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Animal Locomotion - Andrew A. Biewener - Google Books
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Animal Locomotion - Andrew A. Biewener - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Animal_Locomotion.html?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/Animal_Locomotion.html?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC"/><meta name="title" content="Animal Locomotion"/><meta name="description" content="This book provides a clear foundation, based on physical biology and biomechanics, for understanding the underlying mechanisms by which animals have evolved to move in their physical environment. It integrates the biomechanics of animal movement with the physiology of animal energetics and the neural control of locomotion. The author also communicates a sense of the awe and fascination that comes from watching the grace, speed, and power of animals in motion. Movement is a fundamental distinguishing feature of animal life, and a variety of extremely effective mechanical and physiological designs have evolved. Common themes are observed for the ways in which animals successfully contend with the properties of a given physical environment across diversity of life forms and varying locomotor modes. Understanding the common principles of design that span a diverse array of animals requires a broad comparative and integrative approach to their study. This theme persists throughout the book, as various modes and mechanisms of animal locomotion are covered. Since an animal's size is equally critical to its functional design, the effects of scale on locomotor energetics and mechanics are also discussed. Biewener begins by examining the underlying machinery for movement: skeletal muscles used for force generation, skeletons used for force transmission, and spring-like elements used for energy savings. He then describes the basic mechanisms that animals have evolved to move over land, in and on the surface of the water, and in the air. Common fluid dynamic principles are discussed as background to both swimming and flight. In addition to discussing the locomotor mechanisms of complex animals, the locomotor movement of single cells is also covered. Common biochemical features of cellular metabolism are then reviewed before discussing the energetic aspects of various locomotor modes. Strategies for conserving energy and moving economically are again highlighted in this section of the book. Emphasis is placed on comparisons of energetic features across locomotor modes. The book concludes with a discussion of the neural control of animal locomotion. The basic neurosensory and motor elements common to vertebrates and arthropods are discussed, and features of sensori-motor organization and function are highlighted. These are then examined in the context of specific examples of how animals control the rhythmic patterns of limb and body movement that underlie locomotor function and stability."/><meta property="og:title" content="Animal Locomotion"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73W9sq9KtIbHF4CcUfKuWjYz9EuVVY2auJLUAGFW6UQS_-JvxZdVGCUZd2HetN6mBJxXiqG7c9cfOsjXOIzeutgM4KnpqOGJJ-he3x6Sw6ZOAIU6NKPj943MTl3UVTSr1lUEkIy"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE73W9sq9KtIbHF4CcUfKuWjYz9EuVVY2auJLUAGFW6UQS_-JvxZdVGCUZd2HetN6mBJxXiqG7c9cfOsjXOIzeutgM4KnpqOGJJ-he3x6Sw6ZOAIU6NKPj943MTl3UVTSr1lUEkIy"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DyMaN9pk8QJAC%26q%3Dbiomechanics%2Bbiewener%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC&q=biomechanics+biewener&redir_esc=y&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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It integrates the biomechanics of animal movement with the physiology of animal energetics and the neural control of locomotion. The author also communicates a sense of the awe and fascination that comes from watching the grace, speed, and power of animals in motion. Movement is a fundamental distinguishing feature of animal life, and a variety of extremely effective mechanical and physiological designs have evolved. Common themes are observed for the ways in which animals successfully contend with the properties of a given physical environment across diversity of life forms and varying locomotor modes. Understanding the common principles of design that span a diverse array of animals requires a broad comparative and integrative approach to their study. This theme persists throughout the book, as various modes and mechanisms of animal locomotion are covered. Since an animal's size is equally critical to its functional design, the effects of scale on locomotor energetics and mechanics are also discussed. Biewener begins by examining the underlying machinery for movement: skeletal muscles used for force generation, skeletons used for force transmission, and spring-like elements used for energy savings. He then describes the basic mechanisms that animals have evolved to move over land, in and on the surface of the water, and in the air. Common fluid dynamic principles are discussed as background to both swimming and flight. In addition to discussing the locomotor mechanisms of complex animals, the locomotor movement of single cells is also covered. Common biochemical features of cellular metabolism are then reviewed before discussing the energetic aspects of various locomotor modes. Strategies for conserving energy and moving economically are again highlighted in this section of the book. Emphasis is placed on comparisons of energetic features across locomotor modes. The book concludes with a discussion of the neural control of animal locomotion. The basic neurosensory and motor elements common to vertebrates and arthropods are discussed, and features of sensori-motor organization and function are highlighted. These are then examined in the context of specific examples of how animals control the rhythmic patterns of limb and body movement that underlie locomotor function and stability.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DyMaN9pk8QJAC%26q%3Dbiomechanics%2Bbiewener%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA5","highlights":[{"X":95,"Y":94,"W":116,"H":17}],"flags":8,"order":18,"vq":"biomechanics biewener"}]},null,{"number_of_results":16,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR5","page_number":"v","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. Preface In writing this book my immediate aim was to provide a synthesis of gen- eral physical , physiological , and \u003cb\u003ebiomechanical\u003c/b\u003e principles that underlie the many ways in which animals move . An understanding and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR6","page_number":"vi","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. locomotion and its broader importance to the biology of the organisms that we study and love ... \u003cb\u003ebiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e . The interactions that have come from our work and discussions together are the best part of science\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PR9","page_number":"ix","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. Contents 1 Physical and biological properties and principles related to animal movement 1 1.1 Why move ? 1 1.2 Environmental media 2 1.3 Physics and energetics of movement 4 1.4 \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of locomotor support 5 1.5\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. ( c ) F Stress ( FIA ) a 1.4 \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of locomotor support The forces required for locomotion are typically generated by muscles , or by motor proteins within cellular animals , and are transmitted to the external\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. 2 Muscles and skeletons : the building blocks of animal movement Before considering various modes of animal locomotion , we shall first review the organization , physiology and \u003cb\u003ebiomechanical\u003c/b\u003e properties of muscles\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. very large theropods ( about 6000 kg ) were probably poor runners and did not exceed speeds of 8-10 m / s . Together with information about the width of an animal\u0026#39;s stance and length of its step , the use of mechanical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA223","page_number":"223","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. positive work to elevate the body during incline running may increase the amount of energy ... \u003cb\u003ebiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e can be established with respect to downhill energetics . 9.5 Cost of swimming The metabolic energy cost\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA263","page_number":"263","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. fast ( glycolytic ) units is termed the \u0026#39; size principle \u0026#39; and is largely considered an inviolate ordering of motor recruitment . Sensorimotor integration and control of muscle activation within and between limbs also\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA264","page_number":"264","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. References Further reading for each chapter Chapter 1 Alexander , R.M. ( 1983 ) . Animal ... \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e , A.A. ( 1990 ) . \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of mammalian terrestrial locomotion . Science , 250 , 1097-1103 . Hildebrand\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA267","page_number":"267","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e , A.A. ( 1989 ) . Scaling body support in mammals : limb posture and muscle mechanics . Science , 245 , 45-8 . \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e , A.A. ( 1990 ) . \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of mammalian terrestrial locomotion . Science , 250 , 1097-1103 . \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA270","page_number":"270","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. Dial , K.P. , \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e , A.A. , Tobalske , B.W. and Warrick , D.R. ( 1997 ) . Direct assessment ... \u003cb\u003ebiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of insect flight . Form , function , evolution . Princeton University Press . Edwards , E.B. and\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC\u0026pg=PA270\u0026vq=biomechanics+biewener"},{"page_id":"PA273","page_number":"273","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. Kooyman , G.L. and Ponganis , P.J. ( 1998 ) . The physiological basis of diving to depth ... \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e , 23 , 65–78 . McMahon , T.A. , Valiant , G. and Frederick , E.C. ( 1987 ) . Groucho running . Journal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA274","page_number":"274","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. Oster , G.F. , Peskin , C. S. and Odell , G. M. ( 1993 ) . Cellular motions and thermal ... \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of brachiation . In The lesser apes : evolutionary and behavioral biology ( ed . H. Presuschoft , D. J.\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA276","page_number":"276","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e , A.A. ( 2003 ) . Comparative power curves in bird flight . Nature , 421 , 363-66 . Videler , J.J. ( 1993 ) ... \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of animal behavior ( ed . P. Domenici and R.W. Blake ) , pp . 33-48 . BIOS , Oxford . Weis - Fogh\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA277","page_number":"277","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. Winter , D.A. ( 1990 ) . \u003cb\u003eBiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e and motor control of human movement . Wiley , New York . Zug , G.R. ( 1978 ) . Anuran locomotion - structure and function . 2 : Jumping performance of semiaquatic , terrestrial\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC\u0026pg=PA277\u0026vq=biomechanics+biewener"},{"page_id":"PT5","snippet_text":"Andrew A. \u003cb\u003eBiewener\u003c/b\u003e. OXFORD ANIMAL BIOLOGY SERIES The Oxford Animal Biology Series is an innovative new series of ... \u003cb\u003ebiomechanics\u003c/b\u003e of animal movement with the physiology of animal energetics and the neural control of locomotion . The\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=yMaN9pk8QJAC\u0026pg=PT5\u0026vq=biomechanics+biewener"}],"search_query_escaped":"biomechanics biewener"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>