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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Beginning of the conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Pizarro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Pizarro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arrival of Pizarro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Pizarro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Atahualpa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Atahualpa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Capture of Atahualpa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Atahualpa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_and_reconquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_and_reconquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rebellion and reconquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_and_reconquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_conquest_on_the_people_of_Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_conquest_on_the_people_of_Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Effects of the conquest on the people of Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_conquest_on_the_people_of_Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanse_verowering_van_die_Inka-ryk" title="Spaanse verowering van die Inka-ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spaanse verowering van die Inka-ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7" title="الغزو الإسباني لإمبراطورية إنكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزو الإسباني لإمبراطورية إنكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_del_Per%C3%BA" title="Conquista del Perú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conquista del Perú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquesta_espanyola_de_l%27Imperi_Inca" title="Conquesta espanyola de l'Imperi Inca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conquesta espanyola de l'Imperi Inca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A9_dobyt%C3%AD_Inck%C3%A9_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Španělské dobytí Incké říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělské dobytí Incké říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Eroberung_Perus" title="Spanische Eroberung Perus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanische Eroberung Perus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_del_Imperio_incaico" title="Conquista del Imperio incaico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conquista del Imperio incaico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inka_Inperioaren_konkista" title="Inka Inperioaren konkista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inka Inperioaren konkista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فتح پرو توسط اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتح پرو توسط اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_espagnole_de_l%27Empire_inca" title="Conquête espagnole de l'Empire inca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conquête espagnole de l'Empire inca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concas_na_Sp%C3%A1inneach_ar_Impireacht_na_nInceach" title="Concas na Spáinneach ar Impireacht na nInceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Concas na Spáinneach ar Impireacht na nInceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_espa%C3%B1ola_do_Imperio_Inca" title="Conquista española do Imperio Inca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conquista española do Imperio Inca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A3%A8_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B5" title="페루 정복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페루 정복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaklukan_Kerajaan_Inka_oleh_Spanyol" title="Penaklukan Kerajaan Inka oleh Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penaklukan Kerajaan Inka oleh Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_dell%27impero_Inca" title="Conquista dell'impero Inca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conquista dell'impero Inca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הכיבוש הספרדי של אימפריית האינקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכיבוש הספרדי של אימפריית האינקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0" title="ინკების დაპყრობა ესპანელების მიერ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინკების დაპყრობა ესპანელების მიერ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru_u%C5%BEkariavimas" title="Peru užkariavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Peru užkariavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Шпанско освојување на царството на Инките – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шпанско освојување на царството на Инките" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaklukan_Empayar_Inka_oleh_Sepanyol" title="Penaklukan Empayar Inka oleh Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penaklukan Empayar Inka oleh Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkarikets_fall" title="Inkarikets fall – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Inkarikets fall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="انکا سلطنت دی ہسپانوی فتح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انکا سلطنت دی ہسپانوی فتح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiszpa%C5%84ski_podb%C3%B3j_Peru" title="Hiszpański podbój Peru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hiszpański podbój Peru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queda_do_Imp%C3%A9rio_Inca" title="Queda do Império Inca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queda do Império Inca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Испанское завоевание инков – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанское завоевание инков" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pansko_osvajanje_Perua" title="Špansko osvajanje Perua – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Špansko osvajanje Perua" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkavaltion_valloitus" title="Inkavaltion valloitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Inkavaltion valloitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nka_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu%27nun_%C4%B0spanyollar_taraf%C4%B1ndan_fethi" title="İnka İmparatorluğu'nun İspanyollar tarafından fethi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnka İmparatorluğu'nun İspanyollar tarafından fethi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Іспанське завоювання інків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанське завоювання інків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montaje_2_conquista_del_Peru.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Montaje_2_conquista_del_Peru.png/300px-Montaje_2_conquista_del_Peru.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Montaje_2_conquista_del_Peru.png/450px-Montaje_2_conquista_del_Peru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Montaje_2_conquista_del_Peru.png/600px-Montaje_2_conquista_del_Peru.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="4352" /></a></span><br /><i>Spanish conquest of Peru</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1532–1572</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Western South America</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Spanish victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> destroyed</li> <li>Last <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Inca emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> executed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Resistance</a> broke out but ultimately destroyed</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Former <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca lands</a> incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1537–54)</span> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1529–42)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1534–42)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1542–72)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (since 1533)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Native allies</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanca" title="Huanca">Huancas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanka" title="Chanka">Chankas</a></li> <li>Huaylas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscaran</a> Incas</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1532–36)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1537–72)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro" title="Gonzalo Pizarro">Gonzalo Pizarro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Pizarro" title="Hernando Pizarro">Hernando Pizarro</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pizarro_(conquistador)" title="Juan Pizarro (conquistador)">Juan Pizarro</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Benalc%C3%A1zar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastián de Benalcázar">Sebastián de Benalcázar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Petros of Crete</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Chilche" title="Francisco Chilche">Chilche</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vilchumlay" title="Diego Vilchumlay">Vilchumlay</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Huallpa" title="Túpac Huallpa">Túpac Huallpa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Manco Inca">Manco Inca</a> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1533–36)</span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paullu_Inca" title="Paullu Inca">Paullu Inca</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><b>1st phase (1532–35):</b> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quizquiz" title="Quizquiz">Quizquiz</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chalcuchimac" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcuchimac">Chalcuchimac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rumi%C3%B1awi_(Inca_warrior)" title="Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)">Rumiñawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> <p><br /><b>2nd phase (1536–72):</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Manco Inca">Manco Inca</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sayri_T%C3%BApac" title="Sayri Túpac">Sayri Túpac</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Titu_Cusi" title="Titu Cusi">Titu Cusi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire"><img alt="Inca Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/15px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg/30px-Banner_of_the_Inca_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Túpac Amaru I">Túpac Amaru I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 168 soldiers (1532)<br />Unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">native auxiliaries</a> <br /> +3,000 Spanish soldiers and 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous</a> allies (1535)<sup id="cite_ref-josemariacastillejo.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josemariacastillejo.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 100,000 soldiers (1532)<br /> 50,000 warriors (1535)<sup id="cite_ref-josemariacastillejo.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josemariacastillejo.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 10,000,000 deaths as a result of the conquest (83.3% of the population)<sup id="cite_ref-remilitari_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remilitari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Major engagements</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punta_Quemada" title="Battle of Punta Quemada">Punta Quemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pun%C3%A1" title="Battle of Puná">Puná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vilcaconga" title="Battle of Vilcaconga">Vilcaconga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cusco" title="Battle of Cusco">1st Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraycalla" title="Battle of Maraycalla">Maraycalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Chimborazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">2nd Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ollantaytambo" title="Battle of Ollantaytambo">Ollantaytambo</a></li></ul> <p><b>Conflicts between conquistadors and rebellions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abancay" title="Battle of Abancay">Abancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Salinas" title="Battle of Las Salinas">Las Salinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chupas" title="Battle of Chupas">Chupas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_I%C3%B1aquito" title="Battle of Iñaquito">Iñaquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huarina" title="Battle of Huarina">Huarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaquijahuana" title="Battle of Jaquijahuana">Jaquijahuana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chuquinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chuquinga (page does not exist)">Chuquinga</a></li></ul> <p><b>End of the Neo-Inca state</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State#Final_conquest" title="Neo-Inca State">Vilcabamba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_colonial_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spanish_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spanish colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><span class="wrap">Spanish colonial campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands (1402–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Mar_Peque%C3%B1a" title="Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña">Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1497)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1497)">Algeria (1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Melilla" title="Conquest of Melilla"> Melilla (1497)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1505)" title="Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505)">Algeria (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1507)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507)">Algeria (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_(1508)" title="Conquest of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508)">Morocco (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">Algeria (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1510)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1510)">Algeria (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Tripoli" title="Spanish conquest of Tripoli">Tripoli (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1510)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1510)">Tunisia (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Ta%C3%ADno_War_of_San_Juan%E2%80%93Borik%C3%A9n" title="Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén">Puerto Rico (1511–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">Algeria (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Algeria (1517–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Mexico (1519–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Mexico (1519–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">Algeria (1519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1520)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1520)">Tunisia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas (1523–1695)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala (1524–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1525)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1525)">Morocco (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán (1527–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Algeria (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Algeria (1531)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peru (1532–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunisia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War"> Brazil (1534-36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Tlemcen_(1535)" title="Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535)">Algeria (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunisia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia (1537–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algeria (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">Algeria (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Halmahera (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Chile (1546–1662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">Algeria (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Tunisia (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Libya (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Algeria (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Algeria (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Algeria (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Tunisia (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD_Wars" title="Calchaquí Wars">Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Algeria (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">Morocco (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">Florida (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippines (1567–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">Tunisia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunisia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Brunei (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1582)" title="Ternate expedition (1582)">Insulindia (1582)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1585)" title="Ternate expedition (1585)">Insulindia (1585)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodia (1593–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Puerto Rico (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_expedition" title="Mindanao expedition">Philippines (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Cuba (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">Puerto Rico (1598)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Visayas_(1599-1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid of Visayas (1599-1600)">Philippines (1599-1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1602)" title="Jolo expedition (1602)">Philippines (1602)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1603)" title="Ternate expedition (1603)">Insulindia (1603)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Tunisia (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Moluccas (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco#Spanish_occupation_(1614–81)" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Morocco (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén (1618–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Formosa" title="Spanish expedition to Formosa">Taiwan (1626)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Kitts_(1629)" title="Battle of St. Kitts (1629)">St. Kitts <b>·</b> Nevis (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1630)" title="Jolo expedition (1630)">Philippines (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Jolo_(1638)" title="Spanish occupation of Jolo (1638)">Philippines (1638-46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chiloé <b>·</b> Valdivia (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">Tortuga (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1655)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1655)">Hispaniola (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">Jamaica (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocho_Rios" title="Battle of Ocho Rios">Jamaica (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo" title="Battle of Rio Nuevo">Jamaica (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Porto_Bello" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello">Porto Bello (1668)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo (1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_Panama_expedition" title="Henry Morgan's Panama expedition">Panama (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">New Mexico (1680–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Larache_(1689)" title="Siege of Larache (1689)">Morocco (1689)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">North America (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1712" title="Huilliche uprising of 1712">Chiloé (1712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nassau_(1720)" title="Raid on Nassau (1720)">Bahamas (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">Chile (1723–1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Oran (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Caribbean and North America (1739–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Cuba (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua">Nicaragua (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Philippines (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">Chile (1766–1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Algiers (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–1777)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">North America (1779–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Peru (1780–82)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">New Granada (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Algiers (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Algiers (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1792" title="Huilliche uprising of 1792">Chile (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Caribbean (1796–1802)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish America (1808–33)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivia (1809–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">Argentina (1810–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida_Controversy" title="West Florida Controversy">Florida (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_campaign" title="Paraguay campaign">Paraguay (1810–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico (1810–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peru (1811–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">El Salvador (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Piedras_(1811)" title="Battle of Las Piedras (1811)">Uruguay (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuela (1811–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chile (1812–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Colombia (1815–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Colombia (1819–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuador (1820–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Mexico (1821–29)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Morocco (1859–1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Republic (1863–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Peru and Chile (1864–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Puerto Rico (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuba (1868–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Cuba (1879–80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba (1895–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines (1896–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rico (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam (1898)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Morocco (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Morocco (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_insurgency" title="Sahrawi insurgency">Western Sahara (1973–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Western Sahara (1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Machu_Picchu_(5055856044).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg/200px-Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg/300px-Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg/400px-Machu_Picchu_%285055856044%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6876" data-file-height="2147" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incan_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu">Ayllu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_education" title="Inca education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incan_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan engineers">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Roads</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Kingdom of Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cusco" title="History of Cusco">History of Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca%E2%80%93Chanka_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca–Chanka war">Inca–Chanka war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor%E2%80%93Inca_War" title="Chimor–Inca War">Chimor–Inca War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Invasion of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inca_civilization" title="Template:Inca civilization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inca_civilization" title="Template talk:Inca civilization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inca_civilization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inca civilization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Peru" title="Category:History of Peru">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of <span class="fn org label">Peru</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde"><img alt="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/150px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/225px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/300px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="2284" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By chronology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Pre-Columbian Peru">Pre-Columbian Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12000 BCE–1532</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Ancient civilizations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3500 BCE–1470</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1438–1533/1572</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1532–1572</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1542–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1809–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1821%E2%80%931842)" title="History of Peru (1821–1842)">Foundational Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate of Peru">Protectorate of Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governing_Junta" title="Supreme Governing Junta">Supreme Governing Junta</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1822–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1836–1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Peru)" title="Restoration (Peru)">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1841</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="History of Peru (1841–1845)">Military Anarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1845</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1845%E2%80%931866)" title="History of Peru (1845–1866)">Guano Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1845–1866</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_occupation_of_Peru" title="Chilean occupation of Peru">Occupation of Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Occupation of Lima</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_resistance_movement_in_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Peruvian resistance movement in the War of the Pacific">Peruvian Resistance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconstruction_(Peru)" title="National Reconstruction (Peru)">National Reconstruction</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1884–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic_Republic_(Peru)" title="Aristocratic Republic (Peru)">Aristocratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1919%E2%80%931930)" title="History of Peru (1919–1930)">New Motherland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1930</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1948%E2%80%931956)" title="History of Peru (1948–1956)">Odría Dictatorship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1956%E2%80%931968)" title="History of Peru (1956–1968)">Moderate civil reform</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1956–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1980%E2%80%932000)" title="History of Peru (1980–2000)">Return to democracy and terrorism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–2000, 2002–</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Peru)" title="Lost Decade (Peru)">Economic crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Peruvian political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016–</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By political entity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">History of the Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru#History" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">History of the Viceroyalty of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru#Republic_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of the Republic of Peru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional history of Peru">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Peru" title="List of wars involving Peru">Peruvian wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Peru" title="List of years in Peru">Years in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Peruvian coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/16px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/24px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Template:History of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Peru" title="Template talk:History of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</b>, also known as the <b>Conquest of Peru</b>, was one of the most important campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 168 <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> soldiers under <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>, along with his brothers in arms and their <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">allies</a>, captured the last <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Battle of Cajamarca</a> in 1532. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory in 1572 and colonization of the region as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. The conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> (called "Tahuantinsuyu"<sup id="cite_ref-Brotherston1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brotherston1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Tawantinsuyu"<sup id="cite_ref-StoreyWidmer2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoreyWidmer2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>, meaning "Realm of the Four Parts"),<sup id="cite_ref-Andrien2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrien2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to spin-off campaigns into present-day <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, as well as expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Basin</a> and surrounding rainforest. </p><p>When the Spanish arrived at the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> in 1528, it spanned a considerable area and was by far the largest of the four grand pre-Columbian civilizations. Extending southward from the Ancomayo, which is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Pat%C3%ADa_River" title="Patía River">Patía River</a>, in southern present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Maule_River" title="Maule River">Maule River</a> in what would later be known as Chile, and eastward from the Pacific Ocean to the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazonian jungles</a>, it covered some of the most mountainous terrains on Earth. In less than a century, the Inca had expanded <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">their empire</a> from about 400,000 km<sup>2</sup> (150,000 sq mi) in 1448 to 1,800,000 km<sup>2</sup> (690,000 sq mi) in 1528, just before the arrival of the Spanish. This vast area of land varied greatly in culture and climate. Because of the diverse cultures and geography, the Inca allowed many areas of the empire to be governed under the control of local leaders, who were watched and monitored by Inca officials. Under the administrative mechanisms established by the Inca, all parts of the empire answered to, and were ultimately under the direct control of, the Inca Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Covey2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covey2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars estimate that the population of the Inca Empire was more than 16,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_1932_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means_1932-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a>, believe that while the Spanish conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Inca Empire, it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline. In 1528, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Huayna_Capac" title="Huayna Capac">Huayna Capac</a> ruled the Inca Empire. He could trace his lineage back to a "stranger king" named <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a>, the mythical founder of the Inca clan,<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> who, according to tradition, emerged from a cave in a region called <a href="/wiki/Paqariq_Tampu" title="Paqariq Tampu">Paqariq Tampu</a>. </p><p>Huayna Capac was the son of the previous ruler, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Túpac Inca">Túpac Inca</a>, and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a>, the Emperor who, by conquest, had commenced the dramatic expansion of the Inca Empire from its cultural and traditional base in the area around <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>. On his accession to the throne, Huayna Capac had continued the policy of expansion by conquest, taking Inca armies north into what is today <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> While he had to put down a number of rebellions during his reign, by the time of his death, his legitimacy was as unquestioned as was the primacy of Inca power. </p><p>Expansion had caused its own set of problems. Many parts of the empire retained distinct cultures, which were at best reluctant to become part of the greater imperial project. Due to its size, and the fact that all communication and travel had to take place by foot or by boat, the Inca Empire proved increasingly difficult to administer and govern, with the Inca Emperor having increasingly less influence over local areas. </p><p>Huayna Capac relied on his sons to support his reign. While he had many legitimate-born of his sister-wife, under the Inca system- and illegitimate children, two sons are historically important. Prince Túpac Cusi Hualpa, also known as <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscar</a>, was the son of Coya Mama Rahua Occllo of the royal line. The second was <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, an illegitimate son who was likely born of a daughter of the last independent King of <a href="/wiki/Quitu" class="mw-redirect" title="Quitu">Quitu</a>, one of the states conquered by Huayna Capac during the expansion of the Inca Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_1932_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means_1932-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two sons would play pivotal roles in the final years of the Inca Empire. </p><p>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> Pizarro and his men were greatly aided in their enterprise by invading when the Inca Empire was in the midst of a <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">war of succession</a> between the princes Huáscar and Atahualpa.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> Atahualpa seems to have spent more time with Huayna Capac during the years when he was in the north with the army conquering Ecuador. Atahualpa was thus closer to and had better relations with the army and its leading generals. When both Huayna Capac and his eldest son and designated heir, <a href="/wiki/Ninan_Cuyochi" title="Ninan Cuyochi">Ninan Cuyochic</a>, died suddenly in 1528 from what was probably <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, a disease introduced by the Spanish into the Americas, the question of who would succeed as emperor was thrown open. Huayna had died before he could nominate the new heir. </p><p>At the time of Huayna Capac's death, Huáscar was in the capital Cuzco, while Atahualpa was in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> with the main body of the Inca army. Huáscar had himself proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> (i.e. "Only Emperor") in Cuzco, but the army declared loyalty to Atahualpa. The resulting dispute led to the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">Inca Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–149">: 146–149 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_de_Almagro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Diego_de_Almagro.JPG/220px-Diego_de_Almagro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Diego_de_Almagro.JPG/330px-Diego_de_Almagro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Diego_de_Almagro.JPG/440px-Diego_de_Almagro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>The conquistador Diego de Almagro, a native of the town of Almagro, one of the three partners in the conquest of Peru.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_the_last_years_of_the_Inca_Empire">Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chronology of the last years of the Inca Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire%22">"Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>c. 1528 – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a> make first contact with the Inca Empire at <a href="/wiki/Tumbes,_Peru" title="Tumbes, Peru">Tumbes</a>, the northernmost Inca stronghold along the coast. The Inca Emperor Huayna Capac died from European-introduced <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. Death sets off a <a href="/wiki/Inca_Civil_War" title="Inca Civil War">civil war</a> between his sons: <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscar</a></li> <li>1528–1529 – Pizarro returns to Spain where the <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Queen of Spain</a> grants him the license to conquer Peru</li> <li>1531–1532 – Pizarro's third voyage to Peru. Spaniards form a bond with the Natives (<a href="/wiki/Huanca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanca people">Huancas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanka" title="Chanka">Chankas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chachapoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chachapoya">Chachapoyas</a>) who were under the <a href="/wiki/Mitma" title="Mitma">oppression</a> of the Inca Empire, and Pizarro includes them among his troops to face the Incas. Atahualpa is captured by Spanish.</li> <li>1533 – Almagro arrives; Atahualpa is executed after he orders Huáscar to be killed; Pizarro submits Cuzco and installs seventeen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Manco Inca">Manco Inca</a> as new Inca Emperor</li> <li>1535 – Pizarro founds the city of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>; De Almagro leaves for present-day <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li>1536 – <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro" title="Gonzalo Pizarro">Gonzalo Pizarro</a> steals Manco Inca's wife, Cura Olcollo. Manco rebels and surrounds Cuzco. Juan Pizarro is killed, and Inca general Quizo Yupanqui attacks Lima</li> <li>1537 – Almagro seizes Cuzco from Hernando and Gonzalo Pizarro. <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Org%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="Rodrigo Orgóñez">Rodrigo Orgóñez</a> sacks Vitcos and captures Manco Inca's son, <a href="/wiki/Titu_Cusi" title="Titu Cusi">Titu Cusi</a>. Manco escapes and flees to <a href="/wiki/Vilcabamba,_Peru" title="Vilcabamba, Peru">Vilcabamba</a>, which became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li> <li>1538 – <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Pizarro" title="Hernando Pizarro">Hernando Pizarro</a> executes Diego de Almagro</li> <li>1539 – Gonzalo Pizarro invades and sacks Vilcabamba; Manco Inca escapes but Francisco Pizarro executes Manco's wife, Cura Olcollo</li> <li>1541 – Francisco Pizarro is murdered by <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro_II" title="Diego de Almagro II">Diego de Almagro II</a> and other supporters of De Almagro</li> <li>1544 – <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Manco Inca">Manco Inca</a> is murdered by supporters of Diego de Almagro. The Inca do not stop their revolt</li> <li>1572 – Viceroy of Peru, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo,_Count_of_Oropesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa">Francisco Toledo</a>, declares war on the Neo-Inca State; Vilcabamba is sacked and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a>, the last Inca Emperor, is captured and executed in Cuzco. The Neo-Inca capital of Vilcabamba is abandoned; the Spanish remove inhabitants and relocate them to the newly established Christian town of <a href="/wiki/Vilcabamba,_Peru" title="Vilcabamba, Peru">San Francisco de la Victoria de Vilcabamba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiii–xv">: xiii–xv </span></sup></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="3731" /></a><figcaption>The conquistador <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Trujillo, Cáceres">Trujillo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_conflict">Beginning of the conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginning of the conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The civil war between Atahualpa and Huascar weakened the empire immediately prior to its struggle with the Spanish. Historians are unsure if a united Inca Empire would have defeated the Spanish in the long term due to factors such as the high mortality from disease and the resulting social disruption, and the superior military technology of the conquistadors, who possessed horses, dogs, metal armor, swords, <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>, and primitive, but effective, firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubler1945_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubler1945-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atahualpa appeared to be more popular with the people than his brother, and he was certainly more valued by the army, the core of which was based in the recently conquered northern province of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>. </p><p>At the outset of the conflict, each brother controlled his respective domains, with Atahualpa secure in the north, and Huáscar controlling the capital of Cuzco and the large territory to the south, including the area around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. This region had supplied large numbers of soldiers for Huáscar's forces. After a period of diplomatic posturing and jockeying for position, open warfare broke out. Huáscar seemed poised to bring the war to a rapid and decisive conclusion, as troops loyal to him took Atahualpa prisoner, while he was attending a festival in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tumebamba" title="Tumebamba">Tumebamba</a>. However, Atahualpa quickly escaped and returned to Quito. There, he was able to amass what is estimated to be at least 30,000 well-trained soldiers. While Huáscar managed to muster about the same number of soldiers, they were much less experienced. </p><p>Atahualpa sent his forces south under the command of two of his leading generals, <a href="/wiki/Challcuchima" class="mw-redirect" title="Challcuchima">Challcuchima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quisquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quisquis">Quisquis</a>, who won an uninterrupted series of victories against Huáscar that soon brought them to the very gates of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cuzco</a>. On the first day of the battle for Cuzco, the forces loyal to Huáscar gained an early advantage. However, on the second day, Huáscar personally led an ill-advised "surprise" attack, of which the generals Challcuchima and Quisquis had advanced knowledge. In the ensuing battle, Huáscar was captured, and resistance completely collapsed. The victorious generals sent word north by <i><a href="/wiki/Chasqui" title="Chasqui">chasqui</a></i> messenger to Atahualpa, who had moved south from Quito to the royal resort springs outside <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>. The messenger arrived with news of the final victory on the same day<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that Pizarro and his small band of adventurers, together with some indigenous allies, descended from the Andes into the town of Cajamarca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrival_of_Pizarro">Arrival of Pizarro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival of Pizarro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg/250px-Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg/375px-Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg/500px-Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>The Famous Thirteen by Juan Lepiani</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> and his brothers (<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro" title="Gonzalo Pizarro">Gonzalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pizarro_(conquistador)" title="Juan Pizarro (conquistador)">Juan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Pizarro" title="Hernando Pizarro">Hernando</a>) were attracted by the rumors of a rich and fabulous kingdom. They had left the then-impoverished <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, like many migrants after them.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There lies Peru with its riches;<br />Here, Panama and its poverty.<br />Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Francisco Pizarro<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1529, Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Porras_Barrenechea" title="Raúl Porras Barrenechea">Raúl Porras Barrenechea</a>, Peru is not a <a href="/wiki/Quechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua languages">Quechuan</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a> word, but Indo-European or hybrid. Unknown to Pizarro, as he was lobbying for permission to mount an expedition, his proposed enemy was being devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">diseases brought to the American continents</a> during earlier Spanish contacts. </p><p>When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before. Amid the ruins of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tumbes,_Peru" title="Tumbes, Peru">Tumbes</a>, he tried to piece together the situation before him. From two local boys, whom Pizarro had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him, Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2007_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After four long expeditions, Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it <a href="/wiki/Piura" title="Piura">San Miguel de Piura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153–154">: 153–154 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg/180px-Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg/270px-Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg/360px-Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Francisco Pizarro meets with Atahualpa, 1532</figcaption></figure> <p>When first spotted by the natives, Pizarro and his men were thought to be <i>Viracocha Cuna</i> or "gods". The Natives described Pizarro's men to the Inca. They said that <i>capito</i> was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing. The Natives described the men's swords and how they killed sheep with them. The men did not eat human flesh, but rather sheep, lamb, duck, pigeons, and deer, and cooked the meat. Atahualpa was fearful of what the newly arrived white men were capable of. If they were <i>runa quicachac</i> or "destroyers of peoples," then he should flee. If they were <i>Viracocha Cuna Runa allichac</i> or "gods who are benefactors of the people," then he should not flee, but welcome them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The messengers went back to Tangarala, and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara, an Orejon warrior, to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter. </p><p>After traveling with the Spanish, Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods. Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat, drink, dress, and have relations with women. He saw them produce no miracles. Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number, about 170–180 men, and had bound the Native captives with "iron ropes". When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers, Cinquinchara advised that they be killed because they were evil thieves who would take whatever they wanted, and were "<i>supai cuna"</i> or "devils". He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Betanzos1996_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betanzos1996-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture_of_Atahualpa">Capture of Atahualpa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capture of Atahualpa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his victory and the capture of his brother <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar" title="Huáscar">Huáscar</a>, Atahualpa was fasting in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Ba%C3%B1os_del_Inca_District" title="Los Baños del Inca District">Inca baths</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Cajamarca" title="Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a>. Pizarro and his men reached the city on 15 November 1532. </p><p>Pizarro sent <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> to the Atahualpa's camp. De Soto rode to meet Atahualpa on his horse, an animal that Atahualpa had never seen before.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With one of his young interpreters, Soto read a prepared speech to Atahualpa telling him that they had come as servants of God to teach them the truth about God's word.<sup id="cite_ref-Seed1991_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seed1991-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said he was speaking to them so that they might: </p> <blockquote><p>"lay the foundation of concord, brotherhood, and perpetual peace that should exist between us, so that you may receive us under your protection and hear the divine law from us and all your people may learn and receive it, for it will be the greatest honor, advantage, and salvation to them all."</p></blockquote><p> Additionally, they invited the Inca leader to visit Pizarro at his quarters along the Cajamarca plaza. When De Soto noticed Atahualpa's interest in his horse, he put on a display of "excellent horsemanship" in close proximity. Atahualpa displayed hospitality by serving refreshments.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166–170">: 166–170 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Innes1969_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes1969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atahualpa responded only after Francisco Pizarro's brother, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Pizarro" title="Hernando Pizarro">Hernando Pizarro</a>, arrived. He replied with what he had heard from his scouts, that that the Spanish had been killing and enslaving countless numbers of people and civilians on the coast. Pizarro denied the report and Atahualpa, with limited information, reluctantly let the matter go. At the end of their meeting, the men agreed to meet the next day at Cajamarca.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrie2007_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrie2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG/220px-Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG/330px-Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG/440px-Inca-Spanish_confrontation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Inca–Spanish confrontation in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Battle of Cajamarca</a> left thousands of natives dead</figcaption></figure> <p>The next morning, on 16 November 1532, Pizarro had arranged an ambuscade around the Cajamarca plaza, where they were to meet. At this point, Pizarro had in total 168 men under his command: 106 on foot and 62 on horseback. When Atahualpa arrived with about 6,000 unarmed followers, Friar <a href="/wiki/Vincente_de_Valverde" title="Vincente de Valverde">Vincente de Valverde</a> and the interpreter <a href="/wiki/Felipillo" title="Felipillo">Felipillo</a> met them and proceeded to "expound the doctrines of the true faith" <i>(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Requirement_of_1513" title="Spanish Requirement of 1513">requerimiento</a>)</i> and seek his tribute as a vassal of King Charles. The unskilled translator likely contributed to problems in communication. The friar offered Atahualpa the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> as the authority of what he had just stated. Atahualpa stated, "I will be no man's tributary."<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173–177">: 173–177 </span></sup> </p><p>Pizarro urged attack, starting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Battle of Cajamarca</a>. The battle began with a shot from a cannon and the battle cry <i>"<a href="/wiki/Santiago!" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago!">Santiago!</a>"</i><sup id="cite_ref-Innes1969_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes1969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spaniards unleashed volleys of gunfire at the vulnerable mass of Incas and surged forward in a concerted action. Pizarro also used devastating cavalry charges against the Inca forces, which stunned them in combination with the supporting gunfire.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 177–179">: 177–179 </span></sup> However, many of the guns used by the Spaniards were hard to use in close-quarters combat. The effect was devastating, and the shocked Incas offered such feeble resistance that the battle has often been labeled a <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a>, with the 2,000 Incas slain and the Spanish with only one soldier wounded. </p><p>Though the historical accounts relating to the circumstances vary, the true Spanish motives for the attack seemed to be a desire for loot and flat-out impatience. The Inca likely did not adequately understand the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>' demands.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pizarro knew that his forces were badly outnumbered but that capturing the Emperor and holding him hostage would give him a key edge. </p><p>The majority of Atahualpa's troops were in the Cuzco region along with Quisquis and Challcuchima, the two generals he trusted the most. This was a major disadvantage for the Inca. Their undoing also resulted from a lack of self-confidence, and a desire to make public demonstration of fearlessness and godlike command of situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes1969_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes1969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main view is that the Inca were eventually defeated due to inferior weapons, 'open battle' <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a>, disease, internal unrest, the bold tactics of the Spanish, and the capture of the Inca's Emperor. Spanish armor was very effective against most of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> weapons, though it was not entirely impenetrable to maces, clubs, or <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">slings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, most natives adapted in 'guerrilla fashion' by only shooting at the legs of the conquistadors if they happened to be unarmored.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ensuing hostilities such as the <a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtón Rebellion">Mixtón Rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> would require that the conquistadors ally with friendly tribes in these later expeditions. </p><p>By February 1533, Almagro had joined Pizarro in Cajamarca with an additional 150 men with 50 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186–194">: 186–194 </span></sup> </p><p>After the Spanish captured Atahualpa at the massacre at Cajamarca, they allowed his wives to join him, and the Spanish soldiers taught him the game of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 215, 234">: 215, 234 </span></sup> During Atahualpa's captivity, the Spanish, although greatly outnumbered, forced him to order his generals to back down by threatening to kill him if he did not. According to the Spanish envoy's demands, Atahualpa offered to fill a large <a href="/wiki/Ransom_Room" title="Ransom Room">room with gold</a> and promised twice that amount in silver. While Pizarro ostensibly accepted this offer and allowed the gold to pile up, he had no intention of releasing the Inca. He needed Atahualpa's influence over his generals and the people in order to maintain the peace. The treasure began to be delivered from Cuzco on 20 December 1532 and flowed steadily from then on. By 3 May 1533 Pizarro received all the treasure he had requested; it was melted, refined, and made into bars.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes1969_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes1969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hernando Pizarro went to gather gold and silver from the temples in <a href="/wiki/Pachacamac" title="Pachacamac">Pachacamac</a> in January 1533, and on his return in March,<sup id="cite_ref-Leon_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> captured Chalcuchimac in the <a href="/wiki/Jauja" title="Jauja">Jauja</a> Valley. Francisco Pizzaro sent a similar expedition to Cuzco, bringing back many gold plates from the Temple of the Sun. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Luis_Montero_-_The_Funerals_of_Inca_Atahualpa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2605" /></a><figcaption>One of the main events in the conquest of Peru was the death of <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Sapa_Inca" title="Sapa Inca">Sapa Inca</a> on 29 August 1533</figcaption></figure> <p>The question eventually came up of what to do with Atahualpa; both Pizarro and Soto reportedly spoke against killing him, but the other Spaniards were loud in their demands for death. False interpretations from the interpreter Felipillo made the Spaniards paranoid. They were told that Atahualpa had ordered secret attacks and his warriors were hidden in the surrounding area. Soto went with a small force to scout for the hidden army, and the show trial of Atahualpa was held in his absence. Among the charges were polygamy, incestuous marriage, and idolatry, all frowned upon in Catholicism but common in Inca culture and religion. </p><p>The men who were against Atahualpa's conviction and murder argued that he should be judged by King Charles since he was the sovereign prince. Atahualpa was forced to submit to baptism to avoid being burned at the stake and in the hopes of one day rejoining his army and killing the Spanish; they referred to him as Francisco for the purposes of the ritual. On 29 August 1533 the Spanish captors murdered Atahualpa by <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garrotting</a>. He was buried with Christian rites in the church of San Francisco at Cajamarca, but was soon disinterred. His body was recovered, probably at his prior request, and borne to its final resting place in Quito. Upon de Soto's return, he was furious; he had found no evidence of any secret gathering of Atahualpa's warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes1969_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes1969-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pizarro advanced with his army of 500 Spaniards toward <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>, accompanied by Chalcuchimac. The latter was burned alive in the Jauja Valley, accused of secret communication with Quizquiz, and organizing resistance. <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> joined Pizarro after the death of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Huallpa" title="Túpac Huallpa">Túpac Huallpa</a>. Pizarro's force entered the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Tawantinsuyu</a> on 15 November 1533.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191, 210, 216">: 191, 210, 216 </span></sup> </p><p>Benalcázar, Pizarro's lieutenant and fellow Extremaduran, had already departed from San Miguel with 140 foot soldiers and a few horses on his conquering mission to Ecuador. At the foot of Mount <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a>, near the modern city of Riobamba (Ecuador) he met and defeated the forces of the great Inca warrior <a href="/wiki/Rumi%C3%B1awi_(Inca_warrior)" title="Rumiñawi (Inca warrior)">Rumiñawi</a> with the aid of Cañari tribesmen who served as guides and allies to the conquering Spaniards. Rumiñahui fell back to Quito, and, while in pursuit of the Inca army, Benalcázar was joined by five hundred men led by Guatemalan Governor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>. Greedy for gold, Alvarado had set sail for the south without the crown's authorization, landed on the Ecuadorian coast, and marched inland to the Sierra. Finding Quito empty of its people's treasure, Alvarado soon joined the combined Spanish force. Alvarado agreed to sell his fleet of twelve ships, his forces, plus arms and ammunition, and returned to Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 224–227">: 224–227 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leon_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268–284">: 268–284 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellion_and_reconquest">Rebellion and reconquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rebellion and reconquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Atahualpa's murder, Pizarro installed Atahualpa's brother, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Huallpa" title="Túpac Huallpa">Túpac Huallpa</a>, as a puppet Inca ruler, but he soon died unexpectedly, leaving <a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> in power. He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire, but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa's generals were amassing troops. Atahualpa's murder meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern armies from attacking the invaders. Led by Atahualpa's generals Rumiñahui, Zope-Zupahua and <a href="/wiki/Quisquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quisquis">Quisquis</a>, the native armies were finally defeated, effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 221–223, 226">: 221–223, 226 </span></sup> </p><p>Manco Inca initially had good relations with Francisco Pizarro and several other Spanish conquistadors. However, in 1535 he was left in Cuzco under the control of Pizarro's brothers, Juan and Gonzalo, who so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately rebelled. Under the pretense of recovering a statue of pure gold in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Yucay" title="Yucay">Yucay</a> valley, Manco was able to escape Cuzco.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235–237">: 235–237 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupaq_amarup_umanta_kuchunku.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tupaq_amarup_umanta_kuchunku.gif/220px-Tupaq_amarup_umanta_kuchunku.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tupaq_amarup_umanta_kuchunku.gif/330px-Tupaq_amarup_umanta_kuchunku.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Tupaq_amarup_umanta_kuchunku.gif/440px-Tupaq_amarup_umanta_kuchunku.gif 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Spaniards executing Tupac Amaru I.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manco Inca hoped to use the disagreement between Almagro and Pizarro to his advantage and attempted the recapture of Cuzco starting in April 1536. The <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of Cuzco">siege of Cuzco</a> was waged until the following spring, and during that time Manco's armies managed to wipe out four relief columns sent from Lima, but was ultimately unsuccessful in its goal of routing the Spaniards from the city. The Inca leadership did not have the full support of all its subject peoples and furthermore, the degrading state of Inca morale coupled with the superior Spanish siege weapons soon made Manco Inca realize his hope of recapturing Cuzco was failing. Manco Inca eventually withdrew to Tambo.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239–247">: 239–247 </span></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence of the rebellion incident exists, showing that the Spanish conquistadors were aided by native Indian allies. The remains of about 70 men, women, and adolescents were found in the path of a planned expressway near Lima in 2007. Forensic evidence suggests that European weapons killed some of the natives, probably during the uprising in 1536,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that the vast majority had been killed by local, indigenous weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Spanish re-occupied Cuzco, Manco Inca and his armies retreated to the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Ollantaytambo" title="Ollantaytambo">Ollantaytambo</a> where he, for a time, successfully launched attacks against Pizarro based at Cuzco and even managed to defeat the Spanish occupiers in an open battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 247–249">: 247–249 </span></sup> </p><p>When it became clear that defeat was imminent, Manco Inca retreated further to the mountainous region<sup id="cite_ref-Prescott_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 259">: 259 </span></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Vilcabamba,_Peru" title="Vilcabamba, Peru">Vilcabamba</a> and established the small <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a>, where Manco Inca and his successors continued to hold some power for several more decades. His son, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a>, was the last Inca, being killed by the Spanish in 1572. </p><p>In total, the conquest took about forty years to complete. Many Inca attempts to regain their empire had occurred, but none had been successful. Thus the Spanish conquest was achieved, aided by factors like smallpox and a great communication and cultural divide. The Spaniards destroyed much of the Inca culture and imposed Spanish culture onto the native population. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Pizarro_ante_Carlos_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Francisco_Pizarro_ante_Carlos_V.jpg/220px-Francisco_Pizarro_ante_Carlos_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Francisco_Pizarro_ante_Carlos_V.jpg/330px-Francisco_Pizarro_ante_Carlos_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Francisco_Pizarro_ante_Carlos_V.jpg/440px-Francisco_Pizarro_ante_Carlos_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Engraving depicting the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro exposing before <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">King Carlos I</a> of Spain the evidence of the discovery of the fabulous <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Empire of the Incas.</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG/170px-Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG/255px-Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bd/Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Pizarro and his followers founding Lima</figcaption></figure> <p>A struggle for power resulted in a long civil war between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in which Almagro was killed. Almagro's loyal followers and his descendants later avenged his death by killing Pizarro in 1541. This was done inside the palace of Francisco Pizarro in a fight to the death by these assassins, most of which were former soldiers of Diego de Almagro who were stripped of title and belongings after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Koch_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the war, the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process. Spanish royal authority on these territories was consolidated by the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">Audiencia Real</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a>. In January 1535, <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> was founded,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which the political and administrative institutions were to be organized. In 1542, the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castile, that shortly after would be called <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>. Nevertheless, the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of a later Viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a>, in 1569. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Toledo</a> ended the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a> in Vilcabamba, executing the Inca <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a>. He resettled the indigenous people in Spanish-style settlements in a process called <a href="/wiki/Indian_reductions_in_the_Andes" title="Indian reductions in the Andes">reductions</a>, promoted economic development using commercial monopoly and increased the production of the silver mines of <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, using an Inca institution of forced labor for mandatory public service called <i><a href="/wiki/Mita_(Inca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mita (Inca)">mita</a></i>. </p><p>The integration of Spanish culture into Peru was carried out not only by Pizarro and his other captains, but also by the many Spanish who also came to Peru to exploit its riches and inhabit its land. These included many different kinds of immigrants such as Spanish merchants, peasants, artisans, and Spanish women. Another element that the Spanish brought with them were African <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> to work alongside captive Incas for use in labor with things such as agriculture and mining for silver.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockhart_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockhart-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These people all brought with them their own pieces of Spanish culture to integrate into Peruvian society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_the_conquest_on_the_people_of_Peru">Effects of the conquest on the people of Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects of the conquest on the people of Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long-term effects of the arrival of the Spanish on the population of South America were catastrophic. While this was the case for every group of Native-Americans invaded by Europeans during this time period, the Inca population suffered an exceptionally dramatic and rapid decline following contact. The population decline for the Inca Empire from 1520 to 1571 is roughly estimated at from 10 to 15 million in 1520 to less than 3 million in 1570 with the population still declining after 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-Newson1985_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newson1985-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The single greatest cause of the decimation of native populations was Old World infectious diseases, carried by colonists and conquistadors. As these were new to the natives, they had no acquired immunity and suffered very high rates of death. More died of disease than any army or armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Inca did not have as strong a writing tradition as the Aztec or Maya, it is difficult for historians to estimate population decline or any events after conquest. But, it is sometimes argued, and equally disputed among scholars that the Inca began to contract these diseases several years before the Spanish appeared in the region, as it was possibly carried to their empire by traders and travelers. The outbreak, argued to be hemorrhagic <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, reached the Andes in 1524. While numbers are unavailable, Spanish records indicate that the population was so devastated by disease that they could hardly resist the foreign forces. </p><p>Historians differ as to whether the illness of the 1520s was smallpox; a minority of scholars claim that the epidemic was due to an indigenous illness called Carrion's disease. In any case, a 1981 study by N. D. Cook the shows that the Andes suffered from three separate population declines during colonization. The first was of 30–50 percent during the first outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. When a <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> outbreak occurred, there was another decline of 25–30 percent. Finally, when smallpox and measles epidemics occurred together, which occurred from 1585 to 1591, a decline of 30–60 percent occurred. Collectively these declines amounted to a decline of 93 percent from the pre-contact population in the Andes region.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell1992_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell1992-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortality was particularly high among children, ensuring that the impact of the epidemics would extend to the next generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrien2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrien2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the devastation of the local populations by disease, they suffered considerable enslavement, pillaging and destruction from warfare. The Spanish took thousands of women from the local natives to use as servants and concubines. As Pizarro and his men took over portions of South America, they plundered and enslaved countless people. Some local populations entered into vassalage willingly, to defeat the Inca. Native groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Huanca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanca people">Huanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanka" title="Chanka">Chanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a> fought alongside the Spanish as they opposed Inca rule. The basic policy of the Spanish towards local populations was that voluntary vassalage would yield safety and coexistence, while continued resistance would result in more deaths and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson1978_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson1978-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another significant effect on the people in South America was the spread of Christianity. As Pizarro and the Spanish subdued the continent and brought it under their control, they forcefully converted many to Christianity, claiming to have educated them in the ways of the "one true religion."<sup id="cite_ref-Andagoya_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andagoya-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Navarette_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navarette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the depopulation of the local populations along with the capitulation of the Inca Empire, the Spanish missionary work after colonization began was able to continue unimpeded. It took just a generation for the entire continent to be under Christian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Means_1932_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means_1932-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of the Spanish also had an unexpected impact on the land itself. Recent research points out that the Spanish conquest altered Peru's shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Spaniards arrived, inhabitants of the arid northern Peruvian coast clad massive sandy ridges with an accidental form of "armor", millions of discarded mollusk shells, which protected the ridges from erosion for nearly 4700 years prior to the Spanish arrival, and produced a vast corrugated landscape that is visible from space. This incidental landscape protection came to a swift end, however, after diseases brought by Spanish colonists decimated the local population and after colonial officials resettled the survivors inland, without humans to create the protective covering, newly formed beach ridges simply eroded and vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-Belknap_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belknap-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to archaeologist Torben Rick, parts of the northern coast of Peru may look completely natural and pristine, "but if you rewind the clock a couple of millennia, you see that people were actively shaping this land by creating beach ridge systems".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with Anglophone media and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Talk:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millais,_John_Everett_(Sir)_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4469" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru" title="Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru">Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel" title="Jean-François Marmontel">Marmontel</a>'s novel <i>Les Incas, ou la destruction de l'empire du Perou</i> (1777), inspired by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a>'s <i>Account</i>, tells a fictitious version of the conquest of Peru to portray the author's views on the religious fanaticism of the <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">Conquistadors</a> and their cruelty to the natives. </p><p>An opera of Verdi, <i><a href="/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera)">Alzira</a></i> (1845), is set during the Conquest. In the play, an Inca called Zamoro wants to find the princess Alzira, who has been engaged to the Conquistador Gusmano. </p><p>The second act of Rameau's <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Indes_galantes" title="Les Indes galantes">Les Indes galantes</a></i> (1735) is called <i>Les incas du Pérou</i> and tells the love story of a Spanish Conquistador and an Inca princess. </p><p>The Spanish Comedy <i>La aurora en Copacabana</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" title="Pedro Calderón de la Barca">Pedro Calderón de la Barca</a>, dramatizes the Conquest under a religious perspective, adding allegorical characters that represents the Idolatry and the Christian conversion of the Native Peruvians. </p><p>The first part of <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Graffigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Graffigny">Madame de Graffigny</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Peruvian_Woman" title="Letters from a Peruvian Woman">Lettres d'une Péruvienne</a></i> narrates the abduction of Zilia, an Inca princess, by the Spaniards during the Conquest. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaffer" title="Peter Shaffer">Peter Shaffer</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Hunt_of_the_Sun" title="The Royal Hunt of the Sun">The Royal Hunt of the Sun</a></i> (1964) dramatizes the conquest of the Incas. In the play, Pizarro, Atahualpa, Valverde and other historical figures appear as characters. </p><p>This event is also narrated as a Science Fiction novelette in <a href="/wiki/Randall_Garrett" title="Randall Garrett">Randall Garrett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Despoilers_of_the_Golden_Empire" title="Despoilers of the Golden Empire">Despoilers of the Golden Empire</a></i> (1959).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ransom_Room" title="Ransom Room">Ransom Room</a> it's the setting of the romance <i>Das Gold von Caxamalca</i> (1928) by the German novelist <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wasserman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Wasserman">Jakob Wasserman</a>. </p><p>The conquest is also used as a starting point for the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Reilly" title="Matthew Reilly">Matthew Reilly</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Temple_(novel)" title="Temple (novel)">Temple</a></i>, where the siege of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> is used. Many historical figures are mentioned, especially Pizarro who is mentioned as the pursuer of the protagonist. </p><p>The Inca are featured in the third Campaign in <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Empires 3">Age of Empires 3</a></i>, having a Lost City hidden in the Andes. They are also in the Multiplayer, found primarily in the areas making up <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and Argentina. In the Definitive Edition of the game they are a playable faction. </p><p>The conquest is parodied in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> TV series, in the episode "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Verizon" title="Lost Verizon">Lost Verizon</a>", written by John Frink.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pizarro and his fellow conquistadors feature as antagonists in the 1982 animated serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Cities_of_Gold" title="The Mysterious Cities of Gold">The Mysterious Cities of Gold</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I wish Your Majesty to understand the motive that moves me to make this statement is the peace of my conscience and because of the guilt I share. For we have destroyed by our evil behaviour such a government as was enjoyed by these natives. They were so free of crime and greed, both men and women, that they could leave gold or silver worth a hundred thousand pesos in their open house. So that when they discovered that we were thieves and men who sought to force their wives and daughters to commit sin with them, they despised us. But now things have come to such a pass in offence of God, owing to the bad example we have set them in all things, that these natives from doing no evil have turned into people who can do no good.. I beg God to pardon me, for I am moved to say this, seeing that I am the last to die of the Conquistadors." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mansio Serra Leguizamon<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When has it ever happened, either in ancient or modern times, that such amazing exploits have been achieved? Over so many climes, across so many seas, over such distances by land, to subdue the unseen and unknown? Whose deeds can be compared with those of Spain? Not even the ancient Greeks and Romans.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xeres" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Xeres">Francisco Xeres</a>, <i>Report on the Discovery of Peru</i></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When I set out to write for the people of today and of the future, about the conquest and discovery that our Spaniards made here in Peru, I could not but reflect that I was dealing with the greatest matters one could possibly write about in all of creation as far as secular history goes. Where have men ever seen the things they have seen here? And to think that God should have permitted something so great to remain hidden from the world for so long in history, unknown to men, and then let it be found, discovered and won all in our own time!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a>, <i>Chronicles of Peru</i></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The houses are more than two hundred paces in length, and very well built, being surrounded by strong walls, three times the height of a man. The roofs are covered with straw and wood, resting on the walls. The interiors are divided into eight rooms, much better built than any we had seen before. Their walls are of very well cut stones and each lodging is surrounded by its masonry wall with doorways, and has its fountain of water in an open court, conveyed from a distance by pipes, for the supply of the house. In front of the <i>plaza</i>, towards the open country, a stone fortress is connected with it by a staircase leading from the square to the fort. Towards the open country there is another small door, with a narrow staircase, all within the outer wall of the <i>plaza</i>. Above the town, on the mountain side, where the houses commence, there is another fort on a hill, the greater part of which is hewn out of the rock. This is larger than the other, and surrounded by three walls, rising spirally.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Xeres" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Xeres">Francisco Xeres</a>, <i>Massacre, Gold and Civil War</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/48px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/64px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South America">South America portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Peru">Ancient Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomiendas_in_Peru" title="Encomiendas in Peru">Encomiendas in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reductions_in_the_Andes" title="Indian reductions in the Andes">Indian reductions in the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paititi" title="Paititi">Paititi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambokancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pambokancha">Pambokancha</a>, an Inca religious site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">Reductions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll" title="List of wars by death toll">List of wars by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish conquest of the Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest of the Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Conquest of Chile</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">European horses were not native to the Americas, with the last ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Eohippus" title="Eohippus">Eohippus</a>, dying out about 50,000 years ago, long before the arrival of humans roughly 16,000 years ago.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-josemariacastillejo.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josemariacastillejo.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josemariacastillejo.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josemariacastillejo.com/los-incas-y-los-espanoles">"Los Incas y los españoles"</a>. 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Incas+y+los+espa%C3%B1oles&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.josemariacastillejo.com%2Flos-incas-y-los-espanoles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remilitari-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-remilitari_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remilitari.com/guias/victimario9.htm">"De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios"</a>. <i>remilitari.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=remilitari.com&rft.atitle=De+re+Militari%3A+muertos+en+Guerras%2C+Dictaduras+y+Genocidios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fremilitari.com%2Fguias%2Fvictimario9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brotherston1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brotherston1995_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Brotherston1995" class="citation book cs1">Gordon Brotherston (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3NiCQFfSGIkC&pg=PA287">"Indigenous Literatures and Cultures in Twentieth-Century Latin America"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Leslie Bethell</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Latin America</i>. Vol. X. Cambridge University Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49594-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49594-3"><bdi>978-0-521-49594-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Literatures+and+Cultures+in+Twentieth-Century+Latin+America&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49594-3&rft.au=Gordon+Brotherston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NiCQFfSGIkC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StoreyWidmer2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StoreyWidmer2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_StoreyRandolph_J._Widmer2006" class="citation book cs1">Rebecca Storey; Randolph J. Widmer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHarTdXG1M0C&pg=PA95">"The Pre-Columbian Economy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Victor_Bulmer-Thomas" title="Victor Bulmer-Thomas">Victor Bulmer-Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Coatsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="John Coatsworth">John Coatsworth</a>; Roberto Cortes-Conde (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America: Volume 1, The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century</i> (I ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81289-4"><bdi>978-0-521-81289-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pre-Columbian+Economy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+Latin+America%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Colonial+Era+and+the+Short+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81289-4&rft.au=Rebecca+Storey&rft.au=Randolph+J.+Widmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHarTdXG1M0C%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrien2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrien2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrien2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_J._Andrien2001" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth J. Andrien (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgJKAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Tawantinsuyu%22%20%22four%20parts%22"><i>Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness Under Spanish Rule, 1532–1825</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2359-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-2359-0</bdi></a>. <q>The largest of these great imperial states was the Inca Empire or Tawantinsuyu—the empire of the four parts—which extended from its capital in Cusco to include this entire Andean region of 984,000 square kilometers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andean+Worlds%3A+Indigenous+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Consciousness+Under+Spanish+Rule%2C+1532%E2%80%931825&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2359-0&rft.au=Kenneth+J.+Andrien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgJKAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522Tawantinsuyu%2522%2520%2522four%2520parts%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Covey2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Covey2000_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Covey (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Means_1932-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Means_1932_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_1932_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means_1932_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Means (1932).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prescott-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prescott_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_W.H." class="mw-redirect" title="Prescott, W.H.">Prescott, W.H.</a>, 2011, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofperu02presiala">The History of the Conquest of Peru</a>,</i> Digireads.com Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1420941142" title="Special:BookSources/978-1420941142">978-1420941142</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacQuarrie2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie2007_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie2007_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrie2007_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubler1945-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kubler1945_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubler (1945).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betanzos1996-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Betanzos1996_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betanzos <i>et al.</i> (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seed1991-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seed1991_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seed (1991).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innes1969-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Innes1969_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes1969_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes1969_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes1969_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes1969_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolas1961" class="citation book cs1">Jolas, Maria (1961). <i>The Royal Commentaries of the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega</i>. Orion Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Commentaries+of+the+Inca+Garcilaso+de+la+Vega&rft.pub=Orion+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jolas&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_O._Sanders" class="citation web cs1">Jay O. Sanders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3409_inca.html">"The Great Inca Rebellion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Great+Inca+Rebellion&rft.au=Jay+O.+Sanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ftranscripts%2F3409_inca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Penrose2005" class="citation book cs1">Jane Penrose (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99haLasvV3gC&q=iron+helmet+sling&pg=PA139"><i>Slings in the Iron Age</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-932-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-932-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-932-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slings+in+the+Iron+Age&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-932-5&rft.au=Jane+Penrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99haLasvV3gC%26q%3Diron%2Bhelmet%2Bsling%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart1993" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, James (1993). "Introduction". <i>We People Here: Náhuatl accounts of the Conquest of Mexico</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 7–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=We+People+Here%3A+N%C3%A1huatl+accounts+of+the+Conquest+of+Mexico&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leon-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leon_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon, P., 1998, <i>The Discovery and Conquest of Peru, Chronicles of the New World Encounter,</i> edited and translated by Cook and Cook, Durham: Duke University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822321460" title="Special:BookSources/9780822321460">9780822321460</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Chris (July 2007). "Archaeology: Shot by a Conquistador". <i>National Geographic</i>. <b>212</b> (1): 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Archaeology%3A+Shot+by+a+Conquistador&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2007-07&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyJG3aPpq_o"><span class="plainlinks">Skeletons of the Inca Rebellion (Full Episode) | Special</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Oct 8, 2023, minutes: 26:25–33:53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, Peter O. <i>The Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire</i>, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, NC, and London, 2008 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lima/History">"Lima – History | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Lima+%E2%80%93+History+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLima%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockhart-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lockhart_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockhart, James. <i>Spanish Peru</i>, University of Wisconsin Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newson1985-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newson1985_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newson (1985), pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html">"Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Guns+Germs+%26+Steel%3A+Variables.+Smallpox+%26%23124%3B+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fgunsgermssteel%2Fvariables%2Fsmallpox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovell1992-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lovell1992_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovell (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson1978-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson1978_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andagoya-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andagoya_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndagoya" class="citation book cs1">Andagoya, Pascual de. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila/Narrative_of_Pascual_de_Andagoya">"Narrative of Pascual de Andagoya"</a>. <i>Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila</i>. The Hakluyt Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2019</span> – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narrative+of+Pascual+de+Andagoya&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+Proceedings+of+Pedrarias+Davila&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft.aulast=Andagoya&rft.aufirst=Pascual+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNarrative_of_the_Proceedings_of_Pedrarias_Davila%2FNarrative_of_Pascual_de_Andagoya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Navarette-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Navarette_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Navarette1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Navarette, Martin Fernadez (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWuiNQy_PDQC&pg=PA426"><i>Viages menores, y los de Vespucio; Poblaciones en el Darien, suplemento al tomo II</i></a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viages+menores%2C+y+los+de+Vespucio%3B+Poblaciones+en+el+Darien%2C+suplemento+al+tomo+II&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=de+Navarette&rft.aufirst=Martin+Fernadez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWuiNQy_PDQC%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2014" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, David (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/22/spanish-conquest-peru-shoreline_n_5373521.html">"Spanish Conquest Altered Peru's Shoreline, New Research Shows"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Spanish+Conquest+Altered+Peru%27s+Shoreline%2C+New+Research+Shows&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F05%2F22%2Fspanish-conquest-peru-shoreline_n_5373521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belknap-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Belknap_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Belknap, Daniel F. and Sandweiss, Daniel H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262536547_Effect_of_the_Spanish_Conquest_on_coastal_change_in_Northwestern_Peru">"Effects of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru" </a>, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111: 7986–7989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2014" class="citation web cs1">Pringle, Heather (19 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/spanish-conquest-may-have-altered-perus-shoreline">"Spanish Conquest May Have Altered Peru's Shoreline"</a>. <i>AAAS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AAAS&rft.atitle=Spanish+Conquest+May+Have+Altered+Peru%27s+Shoreline&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fspanish-conquest-may-have-altered-perus-shoreline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/24091/24091-h/24091-h.htmwww.snpp.com/episodeguide/season20.html">"Despoilers of the Golden Empire, The Project Gutenberg"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despoilers+of+the+Golden+Empire%2C+The+Project+Gutenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F24091%2F24091-h%2F24091-h.htmwww.snpp.com%2Fepisodeguide%2Fseason20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124054638/http://www.snpp.com/episodeguide/season20.html">"The Simpsons Archive, Season 20"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snpp.com/episodeguide/season20.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Simpsons+Archive%2C+Season+20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snpp.com%2Fepisodeguide%2Fseason20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2001" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Michael (2001). <i>Conquistadors</i>. London: BBC Worldwide. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-55116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-55116-4"><bdi>978-0-563-55116-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadors&rft.place=London&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-563-55116-4&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer, Brian S. (1991). "Pacariqtambo and the Mythical Origins of the Inca". <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Antiquity" title="Latin American Antiquity">Latin American Antiquity</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1): 7–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971893">10.2307/971893</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971893">971893</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163333842">163333842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Pacariqtambo+and+the+Mythical+Origins+of+the+Inca&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-26&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163333842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971893%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971893&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Brian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetanzos1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Betanzos" title="Juan de Betanzos">Betanzos, Juan de</a> (1996). Hamilton, Roland; Buchanan, Dana (eds.). <i>Narrative of the Incas</i>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75560-4"><bdi>978-0-292-75560-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+Incas&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75560-4&rft.aulast=Betanzos&rft.aufirst=Juan+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovey2000" class="citation journal cs1">Covey, R. Alan (2000). "Inka Administration of the Far South Coast of Peru". <i>Latin American Antiquity</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 119–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971851">10.2307/971851</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971851">971851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164195422">164195422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Inka+Administration+of+the+Far+South+Coast+of+Peru&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-38&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164195422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971851&rft.aulast=Covey&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Gibson, Charles</a> (1978). "Conquest, Capitulation, and Indian Treaties". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>83</b> (1): 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1865900">10.2307/1865900</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1865900">1865900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Conquest%2C+Capitulation%2C+and+Indian+Treaties&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1865900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1865900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemming1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hemming_(explorer)" title="John Hemming (explorer)">Hemming, John</a> (1970). <i>Conquest of the Incas</i>. New York: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-122560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-122560-6"><bdi>978-0-15-122560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+of+the+Incas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-15-122560-6&rft.aulast=Hemming&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hammond_Innes" title="Hammond Innes">Innes, Hammond</a> (1969). <i>Conquistadors</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23083">23083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23083&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Hammond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubler1945" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kubler" title="George Kubler">Kubler, George</a> (1945). "The Behavior of Atahualpa, 1531–1533". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" title="The Hispanic American Historical Review">The Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 413–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2508231">10.2307/2508231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2508231">2508231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Behavior+of+Atahualpa%2C+1531%E2%80%931533&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-27&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2508231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2508231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kubler&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubler1947" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kubler" title="George Kubler">Kubler, George</a> (1947). "The Neo-Inca State (1537–1572)". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" title="The Hispanic American Historical Review">The Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>27</b> (2): 189–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2508415">10.2307/2508415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2508415">2508415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Neo-Inca+State+%281537%E2%80%931572%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-203&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2508415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2508415%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kubler&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Lockhart_(historian)" title="James Lockhart (historian)">Lockhart, James</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtTGO_EX9JcC"><i>Spanish Peru, 1532-1560: a social history</i></a> (2nd ed.). Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14163-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14163-9"><bdi>978-0-299-14163-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Peru%2C+1532-1560%3A+a+social+history&rft.place=Madison&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14163-9&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtTGO_EX9JcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Lockhart_(historian)" title="James Lockhart (historian)">Lockhart, James</a> (1972). <i>The men of Cajamarca: a social and biographical study of the first conquerors of Peru</i>. Latin American monographs. Austin ; London: Inst. of Latin American Studies by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75001-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75001-2"><bdi>978-0-292-75001-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+men+of+Cajamarca%3A+a+social+and+biographical+study+of+the+first+conquerors+of+Peru&rft.place=Austin+%3B+London&rft.series=Latin+American+monographs&rft.pub=Inst.+of+Latin+American+Studies+by+the+University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75001-2&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lovell, W. George (1992). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Heavy Shadows and Black Night': Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America". <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Association_of_American_Geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of the Association of American Geographers">Annals of the Association of American Geographers</a></i>. <b>82</b> (3): 426–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=%27Heavy+Shadows+and+Black+Night%27%3A+Disease+and+Depopulation+in+Colonial+Spanish+America&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426-43&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=W.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacquarrie2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_MacQuarrie" title="Kim MacQuarrie">Macquarrie, Kim</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastdaysofincas00macq"><i>The Last Days of the Incas</i></a></span>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6049-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-6049-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+Incas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-6049-7&rft.aulast=Macquarrie&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastdaysofincas00macq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeans1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ainsworth_Means" title="Philip Ainsworth Means">Means, Philip A.</a> (1932). <i>Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru, 1530–1780</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/716374563">716374563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Inca+Empire+and+the+Spanish+Rule+in+Peru%2C+1530%E2%80%931780&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F716374563&rft.aulast=Means&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Newson, Linda A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100021695">"Indian Population Patterns in Colonial Spanish America"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 41–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100021695">10.1017/S0023879100021695</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2503469">2503469</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202896817">202896817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Indian+Population+Patterns+in+Colonial+Spanish+America&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=41-74&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202896817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2503469%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100021695&rft.aulast=Newson&rft.aufirst=Linda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100021695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeed1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Seed" title="Patricia Seed">Seed, Patricia</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100034907">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Failing to Marvel': Atahualpa's Encounter with the Word"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Research_Review" title="Latin American Research Review">Latin American Research Review</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 7–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100034907">10.1017/S0023879100034907</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252949347">252949347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=%27Failing+to+Marvel%27%3A+Atahualpa%27s+Encounter+with+the+Word&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-32&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100034907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252949347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seed&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100034907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachtel1977" class="citation book cs1">Wachtel, Nathan (1977). <i>The vision of the vanquished: the Spanish conquest of Peru through Indian eyes, 1530–1570</i>. Translated by Reynolds, Ben; Reynolds, Sian. Hassocks: The Harvester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85527-119-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85527-119-0"><bdi>978-0-85527-119-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+vision+of+the+vanquished%3A+the+Spanish+conquest+of+Peru+through+Indian+eyes%2C+1530%E2%80%931570&rft.place=Hassocks&rft.pub=The+Harvester+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-85527-119-0&rft.aulast=Wachtel&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2008" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Thomas (2008). <i>Formation of Latin American Nations. From Late Antiquity to Early Modernity</i>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806161501" title="Special:BookSources/9780806161501"><bdi>9780806161501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formation+of+Latin+American+Nations.+From+Late+Antiquity+to+Early+Modernity&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780806161501&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+the+Inca+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=inca">All Empires Online History Community</a></li> <li>Inca Rebellion at Lima, <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyJG3aPpq_o"><span class="plainlinks">Skeletons of the Inca Rebellion (Full Episode) | Special</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Oct 8, 2023</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inca_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Template:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inca_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inca Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this 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War">Inca Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_Room" title="Ransom Room">Ransom Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suntur_Paucar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/150px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/225px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suntur_Paucar.svg/300px-Suntur_Paucar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_education" title="Inca education">Inca education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclla" title="Aclla">Aclla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amauta" title="Amauta">Amauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu">Ayllu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasqui" title="Chasqui">Chasqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitma" title="Mitma">Mitma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91usta" title="Ñusta">Ñusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panakas" title="Panakas">Panakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warachikuy" title="Warachikuy">Warachikuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Inca army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Inca agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_aqueducts" title="Inca aqueducts">Inca aqueducts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apu_(god)" title="Apu (god)">Apu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coricancha" title="Coricancha">Coricancha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mama_Killa" title="Mama Killa">Mama Killa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti" title="Inti">Inti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supay" title="Supay">Supay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacha_Kamaq" title="Pacha Kamaq">Pacha Kamaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariacaca_(god)" title="Pariacaca (god)">Pariacaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urcuchillay" title="Urcuchillay">Urcuchillay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichama" title="Vichama">Vichama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha" title="Viracocha">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willka_Raymi" title="Willka Raymi">Willka Raymi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti_Raymi" title="Inti Raymi">Inti Raymi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Inca mathematics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupana" title="Yupana">Yupana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian 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title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">Archaeological sites in Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites in Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">Amotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">Capulí</a>/<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture#Nariño" title="Capulí culture">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Gran Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">Lauricocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">Manteño-Huancavilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">Paiján</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">Pucará de Tilcara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">Quebrada de Humahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">Tuncahuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Capital</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Multiple</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysc Cubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Gender_roles" title="Inca Empire">Gender Roles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Road System</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Art</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Arts_and_technology" title="Inca Empire">Art</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean Music</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Notable Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish Conquest</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish Conquest of Yucatán</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish Conquest of Guatemala</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish Conquest</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of Conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peru_topics" title="Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peru_topics" title="Template talk:Peru topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peru_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peru_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Ancient cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Era">Guano Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_Peru" title="Life zones of Peru">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Peru">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Regions and provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Peru" title="List of companies of Peru">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Sol <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Peru" title="Electricity sector in Peru">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Peru" title="Transport in Peru">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Peru" title="Category:Society of Peru">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Peru" title="Crime in Peru">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Peru" title="Health in Peru">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Peru" title="Irrigation in Peru">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">List of Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Peru" title="Prostitution in Peru">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Peru" title="Public holidays in Peru">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Peru" title="Squatting in Peru">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Water resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peru" title="Culture of Peru">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Peru" title="National symbols of Peru">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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