first French overseas territory in which the abolition decree came into force, on 23 May 1848.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> As a result, some plantation owners imported workers from India and China.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Despite the abolition of slavery, life scarcely improved for most Martinicans; class and racial tensions exploded into rioting in southern Martinique in 1870 following the arrest of Léopold Lubin, a trader of African ancestry who retaliated after he was beaten by a Frenchman. After several deaths, the revolt was crushed by French militia.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th–21st_centuries">20th–21st centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th–21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> On 8 May 1902, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pel%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Pelée">Mont Pelée</a> <a href="/wiki/1902_eruption_of_Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="1902 eruption of Mount Pelée">erupted</a> and completely destroyed St. Pierre, killing 30,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Refugees from Martinique travelled by boat to the southern villages of <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, and some of them remained permanently on the island. The only survivor in the town of Saint-Pierre, <a href="/wiki/Ludger_Sylbaris" title="Ludger Sylbaris">Ludger Sylbaris</a>, was saved by the thick walls of his prison cell.<a href="#cite_note-EW-29">[29]</a> Shortly thereafter, the capital shifted to <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a>, where it remains today.<a href="#cite_note-LP-22">[22]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the pro-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> controlled Martinique under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Georges_Robert_(admiral)" title="Georges Robert (admiral)">Georges Robert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> used Martinique for refuelling and re-supply during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Battle of the Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 1942, 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean, dropping to 45 in 1943, and five in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> forces took over on the island on <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>, 14 July 1943.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubbard-32">[32]</a> In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">French National Assembly</a> voted unanimously to transform the colony into an Overseas Department of France.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Meanwhile, the post-war period saw a growing campaign for full independence; a notable proponent of this was the author <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party of Martinique">Progressive Party of Martinique</a> in the 1950s. Tensions boiled over in December 1959 when riots broke out following a racially-charged altercation between two motorists, resulting in three deaths.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1959-33">[33]</a> In 1962, as a result of this and the global turn against colonialism, the strongly pro-independence OJAM (Organisation de la jeunesse anticolonialiste de la Martinique) was formed. Its leaders were later arrested by the French authorities. However, they were later acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1959-33">[33]</a> Tensions rose again in 1974, when gendarmes shot dead two striking banana workers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1959-33">[33]</a> However the independence movement lost steam as Martinique's economy faltered in the 1970s, resulting in large-scale emigration.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Hurricanes in 1979–80 severely affected agricultural output, further straining the economy.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Greater autonomy was granted by France to the island in the 1970s–80s.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> In 2009, Martinique was convulsed by the <a href="/wiki/2009_French_Caribbean_general_strikes" title="2009 French Caribbean general strikes">French Caribbean general strikes</a>. Initially focusing on cost-of-living issues, the movement soon took on a racial dimension as strikers challenged the continued economic dominance of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">Béké</a>, descendants of French European settlers.<a href="#cite_note-iht-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> later visited the island, promising reform.<a href="#cite_note-visit-37">[37]</a> While ruling out full independence, which he said was desired neither by France nor by Martinique, Sarkozy offered Martiniquans a referendum on the island's future status and degree of autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-visit-37">[37]</a> On 2 February 2023, Martinique adopted its <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Martinique" title="Flag of Martinique">independent activist flag</a>, symbolising its three colors of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_pel%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mount_pel%C3%A9e.jpg/290px-Mount_pel%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mount_pel%C3%A9e.jpg/435px-Mount_pel%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Mount_pel%C3%A9e.jpg/580px-Mount_pel%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10515" data-file-height="3645" /></a><figcaption>Mont Pelée and Bay of St Pierre as seen from the Grande Savane trail</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Martinique">Politics of Martinique</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Martinique" title="Elections in Martinique">Elections in Martinique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png/290px-EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png/435px-EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png/580px-EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">special territories of the European Union</a></figcaption></figure> Like <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, Martinique is a <a href="/wiki/Single_territorial_collectivity" title="Single territorial collectivity">special collectivity</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> (Unique in French) of the French Republic. It is also an <a href="/wiki/Outermost_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Outermost region">outermost region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The inhabitants of Martinique are French citizens with full political and legal rights. Martinique sends <a href="/wiki/Category:French_legislative_constituencies_of_Martinique" title="Category:French legislative constituencies of Martinique">four deputies</a> to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">French National Assembly</a> and two senators to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of France">French Senate</a>. On 24 January 2010, during a referendum, the inhabitants of Martinique approved by 68.4% the change to be a "special (unique) collectivity" within the framework of article 73 of the French Republic's Constitution. The new council replaces and exercises the powers of both the <a href="/wiki/Departmental_council_(France)" title="Departmental council (France)">General Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(France)" title="Regional council (France)">regional council</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique_legende_arrs.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martinique_legende_arrs.PNG/220px-Martinique_legende_arrs.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Martinique_legende_arrs.PNG/330px-Martinique_legende_arrs.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Martinique_legende_arrs.PNG 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>A map of Martinique showing the island's four <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissements</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Martinique_department" title="Arrondissements of the Martinique department">Arrondissements of the Martinique department</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Martinique_department" title="Communes of the Martinique department">Communes of the Martinique department</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Martinique_department" title="Cantons of the Martinique department">Cantons of the Martinique department</a></div> Martinique is divided into 4 <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissements</a> and 34 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes</a>. It had also been divided into 45 <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">cantons</a>, but these were abolished in 2015. The four arrondissements of the island, with their respective locations, are as follows: <ul><li>Fort-de-France is the prefecture of Martinique. It takes up the central zone of the island. It includes four communes. In 2019, the population was 152,102.<a href="#cite_note-pop2019-39">[39]</a> Besides the capital, it includes the communities of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Joseph,_Martinique" title="Saint-Joseph, Martinique">Saint-Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Schœlcher">Schœlcher</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A9,_Martinique" title="La Trinité, Martinique">La Trinité</a>, one of the three subprefectures on the island, occupies the northeast region. It has ten communes. In 2019, the population was 75,238.<a href="#cite_note-pop2019-39">[39]</a> La Trinité contains the communities of La Trinité, Ajoupa-Bouillon, <a href="/wiki/Basse-Pointe" title="Basse-Pointe">Basse-Pointe</a>, Le Gros-Morne, <a href="/wiki/Le_Lorrain" title="Le Lorrain">Le Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macouba" title="Macouba">Macouba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Marigot" title="Le Marigot">Le Marigot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Robert" title="Le Robert">Le Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Marie, Martinique">Sainte-Marie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marin" title="Le Marin">Le Marin</a>, the second subprefecture of Martinique, makes up the southern part of the island and is composed of twelve communes. In 2019, the population was 114,824.<a href="#cite_note-pop2019-39">[39]</a> The subprefecture includes the communities of La Marin, Les Anses d'Arlet, <a href="/wiki/Le_Diamant" title="Le Diamant">Le Diamant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ducos,_Martinique" title="Ducos, Martinique">Ducos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Le François">Le François</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote" title="Rivière-Pilote">Rivière-Pilote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e" title="Rivière-Salée">Rivière-Salée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Anne, Martinique">Sainte-Anne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Luce,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Luce, Martinique">Sainte-Luce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Esprit,_Martinique" title="Saint-Esprit, Martinique">Saint-Esprit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets" title="Les Trois-Îlets">Les Trois-Îlets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Vauclin" title="Le Vauclin">Le Vauclin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> is the third subprefecture of the island. It comprises eight communes, lying in the northwest of Martinique. In 2019, the population was 22,344.<a href="#cite_note-pop2019-39">[39]</a> In addition to Saint-Pierre, its communities include <a href="/wiki/Le_Carbet" title="Le Carbet">Le Carbet</a>, Case-Pilote-Bellefontaine, <a href="/wiki/Le_Morne-Rouge" title="Le Morne-Rouge">Le Morne-Rouge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur" title="Le Prêcheur">Le Prêcheur</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Population (2019)<a href="#cite_note-pop2019-39">[39]</a> </th> <th>Arrondissement </th> <th>Map </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%27Ajoupa-Bouillon" title="L'Ajoupa-Bouillon">L'Ajoupa-Bouillon</a> </td> <td>12.3 </td> <td>1,756 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_L%E2%80%99Ajoupa-Bouillon_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Locator_map_of_L%E2%80%99Ajoupa-Bouillon_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_L%E2%80%99Ajoupa-Bouillon_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Locator_map_of_L%E2%80%99Ajoupa-Bouillon_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_L%E2%80%99Ajoupa-Bouillon_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Locator_map_of_L%E2%80%99Ajoupa-Bouillon_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_L%E2%80%99Ajoupa-Bouillon_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Les_Anses-d%27Arlet" title="Les Anses-d'Arlet">Les Anses-d'Arlet</a> </td> <td>25.92 </td> <td>3,494 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Les_Anses-d%E2%80%99Arlet_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Locator_map_of_Les_Anses-d%E2%80%99Arlet_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Les_Anses-d%E2%80%99Arlet_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Locator_map_of_Les_Anses-d%E2%80%99Arlet_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Les_Anses-d%E2%80%99Arlet_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Locator_map_of_Les_Anses-d%E2%80%99Arlet_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Les_Anses-d%E2%80%99Arlet_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basse-Pointe" title="Basse-Pointe">Basse-Pointe</a> </td> <td>27.95 </td> <td>2,823 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Basse-Pointe_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Locator_map_of_Basse-Pointe_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Basse-Pointe_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Locator_map_of_Basse-Pointe_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Basse-Pointe_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Locator_map_of_Basse-Pointe_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Basse-Pointe_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellefontaine,_Martinique" title="Bellefontaine, Martinique">Bellefontaine</a> </td> <td>11.89 </td> <td>1,813 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Bellefontaine_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Locator_map_of_Bellefontaine_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Bellefontaine_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Locator_map_of_Bellefontaine_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Bellefontaine_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Locator_map_of_Bellefontaine_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Bellefontaine_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Carbet" title="Le Carbet">Le Carbet</a> </td> <td>36 </td> <td>3,461 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Carbet_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Locator_map_of_Le_Carbet_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Carbet_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Locator_map_of_Le_Carbet_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Carbet_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Locator_map_of_Le_Carbet_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Carbet_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Case-Pilote" title="Case-Pilote">Case-Pilote</a> </td> <td>18.44 </td> <td>4,455 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Case-Pilote_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Locator_map_of_Case-Pilote_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Case-Pilote_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Locator_map_of_Case-Pilote_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Case-Pilote_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Locator_map_of_Case-Pilote_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Case-Pilote_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Diamant" title="Le Diamant">Le Diamant</a> </td> <td>27.34 </td> <td>5,511 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Diamant_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Locator_map_of_Le_Diamant_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Diamant_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Locator_map_of_Le_Diamant_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Diamant_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Locator_map_of_Le_Diamant_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Diamant_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ducos,_Martinique" title="Ducos, Martinique">Ducos</a> </td> <td>37.69 </td> <td>17,655 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Ducos_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Locator_map_of_Ducos_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Ducos_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Locator_map_of_Ducos_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Ducos_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Locator_map_of_Ducos_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Ducos_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fonds-Saint-Denis" title="Fonds-Saint-Denis">Fonds-Saint-Denis</a> </td> <td>24.28 </td> <td>680 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Fonds-Saint-Denis_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Locator_map_of_Fonds-Saint-Denis_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Fonds-Saint-Denis_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Locator_map_of_Fonds-Saint-Denis_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Fonds-Saint-Denis_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Locator_map_of_Fonds-Saint-Denis_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Fonds-Saint-Denis_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> </td> <td>44.21 </td> <td>76,512 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Fort-de-France" title="Arrondissement of Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Fort-de-France_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Locator_map_of_Fort-de-France_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Fort-de-France_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Locator_map_of_Fort-de-France_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Fort-de-France_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Locator_map_of_Fort-de-France_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Fort-de-France_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Le François">Le François</a> </td> <td>53.93 </td> <td>15,980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Fran%C3%A7ois_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Locator_map_of_Le_Fran%C3%A7ois_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Fran%C3%A7ois_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Locator_map_of_Le_Fran%C3%A7ois_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Fran%C3%A7ois_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Locator_map_of_Le_Fran%C3%A7ois_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Fran%C3%A7ois_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand%27Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Grand'Rivière">Grand'Rivière</a> </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td>610 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Grand%E2%80%99Rivi%C3%A8re_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Locator_map_of_Grand%E2%80%99Rivi%C3%A8re_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Grand%E2%80%99Rivi%C3%A8re_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Locator_map_of_Grand%E2%80%99Rivi%C3%A8re_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Grand%E2%80%99Rivi%C3%A8re_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Locator_map_of_Grand%E2%80%99Rivi%C3%A8re_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Grand%E2%80%99Rivi%C3%A8re_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gros-Morne,_Martinique" title="Gros-Morne, Martinique">Gros-Morne</a> </td> <td>54.25 </td> <td>9,689 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Gros-Morne_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Locator_map_of_Gros-Morne_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Gros-Morne_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Locator_map_of_Gros-Morne_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Gros-Morne_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Locator_map_of_Gros-Morne_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Gros-Morne_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Lamentin" title="Le Lamentin">Le Lamentin</a> </td> <td>62.32 </td> <td>40,095 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Fort-de-France" title="Arrondissement of Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Lamentin_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Locator_map_of_Le_Lamentin_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Lamentin_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Locator_map_of_Le_Lamentin_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Lamentin_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Locator_map_of_Le_Lamentin_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Lamentin_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Lorrain" title="Le Lorrain">Le Lorrain</a> </td> <td>50.33 </td> <td>6,768 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Lorrain_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Locator_map_of_Le_Lorrain_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Lorrain_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Locator_map_of_Le_Lorrain_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Lorrain_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Locator_map_of_Le_Lorrain_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Lorrain_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macouba" title="Macouba">Macouba</a> </td> <td>16.93 </td> <td>1,050 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Macouba_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Locator_map_of_Macouba_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Macouba_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Locator_map_of_Macouba_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Macouba_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Locator_map_of_Macouba_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Macouba_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Marigot" title="Le Marigot">Le Marigot</a> </td> <td>21.63 </td> <td>3,117 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Marigot_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Locator_map_of_Le_Marigot_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Marigot_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Locator_map_of_Le_Marigot_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Marigot_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Locator_map_of_Le_Marigot_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Marigot_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Marin" title="Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td>31.54 </td> <td>8,751 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Marin_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Locator_map_of_Le_Marin_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Marin_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Locator_map_of_Le_Marin_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Marin_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Locator_map_of_Le_Marin_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Marin_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Morne-Rouge" title="Le Morne-Rouge">Le Morne-Rouge</a> </td> <td>37.64 </td> <td>4,795 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Rouge_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Rouge_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Rouge_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Rouge_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Rouge_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Rouge_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Rouge_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Morne-Vert" title="Le Morne-Vert">Le Morne-Vert</a> </td> <td>13.37 </td> <td>1,816 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Vert_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Vert_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Vert_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Vert_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Vert_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Vert_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Morne-Vert_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur" title="Le Prêcheur">Le Prêcheur</a> </td> <td>29.92 </td> <td>1,203 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Locator_map_of_Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Locator_map_of_Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Locator_map_of_Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Pr%C3%AAcheur_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote" title="Rivière-Pilote">Rivière-Pilote</a> </td> <td>35.78 </td> <td>11,877 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Pilote_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e" title="Rivière-Salée">Rivière-Salée</a> </td> <td>39.38 </td> <td>11,874 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Robert" title="Le Robert">Le Robert</a> </td> <td>47.3 </td> <td>21,913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Robert_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locator_map_of_Le_Robert_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Robert_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locator_map_of_Le_Robert_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Robert_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Locator_map_of_Le_Robert_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Robert_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Esprit,_Martinique" title="Saint-Esprit, Martinique">Saint-Esprit</a> </td> <td>23.46 </td> <td>9,890 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Saint-Esprit_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Locator_map_of_Saint-Esprit_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Esprit_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Locator_map_of_Saint-Esprit_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Esprit_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Locator_map_of_Saint-Esprit_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Esprit_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Joseph,_Martinique" title="Saint-Joseph, Martinique">Saint-Joseph</a> </td> <td>43.29 </td> <td>15,883 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Fort-de-France" title="Arrondissement of Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Saint-Joseph_-_Martinique_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Locator_map_of_Saint-Joseph_-_Martinique_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Joseph_-_Martinique_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Locator_map_of_Saint-Joseph_-_Martinique_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Joseph_-_Martinique_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Locator_map_of_Saint-Joseph_-_Martinique_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Joseph_-_Martinique_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td>38.72 </td> <td>4,121 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Saint-Pierre,_Martinique" title="Arrondissement of Saint-Pierre, Martinique">Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Saint-Pierre_-_Martinique_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Locator_map_of_Saint-Pierre_-_Martinique_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Pierre_-_Martinique_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Locator_map_of_Saint-Pierre_-_Martinique_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Pierre_-_Martinique_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Locator_map_of_Saint-Pierre_-_Martinique_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Saint-Pierre_-_Martinique_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Anne, Martinique">Sainte-Anne</a> </td> <td>38.42 </td> <td>4,444 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Sainte-Anne_-_Martinique_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Anne_-_Martinique_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Anne_-_Martinique_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Anne_-_Martinique_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Anne_-_Martinique_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Anne_-_Martinique_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Anne_-_Martinique_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Luce,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Luce, Martinique">Sainte-Luce</a> </td> <td>28.02 </td> <td>9,487 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Sainte-Luce_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Luce_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Luce_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Luce_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Luce_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Luce_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Luce_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Marie, Martinique">Sainte-Marie</a> </td> <td>44.55 </td> <td>15,487 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Sainte-Marie_-_Martinique_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Marie_-_Martinique_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Marie_-_Martinique_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Marie_-_Martinique_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Marie_-_Martinique_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Locator_map_of_Sainte-Marie_-_Martinique_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Sainte-Marie_-_Martinique_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Schœlcher">Schœlcher</a> </td> <td>21.17 </td> <td>19,612 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Fort-de-France" title="Arrondissement of Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Sch%C5%93lcher_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Locator_map_of_Sch%C5%93lcher_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Sch%C5%93lcher_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Locator_map_of_Sch%C5%93lcher_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Sch%C5%93lcher_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Locator_map_of_Sch%C5%93lcher_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Sch%C5%93lcher_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A9,_Martinique" title="La Trinité, Martinique">La Trinité</a> </td> <td>45.77 </td> <td>12,025 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Arrondissement of La Trinité">La Trinité</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Locator_map_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Locator_map_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Locator_map_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_La_Trinit%C3%A9_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets" title="Les Trois-Îlets">Les Trois-Îlets</a> </td> <td>28.6 </td> <td>7,242 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Locator_map_of_Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Locator_map_of_Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Locator_map_of_Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Vauclin" title="Le Vauclin">Le Vauclin</a> </td> <td>39.06 </td> <td>8,619 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Le_Marin" title="Arrondissement of Le Marin">Le Marin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Le_Vauclin_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_map_of_Le_Vauclin_2018.png/50px-Locator_map_of_Le_Vauclin_2018.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_map_of_Le_Vauclin_2018.png/75px-Locator_map_of_Le_Vauclin_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_map_of_Le_Vauclin_2018.png/100px-Locator_map_of_Le_Vauclin_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3276" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamant_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Diamant_Beach.jpg/440px-Diamant_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Diamant_Beach.jpg/660px-Diamant_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Diamant_Beach.jpg/880px-Diamant_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12304" data-file-height="3854" /></a><figcaption>Diamant beach, and <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Rock" title="Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a>, as seen from Dizac beach</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_of_the_State">Representation of the State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Representation of the State">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a> of Martinique is Fort-de-France. The three sub-prefectures are Le Marin, Saint-Pierre and La Trinité. The French State is represented in Martinique by a prefect (Stanislas Cazelles since 5 February 2020), and by two sub-prefects in Le Marin (Corinne Blanchot-Prosper) and La Trinité / Saint-Pierre (Nicolas Onimus, appointed on 20 May 2020). The prefecture was criticized for racism following the publication on its Twitter account of a poster calling for physical distancing against the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus</a> and showing a black man and a white man separated by pineapples.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique_rathaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martinique_rathaus.jpg/170px-Martinique_rathaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martinique_rathaus.jpg/255px-Martinique_rathaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Martinique_rathaus.jpg/340px-Martinique_rathaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Former town hall or Mayor's office of Fort-de-France</figcaption></figure> The President of the Executive Council of Martinique is <a href="/wiki/Serge_Letchimy" title="Serge Letchimy">Serge Letchimy</a> as of 2 July 2021. The Executive Council of Martinique is composed of nine members (a president and eight executive councilors).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The deliberative assembly of the territorial collectivity is the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Martinique" title="Assembly of Martinique">Assembly of Martinique</a>, composed of 51 elected members and chaired by Lucien Saliber as of 2 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The advisory council of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_collectivity" title="Territorial collectivity">territorial collectivity</a> of Martinique is the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique (Conseil économique, social, environnemental, de la culture et de l'éducation de Martinique), composed of 68 members. Its president is Justin Daniel since 20 May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_representation">National representation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National representation">edit</a>]</div> Martinique has been represented since 17 June 2017, in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a> by four deputies (Serge Letchimy, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Nilor" title="Jean-Philippe Nilor">Jean-Philippe Nilor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josette_Manin" title="Josette Manin">Josette Manin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manu%C3%A9la_K%C3%A9clard-Mond%C3%A9sir" title="Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir">Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir</a>) and in the Senate by two senators (<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Antiste" title="Maurice Antiste">Maurice Antiste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Conconne" title="Catherine Conconne">Catherine Conconne</a>) since 24 September 2017. Martinique is also represented in the <a href="/wiki/French_Economic,_Social_and_Environmental_Council" title="French Economic, Social and Environmental Council">Economic, Social and Environmental Council</a> by Pierre Marie-Joseph since 26 April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional_and_statutory_evolution_of_the_island">Institutional and statutory evolution of the island</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Institutional and statutory evolution of the island">edit</a>]</div> During the 2000s, the political debate in Martinique focused on the question of the evolution of the island's status.<a href="#cite_note-CC_France-2021-45">[45]</a> Two political ideologies, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomism</a>, clashed. On the one hand, there are those who want a change of status based on Article 73 of the French Constitution, i.e., that all French laws apply in Martinique as of right, which in law is called legislative identity, and on the other hand, the autonomists who want a change of status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, i.e., an autonomous status subject to the regime of legislative specialty following the example of <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthelemy</a>. Since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003, Martinique has four options: <ul><li>First possibility: the status quo,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Martinique retains its status as an Overseas Department and Region, under Article 73 of the Constitution. The DROMs are under the regime of legislative identity. In this framework, the laws and regulations are applicable as of right, with the adaptations required by the particular characteristics and constraints of the communities concerned.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City_Hall_-_panoramio_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Old_City_Hall_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/260px-Old_City_Hall_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Old_City_Hall_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/390px-Old_City_Hall_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Old_City_Hall_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/520px-Old_City_Hall_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Old City Hall, Fort-de-France</figcaption></figure>Second possibility: if the local stakeholders, and first and foremost the elected representatives, agree, they can, within the framework of Article 73 of the Constitution,<a href="#cite_note-AN_France-2020-47">[47]</a> propose an institutional evolution such as the creation of a single assembly (merger of the general council and the regional council). However, the department and the region will remain. The government may propose to the President of the Republic to consult the voters on this issue. In case of a negative answer, nothing will be possible. In case of positive response, the final decision will be taken by the Parliament, which will finally decide whether the reform is carried out by passing an ordinary law.<a href="#cite_note-Senate_France-2011-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Third possibility: those elected may propose the creation of a new <a href="/wiki/Territorial_collectivity" title="Territorial collectivity">collectivity</a> within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Outre_Mer-2010-49">[49]</a> This new community will replace the department and the region. It will bring together the competences currently attributed to the General Council and the Regional Council. This community governed by Article 73 is subject to the regime of legislative identity and is therefore not autonomous. It will have as institutions an executive council, a deliberative assembly and an economic and social council.<a href="#cite_note-La_Depeche-2014-50">[50]</a></li> <li>Fourth possibility: if a consensus is reached, the elected representatives may propose to the government a change of status, i.e., the transformation of Martinique into an overseas collectivity (COM).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Indeed, since the constitutional revision of 28 March 2003, the overseas departments may, under Article 74, become an overseas collectivity (COM) like St. Martin and St. Barthélemy.</li></ul> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas departments</a>, the overseas collectivities are subject to legislative specialization.<a href="#cite_note-CC_France-2021-45">[45]</a> The laws and decrees of the Republic apply to them under certain conditions established by the organic law defining their status. The overseas departments have a greater degree of autonomy than the DOMs. They have an executive council, a territorial council and an economic and social council. The prefect is the representative of the French State in the overseas collectivity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salines_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Salines_Beach.jpg/320px-Salines_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Salines_Beach.jpg/480px-Salines_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Salines_Beach.jpg/640px-Salines_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6690" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>Salines Beach, St Anne peninsula</figcaption></figure> However, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French Constitution</a> specifies in Article 72-4<a href="#cite_note-CC_France-2021-45">[45]</a> that "no change may be made, for all or part of one of the communities mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 72-3, from one of the regimes provided for in Articles 73 and 74, without the prior consent of the electors of the community or part of the community concerned having been obtained, under the conditions provided for in the following paragraph.<a href="#cite_note-CC_France-2021-45">[45]</a> In 2003, a new organization is envisaged, in which the regional and departmental institutions would be merged into a single institution. This proposal was rejected in Martinique (but also in <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>) by 50.48% in a referendum held on 7 December 2003.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On 10 January 2010, a consultation of the population was held. Voters were asked to vote in a <a href="/wiki/2010_Martiniquean_status_referendum" title="2010 Martiniquean status referendum">referendum</a> on a possible change in the status of their territory. The ballot proposed voters to "approve or reject the transition to the regime provided for in Article 74 of the Constitution". The majority of voters, 79.3%, said "no".<a href="#cite_note-La_Depeche-2014-50">[50]</a> The following 24 January, in a second referendum, 68.4% of the population of Martinique approved the transition to a "single collectivity" under Article 73 of the Constitution, i.e., a single assembly that would exercise the powers of the General Council and the Regional Council.<a href="#cite_note-Outre_Mer-2010-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_collectivity_of_Martinique">New collectivity of Martinique</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New collectivity of Martinique">edit</a>]</div> The project of the elected representatives of Martinique to the government proposes a single territorial community<a href="#cite_note-Senate_France-2011-48">[48]</a> governed by Article 73 of the Constitution,<a href="#cite_note-AN_France-2020-47">[47]</a> whose name is "Territorial Community of Martinique". The single assembly that replaces the General Council and the Regional Council is called the "Assembly of Martinique". The Assembly of Martinique is composed of 51 councilors, elected for a six-year term of office by the <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> system (the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral district</a> is divided into four sections). A majority bonus of 20% is granted to the first place list.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive body</a> of this community is called the "executive council",<a href="#cite_note-Loi_2011-884-2011-53">[53]</a> which is composed of nine executive councilors, including a president. The president of the community of Martinique is the president of the executive council. The executive council is responsible to the Assembly of Martinique, which may overrule it by a motion of constructive censure. Unlike the previous functioning of the General Council and the Regional Council, the Assembly of Martinique is separate from the Executive Council and is headed by a bureau and a president. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anses_d%27Arlet_cove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Anses_d%27Arlet_cove.jpg/420px-Anses_d%27Arlet_cove.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Anses_d%27Arlet_cove.jpg/630px-Anses_d%27Arlet_cove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Anses_d%27Arlet_cove.jpg/840px-Anses_d%27Arlet_cove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14306" data-file-height="3628" /></a><figcaption>Anses d'Arlet and its churchside beach, a landmark of Martinique</figcaption></figure> The new collectivity of Martinique combines the powers of the general and regional councils, but may obtain new powers through empowerments under Article 73. The executive council is assisted by an advisory council, the Economic, Social, Environmental, Cultural and Educational Council of Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-Loi_2011-884-2011-53">[53]</a> The bill was approved on 26 January 2011, by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French Government</a>. The ordinary law was submitted to Parliament during the first half of 2011 and resulted in the adoption of Law No. 2011-884 27 July 2011, on the territorial communities of French Guiana and Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-Loi_2011-884-2011-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_forces">Political forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political forces">edit</a>]</div> Political life in Martinique is essentially based on Martinican political parties and local federations of national parties (PS and LR). The following classification takes into account their position with regard to the statutory evolution of the island: there are the assimilationists (in favor of an institutional or statutory evolution within the framework of Article 73 of the French Constitution), the <a href="/wiki/Autonomists" title="Autonomists">autonomists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independentists</a> (in favor of a statutory evolution based on Article 74 of the French Constitution). Indeed, on 18 December 2008, during the congress of Martinique's departmental and regional elected representatives, the thirty-three pro-independence elected representatives (MIM/CNCP/MODEMAS/PALIMA) of the two assemblies voted unanimously in favor of a change in the island's status based on Article 74 of the French Constitution, which allows access to autonomy; this change in status was massively rejected (79.3%) by the population during the <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> of 10 January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence">Defence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Defence">edit</a>]</div> The defence of the department is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a>. Some 1,400 military personnel are deployed in Martinique and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> – centred on the 33e régiment d'infanterie de Marine in Martinique and incorporating a reserve company of the regiment located in Guadeloupe.<a href="#cite_note-defense-gouv-fr-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Five <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> vessels are based in Martinique, including: the surveillance frigates <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Vent%C3%B4se" title="French frigate Ventôse">Ventôse</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Germinal" title="French frigate Germinal">Germinal</a>, the patrol and support ship <a href="/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux-class_patrol_ship" title="D'Entrecasteaux-class patrol ship">Dumont d'Urville</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confiance-class_patrol_vessel" title="Confiance-class patrol vessel">Confiance-class patrol vessel</a> Combattante and the coastal harbor tug (RPC) Maïtos.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Naval_Aviation" title="French Naval Aviation">naval aviation element</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS565_Panther" title="Eurocopter AS565 Panther">Eurocopter AS565 Panther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS365_Dauphin" title="Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin">Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin</a> helicopters able to embark on the two <a href="/wiki/Floreal_class_frigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Floreal class frigate">Floréal-class surveillance frigates</a> as required.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-defense-gouv-fr-55">[55]</a> One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is to be delivered to naval forces based in Martinique by 2025. The landing craft is to better support operations in the territory and region.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> About 700 <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a> are also stationed in Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Martinique" title="Geography of Martinique">Geography of Martinique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_Rock_and_Morne_Larcher_bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Diamond_Rock_and_Morne_Larcher_bay.jpg/310px-Diamond_Rock_and_Morne_Larcher_bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Diamond_Rock_and_Morne_Larcher_bay.jpg/465px-Diamond_Rock_and_Morne_Larcher_bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Diamond_Rock_and_Morne_Larcher_bay.jpg/620px-Diamond_Rock_and_Morne_Larcher_bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>Diamond Rock and the Sleeping Woman, the defining landscape of the southwest peninsula</figcaption></figure>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>, Martinique is located in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> about 450 km (280 mi) northeast of the coast of South America and about 700 km (435 mi) southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. It is north of <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>. The total area of Martinique is 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi), of which 40 km2 (15 sq mi) is water and the rest land.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Martinique is the 3rd largest island in The Lesser Antilles after <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> and Guadeloupe. It stretches 70 km (43 mi) in length and 30 km (19 mi) in width. The highest point is the volcano of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="Mount Pelée">Mount Pelée</a> at 1,397 m (4,583 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Martinique">small islands</a>, particularly off the east coast.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravelle_Natural_reserve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Caravelle_Natural_reserve.jpg/330px-Caravelle_Natural_reserve.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Caravelle_Natural_reserve.jpg/495px-Caravelle_Natural_reserve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Caravelle_Natural_reserve.jpg/660px-Caravelle_Natural_reserve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9542" data-file-height="3934" /></a><figcaption>Caravelle Peninsula and Martinique's Atlantic coast, as seen from the Phare de la Caravelle</figcaption></figure>The Atlantic, or "windward" coast of Martinique is difficult to navigate by ship. A combination of coastal cliffs, shallow coral reefs and cays, and strong winds make the area notoriously hazardous for sea traffic. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caravelle_peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caravelle peninsula (page does not exist)">Caravelle peninsula</a> clearly separates the north Atlantic and south Atlantic coast. The Caribbean, or "leeward" coast of Martinique is much more favourable to sea traffic. Besides being shielded from the harsh Atlantic trade winds by the island, the sea bed itself descends steeply from the shore. This ensures that most potential hazards are deep underwater, and prevents the growth of corals. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitons_du_Carbet_rainforest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pitons_du_Carbet_rainforest.jpg/370px-Pitons_du_Carbet_rainforest.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pitons_du_Carbet_rainforest.jpg/555px-Pitons_du_Carbet_rainforest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pitons_du_Carbet_rainforest.jpg/740px-Pitons_du_Carbet_rainforest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Pitons du Carbet rainforest, as seen from the Fontaine Didier route in Fort de France</figcaption></figure> The north of the island is especially mountainous. It features four ensembles of pitons (<a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>) and mornes (mountains): the Piton Conil on the extreme North, which dominates the <a href="/wiki/Dominica_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominica Channel">Dominica Channel</a>; Mont Pelée, an active volcano; the Morne Jacob; and the <a href="/wiki/Pitons_du_Carbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitons du Carbet">Pitons du Carbet</a>, an ensemble of five extinct volcanoes covered with rainforest and dominating the Bay of Fort de France at 1,196 m (3,924 ft). Mont Pelée's <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> has created grey and black sand beaches in the north (in particular between Anse Ceron and Anse des Gallets), contrasting markedly from the white sands of Les Salines in the south. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Anse_beach,_Anses_d%27Arlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand_Anse_beach%2C_Anses_d%27Arlet.jpg/370px-Grand_Anse_beach%2C_Anses_d%27Arlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand_Anse_beach%2C_Anses_d%27Arlet.jpg/555px-Grand_Anse_beach%2C_Anses_d%27Arlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand_Anse_beach%2C_Anses_d%27Arlet.jpg/740px-Grand_Anse_beach%2C_Anses_d%27Arlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5719" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>Grand Anse beach, a haven for sea turtles, southwest peninsula</figcaption></figure> The south is more easily traversed, though it still features impressive geographic features. Because it is easier to travel to, and due to the many beaches and food facilities throughout this region, the south receives most of the tourism. The beaches from Pointe de Bout, through Diamant (which features right off the coast of Roche de Diamant), St. Luce, the department of St. Anne and down to Les Salines are popular. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relief">Relief</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relief">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Martinique_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Martinique_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Martinique_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Martinique_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Martinique_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-Martinique_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Topographic relief map of Martinique</figcaption></figure> The terrain is mountainous on this island of volcanic origin. The oldest areas correspond to the volcanic zones at the southern end of the island and towards the peninsula of La Caravelle to the east. The island developed over the last 20 million years according to a sequence of movements and volcanic eruptions to the north. The volcanic activity is due to the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> fault located here, where the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a> slides beneath the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Martinique has eight centres of volcanic activity. The oldest rocks are <a href="/wiki/Andesitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andesitic">andesitic</a> lavas dated to about 24 million years ago, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic">tholeiitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> containing iron and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. Mount Pelée, the island's most dramatic feature, formed about 400,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-EV-64">[64]</a> Pelée erupted in 1792, 1851, and twice in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-EW-29">[29]</a> The eruption of 8 May 1902, destroyed Saint-Pierre and killed 28,000 people in 2 minutes; that of 30 August 1902, killed nearly 1,100, mostly in Le Morne-Rouge and Ajoupa-Bouillon.<a href="#cite_note-Scarth-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature-66">[66]</a> The east coast, coast of the wind or of the islands, has been called in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> "cabesterre". This term in Martinique designates more specifically the area of La Caravelle. This windward coast, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, is directly exposed to the trade winds and the sea bottom. The northern part of the Grand River in Sainte-Marie is basically surrounded by cliffs, with very few mooring points; access to maritime navigation is limited to inshore fishing with small traditional Martinique boats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_de_la_Martinique" title="Parc naturel régional de la Martinique">Parc naturel régional de la Martinique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trou_d%27eau,_Trace_des_jesuites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trou_d%27eau%2C_Trace_des_jesuites.jpg/330px-Trou_d%27eau%2C_Trace_des_jesuites.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trou_d%27eau%2C_Trace_des_jesuites.jpg/495px-Trou_d%27eau%2C_Trace_des_jesuites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trou_d%27eau%2C_Trace_des_jesuites.jpg/660px-Trou_d%27eau%2C_Trace_des_jesuites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9013" data-file-height="3852" /></a><figcaption>The Trou d'eau of the Pitons du Carbet forest, <a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re_du_Lorrain" title="Rivière du Lorrain">Rivière du Lorrain</a>, as seen from the Trace des Jésuites trail</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anse_Grosse_Roche,_le_Marin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Anse_Grosse_Roche%2C_le_Marin.jpg/330px-Anse_Grosse_Roche%2C_le_Marin.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Anse_Grosse_Roche%2C_le_Marin.jpg/495px-Anse_Grosse_Roche%2C_le_Marin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Anse_Grosse_Roche%2C_le_Marin.jpg/660px-Anse_Grosse_Roche%2C_le_Marin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10272" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption>Beach of Anse Grosse Roche, St Anne peninsula</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Jamaican fruit bats hanging from a tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg/170px-Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg/255px-Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg/340px-Artibeus_jamaicensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_fruit_bat" title="Jamaican fruit bat">Jamaican fruit bat</a> can be found throughout the island.</figcaption></figure> The northern end of the island catches most of the rainfall and is heavily forested, featuring species such as <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">rosewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymenaea_courbaril" title="Hymenaea courbaril">West Indian locust</a>. The south is drier and dominated by savanna-like brush, including <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cacti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copaifera_langsdorffii" title="Copaifera langsdorffii">Copaiba balsam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Logwood">logwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anole">Anole</a> lizards and <a href="/wiki/Bothrops_lanceolatus" title="Bothrops lanceolatus">fer-de-lance snakes</a> are native to the island. <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Mongooses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Urva auropunctata</a>), introduced in the 1800s to control the snake population, have become a particularly cumbersome <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> as they prey upon bird eggs and have exterminated or endangered a number of native birds, including the <a href="/wiki/Martinique_trembler" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinique trembler">Martinique trembler</a>, white-breasted trembler and <a href="/wiki/White-breasted_Thrasher" class="mw-redirect" title="White-breasted Thrasher">White-breasted Thrasher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LP-22">[22]</a> Bat species include the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_fruit_bat" title="Jamaican fruit bat">Jamaican fruit bat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antillean_fruit-eating_bat" title="Antillean fruit-eating bat">Antillean fruit-eating bat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Little_yellow-shouldered_bat" title="Little yellow-shouldered bat">Little yellow-shouldered bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davy%27s_naked-backed_bat" title="Davy's naked-backed bat">Davy's naked-backed bat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_bulldog_bat" title="Greater bulldog bat">Greater bulldog bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwartz%27s_myotis" title="Schwartz's myotis">Schwartz's myotis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaches">Beaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beaches">edit</a>]</div> Martinique has many beaches:<a href="#cite_note-Morneau-2015-68">[68]</a> those in the south of the island are of white sand, unlike those in the north which are of volcanic origin and therefore of black or gray sand. Most of the beaches are wild, without services and without surveillance, but some are organized and give the possibility to do sports and activities related to the sea. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hydrography">edit</a>]</div> Due to the island's geographic and morphological characteristics, it has short and torrential rivers. The Lézarde, 30 km long, is the longest on the island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_urban_areas">Major urban areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major urban areas">edit</a>]</div> The most populous <a href="/wiki/Urban_unit" title="Urban unit">urban unit</a> is <a href="/wiki/Le_Robert" title="Le Robert">Le Robert</a>, which covers 11 communes in the southeastern part of the department. The three largest urban units are:<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Urban unit </th> <th>Population (2019) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Robert" title="Le Robert">Le Robert</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">130,179 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">116,462 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Lamentin" title="Le Lamentin">Le Lamentin</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">40,095 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distillerie_Dillon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Distillerie_Dillon.JPG/220px-Distillerie_Dillon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Distillerie_Dillon.JPG/330px-Distillerie_Dillon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Distillerie_Dillon.JPG/440px-Distillerie_Dillon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Dillon's distillery</figcaption></figure> In 2014, Martinique had a total GDP of 8.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a>. Its economy is heavily dependent on tourism, limited agricultural production, and grant aid from mainland France.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Historically, Martinique's economy relied on agriculture, notably sugar and bananas, but by the beginning of the 21st century this sector had dwindled considerably. Sugar production has declined, with most of the sugarcane now used for the production of <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to mainland France. <a href="/wiki/Kepone#French_Antilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Chlordecone</a>, a pesticide used in the cultivation of bananas before a ban in 1993, has been found to have contaminated farming ground, rivers and fish, and affected the health of islanders. Fishing and agriculture has had to stop in affected areas, having a significant effect on the economy.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The bulk of meat, vegetable and grain requirements must be imported. This contributes to a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from mainland France.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> All goods entering Martinique are charged a variable "sea toll" which may reach 30% of the value of the cargo and provides 40% of the island's total revenue. Additionally the government charges an "annual due" of 1–2.5% and a <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a> of 2.2–8.5%.<a href="#cite_note-IE_Martinique-2007-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports_and_imports">Exports and imports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Exports and imports">edit</a>]</div> Exports of goods and services in 2015 amounted to €1,102 million (€504 million of goods), of which more than 20% were refined petroleum products (SARA refinery located in the town of Le Lamentin), €95.9 million of agricultural, forestry, fish and aquaculture products, €62.4 million of agri-food industry products and €54.8 million of other goods. Imports of goods and services in 2015 were €3,038 million (of which €2,709 million were goods), of which approximately 40% were crude and refined petroleum products, €462.6 million were agricultural and agri-food products, and €442.8 million were mechanical, electrical, electronic and computer equipment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Salines_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Les_Salines_beach.jpg/260px-Les_Salines_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Les_Salines_beach.jpg/390px-Les_Salines_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Les_Salines_beach.jpg/520px-Les_Salines_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8062" data-file-height="3746" /></a><figcaption>Les Salines, a wide sand beach at the southeastern end of the island</figcaption></figure> Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Most visitors come from mainland France, Canada and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> Roughly 16% of the total businesses on the island (some 6,000 companies) provide tourist-related services.<a href="#cite_note-IE_Martinique-2007-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Banana">Banana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Banana">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a> cultivation is the main agricultural activity, with more than 7,200 hectares cultivated, nearly 220,000 tons produced and almost 12,000 jobs (direct + indirect) in 2006 figures. Its weight in the island's economy is low (1.6%); however, it generates more than 40% of the agricultural value added.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rum">Rum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rum">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a>, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Rhum_agricole" title="Rhum agricole">agricultural rum</a>, accounted for 23% of agri-food value added in 2005 and employed 380 people on the island (including traditional rum). The island's production is about 90,000 hl of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">pure alcohol</a> in 2009, of which 79,116 hl of pure alcohol is agricultural rum (2009).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sugarcane">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_r%C3%A9colte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_r%C3%A9colte.jpg/220px-La_r%C3%A9colte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_r%C3%A9colte.jpg/330px-La_r%C3%A9colte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/La_r%C3%A9colte.jpg/440px-La_r%C3%A9colte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3258" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Sugarcane cultivation</figcaption></figure> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> cultivation occupied 4,150 hectares, or 13.7% of agricultural land. The area under cultivation has increased by more than 20% in the last 20 years, a rapid increase explained by the high added value of the rum produced and the rise in world sugar prices. This production is increasingly concentrated, with farms of more than 50 hectares accounting for 6.2% of the farms and 73.4% of the area under production. Annual production was about 220,000 tons in 2009, of which almost 90,000 tons went to sugar production, and the rest was delivered to agricultural rum distilleries.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pineapples">Pineapples</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pineapples">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapples</a> used to be an important part of agricultural production. However, according to IEDOM, in 2005, they accounted for only 1% of agricultural production in value (2.5 million euros compared to 7.9 million in 2000). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Martinique">Transportation in Martinique</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications in Martinique (page does not exist)">Communications in Martinique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embouteillages_sur_l%27Autoroute_A1_(972)_%C3%A0_Fort-de-France.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Embouteillages_sur_l%27Autoroute_A1_%28972%29_%C3%A0_Fort-de-France.JPG/220px-Embouteillages_sur_l%27Autoroute_A1_%28972%29_%C3%A0_Fort-de-France.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Embouteillages_sur_l%27Autoroute_A1_%28972%29_%C3%A0_Fort-de-France.JPG/330px-Embouteillages_sur_l%27Autoroute_A1_%28972%29_%C3%A0_Fort-de-France.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Embouteillages_sur_l%27Autoroute_A1_%28972%29_%C3%A0_Fort-de-France.JPG/440px-Embouteillages_sur_l%27Autoroute_A1_%28972%29_%C3%A0_Fort-de-France.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>The A1 highway (972) in Fort-de-France</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> Martinique's main and only airport with commercial flights is <a href="/wiki/Martinique_Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire_International_Airport" title="Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport">Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport</a>. It serves flights to and from Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, the United States, and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-EW-29">[29]</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Martinique" title="List of airports in Martinique">List of airports in Martinique</a>. Fort-de-France is the major harbour. The island has regular ferry service to Guadeloupe, Dominica and St. Lucia.<a href="#cite_note-LP-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-EW-29">[29]</a> There are also several local ferry companies that connect Fort-de-France with Pointe du Bout.<a href="#cite_note-LP-22">[22]</a> The road network is extensive and well-maintained, with freeways in the area around Fort-de-France. Buses run frequently between the capital and St. Pierre.<a href="#cite_note-LP-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, Martinique's road network consisted of 2,123 km:<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <ul><li>7 km of highway (A1 between <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> and Le Lamentin) ;</li> <li>919 km of departmental and national roads</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TiFoX-r%C3%A9serve_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TiFoX-r%C3%A9serve_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e-7.jpg/220px-TiFoX-r%C3%A9serve_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TiFoX-r%C3%A9serve_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e-7.jpg/330px-TiFoX-r%C3%A9serve_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TiFoX-r%C3%A9serve_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e-7.jpg/440px-TiFoX-r%C3%A9serve_prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9e-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Lighthouse of La Caravelle, Martinique</figcaption></figure>1,197 km of communal roads.</li></ul> In proportion to its population, Martinique is the French department with the highest number of vehicle registrations.<a href="#cite_note-collectivitedemartinique.mq-76">[76]</a> In 2019, 19,137 new vehicles were registered in Martinique, i.e. 42 new vehicles were purchased per 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">inhabitants</a> (+14 in five years), to the great benefit of dealers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public</a> entity "Martinique Transport" was created in December 2014. This establishment is in charge of urban, intercity passenger (cabs), maritime, school and disabled student transport throughout the island, as well as the bus network.<a href="#cite_note-collectivitedemartinique.mq-76">[76]</a> The first exclusive right-of-way public transport line in Martinique (TCSP), served by high service level buses between Fort-de-France and Le Lamentin airport, was put into service on 13 August 2018. Extensions to Schœlcher, Robert and Ducos are planned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ports">Ports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ports">edit</a>]</div> Given the insular <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> of Martinique, its supply by sea is important. The port of Fort-de-France is the seventh largest French port in terms of container traffic.<a href="#cite_note-geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr-78">[78]</a> After 2012, it became the Grand Port Maritime Port (GPM) of Martinique, following the State's decision to modernize port infrastructures of national interest. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_services">Air services</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Air services">edit</a>]</div> The island's airport is <a href="/wiki/Martinique_Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire_International_Airport" title="Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport">Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport</a>. It is located in the municipality of Le Lamentin. Its civilian traffic (1,696,071 passengers in 2015) ranks it thirteenth among French airports, behind those of two other overseas departments (Guadeloupe – Pôle Caraïbes de Pointe-à-Pitre Airport, Guadeloupe, and La Réunion-Roland-Garros Airport).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Its traffic is very strongly polarized by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>, with very limited (192,244 passengers in 2017) and declining international traffic. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:030-T-Corpet_Martinique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/030-T-Corpet_Martinique.jpg/220px-030-T-Corpet_Martinique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/030-T-Corpet_Martinique.jpg/330px-030-T-Corpet_Martinique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/030-T-Corpet_Martinique.jpg/440px-030-T-Corpet_Martinique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Former Martinique Plantation train (030-T-Corpet)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railroads">Railroads</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Railroads">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of the 20th century, Martinique had more than 240 km of railways serving the sugar factories (cane transport). Only one tourist train remains in Sainte-Marie between the Saint-James house and the banana museum.<a href="#cite_note-geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domain</a> for Martinique is <a href="/wiki/.mq" title=".mq">.mq</a>, but <a href="/wiki/.fr" title=".fr">.fr</a> is often used instead. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">country code for international dialling</a> is 596. The entire island uses a single area code (also 596) for landline phones and 696 for cell phones. (596 is dialled twice when calling a Martinique landline from another country.)<a href="#cite_note-Phones-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_telephony">Mobile telephony</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mobile telephony">edit</a>]</div> There are three mobile telephone networks in Martinique: Orange, SFR Caraïbe and Digicel. The arrival of Free, in partnership with Digicel, was planned for 2020.45 According to Arcep, by mid-2018, Martinique is 99% covered by <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> The DTT package includes 10 free channels: 4 national channels of the <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions" title="France Télévisions">France Télévisions</a> group, the news channel <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> and 4 local channels Martinique 1re, ViàATV, KMT Télévision. Zouk TV stopped broadcasting in April 2021 and will be subsequently replaced by Zitata TV, whose broadcasting is delayed following the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Viewers in Martinique do not have free access to other free national channels in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">DTT</a> package in mainland France (TF1 group, M6 group, etc.). Viewers in the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">French overseas territories</a> also do not have free access to the public service cultural channel <a href="/wiki/Culturebox" class="mw-redirect" title="Culturebox">Culturebox</a>, which is not broadcast locally on DTT.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-language</a> satellite package Canal+ Caraïbes is available in the <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telephone_and_Internet">Telephone and Internet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Telephone and Internet">edit</a>]</div> In early 2019, Orange put into service "Kanawa", a new submarine cable linking Martinique to French Guiana. Martinique is also connected by other submarine cables: ECFS (en), Americas-2 (en) and Southern <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> Fiber.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Martinique" title="Demographics of Martinique">Demographics of Martinique</a></div> Martinique had a population of 349,925 as of January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-pop-3">[3]</a> The population has been decreasing by 0.9% per year since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-census2019press-84">[84]</a> There are an estimated 260,000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France, most of them in the Paris region. Emigration was highest in the 1970s, causing population growth to almost stop, but it is comparatively light today.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a><div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#B15928; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 209.09058255155px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 199.34765443401px; border-left-color:#604E97"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#604E97"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#604E97"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 184.63791930554px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 171.54162365571px; border-left-color:#9DFFD0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#9DFFD0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#9DFFD0"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.727194597248px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Martinique<a href="#cite_note-worldmap1-85">[85]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (86%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (5.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (7.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">Historical population </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1700 estimate</th> <th>1738 estimate</th> <th>1848 estimate</th> <th>1869 estimate</th> <th>1873 estimate</th> <th>1878 estimate</th> <th>1883 estimate</th> <th>1888 estimate</th> <th>1893 estimate</th> <th>1900 estimate</th> <th>1954 census </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>24,000</td> <td style="text-align:center;">74,000</td> <td style="text-align:center;">120,400</td> <td style="text-align:center;">152,925</td> <td style="text-align:center;">157,805</td> <td style="text-align:center;">162,861</td> <td style="text-align:center;">167,119</td> <td style="text-align:center;">175,863</td> <td style="text-align:center;">189,599</td> <td style="text-align:center;">203,781</td> <td>239,130 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1961 census</th> <th>1967 census</th> <th>1974 census</th> <th>1982 census</th> <th>1990 census</th> <th>1999 census</th> <th>2010 census</th> <th>2015 census</th> <th>2021 census</th> <th>2024 estimate </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>292,062</td> <td style="text-align:center;">320,030</td> <td style="text-align:center;">324,832</td> <td style="text-align:center;">328,566</td> <td style="text-align:center;">359,572</td> <td style="text-align:center;">381,325</td> <td style="text-align:center;">394,173</td> <td style="text-align:center;">380,877</td> <td style="text-align:center;">360,749</td> <td style="text-align:center;">349,925 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="21" style="text-align:center;">Official figures from past censuses and <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> estimates </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> The population of Martinique is mainly of <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African descent</a> generally mixed with European, Amerindian (<a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Carib</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Indian</a> (descendants of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> immigrants from South India), Lebanese, Syrian or Chinese. Martinique also has a small <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> community, a small <a href="/wiki/Indo-Martiniquais" title="Indo-Martiniquais">Indian</a> community, a small but increasing <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> community, and the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">Béké</a> community, descendants of the first European settlers.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> The Béké population represents around 1% of Martinique's population,<a href="#cite_note-Békés_Une_affaire_d'héritage-86">[86]</a> mostly of noble ancestry or members of the old <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. In addition to the island population, the island hosts a mainland French community, most of which live on the island on a temporary basis (generally from 3 to 5 years).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Martinique" title="Hinduism in Martinique">Hinduism in Martinique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_Louis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_Louis.jpg/170px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_Louis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_Louis.jpg/255px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_Louis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_Louis.jpg/340px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint_Louis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Cathédrale Saint Louis</figcaption></figure> About 90% of Martiniquans are <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> as well as smaller numbers of various <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations.<a href="#cite_note-britannica1-8">[8]</a> There are much smaller communities of other faiths such as <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Martinique" title="Hinduism in Martinique">Hinduism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>. The island has 49 <a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">parishes</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and several historic places of worship, such as the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral,_Fort-de-France" title="St. Louis Cathedral, Fort-de-France">Saint-Louis Cathedral</a> of Fort de France,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_Church_of_Balata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacred Heart Church of Balata (page does not exist)">Sacred Heart Church of Balata</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Assumption,_Saint-Pierre" title="Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption, Saint-Pierre">Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption, Saint-Pierre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> Catholic parishes are present in each municipality and village of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The island has the following places of worship classified as historic monuments: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral,_Fort-de-France" title="St. Louis Cathedral, Fort-de-France">Saint-Louis Cathedral</a> (Cathédrale Saint Louis) in <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a>, erected in 1850 by a bull of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, is currently the seat of the archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France since 1967.</li> <li>Church of the Sacré-coeur (<a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart</a>) in Balata</li> <li>Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption (Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of the Assumption">Our Lady of the Assumption</a>) in Saint-Pierre de la Martinique. The former church of Mouillage, located on the corner of Victor Hugo Street and Dupuy Street, in the Mouillage district of Saint-Pierre, was completed in 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption_Church,_Sainte-Marie" title="Our Lady of the Assumption Church, Sainte-Marie">Our Lady of the Assumption Church</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Marie, Martinique">Sainte-Marie</a>, a town in Martinique, dates to 1658.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese">Archdiocese</a> of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: archidioecesis Sancti Petri et Arcis Gallicae seu Martinicensis) is an ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in the Caribbean, based in Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France, on the island of Martinique. The archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France is metropolitan and its suffragan dioceses are Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multilingual_sign_on_a_dock_in_Fort-de-France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Multilingual_sign_on_a_dock_in_Fort-de-France.jpg/170px-Multilingual_sign_on_a_dock_in_Fort-de-France.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Multilingual_sign_on_a_dock_in_Fort-de-France.jpg/255px-Multilingual_sign_on_a_dock_in_Fort-de-France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Multilingual_sign_on_a_dock_in_Fort-de-France.jpg/340px-Multilingual_sign_on_a_dock_in_Fort-de-France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Multilingual welcome sign in <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a>. Kontan wè zot is <a href="/wiki/Martiniquan_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Martiniquan Creole">Martiniquan Creole</a> for "Happy to see you."</figcaption></figure> The official language of Martinique is French, which is spoken by most of the population. The department was integrated into France in 1946, and consequently became French.<a href="#cite_note-Sheringham-2016-92">[92]</a> Most residents also speak <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Martinican Creole</a> (Martinique Creole, Kréyol Mat'nik, Kreyòl), a form of <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a> closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-dominated islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Martiniquan Creole is based on French, <a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a> and African languages with elements of English, Spanish, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also, unlike other varieties of French creole, such as <a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a>, Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard French</a> due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] French and Creole are in a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> situation in Martinique,<a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-2006-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernabe-2002-94">[94]</a> where French is used in official dialogue and Martinican Creole is used in casual or familial contexts.<a href="#cite_note-Bernabe-2002-94">[94]</a> Creole was a spoken language with a developed "oraliture"; it was not until the mid 20th century that it began to be written.<a href="#cite_note-Bernabe-2002-94">[94]</a> Since then, <a href="/wiki/Decreolization" title="Decreolization">decreolization</a> of the language has taken place via the adoption of Standard French features, mostly unconsciously, but some speakers have noticed that they do not speak Creole like their parents once did.<a href="#cite_note-Bernabe-2002-94">[94]</a> Being an <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas department of France</a>, the island has European, French, Caribbean, Martinican, Black (African), Indian (Tamil) and <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> markers of identity, all being influenced by foreign factors, social factors, cultural factors and, as a reportedly important marker, linguistic practices.<a href="#cite_note-Sheringham-2016-92">[92]</a> Martinican and <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole identities</a> are specifically asserted through encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Martinican_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinican Creole">Creole language</a> and its use in literature, in a movement known as <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a>, that was started by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chamoiseau" title="Patrick Chamoiseau">Patrick Chamoiseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Jean Bernabé">Jean Bernabé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Confiant" title="Raphaël Confiant">Raphaël Confiant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheringham-2016-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burton-1992-95">[95]</a> Martinican Creole used to be a shameful language, and it was not until the 1970s that it has been revalorized through literature and increasing <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code switching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sheringham-2016-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bernabe-2002-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burton-1992-95">[95]</a> People now speak Martinican Creole more often and in more contexts.<a href="#cite_note-Burton-1992-95">[95]</a> Speaking Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982, which is thought to have discouraged parents from using Creole in the home.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In collaboration with GEREC (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches en Espace Créolophone) <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Confiant" title="Raphaël Confiant">Raphaël Confiant</a> created KAPES KREYOL<a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-2006-93">[93]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_aptitude_for_secondary_school_teachers_(France)" title="Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)">CAPES for Creole</a>, Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré), which is an aptitude exam that allowed Creole teachers in secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-Bernabe-2002-94">[94]</a> This debuted 9 February 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-2006-93">[93]</a> Recently, the education authority, Académie de la Martinique, launched "Parcours Creole +" in 2019, a project trialling bilingual education of children in French and Martinican. Rather than being a topic to be learned itself, Creole became a language that classes were taught in, such as arts, math, physical activity, etc.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Parents can also choose the "Parcours Anglais +", learning in classes conducted in French and English from kindergarten until their final year, as in the Creole + course.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A "Parcours Espagnol +", where children learn in and with French and Spanish, is in the planning stages.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Though Creole is normally not used in professional situations, members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linguistic_features_of_Martinican_Creole">Linguistic features of Martinican Creole</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Linguistic features of Martinican Creole">edit</a>]</div> Martinican Creole has general <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> marking (GLM, also called general locative adposition, goal/source (in)difference and motion-to=motion-from). This means that source locations, final locations and static entity locations are expressed morphologically identically.<a href="#cite_note-Zribi-Hertz-2018-100">[100]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> languages that are possibly contributors to Martinican Creole also present GLM.<a href="#cite_note-Zribi-Hertz-2018-100">[100]</a> Martinican Creole locative marking exists in 3 morphological types, including: <ol><li>spatial prepositions as free morphemes; <ul><li>These include "an" (in), "adan" (inside), "douvan" (in front), "anba" (under) and "anlè" (on).</li></ul></li> <li>spatial morphemes "a-", "an(n)-", and "o(z)-" bound to the noun on their right; <ul><li>Only bare lexemes that depict certain locations will take on these particles</li></ul></li> <li>phonologically null locative markers <ul><li>In ambiguous sentences, these are added to polysyllabic city names<a href="#cite_note-Zribi-Hertz-2018-100">[100]</a></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martinique_Costumes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Martinique_Costumes.JPG/290px-Martinique_Costumes.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Martinique_Costumes.JPG/435px-Martinique_Costumes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Martinique_Costumes.JPG/580px-Martinique_Costumes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Martinique dancers in traditional dress</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Martinique" title="Culture of Martinique">Culture of Martinique</a></div> As an overseas département of France, Martinique's culture blends French, African and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> influences. The city of Saint-Pierre (destroyed by a volcanic eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="Mount Pelée">Mount Pelée</a>), was often referred to as the "Paris of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>". Following traditional French custom, many businesses close at midday to allow a lengthy lunch, then reopen later in the afternoon. Today, Martinique has a higher standard of living than most other Caribbean countries. French products are easily available, from <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a> fashions to <a href="/wiki/Limoges_porcelain" title="Limoges porcelain">Limoges porcelain</a>. Studying in the métropole (mainland France, especially Paris) is common for young adults. Martinique has been a vacation hotspot for many years, attracting both upper-class French and more budget-conscious travelers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> Martinique has a hybrid cuisine, mixing elements of African, French, Carib Amerindian and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Indian subcontinental</a> traditions. One of its most famous dishes is the Colombo (compare <a href="/wiki/Kuzhambu" title="Kuzhambu">kuzhambu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: குழம்பு) for gravy or broth), a unique curry of chicken (curry chicken), meat or fish with vegetables, spiced with a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Masala_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masala (spice)">masala</a> of Tamil origins, sparked with <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, and often containing wine, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> and rum. A strong tradition of Martiniquan desserts includes cakes made with pineapple, rum, and a wide range of local ingredients. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_Schoelcher_%C3%A0_Fort_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Schoelcher_%C3%A0_Fort_de_France.jpg/290px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_Schoelcher_%C3%A0_Fort_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Schoelcher_%C3%A0_Fort_de_France.jpg/435px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_Schoelcher_%C3%A0_Fort_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Schoelcher_%C3%A0_Fort_de_France.jpg/580px-Biblioth%C3%A8que_Schoelcher_%C3%A0_Fort_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Schoelcher Library</figcaption></figure> Sisters <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Nardal" title="Jeanne Nardal">Jeanne Nardal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulette_Nardal" title="Paulette Nardal">Paulette Nardal</a> were involved in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a> movement. <a href="/wiki/Yva_L%C3%A9ro" title="Yva Léro">Yva Léro</a> was a writer and painter who co-founded the Women's Union of Martinique. <a href="/wiki/Marie-Magdeleine_Carbet" title="Marie-Magdeleine Carbet">Anna Marie-Magdeleine</a> wrote with her partner under the pseudonym Carbet. <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a> is perhaps Martinique's most famous writer; he was one of the main figures in the Négritude literary movement.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nil" title="René Ménil">René Ménil</a> was a surrealist writer who founded the journal <a href="/wiki/Tropiques" title="Tropiques">Tropiques</a> with Aimé and <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_C%C3%A9saire" title="Suzanne Césaire">Suzanne Césaire</a> and later formulated the concept of <a href="/wiki/Antillanit%C3%A9" title="Antillanité">Antillanité</a>. Other surrealist writers of that era included <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_L%C3%A9ro" title="Étienne Léro">Étienne Léro</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Monnerot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Monnerot (page does not exist)">Jules Monnerot</a>, who co-founded the journal Légitime Défense with <a href="/wiki/Simone_Yoyotte" title="Simone Yoyotte">Simone Yoyotte</a> and Ménil. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" title="Édouard Glissant">Édouard Glissant</a> was later influenced by Césaire and Ménil, and in turn had an influence on <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chamoiseau" title="Patrick Chamoiseau">Patrick Chamoiseau</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a> movement with <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Confiant" title="Raphaël Confiant">Raphaël Confiant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Jean Bernabé">Jean Bernabé</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Confiant" title="Raphaël Confiant">Raphaël Confiant</a> was a poetry, prose and non-fiction writer who supports Creole and tries to bring both French and Martinican Creole together in his work.<a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-2006-93">[93]</a> He is specifically known for his contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a> movement. <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>, a prominent critic of colonialism and racism, was also from Martinique. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Music of Martinique</a></div> Martinique has a large popular music industry, which gained in international renown after the success of <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> music in the later 20th century. Zouk's popularity was particularly intense in France, where the genre became an important symbol of identity for Martinique and Guadeloupe.<a href="#cite_note-Rough-102">[102]</a> Zouk's origins are in the folk music of Martinique and Guadeloupe, especially Martinican <a href="/wiki/Chouval_bwa" title="Chouval bwa">chouval bwa</a>, and Guadeloupan <a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">gwo ka</a>. There's also notable influence of the pan-Caribbean <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> tradition and Haitian <a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">kompa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols_and_flags">Symbols and flags</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Symbols and flags">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Martinique" title="Flag of Martinique">Flag of Martinique</a></div> Martinique adopted a new flag on February 2, 2023, featuring a red triangle at the hoist and two horizontal bands of green and black. The flag of France is also flown alongside it as the country's parent country. A previous competition to create a flag in 2018 was annulled by the local administrative tribunal, but the island began a new public vote in 2022, with the hummingbird design being selected as the winner. However, the designer withdrew her design due to accusations of plagiarism, and the runner-up design, the rouge-vert-noir ("red-green-black"), was adopted. This flag is also the preferred symbol of Martinique's independence movement. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Territorial_Collectivity_of_Martinique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ipséité is a civil flag, designed for use in international cultural and sporting events to represent the territory"><img alt="The Ipséité is a civil flag, designed for use in international cultural and sporting events to represent the territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Territorial_Collectivity_of_Martinique.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Territorial_Collectivity_of_Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Territorial_Collectivity_of_Martinique.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Territorial_Collectivity_of_Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Territorial_Collectivity_of_Martinique.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Territorial_Collectivity_of_Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Ipséité is a civil flag, designed for use in international cultural and sporting events to represent the territory</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MARTINIQUE_TAEKWONDO_DRAPEAU.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag sometimes used by Martinique in taekwondo competitions"><img alt="Flag sometimes used by Martinique in taekwondo competitions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MARTINIQUE_TAEKWONDO_DRAPEAU.svg/120px-MARTINIQUE_TAEKWONDO_DRAPEAU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MARTINIQUE_TAEKWONDO_DRAPEAU.svg/180px-MARTINIQUE_TAEKWONDO_DRAPEAU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MARTINIQUE_TAEKWONDO_DRAPEAU.svg/240px-MARTINIQUE_TAEKWONDO_DRAPEAU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag sometimes used by Martinique in taekwondo competitions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_Flag_of_Martinique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A St Michael cross with white snakes. Also called the 'snake flag' of Martinique. Its use is sometimes controversial."><img alt="A St Michael cross with white snakes. Also called the 'snake flag' of Martinique. Its use is sometimes controversial." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Snake_Flag_of_Martinique.svg/120px-Snake_Flag_of_Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Snake_Flag_of_Martinique.svg/180px-Snake_Flag_of_Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Snake_Flag_of_Martinique.svg/240px-Snake_Flag_of_Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A St Michael cross with white snakes. Also called the 'snake flag' of Martinique. Its use is sometimes controversial.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Also called ‘red, green and black’, this flag is used by the independence movement."><img alt="Also called ‘red, green and black’, this flag is used by the independence movement." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Also called ‘red, green and black’, this flag is used by the independence movement.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-of-Martinique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Martinique adopted on February 2, 2023"><img alt="Flag of Martinique adopted on February 2, 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/120px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/180px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/240px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Martinique adopted on February 2, 2023</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonMartinique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms based on the controversial 'snake flag'. Its use by the National Gendarmerie was ended in 2018.[103]"><img alt="Coat of arms based on the controversial 'snake flag'. Its use by the National Gendarmerie was ended in 2018.[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BlasonMartinique.svg/101px-BlasonMartinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BlasonMartinique.svg/151px-BlasonMartinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/BlasonMartinique.svg/202px-BlasonMartinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="537" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms based on the controversial 'snake flag'. Its use by the <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie</a> was ended in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stade_louis_achille4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stade_louis_achille4.jpg/220px-Stade_louis_achille4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stade_louis_achille4.jpg/330px-Stade_louis_achille4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Stade_louis_achille4.jpg/440px-Stade_louis_achille4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Louis Achille Stadium</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_football">Association football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Association football">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Martinique_national_football_team" title="Martinique national football team">Martinique national football team</a><a href="#cite_note-11v11-2021-104">[104]</a> is affiliated with CONCACAF,<a href="#cite_note-11v11-2021-104">[104]</a> but not <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2021-105">[105]</a> so it does not play in World Cup Qualifiers, but can play friendly matches and <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF" title="CONCACAF">CONCACAF</a> tournaments such as the <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF_Nations_League" title="CONCACAF Nations League">CONCACAF Nations League</a> and <a href="/wiki/CONCACAF_Gold_Cup" title="CONCACAF Gold Cup">Gold Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2021-105">[105]</a> Since Martiniquais people are French citizens, they may choose to represent <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</a> in international competitions. Several French players also have had roots in Martinique although they were born or raised in France. Among the most famous include <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Henry" title="Thierry Henry">Thierry Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Abidal" title="Eric Abidal">Eric Abidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Varane" title="Raphaël Varane">Raphaël Varane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord" title="Sylvain Wiltord">Sylvain Wiltord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_R%C3%A9my" title="Loïc Rémy">Loïc Rémy</a>, all of whom represented France on multiple occasions and in Henry's case won the <a href="/wiki/European_Golden_Boot" class="mw-redirect" title="European Golden Boot">European Golden Boot</a> twice. Henry and Varane also have won a <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> each. Martinique has its own soccer league known as the Ligue de Football de Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The Martinique men's soccer championship, known as the Regional 1 (R1)<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> – Trophée Gérard Janvion, is a premier local soccer competition in the territory. It is held annually in the form of a championship between fourteen amateur clubs between the months of September and May. The competition is organized by the Martinique Football League and, although the clubs in the league are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/French_Football_Federation" title="French Football Federation">French Football Federation</a>, there is no promotion to the French national championships. At the end of the twenty-six-day (two-stage) championship, the top four teams qualify for the Ligue Antilles, while the bottom three are relegated to the lower division, the Régionale 2.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surf">Surf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Surf">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:153_Championnat_international_de_surf,_Basse-Pointe_Martinique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/153_Championnat_international_de_surf%2C_Basse-Pointe_Martinique.jpg/220px-153_Championnat_international_de_surf%2C_Basse-Pointe_Martinique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/153_Championnat_international_de_surf%2C_Basse-Pointe_Martinique.jpg/330px-153_Championnat_international_de_surf%2C_Basse-Pointe_Martinique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/153_Championnat_international_de_surf%2C_Basse-Pointe_Martinique.jpg/440px-153_Championnat_international_de_surf%2C_Basse-Pointe_Martinique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>153rd International Surfing Championship, Basse-Pointe, Martinique</figcaption></figure> The Martinique <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surf</a> Pro<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> is an international surfing competition held every year in April in Basse-Pointe (Martinique).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> It was created in 2015 by two Martinicans, Nicolas Ursulet and Nicolas Clémenté<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and is organized by the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> Surf Project (CSP).51 It is the only Caribbean competition in the <a href="/wiki/World_Surf_League" title="World Surf League">World Surf</a> League, the world surfing <a href="/wiki/Championship" title="Championship">championship</a>. It is part of the World Qualifying Series calendar, the entry league to the WSL's elite circuit, the Championship Tour.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regattas">Regattas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Regattas">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Le_Tour_de_Yoles_Rondes_de_Martinique" title="Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique">Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique</a> is an annual sailing regatta,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> the island's largest sporting event, which takes place in late July and early August and is very popular with spectators.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The event is organized by the Fédération des yoles rondes. Crews circumnavigate Martinique on a 180-kilometer course over eight stages. The race begins with a prologue time trial from the starting town. The time trial determines the starting order of the first ten boats, and the time between starts is determined by the advantage of each boat over the next during the prologue; all Boats below the top ten start simultaneously. The next seven legs <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigate</a> the island. The leg around the southern part of the island, starting in the commune of Le Diamant, passing through Sainte-Anne and finishing in Le François, is known as the Défi de l'Espace Sud (Southern Challenge Zone). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_des_Yoles_aux_Anse_d%27Arlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tour_des_Yoles_aux_Anse_d%27Arlet.jpg/220px-Tour_des_Yoles_aux_Anse_d%27Arlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tour_des_Yoles_aux_Anse_d%27Arlet.jpg/330px-Tour_des_Yoles_aux_Anse_d%27Arlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tour_des_Yoles_aux_Anse_d%27Arlet.jpg/440px-Tour_des_Yoles_aux_Anse_d%27Arlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3501" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>Tour des Yoles</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handball">Handball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Handball">edit</a>]</div> The Martinique <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a> Championship, organized by the Martinique Handball League,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> concludes with the Poule des As (play-off) which determines the Martinique <a href="/wiki/Champion" title="Champion">champion</a> in the women's and men's categories. The Poule des As is a very popular event in Martinique, the pavilions are filled for the finals held at the Palais des Sports de Lamentin. The highest division is the Pré-Nationale, equivalent to the Pré-Nationale (or even the Nationale 3) in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>. The champions of the Poule des As come every year to Metropolitan France to play in the finals of the French Handball Championships of N1, N2 and N3 Women, N2 and N3 Men Metropolitan/Ultra Marines. The winners (female and male) of the Martinique Handball Cup, receive a reward of 10 000 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euros</a>. The main players of the Martinique Handball Championship in recent years have been: Katty Piejos, Cédric Sorhaindo, Joël Abati. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> Below is a list of notable people born in Martinique, with at least one parent or grandparent born in Martinique, or who are living or have lived in Martinique. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painters_and_sculptors">Painters and sculptors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Painters and sculptors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Anicet" title="Victor Anicet">Victor Anicet</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bocl%C3%A9" title="Jean-François Boclé">Jean-François Boclé</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Hector Charpentier<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gu%C3%A9don" title="Henri Guédon">Henri Guédon</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li>René Louise<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Joseph René-Corail, also known as Khokho<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film-makers,_screenwriters,_directors_and_actors">Film-makers, screenwriters, directors and actors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Film-makers, screenwriters, directors and actors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2011_-_Viktor_Lazlo_-_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2011_-_Viktor_Lazlo_-_003.jpg/170px-Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2011_-_Viktor_Lazlo_-_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2011_-_Viktor_Lazlo_-_003.jpg/255px-Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2011_-_Viktor_Lazlo_-_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2011_-_Viktor_Lazlo_-_003.jpg/340px-Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2011_-_Viktor_Lazlo_-_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Viktor Lazlo (Paris Book Fair 2011)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Jean-Baptiste" title="Lucien Jean-Baptiste">Lucien Jean-Baptiste</a> - actor, writer and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9fi_Celma" title="Stéfi Celma">Stéfi Celma</a> - actress and singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Descas" title="Alex Descas">Alex Descas</a> - film actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lazlo" title="Viktor Lazlo">Viktor Lazlo</a> - singer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_L%C3%A9gitimus" title="Darling Légitimus">Darling Légitimus</a> - former actress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Macari" title="Chris Macari">Chris Macari</a> - video director and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy" title="Euzhan Palcy">Euzhan Palcy</a> - film director, screenwriter, and producer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Quindou" title="Sabine Quindou">Sabine Quindou</a> - journalist and TV presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Rosier" title="Cathy Rosier">Cathy Rosier</a> - model and actress</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singers,_musicians_or_music_groups">Singers, musicians or music groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Singers, musicians or music groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jocelyne_Beroard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jocelyne_Beroard.jpg/170px-Jocelyne_Beroard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jocelyne_Beroard.jpg/255px-Jocelyne_Beroard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Jocelyne_Beroard.jpg/340px-Jocelyne_Beroard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jocelyne_B%C3%A9roard" title="Jocelyne Béroard">Jocelyne Béroard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mons_International_Film_Festival" title="Mons International Film Festival">Mons International Film Festival</a> (May 2007). She was made Officier des l'<a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> in 2020 and National Order of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honor</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joeystarr01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joeystarr01.jpg/220px-Joeystarr01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joeystarr01.jpg/330px-Joeystarr01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joeystarr01.jpg/440px-Joeystarr01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Joeystarr at Art Rock 2007, Saint-Brieuc (February 2011)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artiste_Kalash_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artiste_Kalash_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Artiste_Kalash_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artiste_Kalash_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Artiste_Kalash_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artiste_Kalash_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Artiste_Kalash_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalash_(rapper)" title="Kalash (rapper)">Kalash</a>, rapper and singer of <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Perfecta#Musiciens" title="La Perfecta">Paulo Albin</a> : author, composer and performer, lead singer in <a href="/wiki/La_Perfecta" title="La Perfecta">La Perfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Alpha" title="Jenny Alpha">Jenny Alpha</a> : actress and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelyne_B%C3%A9roard" title="Jocelyne Béroard">Jocelyne Béroard</a> : author and part of the group <a href="/wiki/Kassav%27" title="Kassav'">Kassav'</a> and first woman to receive a double gold record, for the sales of her album Siwo in the Antilles. She was made Officer of l'<a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> in 2020 and National Order of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honor</a> in 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_Cinelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mino Cinelu">Mino Cinelu</a> : musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Cin%C3%A9lu" title="Cyril Cinélu">Cyril Cinélu</a> : winner of <a href="/wiki/Star_Academy_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Academy (France)">Star Académy</a> 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Dominique" title="Miss Dominique">Miss Dominique</a> : singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Brothers" title="Gibson Brothers">Gibson Brothers</a> : a disco/salsa band from Sainte-Marie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Goh" title="Christina Goh">Christina Goh</a> : singer and songwriter of <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chanson_r%C3%A9aliste" title="Chanson réaliste">chanson réaliste</a> music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoeyStarr" class="mw-redirect" title="JoeyStarr">JoeyStarr</a> : <a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">rapper</a>, producer and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Perfecta#Musiciens" title="La Perfecta">Simon Jurad</a> : author, composer, performer (former guitarist of La Perfecta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kossity" title="Lord Kossity">Lord Kossity</a> : <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rapper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> singer. In 1998, he recorded the hit Ma Benz with <a href="/wiki/Kool_Shen" title="Kool Shen">Kool Shen</a> and <a href="/wiki/JoeyStarr" class="mw-redirect" title="JoeyStarr">JoeyStarr</a> on <a href="/wiki/Supr%C3%AAme_NTM" title="Suprême NTM">Suprême NTM</a>'s album, which made him a household name in France.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lavil" title="Philippe Lavil">Philippe Lavil</a> : singer, author, composer and performer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_(rapper)" title="Kalash (rapper)">Kalash</a> : rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiitof" title="Tiitof">Tiitof</a> : <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rapper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a> music artist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lazlo" title="Viktor Lazlo">Viktor Lazlo</a> : actress and singer</li> <li>Princess Lover : <a href="/wiki/Zouk" title="Zouk">zouk</a> singer<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavoi" title="Malavoi">Malavoi</a> : band mixing French Antillean music with modern influences from across the Americas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Mond%C3%A9sir" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond Mondésir">Edmond Mondésir</a> : author, composer and singer of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A8l%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bèlè">Bèlè</a> music</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Perfecta" title="La Perfecta">La Perfecta</a> : a band which played music including <a href="/wiki/Cadence_rampa" title="Cadence rampa">cadence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compas" title="Compas">compas</a> most active in the 1970s and 80s.</li> <li>Ronald Rubinel : author, composer, performer and producer of <a href="/wiki/Zouk" title="Zouk">zouk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Saint_Prix" title="Dédé Saint Prix">Dédé Saint Prix</a> : singer and traditional musician playing <a href="/wiki/Chouval_bwa" title="Chouval bwa">chouval bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shy%27m" title="Shy'm">Shy'm</a> : French R'n'B singer and dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Tony" title="Axel Tony">Axel Tony</a> : singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynnsha" title="Lynnsha">Lynnsha</a> : singer, author, composer and performer of zouk</li> <li>Eddy Marc : <a href="/wiki/Zouk" title="Zouk">zouk</a> singer<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacy_(zouk_singer)" title="Stacy (zouk singer)">Stacy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zouk" title="Zouk">zouk</a> singer, nominee for Best New International Act at the <a href="/wiki/BET_Awards_2020" title="BET Awards 2020">BET Awards 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_personalities">Sports personalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Sports personalities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Athletics_/_Parathletics">Athletics / Parathletics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Athletics / Parathletics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rec" title="Marie-José Pérec">Marie-José Pérec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coralie_Balmy" title="Coralie Balmy">Coralie Balmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghislaine_Barnay" title="Ghislaine Barnay">Ghislaine Barnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos" title="Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos">Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy_Fran%C3%A7ois-Elie" title="Mandy François-Elie">Mandy François-Elie</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Morini%C3%A8re" title="Max Morinière">Max Morinière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Panzo" title="Hermann Panzo">Hermann Panzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pognon" title="Ronald Pognon">Ronald Pognon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basketball">Basketball</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marielle_Amant" title="Marielle Amant">Marielle Amant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ardon" title="Leslie Ardon">Leslie Ardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda" title="Sandrine Gruda">Sandrine Gruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronny_Turiaf" title="Ronny Turiaf">Ronny Turiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Lessort" title="Mathias Lessort">Mathias Lessort</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos_-_Glasgow_2018_-_01_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos_-_Glasgow_2018_-_01_cropped.jpg/170px-M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos_-_Glasgow_2018_-_01_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos_-_Glasgow_2018_-_01_cropped.jpg/255px-M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos_-_Glasgow_2018_-_01_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos_-_Glasgow_2018_-_01_cropped.jpg/340px-M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos_-_Glasgow_2018_-_01_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="3749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_de_Jesus_dos_Santos" title="Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos">Mélanie de Jesus dos Santos</a> is the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2019 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships">2019 European</a> Artistic Gymnastics all-around champion, a two time European champion on floor exercise (<a href="/wiki/2018_European_Women%27s_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2018 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2019 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships">2019</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/2021_European_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2021 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships">2021 European champion</a> on the balance beam.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coralie_Balmy_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coralie_Balmy_2012.jpg/170px-Coralie_Balmy_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coralie_Balmy_2012.jpg/255px-Coralie_Balmy_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coralie_Balmy_2012.jpg/340px-Coralie_Balmy_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coralie_Balmy" title="Coralie Balmy">Coralie Balmy</a>, freestyle swimmer, at the parade of French medallists of the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Olympics</a> (August 2012)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wendie_Renard_in_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wendie_Renard_in_2011.JPG/170px-Wendie_Renard_in_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wendie_Renard_in_2011.JPG/255px-Wendie_Renard_in_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wendie_Renard_in_2011.JPG/340px-Wendie_Renard_in_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wendie_Renard" title="Wendie Renard">Wendie Renard</a> at the 2011 <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">FIFA Women's World Cup</a> (July 2011)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronny_Turiaf_Knicks_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ronny_Turiaf_Knicks_2010.jpg/220px-Ronny_Turiaf_Knicks_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ronny_Turiaf_Knicks_2010.jpg/330px-Ronny_Turiaf_Knicks_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ronny_Turiaf_Knicks_2010.jpg/440px-Ronny_Turiaf_Knicks_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronny_Turiaf" title="Ronny Turiaf">Ronny Turiaf</a> at a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Knicks" title="New York Knicks">New York Knicks</a> practice (October 2010)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Football">Football</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Abaul" title="Stéphane Abaul">Stéphane Abaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Abriel" title="Fabrice Abriel">Fabrice Abriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Anelka" title="Nicolas Anelka">Nicolas Anelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Audel" title="Johan Audel">Johan Audel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sylvain_Babin" title="Jean-Sylvain Babin">Jean-Sylvain Babin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micka%C3%ABl_Biron" title="Mickaël Biron">Mickaël Biron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Bocaly" title="Garry Bocaly">Garry Bocaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Burner" title="Patrick Burner">Patrick Burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cabit" title="Manuel Cabit">Manuel Cabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Chabrolle" title="Florian Chabrolle">Florian Chabrolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Charles-Alfred" title="Daniel Charles-Alfred">Daniel Charles-Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chillan" title="Paul Chillan">Paul Chillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9mie_Porsan-Cl%C3%A9ment%C3%A9" title="Jérémie Porsan-Clémenté">Jérémie Porsan-Clémenté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Clichy" title="Gaël Clichy">Gaël Clichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89douard_Coridon" title="Charles-Édouard Coridon">Charles-Édouard Coridon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Coureur" title="Mathias Coureur">Mathias Coureur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Cr%C3%A9tinoir" title="Sébastien Crétinoir">Sébastien Crétinoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordy_Delem" title="Jordy Delem">Jordy Delem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Domi" title="Didier Domi">Didier Domi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Donisa" title="Julio Donisa">Julio Donisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Germany" title="Gaël Germany">Gaël Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Hartock" title="Joan Hartock">Joan Hartock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Henry" title="Thierry Henry">Thierry Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_H%C3%A9relle" title="Christophe Hérelle">Christophe Hérelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H%C3%A9relle" title="Daniel Hérelle">Daniel Hérelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeven_Langil" title="Steeven Langil">Steeven Langil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Luccin" title="Peter Luccin">Peter Luccin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9vin_Parsemain" title="Kévin Parsemain">Kévin Parsemain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Percin" title="Patrick Percin">Patrick Percin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Piquionne" title="Frédéric Piquionne">Frédéric Piquionne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Regis" title="David Regis">David Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_R%C3%A9my" title="Loïc Rémy">Loïc Rémy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendie_Renard" title="Wendie Renard">Wendie Renard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrice_Reupern%C3%A9" title="Fabrice Reuperné">Fabrice Reuperné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Emmanuel Rivière">Emmanuel Rivière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Tanasi" title="Franck Tanasi">Franck Tanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9vin_Th%C3%A9ophile-Catherine" title="Kévin Théophile-Catherine">Kévin Théophile-Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Varane" title="Raphaël Varane">Raphaël Varane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord" title="Sylvain Wiltord">Sylvain Wiltord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Witsel" title="Axel Witsel">Axel Witsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Zebina" title="Jonathan Zebina">Jonathan Zebina</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Handball_2">Handball</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Handball">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Abati" title="Joël Abati">Joël Abati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_Gr%C3%A9bille" title="Mathieu Grébille">Mathieu Grébille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Sorhaindo" title="Cédric Sorhaindo">Cédric Sorhaindo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judo">Judo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Judo">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amandine_Buchard" title="Amandine Buchard">Amandine Buchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayra_Sayit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayra Sayit">Kayra Sayit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tennis">Tennis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Tennis">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Monfils" title="Gaël Monfils">Gaël Monfils</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volleyball">Volleyball</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Volleyball">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Granvorka" title="Frantz Granvorka">Frantz Granvorka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_political_figures">Contemporary political figures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Contemporary political figures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serge_Letchimy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Serge_Letchimy.jpg/170px-Serge_Letchimy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Serge_Letchimy.jpg/255px-Serge_Letchimy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Serge_Letchimy.jpg/340px-Serge_Letchimy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serge_Letchimy" title="Serge Letchimy">Serge Letchimy</a>, President of the Executive Council of Martinique since 2 July 2021, President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 2010 to 2015, Mayor of Fort-de-France from 2001 to 2010 and President of the <a href="/wiki/Martinican_Progressive_Party" title="Martinican Progressive Party">Martinican Progressive Party</a> since 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg/170px-Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg/255px-Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg/340px-Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy" title="Pierre-Marie Pory-Papy">Pierre-Marie Pory-Papy</a>, Abolitionist and anti-slavery Member of Parliament from 1848 to 1849 and 1871-1874</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Antiste" title="Maurice Antiste">Maurice Antiste</a>, Senator and former mayor of François</li> <li>David Zobda, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lamentin" title="Lamentin">Lamentin</a>, vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_du_Centre_de_la_Martinique" title="Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique">CACEM</a> and member of the Executive Council of Martinique</li> <li>Didier Laguerre, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a>, CACEM and Councillor to the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Martinique" title="Assembly of Martinique">Assembly of Martinique</a></li> <li>Yann Monplaisir, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Joseph,_Martinique" title="Saint-Joseph, Martinique">Saint-Joseph</a>,1st vice-president of the Territorial Authorities of Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lesueur" title="André Lesueur">André Lesueur</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-Sal%C3%A9e" title="Rivière-Salée">Rivière-Salée</a> and former Conseiller régional of Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Letchimy" title="Serge Letchimy">Serge Letchimy</a>, President of the Executive Council of Martinique since 2021, member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a> representing the island of <a href="/wiki/Martinique%27s_3rd_constituency" title="Martinique's 3rd constituency">Martinique's 3rd constituency</a> since June 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josette_Manin" title="Josette Manin">Josette Manin</a>, Member of Parliament for Martinique, Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique and former President of the General Council of Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nestor_Azerot" title="Bruno Nestor Azerot">Bruno Nestor Azerot</a>, Mayor of Sainte-Marie, President of <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_du_Pays_Nord_Martinique" title="Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique">CAP Nord Martinique</a> and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique <a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Nilor" title="Jean-Philippe Nilor">Jean-Philippe Nilor</a>, Deputy and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique</li> <li>Luc-Louison Clémenté, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Schœlcher">Schoelcher</a> and President of the <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_du_Centre_de_la_Martinique" title="Communauté d'agglomération du Centre de la Martinique">CACEM</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li>Justin Pamphile, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Le_Lorrain" title="Le Lorrain">Le Lorrain</a>, Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique, President of the Association of Mayors of Martinique</li> <li>Nicaise Monrose, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Luce,_Martinique" title="Sainte-Luce, Martinique">Sainte-Luce</a>, vice-president of CAESM and member of the Executive Council of Martinique<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Arnaud René-Corail, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Les_Trois-%C3%8Elets" title="Les Trois-Îlets">Les Trois-Ilets</a>, vice-president of CAESM and member of the Executive Council of Martinique</li> <li>Marie-Thérèse Casimirius, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Basse-Pointe" title="Basse-Pointe">Basse-Pointe</a>, First Vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_du_Pays_Nord_Martinique" title="Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique">CAP Nord Martinique</a> and member of the Executive Council of Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu%C3%A9la_K%C3%A9clard-Mond%C3%A9sir" title="Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir">Manuéla Kéclard-Mondésir</a>, Member of Parliament for Martinique</li> <li>Lucien Saliber, President of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Martinique" title="Assembly of Martinique">Assembly of Martinique</a>, 4th Vice President of <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_d%27agglom%C3%A9ration_du_Pays_Nord_Martinique" title="Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Nord Martinique">CAP Nord Martinique</a>, Municipal Councillor of <a href="/wiki/Le_Morne-Vert" title="Le Morne-Vert">Le Morne-Vert</a> and former mayor of Le Morne-Vert</li> <li>Jenny Dulys-Petit, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Le_Morne-Rouge" title="Le Morne-Rouge">Le Morne Rouge</a> and Councillor to the Assembly of Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Pulvar" title="Audrey Pulvar">Audrey Pulvar</a>, former journalist and politician, Deputy Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and Regional Councillor for <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, Member of the Standing Committee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Karine Jean-Pierre</a>, political advisor, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">White House Press Secretary</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9dric_Pemba-Marine" title="Cédric Pemba-Marine">Cédric Pemba-Marine</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a> in France, of Martinican origin, and mayor of <a href="/wiki/Le_Port-Marly" title="Le Port-Marly">Le Port-Marly</a> since 2020.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politicians_of_Martinique">Politicians of Martinique</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Politicians of Martinique">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrille_Bissette_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Villain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrille_Bissette_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Villain.jpg/170px-Cyrille_Bissette_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Villain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrille_Bissette_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Villain.jpg/255px-Cyrille_Bissette_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Villain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cyrille_Bissette_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Villain.jpg/340px-Cyrille_Bissette_by_Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Villain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Bissette" title="Cyrille Bissette">Cyrille Bissette</a>, deputy from 1849 to 1851 and one of the fathers of the abolition of slavery in Martinique</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Aliker" title="Pierre Aliker">Pierre Aliker</a>, doctor and mayor of Fort-de-France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Joséphine">Josephine Bonaparte</a>, born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> was <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Empress of the French</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_royal_consorts" title="List of Italian royal consorts">Queen consort of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Bissette" title="Cyrille Bissette">Cyrille Bissette</a>, deputy and one of the fathers of the abolition of slavery in Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste-Fran%C3%A7ois_Perrinon" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste-François Perrinon">Auguste-François Perrinon</a>, Abolitionist Member of Parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Pory-Papy" title="Pierre-Marie Pory-Papy">Pierre-Marie Pory-Papy</a>, first black Martinician to become a lawyer, a mayor of Saint-Pierre and Abolitionist Member of Parliament<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mazuline" title="Victor Mazuline">Victor Mazuline</a>, first black Martinican elected Member of Parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Bissol" title="Léopold Bissol">Léopold Bissol</a>, deputy and one of the founders of the communist movement in Martinique and the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_Labour_(France)" title="General Confederation of Labour (France)">CGT</a> Martinique union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>, Deputy Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fort-de-France" title="Fort-de-France">Fort-de-France</a> and President of the Regional Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Darsi%C3%A8res" title="Camille Darsières">Camille Darsières</a>, Member of Parliament and President of the Regional Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Delgr%C3%A8s" title="Louis Delgrès">Louis Delgrès</a>, known for the anti-Slavery proclamation signed with his name, dated 10 May 1802, and leading resistance on Guadeloupe to reoccupation and thus the reinstitution of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> by <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic France</a> in 1802.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_Delmont" title="Alcide Delmont">Alcide Delmont</a>, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies of the nineteenth and nineteenth century, in the government of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Tardieu" title="André Tardieu">André Tardieu</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Deproge" title="Ernest Deproge">Ernest Deproge</a>, Member of Parliament for Martinique (1882–1898), President of the General Council and a controversial figure of French colonization<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Duquesnay" title="Osman Duquesnay">Osman Duquesnay</a>, Mayor of Fort-de-France and Member of Parliament <a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duval_(politician)" title="François Duval (politician)">François Duval</a>, Senator from 1968 to 1977, Mayor of François and President of the General Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gratiant" title="Georges Gratiant">Georges Gratiant</a>, Mayor of Lamentin and President of the General Council<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Hurard" title="Marius Hurard">Marius Hurard</a>, deputy and founder of the secular school in Martinique<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lagrosilli%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Lagrosillière">Joseph Lagrosillière</a>, deputy and founder of the socialist movement in Martinique<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Alexandre_Le_Camus" title="Pierre-Alexandre Le Camus">Pierre-Alexandre Le Camus</a>, Count of Fürstenstein (born in Martinique in 1774, died in 1824 in <a href="/wiki/Le_Chesnay" title="Le Chesnay">Le Chesnay</a>), <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State (France)">Secretary of State</a> and foreign minister to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L%C3%A9mery" title="Henry Lémery">Henry Lémery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice minister">Justice Minister</a> in the government of <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue" title="Gaston Doumergue">Gaston Doumergue</a>, Martinician appointed minister in a French government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Maurice" title="Émile Maurice">Émile Maurice</a>, Mayor of Saint-Joseph and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_General_Council_of_Martinique" title="President of the General Council of Martinique">President of the General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Petit_(politician)" title="Camille Petit (politician)">Camille Petit</a>, deputy and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> movement in Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(politician)" title="Pierre Petit (politician)">Pierre Petit</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Le_Morne-Rouge" title="Le Morne-Rouge">Le Morne-Rouge</a> and Member of Parliament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Pernock" title="Marie-Joseph Pernock">Marie-Joseph Pernock</a> served in the National Assembly from 1966 to 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Renard" title="Michel Renard">Michel Renard</a>, Mayor of Marigot and Deputy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re" title="Victor Sévère">Victor Sévère</a>, Deputy Mayor of Fort-de-France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Symphor" title="Paul Symphor">Paul Symphor</a>, President of the General Council 1947–1948 and Senator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Victor Schœlcher</a> (died 1893), deputy of Martinique, 1848–1849 and 1871–1875, known for having acted in favor of the definitive <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery in France">abolition of slavery in France</a>, via the decree of abolition of 1848</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_V%C3%A9ry-Hermence" title="Emmanuel Véry-Hermence">Emmanuel Véry-Hermence</a> 1902–1966, member of the National Assembly</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martinican_writers_and_intellectuals">Martinican writers and intellectuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Martinican writers and intellectuals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg/170px-Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg/255px-Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg/340px-Aime_Cesaire_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a> poet, playwright and author of <a href="/wiki/Cahier_d%27un_retour_au_pays_natal" title="Cahier d'un retour au pays natal">Cahier d'un retour au pays natal</a>. He is one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdouardGlissant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EdouardGlissant.jpg/220px-EdouardGlissant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EdouardGlissant.jpg/330px-EdouardGlissant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/EdouardGlissant.jpg/440px-EdouardGlissant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" title="Édouard Glissant">Édouard Glissant</a>, novelist, poet, essayist and philosopher. He won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Renaudot" title="Prix Renaudot">Prix Renaudot</a> in 1958, the Prix Puterbaugh in the United States in 1989 and the Prix Roger Caillois in 1991. Edouard Glissant is the founder of the literary movement L'<a href="/wiki/Antillanit%C3%A9" title="Antillanité">Antillanité</a> and the philosophical concept "Le Tout Monde".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rrmenil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rrmenil.jpg/170px-Rrmenil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rrmenil.jpg/255px-Rrmenil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rrmenil.jpg/340px-Rrmenil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nil" title="René Ménil">René Ménil</a>, Philosopher, essayist, and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> prize in 1999. In 1932, he was amongst Martinique literary figures engaged in publishing <a href="/wiki/Simone_Yoyotte#Légitime_Défense" title="Simone Yoyotte">Légitime Défense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_Chamoiseau_redux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Patrick_Chamoiseau_redux.jpg/220px-Patrick_Chamoiseau_redux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Patrick_Chamoiseau_redux.jpg/330px-Patrick_Chamoiseau_redux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Patrick_Chamoiseau_redux.jpg/440px-Patrick_Chamoiseau_redux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chamoiseau" title="Patrick Chamoiseau">Patrick Chamoiseau</a>, novelist awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> in 1992 for his novel <a href="/wiki/Texaco_(novel)" title="Texaco (novel)">Texaco</a> and Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> in 2010. He is a co-founder of the literary movement, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Maran-1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ren%C3%A9_Maran-1930.jpg/170px-Ren%C3%A9_Maran-1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ren%C3%A9_Maran-1930.jpg/255px-Ren%C3%A9_Maran-1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ren%C3%A9_Maran-1930.jpg/340px-Ren%C3%A9_Maran-1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Maran" title="René Maran">René Maran</a>, novelist awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> in 1921 for his novel <a href="/wiki/Batouala" title="Batouala">Batouala</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rapha%C3%ABl-Confiant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rapha%C3%ABl-Confiant.jpg/220px-Rapha%C3%ABl-Confiant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rapha%C3%ABl-Confiant.jpg/330px-Rapha%C3%ABl-Confiant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rapha%C3%ABl-Confiant.jpg/440px-Rapha%C3%ABl-Confiant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Confiant" title="Raphaël Confiant">Raphaël Confiant</a>, novelist and cofounder of the literary movement <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9olit%C3%A9" title="Créolité">Créolité</a>. He has won several literary prizes including the <a href="/wiki/Prix_D%C3%A9cembre" title="Prix Décembre">prix Novembre</a> in 1991 for his novel Eau de café, the Shibusawa-Claudel Prize in Japan, the Antigone Prize, the Caribbean Literary Prize, the Carbet Prize and the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas_Prize" title="Casa de las Américas Prize">Casa de las Américas Prize</a> in Cuba.</figcaption></figure> A non-exhaustive list of the main novelists, poets, playwrights, essayists, sociologists, economists and historians from Martinique: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Merlande" title="Jacques Adélaïde-Merlande">Jacques Adélaïde-Merlande</a>: Historian. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary degree by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>. He is the author of "Histoire générale des Antilles et des Guyanes, des Précolombiens à nos jours" and directed the publication of volumes 3 and 4 of the "Historial antillais" series.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>Alfred Alexandre: writer, he won the Prix des Amériques insulaires et de la Guyane in 2006 for his novel "Bord de canal".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In 2020, he won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Carbet_de_la_Cara%C3%AFbe_et_du_Tout-Monde" title="Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde">Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde</a> for his collection of poems "The walk of Leïla Khane".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Andrivon-Milton" title="Sabine Andrivon-Milton">Sabine Andrivon-Milton</a>: historian, founder of the Association for the Military History of Martinique and <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_de_la_L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur">Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur</a>, she is the author of "La Martinique pendant la Grande Guerre" a collection of poems and songs, and "Anatole dans la tourmente du Morne Siphon".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Jean Bernabé">Jean Bernabé</a>: writer, linguist and author of several novels including Le Bailleur d'étincelle and Le Partage des ancêtres</li> <li>Daniel Boukman: writer, he won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Carbet_de_la_Cara%C3%AFbe_et_du_Tout-Monde" title="Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde">Carbet Prize</a> in 1992, writing Et jusqu'à la dernière pulsation de nos veines, Délivrans, and Chants pour hâter la mort du temps des Orphées ou Madinina île esclave<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li>Roland Brival: writer, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_RFO_du_livre" title="Prix RFO du livre">prix RFO du livre</a> in 2000 and chevalier de l'<a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> in 2013<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li>Guy Cabort-Masson: novelist, who won the Prix de la Fondation Frantz Fanon in 1998 for La Mangrove mulâtre, Martinique, comportements et mentalité<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Cage-Florentiny" title="Nicole Cage-Florentiny">Nicole Cage-Florentiny</a>: novelist who won the prix Casa de las Américas 1996 (Cuba) for Arc-en-Ciel, l'espoir, also writing C'est vole que je vole and a bilingual collection of poems, Dèyè pawol sé lanmou / Par-delà les mots l'amour<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte_Cap%C3%A9cia" title="Mayotte Capécia">Mayotte Capécia</a>: novelist born in Le Carbet in 1916, the author of two major novels "I Am a Martinican Woman" and "The White Negress". She won the France-Antilles prize for "Je suis martiniquaise" in 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Magdeleine_Carbet" title="Marie-Magdeleine Carbet">Marie-Magdeleine Carbet</a>: a novelist, whose best-known work is a volume of poetry titled "Rose de ta grâce". She received the <a href="/wiki/Prix_litt%C3%A9raire_des_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Prix littéraire des Caraïbes">Prix littéraire des Caraïbes</a> in 1970</li> <li>Paule Cassius de Linval, writer, storyteller and poet. In 1961, his collection of tales "Mon pays à travers les légendes" won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Montyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prix Montyon">prix Montyon</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>: poet and playwright and father of the concept of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">négritude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahier_d%27un_retour_au_pays_natal" title="Cahier d'un retour au pays natal">Cahier d'un retour au pays natal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Colonialism" title="Discourse on Colonialism">Discourse on Colonialism</a>, The Tragedy of King Christophe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_C%C3%A9saire" title="Suzanne Césaire">Suzanne Césaire</a>: author of Léo Frobénius et le problème des civilisations and Aurore de la liberté</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Chamoiseau" title="Patrick Chamoiseau">Patrick Chamoiseau</a>: novelist awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">prix Goncourt</a> in 1992 for <a href="/wiki/Texaco_(novel)" title="Texaco (novel)">Texaco</a>, Chronique des sept misères, Une enfance créole <a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>Nadia Chonville: Sociologist and novelist. She is the author of the fantasy novel "Rose de Wégastrie".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Confiant" title="Raphaël Confiant">Raphaël Confiant</a>: novelist awarded the prix Antigone and the <a href="/wiki/Prix_D%C3%A9cembre" title="Prix Décembre">prix Novembre</a> for his work Eau de café, Adèle et la Pacotilleuse, La Panse du chacal</li> <li>Jean Crusol: economist and author of Les Antilles Guyane et la Caraïbe: coopération et globalisation, Le tourisme et la Caraïbe and L'enjeu des petites Économies insulaires<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Darsi%C3%A8res" title="Camille Darsières">Camille Darsières</a>: and author of: Des origines de la nation martiniquaise, Joseph Lagrosillière, socialiste colonial</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Reine_de_Jaham" title="Marie-Reine de Jaham">Marie-Reine de Jaham</a>, novelist, made officer of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> in 2013, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_litt%C3%A9raire_des_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Prix littéraire des Caraïbes">Prix littéraire des Caraïbes</a> in 1997 and author of the best-selling novel "La Grande Béké"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_de_L%C3%A9pine" title="Édouard de Lépine">Édouard de Lépine</a>: historian and essayist, Sur la Question dite du Statut de la Martinique, Questions sur l'histoire antillaise: trois essais sur l'abolition, l'assimilation, l'autonomie, Dix semaines qui ébranlèrent la Martinique </li> <li>Tony Delsham: a journalist and best selling novelist in the Antilles; he is author of Xavier: Le drame d'un émigré antillais, Papa, est-ce que je peux venir mourir à la maison? and "Tribunal des femmes bafouées".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li>Georges Desportes: novelist, poet and essayist, the author of: Cette île qui est la nôtre, Sous l'œil fixe du soleil and Le Patrimoine martiniquais, souvenirs et réflexions.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Dracius" title="Suzanne Dracius">Suzanne Dracius</a>: novelist awarded the prix de la Société des Poètes français Jacques Raphaël-Leygues in 2010: Negzagonal et Moun le Sid, and in 2009 Prix Fetkann <a href="/wiki/Maryse_Cond%C3%A9" title="Maryse Condé">Maryse Condé</a> in the poetry category for Exquise déréliction métisse<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>Miguel Duplan, a writer and teacher, he won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Carbet_de_la_Cara%C3%AFbe_et_du_Tout-Monde" title="Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde">Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe</a> in 2007 for his novel "L'Acier". He is also the author of the following novels "Le Discours profane" and "Un long silence de Carnaval".</li> <li>Victor Duquesnay: Martinican poet. His best-known works are "Les Martiniquaises" and "Les Chansons des Isles".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li>Jude Duranty: writer in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Martinican Creole</a>. He is the author of "Zouki ici danse", de "La fugue de Sopaltéba" and "Les contes de Layou".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>: essayist, author of <a href="/wiki/Black_Skin,_White_Masks" title="Black Skin, White Masks">Black Skin, White Masks</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li>Georges Fitt-Duval: poet, author of the following collections of poems: "Salut ma patrie", "Floralies-florilèges" and "Environnement, tropiques rayonnants".<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" title="Édouard Glissant">Édouard Glissant</a>: novelist awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Renaudot" title="Prix Renaudot">prix Renaudot</a> in 1958. He is the author of La Lézarde, La Case du commandeur. In 1992, Edouard Glissant was a finalist for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel prize in Literature</a>, but it was the St. Lucian poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a> who won by one vote.</li> <li>Gilbert Gratiant: a pioneer of literature Martinican Creole, writing: Fab' Compè Zicaque, Poèmes en vers faux, Sel et Sargasses.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li>Simonne Henry-Valmore: ethno-psychoanalyst and essayist. She won the prix <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> in 1988 for "Dieu en exil". She co-wrote "Aimé Césaire, le nègre inconsolé" with Roger Toumson in 1992, then "objet perdu" in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabienne_Kanor" title="Fabienne Kanor">Fabienne Kanor</a>, novelist, awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_RFO_du_livre" title="Prix RFO du livre">Prix RFO du livre</a> in 2007 for her novel "Humus". In 2014, she won the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Carbet_de_la_Cara%C3%AFbe_et_du_Tout-Monde" title="Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde">Prix Carbet De la Caraïbe</a> for her novel "Faire l'aventure".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lazlo" title="Viktor Lazlo">Viktor Lazlo</a>: novelist, singer and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_L%C3%A9ro" title="Étienne Léro">Étienne Léro</a>: co-author of the literary journal <a href="/wiki/Simone_Yoyotte#Légitime_Défense" title="Simone Yoyotte">Légitime défense</a> and the journal <a href="/wiki/Tropiques" title="Tropiques">Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yva_L%C3%A9ro" title="Yva Léro">Yva Léro</a>: novelist, Yva Léro authored "La Plaie", "Peau d'ébène" and "Doucherie".</li> <li>Georges-Henri Léotin: novelist in French and Martinician Creole. He is the author of "Memwè la tè", "Mango vèt", and "Bèlè li sid".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>Marie-Hélène Léotin, historian and executive advisor to the Territorial Collectivity of Martinique in charge of Heritage and Culture, she is the author of "Habiter le monde, Martinique 1946-2006" ;<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>Térèz Léotin: writer in French and Martinican Creole. She is the author of the novels "Le génie de la mer", "La panthère" et "Un bonheur à crédit".<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>André Lucrèce: sociologist and writer author of La pluie de Dieu, Civilisés et énergumènes, and Société et modernité<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Q._Louison" title="J. Q. Louison">J. Q. Louison</a>: poet and author of the fantasy novel series Le Crocodile assassiné, Le Canari brisé and L'Ère du serpent.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Julien_Lung-Fou" title="Marie-Thérèse Julien Lung-Fou">Marie-Thérèse Julien Lung-Fou</a>: Martinican writer best known for her collections of "créole tales" published in three volumes in 1979: "Contes mes", "Contes diaboliques, fabliaux" and "Contes animaux, proverbes, titimes ou devinettes". She also wrote the essay entitled "Le Carnaval aux Antilles".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li>Marcel Manville: essayist, and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1992 for his essay Les Antilles sans fard.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Maran" title="René Maran">René Maran</a>: novelist awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">prix Goncourt</a> in 1921 for <a href="/wiki/Batouala" title="Batouala">Batouala</a>, Un homme pareil aux autres</li> <li>Georges Mauvois: novelist, playwright he won the <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_las_Am%C3%A9ricas_Prize" title="Casa de las Américas Prize">Casa de las Américas Prize</a> 2004 for Ovando ou Le magicien de Saint-Domingue, Agénor Cacoul, Man Chomil.</li> <li>Alfred Melon-Degras, writer, poet and academic. He is the author of"Le silence", "Battre le rappel" and "Avec des si, avec des mains".<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_M%C3%A9nil" title="René Ménil">René Ménil</a>, philosopher and essayist. In 1999, he received the Frantz Fanon Prize for his essay "Antilles déjà jadis".He was also co-founder in 1932 of the journal <a href="/wiki/Simone_Yoyotte#Légitime_Défense" title="Simone Yoyotte">Légitime Défense</a> and with Aimé Césaire of the cultural review <a href="/wiki/Tropiques" title="Tropiques">Tropiques</a> in 1941. He is the author of "Tracées : Identité, négritude, esthétique aux Antilles" and "Pour l'émancipation et l'identité du peuple martiniquais". René Ménil, and with <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Césaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Glissant" title="Édouard Glissant">Glissant</a> is one of Martinique's greatest thinkers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monchoachi" title="Monchoachi">Monchoachi</a>: the pen name of André Pierre-Louis, a writer in French and Martinician Creole, he won the Carbet Prize and the prix <a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max-Jacob</a> in 2003. His works include L'Espère-geste, Lakouzémi, Nostrom and Lémistè <a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulette_Nardal" title="Paulette Nardal">Paulette Nardal</a>: co-founder of the journal, <a href="/wiki/La_Revue_du_Monde_Noir" title="La Revue du Monde Noir">La Revue du Monde Noir</a> in 1932 and one of the inspirations of the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">négritude</a> movement <a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Nardal" title="Jeanne Nardal">Jeanne Nardal</a>: Writer, philosopher and essayist, sister of Paulette Nardal</li> <li>Armand Nicolas: Martinican historian. He is the author of "Histoire de la Martinique", "La révolution antiesclavagiste de mai 1848 à La Martinique", and "L'Insurrection du Sud à la Martinique, septembre 1870".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Octavia" title="Gaël Octavia">Gaël Octavia</a>, writer, playwright<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>Xavier Orville: novelist, who won the Frantz Fanon prize in 1993. He wrote Le Corps absent de Prosper Ventura, Le Parfum des belles de nuit.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Gilbert Pago: historian and author of "1848 : Chronique de l'abolition de l'esclavage en Martinique", "L'insurrection de Martinique 1870–1871", and "Lumina Sophie dite Surprise (1848–1879): insurgée et bagnarde".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>Roger Parsemain: Poet and novelist. He is the author of "L'œuvre des volcans", "l'absence du destin" and "Il chantait des boléros".<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li>Eric Pézo, Writer and novelist in French and Martinican Creole, author of the novels : "L'amour sinon rien"; in Martinician Creole, "lanmou épi sé tout", "Marie-Noire", and "Passeurs de rives" and "Lasotjè", a work of poetry.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Picouly" title="Daniel Picouly">Daniel Picouly</a>: writer, tv host and winner of the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Renaudot" title="Prix Renaudot">Prix Renaudot</a> for L'Enfant Léopard</li> <li>Vincent Placoly: winner of the prix Frantz Fanon in 1991. Author of Une journée torride, La vie et la mort de Marcel Gonstran, L'eau-de-mort guildive<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>Alain Rapon, novelist and storyteller. He is the author of the novel "La Présence de l'Absent" and received the <a href="/wiki/Prix_litt%C3%A9raire_des_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Prix littéraire des Caraïbes">Prix littéraire des Caraïbes</a> in 1983. He is also the author of "Ti soleil", "Ti-Fène et la rivière qui chante", "Itinéraire d'un Esprit perdu" and "Danse, petit nègre danse".</li> <li>Clément Richer: Martinican novelist and author of "L'homme de la Caravelle". In 1941 and 1948 he was awarded the Prix Paul Flat by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> for his novel "Le dernier voyage de Pembroke" and "La croisière de la Priscilla" and the Prix Marianne in 1939. His novel "Ti Coyo et son requin" has been translated into English, German, Spanish, Danish and Dutch and adapted for film by <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tiko_and_the_Shark" title="Tiko and the Shark">Tiko and the Shark</a>.</li> <li>Jean-Marc Rosier: writer in French and Martinican Creole. He won the prix Sonny Rupaire for his novel in Creole, "An lavi chimérik" in 1999, then the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Carbet_de_la_Cara%C3%AFbe_et_du_Tout-Monde" title="Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe et du Tout-Monde">prix Carbet de la Caraïbe</a> for his novel "Noirs néons" in 2008 and in the poetry category of the prix Fetkann <a href="/wiki/Maryse_Cond%C3%A9" title="Maryse Condé">Maryse Condé</a> for "Urbanîle" in 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julienne_Salvat" title="Julienne Salvat">Julienne Salvat</a>: writer, poet, she is the author of Feuillesonge, La lettre d'Avignon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Sm%C3%A9ralda" title="Juliette Sméralda">Juliette Sméralda</a>: sociologist, author of L'Indo-Antillais entre Noirs et Békés, Peau noire cheveu crépu, l'histoire d'une aliénation</li> <li>Daniel Thaly: Martinican poet, and librarian of the Schœlcher Library from 1939 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Tardon" title="Raphaël Tardon">Raphaël Tardon</a>: writer, author of "La Caldeira" and "Starkenfirst", which received the grand prix littéraire des Antilles in 1948. In 1967, Raphaël Tardon was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_litt%C3%A9raire_des_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Prix littéraire des Caraïbes">Prix littéraire des Caraïbes</a> in recognition of his life's work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_Against_Homophobia,_Transphobia_and_Biphobia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia">Louis-Georges Tin</a>: essayist and academic, the author of Esclavage et réparations : Comment faire face aux crimes de l'histoire and author of a dictionary that documents the history of the treatment of homosexuals in all regions of the world.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Yoyotte" title="Simone Yoyotte">Simone Yoyotte</a>: She was the only woman to participate in producing the literary journal Légitime Défense published in 1932 by young Martinican intellectuals in Paris and considered one of the founding acts of the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a> movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Zobel" title="Joseph Zobel">Joseph Zobel</a>: A novelist, and winner of the Frantz Fanon Prize in 1994. He is the author of : <a href="/wiki/La_Rue_Cases-N%C3%A8gres" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rue Cases-Nègres">La Rue Cases-Nègres</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_personalities">Other personalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Other personalities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavalette" title="Antoine Lavalette">Antoine Lavalette</a> (1708–1767), Jesuit missionary to Martinique, slave owner whose debts led to the banning of the Jesuits in France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Morestin" title="Hippolyte Morestin">Hippolyte Morestin</a>, doctor, associate professor of anatomy and specialist in <a href="/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery" title="Reconstructive surgery">reconstructive surgery</a></li> <li>Raymond Garcin, <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a>, former member of <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Nationale_de_M%C3%A9decine" title="Académie Nationale de Médecine">Académie Nationale de Médecine</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>Georges Le Breton, Doctor of Dental Surgery, former President of the Académie Nationale de Chirurgie dentaire<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li>Robert Attuly, Doctor of Law, Judge and former trial judge at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Roselmack" title="Harry Roselmack">Harry Roselmack</a>, journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Baste" title="Karine Baste">Karine Baste</a>, journalist<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manon_Tardon" title="Manon Tardon">Manon Tardon</a>, fought with the French Resistance in the Second World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_L%C3%A9ro" title="Jane Léro">Jane Léro</a>, communist and feminist activist and founder of the Union des Femmes de la Martinique (l'UFM; Union of Women of Martinique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soa_de_Muse" title="Soa de Muse">Soa de Muse</a>, drag performer, finalist in first ever season of <a href="/wiki/Drag_Race_France" title="Drag Race France">Drag Race France</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy">Energy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> Martinique is part of the zones not interconnected to the continental metropolitan network (ZNI), which must therefore produce the electricity they consume themselves. For this reason, the ZNI have specific legislation on electricity production and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics)" title="Distribution (mathematics)">distribution</a>. Martinique's <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a> is marked by a very strong importance of thermal <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">energy production</a>. At the same time, the island's electricity consumption has decreased slightly. These results can be attributed to the information and awareness-raising efforts of the regions, the Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) and energy companies in favor of energy savings, but also to the context of demographic decline of the territory. Despite these results, the control of the Territory's electricity consumption remains a central issue, given the Territory's low energy potential<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> compared to other overseas territories, such as <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Reunion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Martinique and its inhabitants are therefore faced with a twofold need: to further strengthen the control of electricity consumption and at the same time develop <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energies</a> to reduce environmental pollution due to thermal electricity production. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_de_Saut-Gendarme_Fonds_Saint_Denis,_Fort-de-France,_Martinique_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cascade_de_Saut-Gendarme_Fonds_Saint_Denis%2C_Fort-de-France%2C_Martinique_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Cascade_de_Saut-Gendarme_Fonds_Saint_Denis%2C_Fort-de-France%2C_Martinique_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cascade_de_Saut-Gendarme_Fonds_Saint_Denis%2C_Fort-de-France%2C_Martinique_-_panoramio.jpg/255px-Cascade_de_Saut-Gendarme_Fonds_Saint_Denis%2C_Fort-de-France%2C_Martinique_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cascade_de_Saut-Gendarme_Fonds_Saint_Denis%2C_Fort-de-France%2C_Martinique_-_panoramio.jpg/340px-Cascade_de_Saut-Gendarme_Fonds_Saint_Denis%2C_Fort-de-France%2C_Martinique_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Saut-Gendarme waterfall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energies">Renewable energies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Renewable energies">edit</a>]</div> The exploitation of renewable energies in Martinique started late, as the characteristics of the island were previously considered unfavorable for their <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development</a>. However, the efforts of the population and energy suppliers are moving towards a higher proportion of renewable energies in Martinique's future energy mix. Article 56 of the Grenelle I Law No. 2009-967 3 August 2009, on the implementation of the Grenelle Environment Forum, sets out the provisions for <a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">overseas</a>: in the case of Martinique, the energy objective is to reach 50% renewable energy in final <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> by 2020. Energy autonomy is planned for 2030. As Martinique's electricity distribution grid is not interconnected with neighboring islands, let alone with the mainland's metropolitan grid, the decree of 23 April 2008, applies to the management of so-called intermittent energies: wind, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a> and marine: any solar and wind power production facility with a capacity exceeding 3 kWp and not equipped with a storage system is liable to be disconnected from the grid by the grid manager once the threshold of 30% of random active power injected into the grid has been reached. Thus, the achievement of the objectives of the Grenelle I law is subject to the development of Structures with a maximum power of 3 kWp or less, or to the incorporation of storage devices in production facilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> 90% of the water distributed by Martinique's drinking water network comes from Rainwater intakes in five catchment areas. Thus, although there is no shortage of water, the situation becomes very critical in the Lenten period, with abstractions leading to the drying up of several rivers.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Water resources are abundant but unevenly distributed: Four municipalities (Saint-Joseph, Gros-Morne, le Lorrain and Fort-de-France) provide 85% of Martinique's <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>. There is no water catchment in the south of the island. The water consumed in the South comes exclusively from abstractions from the North and the center (mainly from the Blanche River which flows into the Lézarde, the Capot, and the Dumauzé). Thus, 60% of the total is extracted from a single river (the Lézarde and its tributary, the Blanche river). This concentration of abstractions can constitute a risk in a <a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">crisis</a> situation, such as a drought for example.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HI949_(16235502897).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A patient is transferred between an aircraft and an ambulance at Le François airport." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HI949_%2816235502897%29.jpg/220px-HI949_%2816235502897%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HI949_%2816235502897%29.jpg/330px-HI949_%2816235502897%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/HI949_%2816235502897%29.jpg/440px-HI949_%2816235502897%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="2629" /></a><figcaption>A patient is transferred between aircraft and ambulance at <a href="/wiki/Martinique_Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire_International_Airport" title="Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport">Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_health_agency">Regional health agency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Regional health agency">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Regional_Health_Agency" title="Regional Health Agency">regional health agency</a> for Martinique (Agence régionale de santé Martinique) was set up in 2010. It is responsible for applying French health policy in the territory, managing public health and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France#Health_care_system" title="Health care in France">health care</a> regulations.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_professionals">Healthcare professionals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Healthcare professionals">edit</a>]</div> As of 1 January 2018, Martinique had a workforce of 1,091 doctors. For each 100,000 people of its population, there was a density of 141 <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner#France" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a>, 150 specialists, 53 dentists, 1,156 state certified nurses and 90 pharmacists.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Self-employed doctors are represented by URML Martinique, created under the <a href="/wiki/Hospital,_patients,_health,_territories" title="Hospital, patients, health, territories">Hospital, patients, health, territories</a> bill. URML Martinique works in partnership with ARS Martinique, <a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Health_Insurance" title="National Fund for Health Insurance">l'Assurance Maladie</a>, the Ministry of Health and Local Authorities to manage regional health policy.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_facilities">Health facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Health facilities">edit</a>]</div> The University Hospital of Martinique (Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique) is a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a> based in Fort-de-France, in an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_French_Antilles" title="University of the French Antilles">University of the French Antilles</a>. It is the largest French- and English-speaking university hospital in the Caribbean, having more than 1600 beds. These include 680 medical, 273 surgical and 100 obstetrics beds, with another 30 in its <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a>. The hospital operates a 24-hour emergency service.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chlordecone_controversy">Chlordecone controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Chlordecone controversy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Actions_of_the_French_government">Actions of the French government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Actions of the French government">edit</a>]</div> After the discovery of the toxicity of <a href="/wiki/Chlordecone" title="Chlordecone">chlordecone</a>, a dangerous insecticide, and the health risks it posed, the French state put in place certain measures to protect the Martinican and <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupean</a> populations, allocating nearly 100 million euros towards the implementation of these measures.<a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-2020-199">[199]</a> The soils are regularly tested and subjected to strict regulations related to the standards of potability.<a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-2020-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaumand-2005-200">[200]</a> Martinique is also subject to regular mapping processes to delineate highly contaminated areas. River fishing is also prohibited in order to limit health risks, as rivers represent high-risk contamination areas.<a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-2020-199">[199]</a> Since 2008, the French state has developed three action plans establishing strategies to protect local populations, raise awareness regarding the effects of chlordecone, as well as to support the agriculture and fisheries sectors.<a href="#cite_note-Martinique-2021-201">[201]</a> A French parliamentary commission revealed in 2019 that more than 90% of Martinicans have been exposed to chlordecone, which was authorized for use between 1972 and 1993 in the banana plantations of the Antilles. The committee judged the three "Chlordecone Plans" launched by the State since 2008 to be inadequate; recommendations were provided via its <a href="/wiki/Rapporteur" title="Rapporteur">rapporteur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justine_Benin" title="Justine Benin">Justine Benin</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (France)">MP</a>, to address prevention and research into cleanup methods for a fourth plan, scheduled for 2020.<a href="#cite_note-20minutes-2021-202">[202]</a> The parliamentary commission of inquiry called the French state into question for having authorized the sale of chlordecone as an insecticide, as its toxicity was known, but "responsibilities are shared with economic actors. Firstly, industrialists, but also groups of planters and certain elected officials."<a href="#cite_note-LeFigaro-2019-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_consequences">Health consequences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Health consequences">edit</a>]</div> Chlordecone is known to have harmful effects on human health, with scientific research identifying it as an endocrine disruptor or hormonally-active chemical agent, as well as a probable carcinogen, particularly in relation to increasing chances of prostate cancer occurrence and recurrence.<a href="#cite_note-Martinique-2021-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-2020-199">[199]</a> As an endocrine disruptor, chlordecone can also lead to delayed cognitive development in infants, an increased likelihood of pregnancy complications, and may disrupt the reproductive process.<a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-2020-199">[199]</a> The chlordecone molecule has physical and chemical characteristics that allow it to remain for several centuries in soil, river-water and groundwater, thus spreading beyond the location of the banana plantations where this insecticide was initially administered.<a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-2020-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martouzet-2021-204">[204]</a> Although chlordecone has not been used since the 1990s, the health risks remain. Chlordecone contamination occurs through contaminated food and drink.<a href="#cite_note-Martinique-2021-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_community_response">Local community response</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Local community response">edit</a>]</div> In the streets of Fort-de-France, approximately 5,000 to 15,000 residents of Martinique demonstrated in protest on 27 March 2021, denouncing the possible statute of limitations on a complaint filed by civil parties for the use of chlordecone in causing life endangerment (mise en danger de la vie d'autrui).<a href="#cite_note-Franceinfo-2021-205">[205]</a> The complaint was issued on 23 February 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Franceinfo-2021-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geo-2021-206">[206]</a> The French government's actions in response to the historical authorization of chlordecone are often criticized by residents of Martinique and local associations involved in the "Chlordecone Scandal." The lack of information transmitted to the population concerning the danger of chlordecone between 1993 and 2004 is one of the main concerns expressed.<a href="#cite_note-Franceinfo-2021-205">[205]</a> The civil complaint in 2006 was issued by several associations from the islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe, and was in response to the long-term impacts of government-authorized chlordecone use in polluting the islands' natural environments and affecting the health of inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-LeMonde-2021-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique">COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique</a></div> Martinique's first cases of coronavirus (COVID-19) were confirmed in March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The pandemic has since put provision of health services under significant stress; as of 2 September 2021, Martinique had recorded an <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">excess mortality</a> at all ages, and of all causes since the week beginning 26 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In 1887, the artist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a> lived in Martinique.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Gauguin painted the tropical landscape and the native women. The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin_Interpretation_Centre" title="Paul Gauguin Interpretation Centre">Paul Gauguin Interpretation Centre</a> (former Gauguin Museum) is dedicated to his stay on the island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>'s seminal poem <a href="/wiki/Cahier_d%27un_retour_au_pays_natal" title="Cahier d'un retour au pays natal">Cahier d'un retour au pays natal</a> (Notebook of a Return to the Native Land) envisions the poet's imagined journey back to his homeland Martinique to find it in a state of colossal poverty and psychological inferiority due to the French colonial presence.<a href="#cite_note-Herdeck-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> in 1890 published a travel book titled Two Years in the French West Indies, in which Martinique [Martinique Sketches] is its main topic; his descriptions of the island, people and history are lively observations of life before the Mont Pelée eruption in 1902 that would change the island forever. <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of America">The Library of America</a> republished his works in 2009 entitled Hearn: American Writings.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_French_Caribbean_general_strikes" title="2009 French Caribbean general strikes">2009 French Caribbean general strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Martinique">Bibliography of Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Martinique-related_articles" title="Index of Martinique-related articles">Index of Martinique-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Tour_de_Yoles_Rondes_de_Martinique" title="Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique">Le Tour de Yoles Rondes de Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_and_departmental_heads_of_Martinique" title="List of colonial and departmental heads of Martinique">List of colonial and departmental heads of Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Martinique" title="Regional Council of Martinique">Regional Council of Martinique</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-891-3"><bdi>978-1-61117-891-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kalinago+Colonizers%3A+Indigenous+People+and+the+Settlement+of+the+Lesser+Antilles&rft.btitle=The+torrid+zone%3A+Caribbean+colonization+and+cultural+interaction+in+the+long+seventeenth+century&rft.place=Columbia&rft.series=The+Carolina+Lowcountry+and+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61117-891-3&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_martinique_1667.html">"Battle of Martinique, 25 June 1667"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710012651/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_martinique_1667.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Martinique%2C+25+June+1667&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fbattles_martinique_1667.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/caribbean/martinique/history-and-culture">"Martinique — History and Culture"</a>. www.iexplore.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301061300/https://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/caribbean/martinique/history-and-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martinique+%E2%80%94+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=www.iexplore.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iexplore.com%2Farticles%2Ftravel-guides%2Fcaribbean%2Fmartinique%2Fhistory-and-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1885" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Charles (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofhugueno00bair/mode/1up">History of the Huguenot Emigration to America</a>. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. p. 226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Huguenot+Emigration+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Co.&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofhugueno00bair%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiles" class="citation book cs1">Smiles, Samuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26524/26524-h/26524-h.htm">The Huguenots in France</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221729/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26524/26524-h/26524-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2022 – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huguenots+in+France&rft.aulast=Smiles&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F26524%2F26524-h%2F26524-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofhugueno00bair">History of the Huguenot Migration to America</a>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 1885. pp. 205–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Huguenot+Migration+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=205-107&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryofhugueno00bair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gasser-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Gasser_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasser1992–1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gasser, Jacques (1992–1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://membre.oricom.ca/yarl/livre/3F/0402gasser.html">"De la mer des Antilles à l'océan Indien (From the Caribbean Sea to the Indian Ocean)"</a>. Bulletin du Cercle Généalogique de Bourbon (Bulletin of the Bourbon Genealogical Circle). 38–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193228/http://membre.oricom.ca/yarl/Livre/3F/0402gasser.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+du+Cercle+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique+de+Bourbon+%28Bulletin+of+the+Bourbon+Genealogical+Circle%29&rft.atitle=De+la+mer+des+Antilles+%C3%A0+l%27oc%C3%A9an+Indien+%28From+the+Caribbean+Sea+to+the+Indian+Ocean%29&rft.volume=38%E2%80%9341&rft.date=1992%2F1993&rft.aulast=Gasser&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembre.oricom.ca%2Fyarl%2Flivre%2F3F%2F0402gasser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> French language original, as reprinted in Le Diable Volant: Une histoire de la flibuste: de la mer des Antilles à l'océan Indien (1688–1700) / (The Flying Devil: A History of the Filibusters: From the Antilles to the Indian Ocean (1688–1700)). </li> <li id="cite_note-Little-The_Golden_Age_of_Piracy-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Little-The_Golden_Age_of_Piracy_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle2016" class="citation book cs1">Little, Benerson (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uIDAAAQBAJ">The Golden Age of Piracy: The Truth Behind Pirate Myths</a>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1304-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5107-1304-8"><bdi>978-1-5107-1304-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031653/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uIDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Piracy%3A+The+Truth+Behind+Pirate+Myths&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5107-1304-8&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Benerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2uIDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qaronline.org/history/ships-journey">"The Pirate Ship's Journey | Queen Anne's Revenge Project"</a>. www.qaronline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171023174935/https://www.qaronline.org/history/ships-journey">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.qaronline.org&rft.atitle=The+Pirate+Ship%27s+Journey+%7C+Queen+Anne%27s+Revenge+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qaronline.org%2Fhistory%2Fships-journey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qaronline.org/preliminary-observations-british-and-american-documents-concerning-activities-pirate-blackbeard/open">"Preliminary Observations on British and American Documents Concerning the Activities of the Pirate Blackbeard, March 1717 to June 1718*"</a>. QARonline.org. Retrieved 14 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QARonline.org&rft.atitle=Preliminary+Observations+on+British+and+American+Documents+Concerning+the+Activities+of+the+Pirate+Blackbeard%2C+March+1717+to+June+1718%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qaronline.org%2Fpreliminary-observations-british-and-american-documents-concerning-activities-pirate-blackbeard%2Fopen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LP-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LP_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LP_22-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVer_Berkmoes2008" class="citation book cs1">Ver Berkmoes, Ryan (2008). Caribbean Islands. Jens Porup, Michael Grossberg, et al. Footscray, Vic. & Oakland, CA: <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Lonely Planet Publications">Lonely Planet Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-575-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-575-9"><bdi>978-1-74059-575-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caribbean+Islands&rft.place=Footscray%2C+Vic.+%26+Oakland%2C+CA&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-575-9&rft.aulast=Ver+Berkmoes&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Auguste Lacour, Histoire de la Guadeloupe, vol. 1 (1635–1789). Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe, 1855 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ">full text at Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153705/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cch7AAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 235ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 (Verso, 1988), p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDessalles1996" class="citation book cs1">Dessalles, Pierre (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32856639">Sugar and slavery, family and race : the letters and diary of Pierre Dessalles, planter in Martinique, 1808-1856</a>. Elborg Forster, Robert Forster. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5153-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5153-X"><bdi>0-8018-5153-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32856639">32856639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sugar+and+slavery%2C+family+and+race+%3A+the+letters+and+diary+of+Pierre+Dessalles%2C+planter+in+Martinique%2C+1808-1856&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32856639&rft.isbn=0-8018-5153-X&rft.aulast=Dessalles&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32856639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.martinique.org/discover/important-information">"Important Information"</a>. Martinique - Best Caribbean Islands, Caribbean Tourism, Best Caribbean Destination. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827041522/https://us.martinique.org/discover/important-information">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+-+Best+Caribbean+Islands%2C+Caribbean+Tourism%2C+Best+Caribbean+Destination&rft.atitle=Important+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.martinique.org%2Fdiscover%2Fimportant-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Project manifest EU: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.projectmanifest.eu/the-march-of-23-may-1998-paris-france-en-fr/">https://www.projectmanifest.eu/the-march-of-23-may-1998-paris-france-en-fr/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306130717/https://www.projectmanifest.eu/the-march-of-23-may-1998-paris-france-en-fr/">Archived</a> 6 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://une-autre-histoire.org/martinique-1870-la-grande-insurrection-du-sud/">"MARTINIQUE 1870 : LA GRANDE INSURRECTION DU SUD"</a>. 27 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710022529/http://une-autre-histoire.org/martinique-1870-la-grande-insurrection-du-sud/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MARTINIQUE+1870+%3A+LA+GRANDE+INSURRECTION+DU+SUD&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fune-autre-histoire.org%2Fmartinique-1870-la-grande-insurrection-du-sud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EW-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EW_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EW_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EW_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EW_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457910974">The Caribbean</a>. Christopher P. Baker. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-5372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-5372-9"><bdi>978-0-7566-5372-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/457910974">457910974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caribbean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457910974&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-5372-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F457910974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStromberg_Childers2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stromberg Childers, Kristen (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14788810.2012.719323">"The Second World War as a watershed in the French Caribbean"</a>. Atlantic Studies. 9 (4): 409–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14788810.2012.719323">10.1080/14788810.2012.719323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-8810">1478-8810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218622195">218622195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Second+World+War+as+a+watershed+in+the+French+Caribbean&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=409-430&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218622195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1478-8810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14788810.2012.719323&rft.aulast=Stromberg+Childers&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14788810.2012.719323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2022" class="citation book cs1">Yardley, Christopher B. (21 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkN2EAAAQBAJ&dq=martinique+182+ships+were+sunk+in+the+Caribbean&pg=PA31">The Second World War Volume Two: Representing World Conflict on Postage Stamps</a>. Balboa Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9822-9300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9822-9300-0"><bdi>978-1-9822-9300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+Volume+Two%3A+Representing+World+Conflict+on+Postage+Stamps.&rft.pub=Balboa+Press&rft.date=2022-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-9822-9300-0&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Christopher+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkN2EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmartinique%2B182%2Bships%2Bwere%2Bsunk%2Bin%2Bthe%2BCaribbean%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hubbard-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Hubbard_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2002" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Vincent (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/136">A History of St. Kitts</a>. Macmillan Caribbean. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstkitts00vinc/page/136">136–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-74760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-74760-5"><bdi>978-0-333-74760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+St.+Kitts&rft.pages=136-139&rft.pub=Macmillan+Caribbean&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-74760-5&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofstkitts00vinc%2Fpage%2F136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1959-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1959_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1959_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1959_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nofi.media/2016/12/emeutes-de-1959-martinique-regle-comptes-colonialisme/33697">"Emeutes de 1959 : la Martinique règle ses comptes avec le colonialisme"</a>. 16 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710024009/https://www.nofi.media/2016/12/emeutes-de-1959-martinique-regle-comptes-colonialisme/33697">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emeutes+de+1959+%3A+la+Martinique+r%C3%A8gle+ses+comptes+avec+le+colonialisme&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nofi.media%2F2016%2F12%2Femeutes-de-1959-martinique-regle-comptes-colonialisme%2F33697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/2013/02/14/le-marigot-se-souvient-de-georges-marie-louise-tue-en-1974-15119.html">"Le drame de février 1974 marque encore les esprits"</a>. 15 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710024008/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/2013/02/14/le-marigot-se-souvient-de-georges-marie-louise-tue-en-1974-15119.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+drame+de+f%C3%A9vrier+1974+marque+encore+les+esprits&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmartinique%2F2013%2F02%2F14%2Fle-marigot-se-souvient-de-georges-marie-louise-tue-en-1974-15119.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iht-35"><a href="#cite_ref-iht_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/02/13/news/CB-Caribbean-France-Unrest.php">"Blacks slam white minority in Martinique strike"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 13 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216043828/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/02/13/news/CB-Caribbean-France-Unrest.php">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Blacks+slam+white+minority+in+Martinique+strike&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2009%2F02%2F13%2Fnews%2FCB-Caribbean-France-Unrest.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221091147/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gk4fdgdkSoLI7uwcWr8DPvufQdAg?hl=en">"Race, class fuel social conflict on French Caribbean islands"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a> (AFP), 17 February 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gk4fdgdkSoLI7uwcWr8DPvufQdAg?hl=en">the original</a> on 21 February 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agence+France-Presse+%28AFP%29&rft.atitle=Race%2C+class+fuel+social+conflict+on+French+Caribbean+islands&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gk4fdgdkSoLI7uwcWr8DPvufQdAg%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-visit-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-visit_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-visit_37-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iQcNm7wF2_1t5AffHQZY1jZwd9Cw">"Sarkozy offers autonomy vote for Martinique"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709063018/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iQcNm7wF2_1t5AffHQZY1jZwd9Cw">Archived</a> 9 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621160434/https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/20142-quelles-sont-les-collectivites-territoriales-situees-outre-mer">"Quelles sont les collectivités territoriales situées outre-mer ?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vie-publique.fr/fiches/20142-quelles-sont-les-collectivites-territoriales-situees-outre-mer">the original</a> on 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quelles+sont+les+collectivit%C3%A9s+territoriales+situ%C3%A9es+outre-mer+%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vie-publique.fr%2Ffiches%2F20142-quelles-sont-les-collectivites-territoriales-situees-outre-mer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop2019-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop2019_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2019_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2019_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2019_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2019_39-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep972.pdf">Populations légales 2019: 972 Martinique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712164747/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep972.pdf">Archived</a> 12 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, INSEE </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lci.fr/population/1-metre-ou-cinq-ananas-la-prefecture-de-martinique-retire-son-tweet-apres-un-debut-de-tolle-2154562.html">""1 mètre ou cinq ananas" : la préfecture de Martinique s'excuse après un tweet sur la distanciation"</a>. LCI (in French). 23 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715002954/https://www.lci.fr/population/1-metre-ou-cinq-ananas-la-prefecture-de-martinique-retire-son-tweet-apres-un-debut-de-tolle-2154562.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LCI&rft.atitle=%221+m%C3%A8tre+ou+cinq+ananas%22+%3A+la+pr%C3%A9fecture+de+Martinique+s%27excuse+apr%C3%A8s+un+tweet+sur+la+distanciation&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lci.fr%2Fpopulation%2F1-metre-ou-cinq-ananas-la-prefecture-de-martinique-retire-son-tweet-apres-un-debut-de-tolle-2154562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/les-elus-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-sont-au-complet-1051006.html">"Les élus de la Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique sont au complet"</a>. Martinique la 1ère (in French). 3 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713043941/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/les-elus-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-sont-au-complet-1051006.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+la+1%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Les+%C3%A9lus+de+la+Collectivit%C3%A9+Territoriale+de+Martinique+sont+au+complet&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmartinique%2Fles-elus-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-sont-au-complet-1051006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/lucien-saliber-elu-president-de-l-assemblee-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-1050268.html">"Lucien Saliber élu président de l'Assemblée de la Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique"</a>. Martinique la 1ère (in French). 2 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182102/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/lucien-saliber-elu-president-de-l-assemblee-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-1050268.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+la+1%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Lucien+Saliber+%C3%A9lu+pr%C3%A9sident+de+l%27Assembl%C3%A9e+de+la+Collectivit%C3%A9+Territoriale+de+Martinique&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmartinique%2Flucien-saliber-elu-president-de-l-assemblee-de-la-collectivite-territoriale-de-martinique-1050268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rci.fm/martinique/infos/Politique/Justin-Daniel-ete-elu-President-du-CESECEM">"Justin Daniel a été élu Président du CÉSECÉM"</a>. RCI (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523173952/https://rci.fm/martinique/infos/Politique/Justin-Daniel-ete-elu-President-du-CESECEM">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RCI&rft.atitle=Justin+Daniel+a+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+%C3%A9lu+Pr%C3%A9sident+du+C%C3%89SEC%C3%89M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rci.fm%2Fmartinique%2Finfos%2FPolitique%2FJustin-Daniel-ete-elu-President-du-CESECEM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/le-martiniquais-pierre-marie-joseph-est-nomme-parmi-les-huit-conseillers-ultramarins-du-cese-995629.html">"Le Martiniquais Pierre Marie-Joseph est nommé au Conseil économique, social et environnemental"</a>. Martinique la 1ère (in French). 29 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816210311/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/le-martiniquais-pierre-marie-joseph-est-nomme-parmi-les-huit-conseillers-ultramarins-du-cese-995629.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+la+1%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Le+Martiniquais+Pierre+Marie-Joseph+est+nomm%C3%A9+au+Conseil+%C3%A9conomique%2C+social+et+environnemental&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmartinique%2Fle-martiniquais-pierre-marie-joseph-est-nomme-parmi-les-huit-conseillers-ultramarins-du-cese-995629.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC_France-2021-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC_France-2021_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_France-2021_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_France-2021_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_France-2021_45-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/nouveaux-cahiers-du-conseil-constitutionnel/les-collectivites-territoriales-regies-par-l-article-73">"Les collectivités territoriales régies par l'article 73 | Conseil constitutionnel"</a>. www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803060916/https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/nouveaux-cahiers-du-conseil-constitutionnel/les-collectivites-territoriales-regies-par-l-article-73">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr&rft.atitle=Les+collectivit%C3%A9s+territoriales+r%C3%A9gies+par+l%27article+73+%7C+Conseil+constitutionnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conseil-constitutionnel.fr%2Fnouveaux-cahiers-du-conseil-constitutionnel%2Fles-collectivites-territoriales-regies-par-l-article-73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">William, Jean-Claude (15 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/plc/173">"Du brouillage. Droite et gauche en Martinique. Quelle réalité ?"</a>. Pouvoirs dans la Caraïbe. 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Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.11v11.com&rft.atitle=Martinique+national+football+team%3A+overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.11v11.com%2Fteams%2Fmartinique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-2021-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News-2021_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News-2021_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/deportes-48751891">"Martinica, la revelación de la Copa Oro que no está afiliada a la FIFA"</a>. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055308/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/deportes-48751891">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. 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Editions L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-35093-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-35093-9"><bdi>978-2-296-35093-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031642/https://books.google.com/books?id=ogL8x1YOn6YC&q=Martinique+Ligue+de+Football+de+Martinique">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. 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Martinique la 1ère (in French). 14 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055308/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/la-premiere-phase-du-championnat-de-regional-1-est-terminee-958207.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+la+1%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=La+premi%C3%A8re+phase+du+championnat+de+R%C3%A9gional+1+est+termin%C3%A9e&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmartinique%2Fla-premiere-phase-du-championnat-de-regional-1-est-terminee-958207.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/regionale-2-3-resultats-6e-journee-411323.html">"Régionale 2 et 3 : résultats de la 6e journée"</a>. Martinique la 1ère (in French). 30 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055310/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/regionale-2-3-resultats-6e-journee-411323.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+la+1%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9gionale+2+et+3+%3A+r%C3%A9sultats+de+la+6e+journ%C3%A9e&rft.date=2016-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmartinique%2Fregionale-2-3-resultats-6e-journee-411323.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martiniquesurfpro.com/?lang=en">"Martinique Surf Pro 2018"</a>. Martinique Surf Pro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803055309/https://www.martiniquesurfpro.com/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2021. 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France-Antilles Martinique (in French). 15 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713092708/https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/regions/nord-atlantique/les-conditions-de-l-accueil-du-martinique-surf-pro-a-basse-pointe-ne-sont-plus-reunies-529224.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. 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Retrieved 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAP+Nord+Martinique&rft.atitle=Organigramme+des+services+de+CAP+Nord+Martinique&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capnordmartinique.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Forganigramme_capnm2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128175551/http://www.cacem.org/fileadmin/mes_documents/Cabinet/MANDATURE_2020/Trombinoscope_VP_CACEM_2020.jpg">"Le Bureau Communataire de la Communaute d'Agglomeration du Centre de la Martinique"</a>. 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Michael Richardson, Krzysztof Fijałkowski. London: Verso. pp. 37–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-018-4"><bdi>978-1-85984-018-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34029876">34029876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refusal+of+the+shadow+%3A+surrealism+and+the+Caribbean&rft.place=London&rft.pages=37-39&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34029876&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-018-4&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9nil&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F34029876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0284.xml">"The French Lesser Antilles"</a>. obo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303002051/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0284.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. 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Paris: Editions caribéennes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87679-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87679-083-4"><bdi>978-2-87679-083-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32365293">32365293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+Antilles+et+des+Guyanes+%3A+des+Pr%C3%A9colombiens+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+carib%C3%A9ennes&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32365293&rft.isbn=978-2-87679-083-4&rft.aulast=Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde-Merlande&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32365293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prixdesameriquesinsulaires.com/prix-2006.html">"Prix 2006"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 December 2021. <q>Author, Publishing director</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Chonville%2C+Nadia+1989-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Fviaf-49502903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81015163/">"Crusol, Jean [WorldCat Identities]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304195121/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81015163/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. <q>Author, Publishing director, Redactor, Thesis advisor, Opponent, Editor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat&rft.atitle=Crusol%2C+Jean+%5BWorldCat+Identities%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n81015163%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey_Marshall2011" class="citation web cs1">Dempsey Marshall, Rosalie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/3334/1/Marshall12PhD.pdf">"On Being West Indian in Post-War Metropolitan France: Perspectives from French West Indian Literature"</a> (PDF). University of Birmingham eTheses Repository. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. pp. 199–221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319170922/https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/3334/1/Marshall12PhD.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Birmingham+eTheses+Repository&rft.atitle=On+Being+West+Indian+in+Post-War+Metropolitan+France%3A+Perspectives+from+French+West+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=199-221&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Dempsey+Marshall&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.bham.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F3334%2F1%2FMarshall12PhD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206192224/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2006-041424/">"Desportes, Georges 1921-"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. <q>Criticism, interpretation, etc Fiction Poetry</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Desportes%2C+Georges+1921-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n2006-041424%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/dracius-suzanne.html">"Dracius Suzanne | Archives | Congrès international des écrivains de la Caraïbe"</a>. Association of Caribbean writers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111722/http://ecrivainsdelacaraibe.com/en/archives/author-info/dracius-suzanne.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Caribbean+writers&rft.atitle=Dracius+Suzanne+%7C+Archives+%7C+Congr%C3%A8s+international+des+%C3%A9crivains+de+la+Cara%C3%AFbe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecrivainsdelacaraibe.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2Fauthor-info%2Fdracius-suzanne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209045717/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008052080/">"Duquesnay, Victor"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. <q>Author</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Duquesnay%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-no2008052080%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209045706/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-29845379/">"Duranty, Jude"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. <q>Author, Translator, Compiler</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Duranty%2C+Jude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Fviaf-29845379%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/?id=210">"George Fitt-Duval"</a>. Banque Numérique des Patrimoines Martiniquais. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305130758/https://www.patrimoines-martinique.org/?id=210">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banque+Num%C3%A9rique+des+Patrimoines+Martiniquais&rft.atitle=George+Fitt-Duval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimoines-martinique.org%2F%3Fid%3D210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208134344/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no97023954/">"Gratiant, Gilbert"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. <q>Author, Author of introduction, Creator, Other, Translator</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Gratiant%2C+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-no97023954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208180434/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88209092/">"Henry Valmore, Simonne"</a>. WorldCat Indentities. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <q>Biographies Criticism, interpretation, etc Fiction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Indentities&rft.atitle=Henry+Valmore%2C+Simonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n88209092%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206225748/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n94088349/">"Léotin, Georges-Henri 1947-"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <q>Author</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9otin%2C+Georges-Henri+1947-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n94088349%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martiniqueannu.com/martiniquais-celebre/marie-helene-leotin">"Marie-Hélène Léotin : Martinique A nu"</a>. Martinique á nu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065740/http://www.martiniqueannu.com/martiniquais-celebre/marie-helene-leotin">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+%C3%A1+nu&rft.atitle=Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+L%C3%A9otin+%3A+Martinique+A+nu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martiniqueannu.com%2Fmartiniquais-celebre%2Fmarie-helene-leotin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index_harmattan.asp?navig=auteurs&obj=artiste&no=2263">"Térèz Léotin - Biographie, publications (livres, articles)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226172420/http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=auteurs&obj=artiste&no=2263">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.atitle=T%C3%A9r%C3%A8z+L%C3%A9otin+-+Biographie%2C+publications+%28livres%2C+articles%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.editions-harmattan.fr%2Findex_harmattan.asp%3Fnavig%3Dauteurs%26obj%3Dartiste%26no%3D2263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ile-en-ile.org/lucrece/">"André Lucrèce"</a>. Île en île (in French). 17 June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523054630/http://ile-en-ile.org/lucrece/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%8Ele+en+%C3%AEle&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9+Lucr%C3%A8ce&rft.date=2004-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2File-en-ile.org%2Flucrece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208172940/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2007010954/">"Louison, Jacqueline Q."</a> WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <q>Author</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Louison%2C+Jacqueline+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-no2007010954%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrier2000" class="citation book cs1">Larrier, Renée Brenda (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47008638">Francophone women writers of Africa and the Caribbean</a>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2288-8"><bdi>978-0-8130-2288-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47008638">47008638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francophone+women+writers+of+Africa+and+the+Caribbean&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47008638&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-2288-8&rft.aulast=Larrier&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e+Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F47008638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206230251/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n93033207/">"Manville, Marcel 1922-"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <q>Biographies Criticism, interpretation, etc Conference papers and proceedings</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Manville%2C+Marcel+1922-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n93033207%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1993" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, Anthea (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nwig/67/1-2/article-p33_2.xml">"'Americanité' or 'Antillanité'? Changing perspectives on identity in post-négritude Francophone Caribbean poetry"</a>. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 67 (1–2): 33–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002672">10.1163/13822373-90002672</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2213-4360">2213-4360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203222248/https://brill.com/view/journals/nwig/67/1-2/article-p33_2.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021. 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World Literature Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411031916/https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/author/monchoachi">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Literature+Today&rft.atitle=Monchoachi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldliteraturetoday.org%2Fauthor%2Fmonchoachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernistmagazines.org/european/la-revue-du-monde-noir/">"La Revue du monde noir"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goodreads&rft.atitle=Armand+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fauthor%2Fshow%2F1566599.Armand_Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matrimoine.art/bio/gael-octavia/">"Matrimoine"</a>. Matrimoine Afro-Américano-Caribéen (MAAC) (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601232419/https://matrimoine.art/bio/gael-octavia/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. 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Retrieved 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duke+Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Entre+Nous+%3A+Xavier+Orville%2C+%C3%A9crivain+martiniquais+%282%29+%2F+Radio+Haiti+Archive+%2F+Duke+Digital+Repository&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.duke.edu%2Fdc%2Fradiohaiti%2FRL10059-CS-1243_02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209073924/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85018275/">"Pago, Gilbert"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <q>Author, Author of introduction, Editor, Film editor, Scientific advisor</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Pago%2C+Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n85018275%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209073913/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88621115/">"Parsemain, Roger 1944-"</a>. WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021. <q>Author, Adapter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat+Identities&rft.atitle=Parsemain%2C+Roger+1944-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n88621115%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206225754/https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2001017614/">"Pezo, Eric"</a>. 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WorldCat Identities. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. 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Retrieved 5 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=la1ere&rft.atitle=Soa+de+Muse+%3A+une+Martiniquaise+dans+le+premier+drag+show+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vis%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fsoa-de-muse-une-martiniquaise-dans-le-premier-drag-show-televise-francais-1299384.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune_02EDT" class="citation web cs1">June 02, Joey Nolfi; EDT, 2022 at 09:15 AM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/tv/drag-race-france-season-1-cast-revealed-meet-the-queens/">"Bonjour, ladies! Meet the queens of 'Drag Race France'"</a>. EW.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305225828/https://ew.com/tv/drag-race-france-season-1-cast-revealed-meet-the-queens/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EW.com&rft.atitle=Bonjour%2C+ladies%21+Meet+the+queens+of+%27Drag+Race+France%27&rft.aulast=June+02&rft.aufirst=Joey+Nolfi&rft.au=EDT%2C+2022+at+09%3A15+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Ftv%2Fdrag-race-france-season-1-cast-revealed-meet-the-queens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> ADEME, Vers l'autonomie énergétique en zone non-interconnectée à l'horizon 2030. Rapport final d'étude pour l'île de la Martinique </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie, Vers l'autonomie énergétique en zone non-interconnectée à l'horizon 2030 Rapport final d'étude pour l'île de la Guadeloupe Agencia del Medio Ambiente y de la Gestión de la Energía, Hacia la autonomía energética en zona no interconectada en el horizonte 2030. 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Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.insee.fr&rft.atitle=Professionnels+de+sant%C3%A9+au+1%3Csup%3Eer%3C%2Fsup%3E+janvier+2018+%7C+Insee&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F2012677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urml-m.org/votre-urml/qui-sommes-nous/">"Qui sommes-nous ?"</a>. 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Rapport scientifique du workshop organisé les 6 et 7 novembre 2019 à l'Université Paris Dauphine</a> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023000912/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03097964">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021. 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LEFIGARO (in French). 26 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191126042924/https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/antilles-l-etat-premier-responsable-de-la-pollution-au-chlordecone-20191126">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LEFIGARO&rft.atitle=Antilles+%3A+l%27%C3%89tat%2C+%22premier+responsable%22+de+la+pollution+au+chlord%C3%A9cone&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Factualite-france%2Fantilles-l-etat-premier-responsable-de-la-pollution-au-chlordecone-20191126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martouzet-2021-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Martouzet-2021_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartouzet2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martouzet, Denis (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/geocarrefour/17224">"Jessica Oublié et al., Tropiques toxiques. Le scandale du chlordécone"</a>. Géocarrefour (in French). 96 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fgeocarrefour.17224">10.4000/geocarrefour.17224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1627-4873">1627-4873</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251047096">251047096</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021204644/https://journals.openedition.org/geocarrefour/17224">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%A9ocarrefour&rft.atitle=Jessica+Oubli%C3%A9+et+al.%2C+Tropiques+toxiques.+Le+scandale+du+chlord%C3%A9cone&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251047096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1627-4873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fgeocarrefour.17224&rft.aulast=Martouzet&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fgeocarrefour%2F17224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franceinfo-2021-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franceinfo-2021_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franceinfo-2021_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franceinfo-2021_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/environnement/pesticides/scandale-du-chlordecone-lempoisonnement-a-ce-pesticide-en-guadeloupe-et-en-martinique-n-est-pas-prescrit-clament-les-parties-civiles_4336009.html">"Scandale du chlordécone : "L'empoisonnement" à ce pesticide en Guadeloupe et en Martinique "n'est pas prescrit", clament les parties civiles"</a>. Franceinfo (in French). 17 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018001519/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/environnement/pesticides/scandale-du-chlordecone-lempoisonnement-a-ce-pesticide-en-guadeloupe-et-en-martinique-n-est-pas-prescrit-clament-les-parties-civiles_4336009.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franceinfo&rft.atitle=Scandale+du+chlord%C3%A9cone+%3A+%22L%27empoisonnement%22+%C3%A0+ce+pesticide+en+Guadeloupe+et+en+Martinique+%22n%27est+pas+prescrit%22%2C+clament+les+parties+civiles&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmonde%2Fenvironnement%2Fpesticides%2Fscandale-du-chlordecone-lempoisonnement-a-ce-pesticide-en-guadeloupe-et-en-martinique-n-est-pas-prescrit-clament-les-parties-civiles_4336009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geo-2021-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Geo-2021_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AFP, GEO avec (16 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.fr/environnement/chlordecone-la-grande-majorite-des-faits-etait-deja-prescrite-des-le-depot-des-plaintes-204082">"Chlordécone en Guadeloupe et en Martinique : vers une ordonnance de non-lieu ?"</a>. Geo.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018001519/https://www.geo.fr/environnement/chlordecone-la-grande-majorite-des-faits-etait-deja-prescrite-des-le-depot-des-plaintes-204082">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geo.fr&rft.atitle=Chlord%C3%A9cone+en+Guadeloupe+et+en+Martinique+%3A+vers+une+ordonnance+de+non-lieu+%3F&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft.aulast=AFP&rft.aufirst=GEO+avec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.fr%2Fenvironnement%2Fchlordecone-la-grande-majorite-des-faits-etait-deja-prescrite-des-le-depot-des-plaintes-204082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeMonde-2021-207"><a href="#cite_ref-LeMonde-2021_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2021/02/27/scandale-du-chlordecone-plusieurs-milliers-de-manifestants-en-martinique-contre-l-impunite_6071431_3244.html">"Scandale du chlordécone : plusieurs milliers de manifestants en Martinique contre " l'impunité ""</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). 27 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018001518/https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2021/02/27/scandale-du-chlordecone-plusieurs-milliers-de-manifestants-en-martinique-contre-l-impunite_6071431_3244.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Scandale+du+chlord%C3%A9cone+%3A+plusieurs+milliers+de+manifestants+en+Martinique+contre+%22+l%27impunit%C3%A9+%22&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fplanete%2Farticle%2F2021%2F02%2F27%2Fscandale-du-chlordecone-plusieurs-milliers-de-manifestants-en-martinique-contre-l-impunite_6071431_3244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/coronavirus-deux-cas-confirmes-martinique-807587.html">"Coronavirus : deux cas confirmés en Martinique"</a>. Martinique la 1ère (in French). 5 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306135023/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/martinique/coronavirus-deux-cas-confirmes-martinique-807587.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martinique+la+1%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+%3A+deux+cas+confirm%C3%A9s+en+Martinique&rft.date=2020-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla1ere.francetvinfo.fr%2Fmartinique%2Fcoronavirus-deux-cas-confirmes-martinique-807587.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905145016/https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/regions/antilles/documents/bulletin-regional/2021/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-en-martinique-du-2-septembre-2021">"COVID-19 : point épidémiologique en Martinique du 2 septembre 2021"</a>. Santé Publique France (in French). 2 September 2021. Archived from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sant%C3%A9+Publique+France&rft.atitle=COVID-19+%3A+point+%C3%A9pid%C3%A9miologique+en+Martinique+du+2+septembre+2021&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.santepubliquefrance.fr%2Fregions%2Fantilles%2Fdocuments%2Fbulletin-regional%2F2021%2Fcovid-19-point-epidemiologique-en-martinique-du-2-septembre-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> "Gauguin and Martinique," Karen Kristine Reichnitzer Pope, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-Herdeck-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Herdeck_211-0">^</a> "Aimé Césaire", in <a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Herdeck" title="Donald E. Herdeck">Donald E. Herdeck</a> (ed.), Caribbean Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical-Critical Encyclopedia, Washington, DC: Three Continents Press, 1979, pp. 324–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> "Commentary", Notebook of a Return to the Native Land (Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4396/">Two Years in the French West Indies</a>. 1890. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822221445/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4396/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Years+in+the+French+West+Indies&rft.date=1890&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F4396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearn1890" class="citation book cs1">Hearn, Lafcadio (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykwLAAAAIAAJ">Youma: Story of a Western Indian Slave</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4047-6737-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4047-6737-9"><bdi>978-1-4047-6737-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818031752/https://books.google.com/books?id=ykwLAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youma%3A+Story+of+a+Western+Indian+Slave&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-1-4047-6737-9&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Lafcadio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykwLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartinique" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Forster, Elborg, Robert Forster, and Pierre Dessailes – Sugar and Slavery, Family and Race: The Letters and Diaries of Pierre Dessailes, Planter in Martinique, 1808–1856.</li> <li>Gerstin, Julian and Dominique Cyrille – Martinique: Cane Fields and City Streets.</li> <li>Haigh, Sam – An Introduction to Caribbean Francophone Writing: Guadeloupe and Martinique.</li> <li>Heilprin, Angelo – Mont Pelee and the Tragedy of Martinique.</li> <li>Heilprin, Angelo – The Tower of Pelee. New Studies of the Great Volcano of Martinique.</li> <li>Kimber, Clarissa Therese – Martinique Revisited: The Changing Plant Geographies of a West Indian Island.</li> <li>Lamont, Rosette C. and Richard Miller – New French Language Plays: Martinique, Quebec, Ivory Coast, Belgium.</li> <li>Laguerre, Michel S. – Urban Poverty in the Caribbean: French Martinique as a Social Laboratory.</li> <li>Murray, David A. B. – Opacity: Gender, Sexuality, Race and the 'Problem' of Identity in Martinique.</li> <li>Slater, Mariam K. – The Caribbean Family: Legitimacy in Martinique.</li> <li>Tomich, Dale W. – Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar: Martinique and the World Economy, 1830–1848.</li> <li>Watts, David – The West Indies: Patterns of Development, Culture, and Environmental Change Since 1492.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinique&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Martinique" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Martinique">Martinique</a>".</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martinique.gouv.fr/">Prefecture website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924035955/https://www.martinique.gouv.fr/">Archived</a> 24 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/">Collectivité Territoriale de Martinique website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531195401/https://www.collectivitedemartinique.mq/">Archived</a> 31 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French)</li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Martinique" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Martinique">Wikimedia Atlas of Martinique</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Travel</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martinique.org/">Martinique Tourism Authority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003183335/https://www.martinique.org/">Archived</a> 3 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zananas-martinique.com/">Zananas Martinique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811113100/https://www.zananas-martinique.com/">Archived</a> 11 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Informations site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martinique</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Martinique-related_articles" title="Index of Martinique-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belain_d%27Esnambuc" title="Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc">Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Expulsion">Carib Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="Mount Pelée">Mount Pelée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Invasions and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1759)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1759)">1759 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1762)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1762)">1762 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)" title="Battle of Martinique (1779)">1779 battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1780)" title="Battle of Martinique (1780)">1780 battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1794)" title="Battle of Martinique (1794)">1794 battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">1809 invasion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Martinique" title="Flag of Martinique"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg/135px-Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Front_National_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_de_la_Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Martinique" title="Geography of Martinique">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_the_Martinique_department" title="Arrondissements of the Martinique department">Arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Martinique_department" title="Communes of the Martinique department">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Martinique_department" title="Cantons of the Martinique department">Cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Martinique">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanoes in Martinique">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Martinique" title="List of rivers of Martinique">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Martinique">Climate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Martinique" title="Government of Martinique">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Martinique" title="Elections in Martinique">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Martinique">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Martinique" title="List of political parties in Martinique">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Martinique" title="Economy of Martinique">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Martinique" title="Transport in Martinique">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Martinique" title="Culture of Martinique">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Martinique" title="Coat of arms of Martinique">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Martinique" title="Demographics of Martinique">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martinique_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Martinique films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Martinique" title="Flag of Martinique">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Martinique" title="Football in Martinique">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Martinique-related_articles" title="Index of Martinique-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Further_reading">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Martinique" title="Category:Martinique">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overseas_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_France" title="Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_France" title="Template talk:Overseas France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas regions</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a> collectivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Uninhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Uninhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_domains_of_Saint_Helena" title="French domains of Saint Helena">French domains of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_domains_of_the_Holy_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French domains of the Holy Land (page does not exist)">French domains of the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a>2, 3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser">Banc du Geyser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Also known as <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas departments</a></li> <li>2 Claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li>3 Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li>4 Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Outermost_regions_of_European_Union_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EU_Outermost_regions" title="Template:EU Outermost regions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EU_Outermost_regions" title="Template talk:EU Outermost regions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_Outermost_regions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EU Outermost regions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Outermost_regions_of_European_Union_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union#Outermost_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Special member state territories and the European Union">Outermost regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> states</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:EU_outermost_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/EU_outermost_regions.svg/150px-EU_outermost_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/EU_outermost_regions.svg/225px-EU_outermost_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/EU_outermost_regions.svg/300px-EU_outermost_regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint-Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/120px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/180px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/240px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_regions_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_France" title="Template:Regions of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_France" title="Template talk:Regions of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_regions_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">Administrative regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current (since 2016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Bourgogne-Franche-Comté">Bourgogne-Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a> (Centre Region until 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)" title="Normandy (administrative region)">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)" title="Occitania (administrative region)">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former (1982–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(administrative_region)" title="Auvergne (administrative region)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne-Ardenne" title="Champagne-Ardenne">Champagne-Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon" title="Languedoc-Roussillon">Languedoc-Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Normandy" title="Lower Normandy">Lower Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Midi-Pyrénées">Midi-Pyrénées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou-Charentes" title="Poitou-Charentes">Poitou-Charentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Rhône-Alpes">Rhône-Alpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Normandy" title="Upper Normandy">Upper Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas regions">Overseas regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_regions_of_France" title="Flags of the regions of France">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_list_of_French_regions" title="Ranked list of French regions">Ranked by area/population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of French regions by Human Development Index">by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(France)" title="Regional council (France)">Regional councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Departments_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Departments_of_France" title="Template:Departments of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_of_France" title="Template talk:Departments of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Departments of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Departments_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Departments of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">Metropolitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>01 <a href="/wiki/Ain" title="Ain">Ain</a></li> <li>02 <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a></li> <li>03 <a href="/wiki/Allier" title="Allier">Allier</a></li> <li>04 <a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a></li> <li>05 <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Alpes" title="Hautes-Alpes">Hautes-Alpes</a></li> <li>06 <a href="/wiki/Alpes-Maritimes" title="Alpes-Maritimes">Alpes-Maritimes</a></li> <li>07 <a href="/wiki/Ard%C3%A8che" title="Ardèche">Ardèche</a></li> <li>08 <a href="/wiki/Ardennes_(department)" title="Ardennes (department)">Ardennes</a></li> <li>09 <a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Aube" title="Aube">Aube</a></li> <li>11 <a href="/wiki/Aude" title="Aude">Aude</a></li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a></li> <li>13 <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a></li> <li>14 <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a></li> <li>15 <a href="/wiki/Cantal" title="Cantal">Cantal</a></li> <li>16 <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente</a></li> <li>17 <a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Maritime</a></li> <li>18 <a href="/wiki/Cher_(department)" title="Cher (department)">Cher</a></li> <li>19 <a href="/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a></li> <li>2A <a href="/wiki/Corse-du-Sud" title="Corse-du-Sud">Corse-du-Sud</a></li> <li>2B <a href="/wiki/Haute-Corse" title="Haute-Corse">Haute-Corse</a></li> <li>21 <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-d%27Or" title="Côte-d'Or">Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li>22 <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a></li> <li>23 <a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a></li> <li>24 <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a></li> <li>25 <a href="/wiki/Doubs" title="Doubs">Doubs</a></li> <li>26 <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a></li> <li>27 <a href="/wiki/Eure" title="Eure">Eure</a></li> <li>28 <a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a></li> <li>29 <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a></li> <li>30 <a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a></li> <li>31 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a></li> <li>32 <a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">Gers</a></li> <li>33 <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a></li> <li>34 <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a></li> <li>35 <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a></li> <li>36 <a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a></li> <li>37 <a href="/wiki/Indre-et-Loire" title="Indre-et-Loire">Indre-et-Loire</a></li> <li>38 <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%A8re" title="Isère">Isère</a></li> <li>39 <a href="/wiki/Jura_(department)" title="Jura (department)">Jura</a></li> <li>40 <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a></li> <li>41 <a href="/wiki/Loir-et-Cher" title="Loir-et-Cher">Loir-et-Cher</a></li> <li>42 <a href="/wiki/Loire_(department)" title="Loire (department)">Loire</a></li> <li>43 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Loire" title="Haute-Loire">Haute-Loire</a></li> <li>44 <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a></li> <li>45 <a href="/wiki/Loiret" title="Loiret">Loiret</a></li> <li>46 <a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a></li> <li>47 <a href="/wiki/Lot-et-Garonne" title="Lot-et-Garonne">Lot-et-Garonne</a></li> <li>48 <a href="/wiki/Loz%C3%A8re" title="Lozère">Lozère</a></li> <li>49 <a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a></li> <li>50 <a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a></li> <li>51 <a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a></li> <li>52 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Marne" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a></li> <li>53 <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a></li> <li>54 <a href="/wiki/Meurthe-et-Moselle" title="Meurthe-et-Moselle">Meurthe-et-Moselle</a></li> <li>55 <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(department)" title="Meuse (department)">Meuse</a></li> <li>56 <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li>57 <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a></li> <li>58 <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a></li> <li>59 <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a></li> <li>60 <a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a></li> <li>61 <a href="/wiki/Orne" title="Orne">Orne</a></li> <li>62 <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a></li> <li>63 <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a></li> <li>64 <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a></li> <li>65 <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a></li> <li>66 <a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li> <li>67 <a href="/wiki/Bas-Rhin" title="Bas-Rhin">Bas-Rhin</a></li> <li>68 <a href="/wiki/Haut-Rhin" title="Haut-Rhin">Haut-Rhin</a></li> <li>69D <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(department)" title="Rhône (department)">Rhône</a></li> <li>70 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a></li> <li>71 <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a></li> <li>72 <a href="/wiki/Sarthe" title="Sarthe">Sarthe</a></li> <li>73 <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a></li> <li>74 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a></li> <li>76 <a href="/wiki/Seine-Maritime" title="Seine-Maritime">Seine-Maritime</a></li> <li>77 <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Marne" title="Seine-et-Marne">Seine-et-Marne</a></li> <li>78 <a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a></li> <li>79 <a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a></li> <li>80 <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a></li> <li>81 <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a></li> <li>82 <a href="/wiki/Tarn-et-Garonne" title="Tarn-et-Garonne">Tarn-et-Garonne</a></li> <li>83 <a href="/wiki/Var_(department)" title="Var (department)">Var</a></li> <li>84 <a href="/wiki/Vaucluse" title="Vaucluse">Vaucluse</a></li> <li>85 <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>86 <a href="/wiki/Vienne_(department)" title="Vienne (department)">Vienne</a></li> <li>87 <a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a></li> <li>88 <a href="/wiki/Vosges_(department)" title="Vosges (department)">Vosges</a></li> <li>89 <a href="/wiki/Yonne" title="Yonne">Yonne</a></li> <li>90 <a href="/wiki/Territoire_de_Belfort" title="Territoire de Belfort">Territoire de Belfort</a></li> <li>91 <a href="/wiki/Essonne" title="Essonne">Essonne</a></li> <li>92 <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine" title="Hauts-de-Seine">Hauts-de-Seine</a></li> <li>93 <a href="/wiki/Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Seine-Saint-Denis">Seine-Saint-Denis</a></li> <li>94 <a href="/wiki/Val-de-Marne" title="Val-de-Marne">Val-de-Marne</a></li> <li>95 <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Oise" title="Val-d'Oise">Val-d'Oise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>971 <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li>972 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martinique</a> (territorial collectivity)</li> <li>973 <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (territorial collectivity)</li> <li>974 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li>976 <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>69M <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Lyon" title="Metropolis of Lyon">Lyon</a> (collectivity with special status)</li> <li>75 <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (collectivity with special status)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>975 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> (Overseas collectivity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Outlying territories of European countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Territories under European <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_and_Amsterdam_Islands" title="Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands">Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam"> Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul"> Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser"> Geyser Shoal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_Soberan%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazas de Soberanía">Plazas de Soberanía</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velez_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Velez Islands">Velez Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/21px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/42px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Martinique at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Martinique" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Martinique">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Martinique" class="extiw" title="c:Martinique">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Martinique" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Martinique">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Martinique" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Martinique">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17054#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037735-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80010444">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884083t">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153480829">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884083t">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153480829">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629297">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge867201&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454131">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlkd9q24lt16b">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559502605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b939dcaa-4729-34e0-a398-d22fba4407cd">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/44efc622-1801-4a98-949f-3c48a63f7c1a">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iCxGQPgf">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026630206">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044633">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=61668">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=65953">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martinique&oldid=1259284688">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martinique&oldid=1259284688</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Martinique" title="Category:Martinique">Martinique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dependent_territories_in_the_Caribbean" title="Category:Dependent territories in the 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