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aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footstrike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footstrike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Footstrike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footstrike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midstance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midstance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Midstance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midstance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Propulsion phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swing_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swing_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Swing phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swing_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_extremity_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_extremity_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Upper extremity function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_extremity_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footstrike_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footstrike_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Footstrike debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footstrike_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stride_length,_hip_and_knee_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stride_length,_hip_and_knee_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Stride length, hip and knee function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stride_length,_hip_and_knee_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Good technique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Good_technique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Good technique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Good_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upright_posture_and_slight_forward_lean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upright_posture_and_slight_forward_lean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Upright posture and slight forward lean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upright_posture_and_slight_forward_lean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stride_rate_and_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stride_rate_and_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stride rate and types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stride_rate_and_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health benefits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cardiovascular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Metabolic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Injuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Injuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Injuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>High impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chafing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chafing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chafing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chafing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iliotibial_band_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iliotibial_band_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Iliotibial band syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iliotibial_band_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Medial tibial stress syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limits_of_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limits_of_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Limits of speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limits_of_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed_over_increasing_distance_based_on_world_record_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed_over_increasing_distance_based_on_world_record_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Speed over increasing distance based on world record times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed_over_increasing_distance_based_on_world_record_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Distances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sprints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sprints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Sprints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sprints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Middle distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Long distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Running</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardloop" title="Hardloop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hardloop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B6" title="ركض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ركض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_a_cuerpu" title="Carrera a cuerpu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carrera a cuerpu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa%C3%A7%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Qaçış – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qaçış" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="দৌড় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দৌড়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukah" title="Bukah – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bukah" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1u" title="Cháu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cháu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Бег – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бег" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Бег – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бег" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagdalagan" title="Pagdalagan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagdalagan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бягане – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бягане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redadeg" title="Redadeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Redadeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_a_peu" title="Carrera a peu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carrera a peu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9Bh" title="Běh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Běh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumhanya" title="Kumhanya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kumhanya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhedeg" title="Rhedeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhedeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jooks" title="Jooks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jooks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Τρέξιμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρέξιμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrera_a_pie" title="Carrera a pie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carrera a pie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuro" title="Kuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasterka_egitea" title="Lasterka egitea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lasterka egitea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86" title="دویدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دویدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renning_(%C3%ADtr%C3%B3ttur)" title="Renning (ítróttur) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Renning (ítróttur)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_%C3%A0_pied" title="Course à pied – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Course à pied" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draven" title="Draven – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Draven" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reatha%C3%ADocht" title="Reathaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Reathaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiak" title="Chhiak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhiak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B8%B0" title="달리기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달리기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%A6%D6%84" title="Վազք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վազք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%8Danje" title="Trčanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trčanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lari" title="Lari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlaup" title="Hlaup – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hlaup" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_(sport)" title="Corsa (sport) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsa (sport)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94" title="ריצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlayu" title="Mlayu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mlayu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%9F" title="ಓಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жүгіру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүгіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kous_a_pye" title="Kous a pye – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kous a pye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev" title="Rev – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rev" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Чуркоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чуркоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrie%C5%A1ana" title="Skriešana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skriešana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%97gimas" title="Bėgimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bėgimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loupe" title="Loupe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Loupe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bajra" title="bajra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bajra" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Трчање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трчање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="धावणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धावणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9" title="Bié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardlopen" title="Hardlopen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hardlopen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%B0%E3%82%8B" title="走る – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="走る" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ping" title="Løping – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_a_p%C3%A8" title="Corsa a pè – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corsa a pè" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugurish" title="Yugurish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yugurish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrida" title="Corrida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergare" title="Alergare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alergare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Бег – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бег" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="धावनक्रीडा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="धावनक्रीडा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinnin" title="Rinnin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rinnin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrapimi" title="Vrapimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vrapimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running" title="Running – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Running" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beh" title="Beh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek" title="Tek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Трчање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трчање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%8Danje" title="Trčanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trčanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juoksu" title="Juoksu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juoksu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6pning" title="Löpning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Löpning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="పరుగు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరుగు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="การวิ่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การวิ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Давидан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давидан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Fu" title="Koşu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koşu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B3" title="Біг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%91%D9%86%D8%A7" title="دوڑنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوڑنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A1y" title="Chạy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chạy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%94" title="奔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%B0" title="走 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="走" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazday%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Vazdayış – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vazdayış" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieg%C4%97ms" title="Biegėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Biegėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5" title="跑步 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="跑步" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Method of terrestrial locomotion allowing rapid movement on foot</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">Gait</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Run_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Run (disambiguation)">Run (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Runner (disambiguation)">Runner (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runners_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Runners (disambiguation)">Runners (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Running_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Running (disambiguation)">Running (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludovic_and_Lauren_(8425515069).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ludovic_and_Lauren_%288425515069%29.jpg/220px-Ludovic_and_Lauren_%288425515069%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ludovic_and_Lauren_%288425515069%29.jpg/330px-Ludovic_and_Lauren_%288425515069%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ludovic_and_Lauren_%288425515069%29.jpg/440px-Ludovic_and_Lauren_%288425515069%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a> runners at <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Marathon" title="Carlsbad Marathon">Carlsbad Marathon</a>, US, 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Running_form.ogv/220px--Running_form.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Running_form.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Running_form.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Running_form.ogv/Running_form.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Running_form.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Running_form.ogv/Running_form.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Running_form.ogv/Running_form.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Running_form.ogv/Running_form.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Running_form.ogv/Running_form.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of human running action</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Running</b> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">terrestrial locomotion</a> by which humans and other animals move rapidly on foot. Running is a <a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">gait</a> with an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>, where one foot is always in contact with the ground, the legs are kept mostly straight, and the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> vaults over the stance leg or legs in an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_pendulum" title="Inverted pendulum">inverted pendulum</a> fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Bie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of <a href="/wiki/Spring_mass_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring mass system">spring-mass mechanics</a> is that changes in <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> within a stride co-occur, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "running" can refer to a variety of speeds ranging from <a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">jogging</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprinting</a>. </p><p>Running in humans is associated with improved health and <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is hypothesized that the ancestors of humankind developed the ability to run for long distances about 2.6 million years ago, probably to <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunt animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas. Records of competitive <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">racing</a> date back to the <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first recorded <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the world's most accessible sport.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Distance_Runners,_Ancient_Greece,_Amphora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Long_Distance_Runners%2C_Ancient_Greece%2C_Amphora.png/220px-Long_Distance_Runners%2C_Ancient_Greece%2C_Amphora.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Long_Distance_Runners%2C_Ancient_Greece%2C_Amphora.png/330px-Long_Distance_Runners%2C_Ancient_Greece%2C_Amphora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Long_Distance_Runners%2C_Ancient_Greece%2C_Amphora.png/440px-Long_Distance_Runners%2C_Ancient_Greece%2C_Amphora.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>An early 20th Century drawing depicting long-distance runners. It is copied from a <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a> from Ancient Greece, circa 333 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runners_MAN_Napoli_Inv5626-7_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Runners_MAN_Napoli_Inv5626-7_n02.jpg/220px-Runners_MAN_Napoli_Inv5626-7_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Runners_MAN_Napoli_Inv5626-7_n02.jpg/330px-Runners_MAN_Napoli_Inv5626-7_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Runners_MAN_Napoli_Inv5626-7_n02.jpg/440px-Runners_MAN_Napoli_Inv5626-7_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3125" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman bronze sculptures</a> of runners from the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a> at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is thought that human running evolved at least four and a half million years ago out of the ability of the ape-like <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a>, an early ancestor of humans, to <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">walk upright on two legs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early humans most likely developed into endurance runners from the practice of <a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">persistence hunting</a> of animals, the activity of following and chasing until a prey is too exhausted to flee, succumbing to "chase <a href="/wiki/Myopathy" title="Myopathy">myopathy</a>" (Sears 2001), and that human features such as the <a href="/wiki/Nuchal_ligament" title="Nuchal ligament">nuchal ligament</a>, abundant <a href="/wiki/Sweat_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat glands">sweat glands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendons</a>, big <a href="/wiki/Knee_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee joint">knee joints</a> and muscular <a href="/wiki/Glutei_maximi" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutei maximi">glutei maximi</a>, were changes caused by this type of activity (Bramble & Lieberman 2004, et al.).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liebenberg_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebenberg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sears_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory as first proposed used comparative physiological evidence and the natural habits of animals when running, indicating the likelihood of this activity as a successful hunting method. Further evidence from observation of modern-day hunting practices also indicated this likelihood (Carrier et al. 1984). <sup id="cite_ref-Sears_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sears-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_R._Carrier,_A._K._Kapoor,_Tasuku_Kimura,_Martin_K._Nickels,_Satwanti,_Eugenie_C._Scott,_Joseph_K._So_and_Erik_Trinkaus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_R._Carrier,_A._K._Kapoor,_Tasuku_Kimura,_Martin_K._Nickels,_Satwanti,_Eugenie_C._Scott,_Joseph_K._So_and_Erik_Trinkaus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sears (p. 12) scientific investigation (Walker & Leakey 1993) of the <a href="/wiki/Nariokotome_skeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Nariokotome skeleton">Nariokotome skeleton</a> provided further evidence for the Carrier theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker,_&_Leakey_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker,_&_Leakey-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas such as Greece, Egypt, Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> in Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games</a>, an Irish sporting festival in honor of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tailtiu" title="Tailtiu">Tailtiu</a>, dates back to 1829 BCE and is one of the earliest records of competitive running.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games#Origin_mythology" title="Ancient Olympic Games">origins of the Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon running</a> are shrouded by myth and legend, though the first recorded games took place in 776 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Running in Ancient Greece">Running in Ancient Greece</a> can be traced back to these games of 776 BCE. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...I suspect that the sun, moon, earth, stars, and heaven, which are still the gods of many barbarians, were the only gods known to the aboriginal Hellenes. Seeing that they were always moving and running, from their running nature they were called gods or runners (Thus, Theontas)...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_runner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Muybridge_runner.jpg/220px-Muybridge_runner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Muybridge_runner.jpg/330px-Muybridge_runner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Muybridge_runner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a> photo sequence</figcaption></figure> <p>Running gait can be divided into two phases regarding the lower <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">extremity</a>: stance and swing.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_1996_76–89_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1996_76–89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicola_2012_187–201_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicola_2012_187–201-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novacheck_1998_77–95_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novacheck_1998_77–95-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schache_1999_30–47_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schache_1999_30–47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can be further divided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing, and terminal swing. Due to the continuous nature of running gait, no certain point is assumed to be the beginning. However, for simplicity, it will be assumed that absorption and footstrike mark the beginning of the running cycle in a body already in motion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footstrike">Footstrike</h3></div> <p>Footstrike occurs when a plantar portion of the foot makes initial contact with the ground. Common footstrike types include forefoot, midfoot, and heel strike types.<sup id="cite_ref-Daoud_2012_1325–34_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daoud_2012_1325–34-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are characterized by initial contact of the ball of the foot, ball and heel of the foot simultaneously and heel of the foot respectively. During this time, the <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joint</a> is undergoing extension from being in maximal flexion from the previous swing phase. For proper force absorption, the knee joint should be flexed upon the footstrike, and the ankle should be slightly in front of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_1980_1590–95_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1980_1590–95-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Footstrike begins the absorption phase as forces from initial contact are attenuated throughout the lower extremity. Absorption of forces continues as the body moves from footstrike to midstance due to vertical propulsion from the toe-off during a previous gait cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midstance">Midstance</h3></div> <p>Midstance is when the lower extremity limb of focus is in knee flexion directly underneath the trunk, pelvis, and hips. At this point, propulsion begins to occur as the hips undergo hip extension, the knee joint undergoes extension, and the ankle undergoes plantar flexion. Propulsion continues until the leg is extended behind the body and toe-off occurs. This involves a maximal hip extension, knee extension, and plantar flexion for the subject, resulting in the body being pushed forward from this motion, and the ankle/foot leaves the ground as the initial swing begins. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion_phase">Propulsion phase</h3></div> <p>Research, especially in the footstrike debate, has primarily focused on identifying and preventing injuries during the absorption phases of running. The propulsion phase, which occurs from midstance to toe-off, is crucial for understanding how the body moves forward.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicola_2012_187–201_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicola_2012_187–201-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novacheck_1998_77–95_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novacheck_1998_77–95-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_2010_2709–16_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_2010_2709–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a full stride length model, elements of both the terminal swing and footstrike contribute to propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-Schache_1999_30–47_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schache_1999_30–47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ardigo_2008_17–22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardigo_2008_17–22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The setup for propulsion begins at the end of the terminal swing when the hip joint flexes, allowing the hip extensors to generate force as they accelerate through the maximal range of motion. </p><p>As the hip extensors transition from inhibitory to primary muscle movers, the lower extremity moves back towards the ground, aided by the <a href="/wiki/Stretch_reflex" title="Stretch reflex">stretch reflex</a> and gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-Schache_1999_30–47_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schache_1999_30–47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The footstrike and absorption phases follow, leading to two possible outcomes. </p><p>With a heel strike, this phase may be just a continuation of momentum from the stretch reflex, gravity, and light hip extension, offering little force absorption through the ankle joint.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_2010_2709–16_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_2010_2709–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergmann_2000_817–827_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergmann_2000_817–827-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman_2010_531–535_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman_2010_531–535-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a mid/forefoot strike helps in shock absorption, supporting plantar flexion from midstance to toe-off.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman_2010_531–535_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman_2010_531–535-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2000_210–218_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2000_210–218-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actual propulsion begins as the lower extremity enters midstance.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_2010_2709–16_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_2010_2709–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hip extensors continue contracting, assisted by gravity and the stretch reflex from maximal hip flexion during the terminal swing. Hip extension pulls the ground underneath the body, propelling the runner forward. </p><p>During midstance, the knee should be slightly flexed due to elastic loading from the absorption and footstrike phases, preserving forward momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubo_2000_181–187_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubo_2000_181–187-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magness_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magness-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thys_1975_281–286_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thys_1975_281–286-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ankle joint is in <a href="/wiki/Dorsiflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsiflexion">dorsiflexion</a> at this point, either elastically loaded from a mid/forefoot strike or preparing for stand-alone concentric plantar flexion. </p><p>The final propulsive movements during toe-off involve all three joints: ankle, knee, and hip.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_2010_2709–16_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_2010_2709–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bergmann_2000_817–827_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergmann_2000_817–827-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman_2010_531–535_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman_2010_531–535-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2000_210–218_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2000_210–218-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plantar flexors push off from the ground, returning from dorsiflexion in midstance. This can occur either by releasing the elastic load from an earlier mid/forefoot strike or through concentric contraction from a heel strike. </p><p>With a forefoot strike, the ankle and knee joints release their stored elastic energy from the footstrike/absorption phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubo_2000_181–187_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubo_2000_181–187-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magness_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magness-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thys_1975_281–286_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thys_1975_281–286-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quadriceps group/knee extensors fully extend the knee, pushing the body off the ground. Simultaneously, the knee flexors and stretch reflex pull the knee back into flexion, initiating the initial swing phase. The hip extensors extend to the maximum, contributing to forces pulling and pushing off the ground, as well as initiating knee flexion and the initial swing phase. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swing_phase">Swing phase</h3></div> <p>Initial swing is the response of both stretch reflexes and concentric movements to the propulsion movements of the body. Hip flexion and knee flexion occur, beginning the return of the limb to the starting position and setting up for another foot strike. The initial swing ends at midswing when the limb is again directly underneath the trunk, pelvis, and hip with the knee joint flexed and hip flexion continuing. Terminal swing then begins as hip flexion continues to the point of activation of the stretch reflex of the hip extensors. The knee begins to extend slightly as it swings to the anterior portion of the body. The foot then makes contact with the ground with a foot strike, completing the running cycle of one side of the lower extremity. Each limb of the lower extremity works opposite to the other. When one side is in toe-off/propulsion, the other hand is in the swing/recovery phase preparing for footstrike.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_1996_76–89_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1996_76–89-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicola_2012_187–201_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicola_2012_187–201-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novacheck_1998_77–95_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novacheck_1998_77–95-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schache_1999_30–47_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schache_1999_30–47-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following toe-off and the beginning of the initial swing of one side, there is a flight phase where neither extremity is in contact with the ground due to the opposite side finishing terminal swing. As the footstrike of the one hand occurs, the initial swing continues. The opposing limbs meet with one in midstance and midswing, beginning the propulsion and terminal swing phases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_extremity_function">Upper extremity function</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_running_in_North_Point_lockdown_area_20210128.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Police_running_in_North_Point_lockdown_area_20210128.gif/240px-Police_running_in_North_Point_lockdown_area_20210128.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Police_running_in_North_Point_lockdown_area_20210128.gif/360px-Police_running_in_North_Point_lockdown_area_20210128.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Police_running_in_North_Point_lockdown_area_20210128.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Video of man running</figcaption></figure> <p>The upper extremity function serves mainly in providing balance in conjunction with the opposing side of the lower extremity.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicola_2012_187–201_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicola_2012_187–201-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of each leg is paired with the opposite arm, which serves to counterbalance the body, particularly during the stance phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_2010_2709–16_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_2010_2709–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arms move most effectively (as seen in elite athletes) with the elbow joint at approximately 90 degrees or less, the hands swinging from the hips up to mid-chest level with the opposite leg, the Humerus moving from being parallel with the trunk to approximately 45 degrees shoulder extension (never passing the trunk in flexion) and with as little movement in the transverse plane as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh_1990_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh_1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trunk also rotates in conjunction with arm swing. It mainly serves as a balance point from which the limbs are anchored. Thus trunk motion should remain mostly stable with little motion except for slight rotation, as excessive movement would contribute to transverse motion and wasted energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footstrike_debate">Footstrike debate</h3></div> <p>Recent research into various forms of running has focused on the differences in the potential <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a> risks and shock absorption capabilities between heel and mid/forefoot footstrikes. It has been shown that heel striking is generally associated with higher rates of injury and impact due to inefficient shock absorption and inefficient biomechanical compensations for these forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Daoud_2012_1325–34_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daoud_2012_1325–34-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to pressures from a heel strike traveling through bones for shock absorption rather than being absorbed by muscles. Since bones cannot disperse forces easily, the forces are transmitted to other parts of the body, including ligaments, joints, and bones in the rest of the lower extremities up to the lower back.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This causes the body to use abnormal compensatory motions in an attempt to avoid serious bone injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These compensations include internal rotation of the tibia, knee, and hip joints. Excessive compensation over time has been linked to a higher risk of injuries in those joints and the muscles involved in those motions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergmann_2000_817–827_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergmann_2000_817–827-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, a mid/forefoot strike has been associated with greater efficiency and lower injury risk due to the <a href="/wiki/Triceps_surae_muscle" title="Triceps surae muscle">triceps surae</a> being used as a lever system to absorb forces with the muscles eccentrically rather than through the bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Daoud_2012_1325–34_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daoud_2012_1325–34-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landing with a mid/forefoot strike has also been shown to properly attenuate shock and allow the triceps surae to aid in propulsion via reflexive plantarflexion after stretching to absorb ground contact forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Ardigo_2008_17–22_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardigo_2008_17–22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus a mid/forefoot strike may aid in propulsion. However, even among elite athletes, there are variations in self-selected footstrike types.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is especially true in longer distance events, where there is a prevalence of heel strikers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There does tend however to be a greater percentage of mid/forefoot striking runners in the elite fields, particularly in the faster racers and the winning individuals or groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh_1990_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh_1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While one could attribute the faster speeds of elite runners compared to recreational runners with similar footstrikes to physiological differences, the hip, and joints have been left out of the equation for proper propulsion. This raises the question of how heel-striking elite distance runners can keep up such high paces with a supposedly inefficient and injurious foot strike technique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stride_length,_hip_and_knee_function"><span id="Stride_length.2C_hip_and_knee_function"></span>Stride length, hip and knee function</h3></div> <p>Biomechanical factors associated with elite runners include increased hip function, use, and stride length over recreational runners.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh_1990_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh_1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pink_1994_541–549_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pink_1994_541–549-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase in running speeds causes increased ground reaction forces, and elite distance runners must compensate for this to maintain their pace over long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-Weyand_2010_1991–1999_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weyand_2010_1991–1999-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forces are attenuated through increased stride length via increased hip flexion and extension through decreased ground contact time and more energy being used in propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-Weyand_2010_1991–1999_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weyand_2010_1991–1999-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With increased propulsion in the horizontal plane, less impact occurs from the decreased force in the vertical plane.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased hip flexion allows for increased use of the hip extensors through midstance and toe-off, allowing for more force production.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_2010_2709–16_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_2010_2709–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference even between world-class and national-level 1500-m runners has been associated with more efficient hip joint function.<sup id="cite_ref-Leskinen_2009_1–9_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leskinen_2009_1–9-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in velocity likely comes from the increased range of motion in hip flexion and extension, allowing for greater acceleration and speed. The hip extensors and extension have been linked to more powerful knee extension during toe-off, contributing to propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh_1990_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh_1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stride length must be appropriately increased with some degree of knee flexion maintained through the terminal swing phases, as excessive knee extension during this phase along with footstrike has been associated with higher impact forces due to braking and an increased prevalence of heel striking.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elite runners tend to exhibit some degree of knee flexion at footstrike and midstance, which first serves to eccentrically absorb impact forces in the quadriceps muscle group.<sup id="cite_ref-Leskinen_2009_1–9_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leskinen_2009_1–9-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondly it allows for the knee joint to contract concentrically and provides significant aid in propulsion during toe-off as the quadriceps group is capable of producing large amounts of force.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_2010_2709–16_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer_2010_2709–16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recreational runners have been shown to increase stride length through increased knee extension rather than increased hip flexion, as exhibited by elite runners, which provides an intense braking motion with each step and decreases the rate and efficiency of knee extension during toe-off, slowing down speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Pink_1994_541–549_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pink_1994_541–549-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knee extension, however, contributes to additional stride length and propulsion during toe-off and is seen more frequently in elite runners as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanagh_1990_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanagh_1990-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Good_technique">Good technique</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_running_in_water_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soldier_running_in_water_original.jpg/250px-Soldier_running_in_water_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soldier_running_in_water_original.jpg/375px-Soldier_running_in_water_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soldier_running_in_water_original.jpg/500px-Soldier_running_in_water_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Running_Wild_(5849602135).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Running_Wild_%285849602135%29.jpg/250px-Running_Wild_%285849602135%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Running_Wild_%285849602135%29.jpg/375px-Running_Wild_%285849602135%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Running_Wild_%285849602135%29.jpg/500px-Running_Wild_%285849602135%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3442" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The runner's posture should be upright and slightly tilted forward.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upright_posture_and_slight_forward_lean">Upright posture and slight forward lean</h3></div> <p>Leaning forward places a runner's center of mass on the front part of the foot, which avoids landing on the heel and facilitates the use of the spring mechanism of the foot. Additionally, it facilitates avoiding the braking effect that occurs when a runner lands their foot in front of the center of mass. Although maintaining an upright posture is crucial, runners should also keep their frame relaxed and engage their core to keep their posture stable. This helps prevent injury as long as the body is neither rigid nor tense. The most common running mistakes are tilting the chin up and scrunching shoulders.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Michael_Yessis_2000_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Michael_Yessis_2000-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stride_rate_and_types">Stride rate and types</h3></div> <p>Exercise physiologists have found that the stride rates are extremely consistent across professional runners, between 185 and 200 steps per minute. The main difference between long- and short-distance runners is the length of stride rather than the rate of stride.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During running, the <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> at which the runner moves may be calculated by multiplying the <a href="/wiki/Cadence_(gait)" title="Cadence (gait)">cadence</a> (steps per minute) by the stride length. <span class="anchor" id="Pace"></span>Running is often measured in terms of <b>pace</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expressed in <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement">units</a> of minutes per mile or minutes per kilometer (the <a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse" title="Multiplicative inverse">inverse</a> of speed, in mph or km/h). Some coaches advocate training at a combination of specific paces related to one's fitness to stimulate various physiological improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different types of stride are necessary for different types of running. When sprinting, runners stay on their toes bringing their legs up, using shorter and faster strides. Long-distance runners tend to have more relaxed strides that vary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular">Cardiovascular</h3></div> <p>While there exists the potential for injury while running (just as there is in any sport), there are many benefits. Some of these benefits include potential <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, improved <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> health (reducing the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), improved cardiovascular fitness, reduced total blood <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone density), possible strengthening of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and an improved self-esteem and emotional state.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running, like all forms of regular exercise, can effectively slow<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or reverse<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the effects of aging. Even people who have already experienced a heart attack are 20% less likely to develop serious heart problems if more engaged in running or any type of aerobic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although an optimal amount of vigorous <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a> such as running might bring benefits related to lower <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> and life extension, an excessive dose (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathons</a>) might have an opposite effect associated with <a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolic">Metabolic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:How_to_achieve_your_weight_loss_goals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/How_to_achieve_your_weight_loss_goals.jpg/250px-How_to_achieve_your_weight_loss_goals.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/How_to_achieve_your_weight_loss_goals.jpg/375px-How_to_achieve_your_weight_loss_goals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/How_to_achieve_your_weight_loss_goals.jpg/500px-How_to_achieve_your_weight_loss_goals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A U.S. Army soldier wearing <a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">sportswear</a> runs to maintain his <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">fitness</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speedsuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Speedsuit.jpg/250px-Speedsuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Speedsuit.jpg/375px-Speedsuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Speedsuit.jpg/500px-Speedsuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2266" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A woman running in a <a href="/wiki/Speedsuit" title="Speedsuit">speedsuit</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Running can assist people in losing weight, staying in shape and improving body composition. Research suggests that the person of average weight will burn approximately 100 calories per mile run.<sup id="cite_ref-running.competitor.com_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-running.competitor.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running increases one's <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, even after running; one will continue to burn an increased level of calories for a short time after the run.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different speeds and distances are appropriate for different individual health and fitness levels. For new runners, it takes time to get into shape. The key is consistency and a slow increase in speed and distance.<sup id="cite_ref-running.competitor.com_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-running.competitor.com-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While running, it is best to pay attention to how one's body feels. If a runner is gasping for breath or feels exhausted while running, it may be beneficial to slow down or try a shorter distance for a few weeks. If a runner feels that the pace or distance is no longer challenging, then the runner may want to speed up or run farther.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental">Mental <span class="anchor" id="Mental_benefits"></span></h3></div> <p>Running can also have psychological benefits, as many participants in the sport report feeling an elated, euphoric state, often referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_high" title="Runner's high">runner's high</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running is frequently recommended as therapy for people with clinical depression and people coping with addiction.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible benefit may be the enjoyment of nature and scenery, which also improves psychological well-being<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Ecopsychology#Practical_benefits" title="Ecopsychology">Ecopsychology § Practical benefits</a>). </p><p>In animal models, running has been shown to increase the number of <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">newly created neurons</a> within the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10195220_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10195220-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding could have significant implications in aging as well as learning and memory. A recent study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_Metabolism" title="Cell Metabolism">Cell Metabolism</a></i> has also linked running with improved memory and learning skills.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and inflammation. It helps people who struggle with seasonal affective disorder by running outside when it is sunny and warm. Running can improve mental alertness and sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both research and clinical experience have shown that exercise can be a treatment for serious depression and anxiety even some physicians prescribe exercise to most of their patients.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running can have a longer-lasting effect than anti-depressants.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-threatening environment offered by running generates a sense of achievement and belonging which helps with mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Injuries">Injuries</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Running-related_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Running-related injuries">Running-related injuries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_impact">High impact</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad-running-form.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bad-running-form.png/220px-Bad-running-form.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Bad-running-form.png 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Person with a bad running form. Heel striking and leaning forward are some of the most common mistakes and cause of injuries among beginners.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many injuries are associated with running because of its high-impact nature. Change in running volume may lead to development of <a href="/wiki/Patellofemoral_pain_syndrome" title="Patellofemoral pain syndrome">patellofemoral pain syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iliotibial_band_syndrome" title="Iliotibial band syndrome">iliotibial band syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patellar_tendinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar tendinopathy">patellar tendinopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plica_syndrome" title="Plica syndrome">plica syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial tibial stress syndrome">medial tibial stress syndrome</a>. Change in running pace may cause <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Tendinitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Achilles Tendinitis">Achilles Tendinitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrocnemius">gastrocnemius</a> injuries, and <a href="/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis" title="Plantar fasciitis">plantar fasciitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repetitive stress on the same tissues without enough time for recovery or running with improper form can lead to many of the above. Runners generally attempt to minimize these injuries by warming up before exercise,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_1980_1590–95_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1980_1590–95-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focusing on proper running form, performing strength training exercises, eating a well balanced diet, allowing time for recovery, and "icing" (applying ice to sore muscles or taking an ice bath). </p><p>Some runners may experience injuries when running on concrete surfaces. The problem with running on <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> is that the body adjusts to this flat surface running, and some of the muscles will become weaker, along with the added impact of running on a harder surface. Therefore, it can be beneficial to change terrain occasionally – such as trail, beach, or grass running. This is more unstable ground and allows the legs to strengthen different muscles. Runners should be wary of twisting their ankles on such terrain. Running downhill also increases knee stress and should, therefore, be avoided. Reducing the frequency and duration can also prevent injury. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_running" title="Barefoot running">Barefoot running</a> has been promoted as a means of reducing running related injuries,<sup id="cite_ref-Barefoot_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barefoot-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this remains controversial and a majority of professionals advocate the wearing of appropriate shoes as the best method for avoiding injury.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a study in 2013 concluded that wearing neutral shoes is not associated with increased injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chafing">Chafing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chafing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chafing.jpg/170px-Chafing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chafing.jpg/255px-Chafing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chafing.jpg/340px-Chafing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Chafing of skin following a marathon run</figcaption></figure> <p>Another common, running-related injury is <a href="/wiki/Chafing_(skin)" title="Chafing (skin)">chafing</a>, caused by repetitive rubbing of one piece of skin against another, or against an article of clothing. One common location for chafe to occur is the runner's upper thighs. The skin feels coarse and develops a rash-like look. A variety of deodorants and special anti-chafing creams are available to treat such problems. Chafe is also likely to occur on the <a href="/wiki/Jogger%27s_nipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogger's nipple">nipple</a>. There are a variety of home remedies that runners use to deal with chafing while running such as band-aids and using grease to reduce friction. Prevention is key which is why form fitting clothes are important.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iliotibial_band_syndrome">Iliotibial band syndrome</h3></div> <p>An iliotibial band is a muscle and tendon that is attached to the hip and runs the length of the thigh to attach to the upper part of the tibia, and the band is what helps the knee to bend. This is an injury that is located at the knee and shows symptoms of swelling outside the knee. Iliotibial band syndrome is also known as "runner's knee" or "jogger's knee" because it can be caused by jogging or running. Once pain or swelling is noticeable it is important to put ice on it immediately and it is recommended to rest the knee for better healing.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most knee injuries can be treated by light activity and much rest for the knee. In more serious cases, arthroscopy is the most common to help repair ligaments but severe situations reconstructive surgery would be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey was taken in 2011 with knee injuries being 22.7% of the most common injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-iup.klnpa.org_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iup.klnpa.org-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome">Medial tibial stress syndrome</h3></div> <p>A more known injury is <a href="/wiki/Medial_tibial_stress_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial tibial stress syndrome">medial tibial stress syndrome</a> (MTSS) which is the accurate name for shin splints. This is caused during running when the muscle is being overused along the front of the lower leg with symptoms that affect 2 to 6 inches of the muscle. Shin Splints have sharp, splinter-like pain, that is typically X-rayed by doctors but is not necessary for shin splints to be diagnosed. To help prevent shin splints it is commonly known to stretch before and after a workout session, and also avoid heavy equipment especially during the first couple of workout sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also to help prevent shin splints do not increase the intensity of a workout more than 10% a week.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To treat shin splints it is important to rest with the least amount of impact on your legs and apply ice to the area. A survey showed that shin splints make up 12.7% of the most common injuries in running, with blisters being the top percentage at 30.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-iup.klnpa.org_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iup.klnpa.org-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Olympics_-_Mens_10000_m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2012_Olympics_-_Mens_10000_m.jpg/220px-2012_Olympics_-_Mens_10000_m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2012_Olympics_-_Mens_10000_m.jpg/330px-2012_Olympics_-_Mens_10000_m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2012_Olympics_-_Mens_10000_m.jpg/440px-2012_Olympics_-_Mens_10000_m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Competitors in the men's <a href="/wiki/10,000_metres" title="10,000 metres">10,000-metre run</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Running is both a competition and a type of training for sports that have running or <a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">endurance</a> components. As a sport, it is split into events divided by distance and sometimes includes permutations such as the obstacles in <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">steeplechase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurdles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurdles">hurdles</a>. Running races are contests to determine which of the competitors is able to run a certain distance in the shortest time. Today, competitive running events make up the core of the <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">sport of athletics</a>. Events are usually grouped into several classes, each requiring substantially different athletic strengths and involving different tactics, training methods, and types of competitors. </p><p>Running competitions have probably existed for most of humanity's history and were a key part of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">ancient Olympic Games</a> as well as the modern Olympics. The activity of running went through a period of widespread popularity in the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Running_boom_of_the_1970s" title="Running boom of the 1970s">running boom of the 1970s</a>. Over the next two decades, as many as 25 million Americans were doing some form of running or jogging – accounting for roughly one tenth of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, road racing is a popular sport among non-professional athletes, who included over 7.7 million people in America alone in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limits_of_speed">Limits of speed</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Footspeed" title="Footspeed">Footspeed</a>, or sprint speed, is the maximum speed at which a human can run. It is affected by many factors, varies greatly throughout the population, and is important in athletics and many sports. Air resistance for top sprinters can take up to 5% of their energy.<sup id="cite_ref-r344_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r344-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fastest human footspeed on record is 44.7 km/h (12.4 m/s; 27.8 mph), seen during a 100-meter sprint (average speed between the 60th and the 80th meter) by <a href="/wiki/Usain_Bolt" title="Usain Bolt">Usain Bolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_over_increasing_distance_based_on_world_record_times">Speed over increasing distance based on world record times</h3></div> <p>(see <a href="/wiki/Category:Athletics_(track_and_field)_record_progressions" title="Category:Athletics (track and field) record progressions">Category:Athletics (track and field) record progressions</a>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_speed_distance_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Human_speed_distance_portrait.png/220px-Human_speed_distance_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Human_speed_distance_portrait.png/330px-Human_speed_distance_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Human_speed_distance_portrait.png/440px-Human_speed_distance_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="3166" /></a><figcaption>Maximum human speed [km/h] and pace [min/km] per distance</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Distance metres </th> <th>Men m/s </th> <th>Women m/s </th></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>10.44 </td> <td>9.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>10.42 </td> <td>9.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td>9.26 </td> <td>8.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>800 </td> <td>7.92 </td> <td>7.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000 </td> <td>7.58 </td> <td>6.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,500 </td> <td>7.28 </td> <td>6.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,609 (<a href="/wiki/Mile_run" title="Mile run">mile</a>) </td> <td>7.22 </td> <td>6.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2,000 </td> <td>7.02 </td> <td>6.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,000 </td> <td>6.81 </td> <td>6.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5,000 </td> <td>6.60 </td> <td>5.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000 track </td> <td>6.34 </td> <td>5.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000 road </td> <td>6.23 </td> <td>5.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15,000 road </td> <td>6.02 </td> <td>5.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20,000 track </td> <td>5.91 </td> <td>5.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20,000 road </td> <td>6.02 </td> <td>5.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21,097 <a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a> </td> <td>6.02 </td> <td>5.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21,285 <a href="/wiki/One_hour_run" title="One hour run">One hour run</a> </td> <td>5.91 </td> <td>5.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25,000 track </td> <td>5.63 </td> <td>4.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25,000 road </td> <td>5.80 </td> <td>5.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30,000 track </td> <td>5.60 </td> <td>4.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30,000 road </td> <td>5.69 </td> <td>5.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42,195 <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a> </td> <td>5.69 </td> <td>5.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>90,000 <a href="/wiki/Comrades_Marathon" title="Comrades Marathon">Comrades</a> </td> <td>4.68 </td> <td>4.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100,000 </td> <td>4.46 </td> <td>4.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>303,506 <a href="/wiki/24-hour_run" title="24-hour run">24-hour run</a> </td> <td>3.513 </td> <td>2.82 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <dl><dt>Track</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Track_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Track running">Track running</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grayson_running_the_4x100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Grayson_running_the_4x100.jpg/189px-Grayson_running_the_4x100.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Grayson_running_the_4x100.jpg/283px-Grayson_running_the_4x100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Grayson_running_the_4x100.jpg/377px-Grayson_running_the_4x100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A man running with a baton during a relay race.</figcaption></figure> <p>Track running events are <a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">individual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">relay</a> events with athletes racing over specified distances on an oval running track. The events are categorized as <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_track_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance track event">long-distance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">hurdling</a>. </p> <dl><dt>Road</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></div> <p>Road running takes place on a measured course over an established road (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Track_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Track running">track</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country running</a>). These events normally range from distances of 5 kilometers to longer distances such as <a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">half marathons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathons">marathons</a>, and they may involve scores of runners or wheelchair entrants. </p> <dl><dt>Cross-country</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a></div> <p>Cross country running takes place over the open or rough terrain. The courses used for these events may include <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>, woodlands, hills, flat ground and water. It is a popular participatory sport and is one of the events which, along with track and field, road running, and <a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">racewalking</a>, makes up the umbrella sport of athletics. </p> <dl><dt>Vertical</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">Mountain running</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">Tower running</a></div> <p>The majority of popular races do not incorporate a significant change in elevation as a key component of a course. There are several, disparate variations that feature significant inclines or declines. These fall into two main groups. </p><p>The naturalistic group is based on outdoor racing over geographical features. Among these are the cross country-related sports of <a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">fell running</a> (a tradition associated with Northern Europe) and <a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">trail running</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">ultramarathon</a> distances), the running/climbing combination of <a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">skyrunning</a> (organised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Skyrunning_Federation" title="International Skyrunning Federation">International Skyrunning Federation</a> with races across North America, Europe and East Asia) and the mainly trail- and road-centred <a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">mountain running</a> (governed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Running_Association" title="World Mountain Running Association">World Mountain Running Association</a> and based mainly in Europe). </p><p>The second variety of vertical running is based on human structures, such as stairs and man-made slopes. The foremost type of this is <a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">tower running</a>, which sees athletes compete indoors, running up steps within very tall structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> or <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distances">Distances</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sprints">Sprints</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprint (running)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sina_Schielke_(192)_wins_the_100_metres_race_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin,_3_September.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_wins_the_100_metres_race_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg/330px-Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_wins_the_100_metres_race_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_wins_the_100_metres_race_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg/495px-Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_wins_the_100_metres_race_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_wins_the_100_metres_race_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg/660px-Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_wins_the_100_metres_race_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>International-level women athletes competing in 100 m sprint race at <a href="/wiki/ISTAF_Berlin" title="ISTAF Berlin">ISTAF Berlin</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Sprints are short running events in athletics and track and field. Races over short distances are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> featured only one event – the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion race">stadion race</a>, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Instone_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instone-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three sprinting events which are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100 metres</a>, <a href="/wiki/200_metres" title="200 metres">200 metres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400 metres</a>. These events have their roots in races of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial measurement">imperial measurements</a> which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the <a href="/wiki/100-yard_dash" title="100-yard dash">100-yard dash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 200 m distances came from the <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a> (or 1/8 of a mile),<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 400 m was the successor to the <a href="/wiki/440-yard_dash" title="440-yard dash">440-yard dash</a> or quarter-mile race.<sup id="cite_ref-400M_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400M-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the <a href="/wiki/Starting_blocks" title="Starting blocks">starting blocks</a> before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the contest progresses and momentum is gained.<sup id="cite_ref-100_m_–_For_the_Expert_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100_m_–_For_the_Expert-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events,<sup id="cite_ref-400M_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400M-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed.<sup id="cite_ref-100_m_–_For_the_Expert_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100_m_–_For_the_Expert-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Human physiology">Human physiology</a> dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so as <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> builds up, and leg muscles begin to be deprived of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-400M_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-400M-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 metres</a> is a common indoor event and it an indoor world championship event. Other less-common events include the <a href="/wiki/50_metres" title="50 metres">50 metres</a>, <a href="/wiki/55_metres" title="55 metres">55 metres</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_metres" title="300 metres">300 metres</a> and <a href="/wiki/500_metres" title="500 metres">500 metres</a> which are used in some high and <a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">collegiate</a> competitions in the United States. The <a href="/wiki/150_metres" title="150 metres">150 metres</a>, is rarely competed: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mennea" title="Pietro Mennea">Pietro Mennea</a> set a world best in 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-150M_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150M-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olympic champions <a href="/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Johnson (athlete)">Michael Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donovan_Bailey" title="Donovan Bailey">Donovan Bailey</a> went <a href="/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Johnson_150-metre_race" title="Bailey–Johnson 150-metre race">head-to-head</a> over the distance in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Usain_Bolt" title="Usain Bolt">Usain Bolt</a> improved Mennea's record in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-150M_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150M-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_distance">Middle distance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a></div> <p>Middle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the <a href="/wiki/800_metres" title="800 metres">800 metres</a>, <a href="/wiki/1500_metres" title="1500 metres">1500 metres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mile_run" title="Mile run">mile run</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/3000_metres" title="3000 metres">3000 metres</a> may also be classified as a middle-distance event.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 880-yard run, or half-mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-IAAF800_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAAF800-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-IAAF1500_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAAF1500-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_distance">Long distance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a></div> <p>Examples of longer-distance running events are <a href="/wiki/Long-distance_track_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-distance track event">long-distance track races</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">half marathons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrarunning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrarunning">ultramarathons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiday_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiday races">multiday races</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_and_incline_running" title="Level and incline running">Level and incline running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_while_running" title="List of people killed while running">List of people killed while running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_running" title="Outline of running">Outline of running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_energetics" title="Running energetics">Running energetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060958701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060958701"><bdi>978-0060958701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+we+run%3A+A+natural+history&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0060958701&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/running/0">"Running | the Gale Encyclopedia of Fitness - Credo Reference"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Running+%26%23124%3B+the+Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Fitness+-+Credo+Reference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.credoreference.com%2Fcontent%2Fentry%2Fgalefit%2Frunning%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpha2015" class="citation book cs1">Alpha, Rob (2015). <i>What Is Sport: A Controversial Essay About Why Humans Play Sports</i>. 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V.</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1928.0012">"The air-resistance to a runner"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character</i>. <b>102</b> (718). The Royal Society: 380–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1928.0012">10.1098/rspb.1928.0012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-1193">0950-1193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Containing+Papers+of+a+Biological+Character&rft.atitle=The+air-resistance+to+a+runner&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=718&rft.pages=380-385&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1928.0012&rft.issn=0950-1193&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspb.1928.0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berlin.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/30/83/20090817081546_httppostedfile_wch09_m100_final_13529.pdf">IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) Biomechanical Research Project: Berlin 2009.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514050117/http://berlin.iaaf.org/mm/document/competitions/competition/05/30/83/20090817081546_httppostedfile_wch09_m100_final_13529.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Instone-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Instone_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_01.shtml#two">The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4661.html">100 m – Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4677.html">200 m Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-400M-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-400M_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-400M_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-400M_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4682.html">400 m Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100_m_–_For_the_Expert-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-100_m_–_For_the_Expert_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-100_m_–_For_the_Expert_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4666.html">100 m – For the Expert</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=4673.html">200 m For the Expert</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150M-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-150M_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-150M_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/8039407.stm">Superb Bolt storms to 150m record </a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a> (17 May 2009). Retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsscientists.com/2008/06/fastest-man-in-world.html">Who is the fastest man in the world?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523165116/http://www.sportsscientists.com/2008/06/fastest-man-in-world.html">Archived</a> 23 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Science of Sport. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381174/middle-distance-running">Middle-distance running</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAAF800-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAAF800_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=9389.html">800 m – Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAAF1500-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAAF1500_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=9397.html">1500 m – Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a>. Retrieved 5 April 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsonLundkvistWagnssonGustafsson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nilson, Finn; Lundkvist, Erik; Wagnsson, Stefan; Gustafsson, Henrik (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17430437.2019.1703687">"Has the second 'running boom' democratized running? A study on the sociodemographic characteristics of finishers at the world's largest half marathon"</a>. <i>Sport in Society</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 659–669. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17430437.2019.1703687">10.1080/17430437.2019.1703687</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-0437">1743-0437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sport+in+Society&rft.atitle=Has+the+second+%27running+boom%27+democratized+running%3F+A+study+on+the+sociodemographic+characteristics+of+finishers+at+the+world%27s+largest+half+marathon&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=659-669&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17430437.2019.1703687&rft.issn=1743-0437&rft.aulast=Nilson&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft.au=Lundkvist%2C+Erik&rft.au=Wagnsson%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F17430437.2019.1703687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Running</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Running" class="extiw" title="wikt:Running">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Running" class="extiw" title="c:Running">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Running" class="extiw" title="q:Running">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Running" class="extiw" title="v:Running">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Running"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Running">"Running" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Running&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Running" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:BurlyWood"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Running" title="Template:Running"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Running" title="Template talk:Running"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Running" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Running"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Running" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Running</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:BurlyWood;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Running_events">Disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprint</a> (up to 400 m)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a> (up to 3000 m)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a> (over 3000 m up to marathon)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultra running</a> (over marathon)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">Mountain running</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">Tower running</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_running" title="Snowshoe running">Snowshoe running</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ekiden" title="Ekiden">Ekiden</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:BurlyWood;width:1%">Federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_Athletics" title="World Athletics">World Athletics</a> (athletics)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Ultrarunners" title="International Association of Ultrarunners">IAU</a> (ultra running)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Trail_Running_Association" title="International Trail Running Association">ITRA</a> (trail running)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Running_Association" title="World Mountain Running Association">WMRA</a> (mountain running)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Skyrunning_Federation" title="International Skyrunning Federation">ISF</a> (skyrunning)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_Snowshoe_Federation" title="World Snowshoe Federation">WSSF</a> (snowshoe running)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:BurlyWood;width:1%">World championships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships" title="World Athletics Championships">World Athletics Championships</a> (athletics)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Cross_Country_Championships" title="World Athletics Cross Country Championships">World Athletics Cross Country Championships</a> (cross country)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IAU_100_km_World_Championships" title="IAU 100 km World Championships">IAU 100 km World Championships</a> (ultra running)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IAU_Trail_World_Championships" title="IAU Trail World Championships">IAU Trail World Championships</a> (trail running)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_Mountain_Running_Championships" title="World Mountain Running Championships">World Mountain Running Championships</a> (mountain running)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning_World_Championships" title="Skyrunning World Championships">Skyrunning World Championships</a> (skyrunning)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_Snowshoe_Championships" title="World Snowshoe Championships">World Snowshoe Championships</a> (snowshoe running)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:BurlyWood"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/10px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/15px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/20px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sport_of_athletics" title="Portal:Sport of athletics">Sport of athletics portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Animal_locomotion_on_land" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Locomotion" title="Template:Locomotion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">Arboreal locomotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brachiation" title="Brachiation">Brachiation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_walking" title="Hand walking">Hand-walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">Jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckle-walking" title="Knuckle-walking">Knuckle-walking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_movement" title="Concertina movement">Concertina movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_locomotion" title="Rectilinear locomotion">Rectilinear locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_locomotion_in_living_systems" title="Rotating locomotion in living systems">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewinding" title="Sidewinding">Sidewinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion#Limbless_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">Other modes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_foot_morphology" title="Comparative foot morphology">Comparative foot morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">Arthropod leg</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foot structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">Digitigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">Plantigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">Unguligrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by limb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unipedalism" title="Unipedalism">Uniped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">Biped</a> (<a href="/wiki/Facultative_bipedalism" title="Facultative bipedalism">Facultative</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripedalism" title="Tripedalism">Triped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">Quadruped</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canine_gait" title="Canine gait">Canine gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Horse gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gait_(human)" title="Gait (human)">Human gait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion_on_the_water_surface" title="Animal locomotion on the water surface">Animal locomotion on the water surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Fish locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">Volant animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racing" title="Template:Racing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racing" title="Template talk:Racing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">Racing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/80px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/120px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/160px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1107" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiden" title="Ekiden">Ekiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Off-road running</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">Mountain running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">Tower running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward_running" title="Backward running">Backward running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_running" title="Snowshoe running">Snowshoe running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">Radio orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_marathon" title="Mountain marathon">Mountain marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_orienteering" title="Car orienteering">Car orienteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Bicycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road bicycle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross" title="Cyclo-cross">Cyclo-cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravel racing">Gravel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain bike racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keirin" title="Keirin">Keirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_speedway" title="Cycle speedway">Cycle speedway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animal racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">Camel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog_racing" title="Sled dog racing">Sled dog racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Open water swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_swimming" title="Marathon swimming">Marathon swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic swimming">Paralympic swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motor racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_racing" title="Formula racing">Formula racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_racing" title="Off-road racing">Off-road racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck_racing" title="Pickup truck racing">Pickup truck racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">Sports car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">Stock car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Touring car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_racing" title="Truck racing">Truck racing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/80px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/120px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/160px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Motorcycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_racing" title="Beach racing">Beach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_chariot_racing" title="Motorcycle chariot racing">Motorcycle chariot racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_racing" title="Track racing">Track racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boat_racing#Motorboat_racing" title="Boat racing">Motorboat racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_boat_racing" title="Drag boat racing">Drag boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroplane_racing" title="Hydroplane racing">Hydroplane racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetsprint" title="Jetsprint">Jet sprint boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_powerboat_racing" title="Inshore powerboat racing">Inshore powerboat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing" title="Offshore powerboat racing">Offshore powerboat racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_car_racing" title="Slot car racing">Slot car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slalom_skateboarding" title="Slalom skateboarding">Slalom skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Alpine skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard_cross" title="Snowboard cross">Snowboard cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon" title="Aquathlon">Aquathlon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_racing" title="List of forms of racing">List of forms of racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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