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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurological_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurological_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Neurological disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurological_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waters_protected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waters_protected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Waters protected</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waters_protected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution_control_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_control_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pollution control strategy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution_control_strategy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollution control strategy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution_control_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Point_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Point_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Point sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Point_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology-based_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology-based_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Technology-based standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-based_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Water quality standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Designated_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designated_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Designated uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designated_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Water quality criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-degradation_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-degradation_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.3</span> <span>Anti-degradation policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-degradation_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.4</span> <span>General policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_test_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_test_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Laboratory test methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_test_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonpoint_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonpoint_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nonpoint sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonpoint_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_of_pollution_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_of_pollution_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Financing of pollution controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_of_pollution_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_Infrastructure_Finance_and_Innovation_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_Infrastructure_Finance_and_Innovation_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_Infrastructure_Finance_and_Innovation_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_statutory_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_statutory_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major statutory provisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_statutory_provisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major statutory provisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_statutory_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_I_-_Research_and_Related_Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_I_-_Research_and_Related_Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Title I - Research and Related Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_I_-_Research_and_Related_Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_II_-_Grants_for_Construction_of_Treatment_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_II_-_Grants_for_Construction_of_Treatment_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Title II - Grants for Construction of Treatment Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_II_-_Grants_for_Construction_of_Treatment_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_III_-_Standards_and_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_III_-_Standards_and_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Title III - Standards and enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_III_-_Standards_and_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discharge_permits_required" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge_permits_required"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Discharge permits required</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discharge_permits_required-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology-Based_Standards_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology-Based_Standards_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Technology-Based Standards Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-Based_Standards_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_Quality_Standards_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_Quality_Standards_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Water Quality Standards Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_Quality_Standards_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Water_Quality_Inventory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Water_Quality_Inventory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>National Water Quality Inventory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Water_Quality_Inventory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Federal facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Thermal pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonpoint_Source_Management_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonpoint_Source_Management_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.8</span> <span>Nonpoint Source Management Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonpoint_Source_Management_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.9</span> <span>Military vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Title IV - Permits and licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_certification_of_compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_certification_of_compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>State certification of compliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_certification_of_compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NPDES_permits_for_point_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NPDES_permits_for_point_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>NPDES permits for point sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NPDES_permits_for_point_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dredge_and_fill_permits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dredge_and_fill_permits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Dredge and fill permits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dredge_and_fill_permits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exemptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3.1</span> <span>Exemptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_no-jurisdiction_determinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_no-jurisdiction_determinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3.2</span> <span>Importance of no-jurisdiction determinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_no-jurisdiction_determinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recapture_of_exemptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recapture_of_exemptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3.3</span> <span>Recapture of exemptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recapture_of_exemptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-POTW_Biosolids_Management_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#POTW_Biosolids_Management_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>POTW Biosolids Management Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-POTW_Biosolids_Management_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_V_-_General_Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_V_-_General_Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Title V - General Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_V_-_General_Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citizen_suits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizen_suits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Citizen suits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizen_suits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employee_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employee_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Employee protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employee_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title_VI_-_State_Water_Pollution_Control_Revolving_Funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_VI_-_State_Water_Pollution_Control_Revolving_Funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Title VI - State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_VI_-_State_Water_Pollution_Control_Revolving_Funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waters_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waters_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Waters of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waters_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Earlier legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_challenges_to_CWA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenges_to_CWA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Legal challenges to CWA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_challenges_to_CWA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>General Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1972 U.S. federal law regulating water pollution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Clean Water Act of Ontario, Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act_(Ontario)" title="Clean Water Act (Ontario)">Clean Water Act (Ontario)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Clean Water Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Other short titles</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An Act to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">CWA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">October 18, 1972</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-86/pdf/STATUTE-86-Pg816.pdf">92-500</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">86 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-86-816">816</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Federal Water Pollution Control Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U.S.C.</a> sections created</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1251">§§ 1251</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1387">1387</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/chapter-23">ch. 23</a> § 1151</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the Senate as S. 2770 by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a>) on October 28, 1971</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/Senate_Public_Works_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Public Works Committee">Senate Public Works Committee</a></li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on November 2, 1971 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1971/s261">86-0</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on March 29, 1972 (passed)</li><li><b>Reported by the joint conference committee</b> on October 4, 1972; <b>agreed to by the House</b> on October 4, 1972 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/h610">366-11</a>) and by the <b>Senate</b> on October 4, 1972 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/s908">74-0</a>)</li><li><b>Vetoed</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on October 17, 1972</li><li><b>Overridden by the Senate</b> on October 17, 1972 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/s955">52-12</a>)</li><li><b>Overridden by the House and became law</b> on October 18, 1972 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/92-1972/h648">247-23</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Clean Water Act of 1977; Water Quality Act of 1987; <a href="/wiki/Clean_Boating_Act_of_2008" title="Clean Boating Act of 2008">Clean Boating Act of 2008</a>; Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014; <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=EI_duPont_de_Nemours_%26_Co._v._Train&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EI duPont de Nemours & Co. v. Train (page does not exist)">EI duPont de Nemours & Co. v. Train</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_430" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 430">430</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/112/">112</a> (1977)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costle_v._Pacific_Legal_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costle v. Pacific Legal Foundation (page does not exist)">Costle v. Pacific Legal Foundation</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_445" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 445">445</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/445/198/">198</a> (1980)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPA_v._Nat%27l_Crushed_Stone_Assn.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EPA v. Nat'l Crushed Stone Assn. (page does not exist)">EPA v. Nat'l Crushed Stone Assn.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_449" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 449">449</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/449/64/">64</a> (1980)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_Milwaukee_v._Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of Milwaukee v. Illinois (page does not exist)">City of Milwaukee v. Illinois</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_451" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 451">451</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/451/304/">304</a> (1981)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weinberger_v._Romero-Barcelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo (page does not exist)">Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_456" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 456">456</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/456/305/">305</a> (1982)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Manufacturers_Assn._v._NRDC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Manufacturers Assn. v. NRDC (page does not exist)">Chemical Manufacturers Assn. v. NRDC</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_470" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 470">470</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/470/116/">116</a> (1985)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_474" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 474">474</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/474/121/">121</a> (1985)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Energy_v._Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Energy v. Ohio (page does not exist)">Department of Energy v. Ohio</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_503" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 503">503</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/503/607/">607</a> (1992)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PUD_No._1_of_Jefferson_Cty._v._Washington_Dept._of_Ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PUD No. 1 of Jefferson Cty. v. Washington Dept. of Ecology (page does not exist)">PUD No. 1 of Jefferson Cty. v. Washington Dept. of Ecology</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_511" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 511">511</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/511/700/">700</a> (1994)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">531</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/159/">159</a> (2001)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borden_Ranch_Partnership_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borden Ranch Partnership v. Army Corps of Engineers (page does not exist)">Borden Ranch Partnership v. Army Corps of Engineers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_537" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 537">537</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/537/99/">99</a> (2002)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_541" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 541">541</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/541/95/">95</a> (2004)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_547" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 547">547</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/547/370/">370</a> (2006)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_547" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 547">547</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/547/715/">715</a> (2006)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_551" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551">551</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/644/">644</a> (2007)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_556" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 556">556</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/556/208/">208</a> (2009)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_557" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 557">557</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/557/261/">261</a> (2009)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_566" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 566">566</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/566/120/">120</a> (2012)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_568" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 568">568</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/568/78/">78</a> (2013)</li><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decker_v._Northwest_Environmental_Defense_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center (page does not exist)">Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_568" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 568">568</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/568/597/">597</a> (2013)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/578/15-290/">15-290</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_578" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 578">578</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2016)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/583/16-299/">16-299</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_583" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 583">583</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2018)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/590/18-260/">18-260</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_590" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 590">590</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2020)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/598/21-454/">21-454</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_598" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 598">598</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2023)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_and_County_of_San_Francisco_v._EPA" title="City and County of San Francisco v. EPA">City and County of San Francisco v. EPA</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us//23-753/">23-753</a>, ___ <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2025)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Clean Water Act</b> (<b>CWA</b>) is the primary <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal law</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> governing <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters; recognizing the responsibilities of the states in addressing pollution and providing assistance to states to do so, including funding for publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>; and maintaining the integrity of <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clean Water Act was one of the United States' first and most influential modern <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental laws</a>. Its laws and regulations are primarily administered by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) in coordination with state governments, though some of its provisions, such as those involving filling or dredging, are administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>. Its implementing regulations are codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">40 C.F.R.</a> Subchapters D, N, and O (Parts 100–140, 401–471, and 501–503). </p><p>Technically, the name of the law is the <b>Federal Water Pollution Control Act</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <b>FWPCA</b> was enacted in 1948, but took on its modern form when completely rewritten in 1972 in an act entitled the <b>Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major changes have subsequently been introduced via amendatory legislation including the <b>Clean Water Act of 1977</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>Water Quality Act (WQA) of 1987.</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clean Water Act does not directly address <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater contamination">groundwater contamination</a>. <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> protection provisions are included in the <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> act. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_implications_of_water_pollution">Health implications of water pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Health implications of water pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contamination of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> supplies can not only occur in the source water but also in the distribution system. Sources of water contamination include naturally occurring chemicals and minerals (arsenic, radon, uranium), local land use practices (fertilizers, pesticides, concentrated feeding operations), manufacturing processes, and sewer overflows or <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> releases. Some examples of health implications of water contamination are gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. Infants, young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people whose immune systems are compromised because of AIDS, chemotherapy, or transplant medications, may be especially susceptible to illness from some contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gastrointestinal_illness">Gastrointestinal illness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal illness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal disorders</a> include such conditions as constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, perianal abscesses, anal fistulas, perianal infections, diverticular diseases, colitis, colon polyps and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, children and the elderly are at highest risk for gastrointestinal disease. In a study investigating the association between drinking water quality and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia, scientists found water quality 9 to 11 days before the visit was negatively associated with hospital admissions for gastrointestinal illness, with an interquartile range increase in <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> being associated with a 9% increase . The association was stronger in those over 75 than in the population aged 65–74. This example is a small reflection of residents of the United States remain at risk of waterborne gastrointestinal illness under current water treatment practices.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reproductive_problems">Reproductive problems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reproductive problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reproductive problems refer to any illness of the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive system</a>. New research by Brunel University and the University of Exeter strengthens the relationship between water pollution and rising male fertility problems. Study identified a group of chemicals that act as anti-androgens in polluted water, which inhibits the function of the male hormone, testosterone, reducing male fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neurological_disorders">Neurological disorders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neurological disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological disorders</a> are diseases of the brain, spine and the nerves that connect them. The new study of more than 700 people in California's Central Valley found that those who likely consumed contaminated private well water had a higher rate of Parkinson's. The risk was 90 percent higher for those who had private wells near fields sprayed with widely used insecticides. Unlike water supplies in large cities, private wells are mostly unregulated and are not monitored for contaminants. Many of them exist at shallow depths of less than 20 yards, and some of the crop chemicals used to kill pests and weeds can flow into ground water. Therefore, private wells are likely to contain pesticides, which can attack developing brains (womb or infancy), leading to neurological diseases later in life. A study led by UCLA epidemiology professor Beate Ritz suggests that "people with Parkinson's were more likely to have consumed private well water, and had consumed it on average 4.3 years longer than those who did not have the disease."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waters_protected">Waters protected</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Waters protected"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">the current Supreme Court rule</a> issued in 2023, all waters (such as streams, oceans, rivers and lakes) with "a continuous surface connection" to "navigable waters" are covered under the CWA.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1972 statute frequently uses the term "navigable waters" but also defines the term as "waters of the United States, including the territorial seas."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations interpreting the 1972 law have included water features such as <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent stream">intermittent streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playa_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Playa lake">playa lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie_pothole" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie pothole">prairie potholes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">sloughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> as "waters of the United States." In 2006, in <i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_opinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality opinion">plurality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> authored by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Justice Antonin Scalia</a> held that the term "waters of the United States" "includes only those relatively permanent, standing or continuously flowing bodies of water 'forming geographic features' that are described in ordinary parlance as 'streams[,]... oceans, rivers, [and] lakes.'" The concurrent written opinion of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Justice Anthony Kennedy</a> defined the term more broadly, including wetlands with a "significant nexus" to traditionally-defined navigable waters.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <i>Rapanos</i>, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have attempted to define protected waters in the context of <i>Rapanos</i> through the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Rule" title="Clean Water Rule">Clean Water Rule</a>, but this has been highly controversial. The agencies considered the CWA to cover bodies of water with a "significant nexus" with traditional navigable waters, according with Justice Kennedy's definition. </p><p>In 2023, the Supreme Court rejected the "significant nexus" test in <a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)"><i>Sackett v. EPA</i></a> and established the current definition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_control_strategy">Pollution control strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pollution control strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png/220px-Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png/330px-Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png/440px-Common_Point_Source_Discharges_-_EPA_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Common point source discharges</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Point_sources">Point sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Point sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CWA introduced the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), a permit system for regulating <a href="/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source">point sources</a> of pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Point sources include: </p> <ul><li>Industrial facilities (including <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">shipping activities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">oil and gas extraction</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Service_industries" title="Service industries">service industries</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Municipal governments</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage treatment plants">sewage treatment plants</a>) and other government facilities (such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">military bases</a>), and</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> facilities, such as animal <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlots</a>.</li></ul> <p>Point sources may not discharge pollutants to surface waters without an NPDES permit. The system is managed by EPA in partnership with state environmental agencies. EPA has authorized 47 <a href="/wiki/US_state" class="mw-redirect" title="US state">states</a> to issue permits directly to the discharging facilities. The CWA also allows <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">tribes</a> to issue permits, but no tribes have been authorized by EPA. In the remaining states and <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">territories</a>, the permits are issued by an EPA regional office.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See Titles <a href="#Title_III_-_Standards_and_enforcement">III</a> and <a href="#Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses">IV</a>.) </p><p>In legislation prior to 1972, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> had authorized states to develop water quality standards, which would limit discharges from facilities based on the characteristics of individual water bodies. However, those standards were to be developed only for interstate waters, and the science to support that process (i.e. data, methodology) was in the early stages of development. That system was not effective, and there was no permit system in place to enforce the requirements. In the 1972 CWA, Congress added the permit system and a requirement for technology-based effluent limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovalic_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovalic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2020 Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i>, the Court also validated that some discharges may not be point sources, but are the "functional equivalent of a direct discharge" to navigable waters, such as in this case, the injection of wastewater into groundwater <a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">injection wells</a>. As of the time of the case's decision, this was not an area the EPA has established regulations for, and the Court instructed the EPA to work with the courts to define such functional equivalents. The Court wrote that this would likely depend most on the distance the pollutants traveled and time to reach navigable waters, with consideration for the material that the pollutants traveled through, any physical or chemical interaction of the pollutants with components in the ground, and how much of the pollutant makes it to the navigable water.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2021, following the Supreme Court decision, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Hawaii" title="United States District Court for the District of Hawaii">Hawaii District Court</a> determined that the Maui County sewage treatment plant's groundwater injection of sewage was the "functional equivalent of a direct discharge" and required the plant to obtain an NPDES permit.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technology-based_standards">Technology-based standards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Technology-based standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1972 CWA created a new requirement for technology-based standards for point source discharges. EPA develops those standards for categories of dischargers, based on the performance of <a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste water treatment technologies">pollution control technologies</a> without regard to the conditions of a particular receiving <a href="/wiki/Water_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Water body">water body</a>. The intent of Congress was to create a "level playing field" by establishing a basic national discharge standard for all facilities within a category, using a "<a href="/wiki/Best_Available_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Available Technology">Best Available Technology</a>." The standard becomes the minimum regulatory requirement in a permit. If the national standard is not sufficiently protective at a particular location, then water quality standards may be employed, and the permit authority (state or EPA) will include water quality-based effluent limitations in the permit.<sup id="cite_ref-NPDES_manual_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPDES_manual-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–3">: 1–3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_quality_standards">Water quality standards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Water quality standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1972 act authorized continued use of the water quality-based approach, but in coordination with the technology-based standards. After application of technology-based standards to a permit, if <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> is still impaired for the particular water body, then the permit agency may add water quality-based limitations to that permit. The additional limitations are to be more stringent than the technology-based limitations and would require the permittee to install additional controls. Water quality standards consist of four basic elements: 1) Designated uses; 2) Water quality criteria; 3) Antidegradation policy and 4) General policies.<sup id="cite_ref-quality_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quality-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Designated_uses">Designated uses</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Designated uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The water quality standards regulations require states and federally recognized tribes/nations to specify appropriate uses for water bodies in their jurisdiction. Identification of appropriate water uses takes into consideration the usage and value of public water supply, protection of fish, wildlife, recreational waters, agricultural, industrial and navigational water ways. Suitability of a water body is examined by states and tribes/nations usages based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. States and tribes/nations also examine geographical settings, scenic qualities and economic considerations to determine fitness of designated uses for water bodies. If those standards indicate designated uses to be less than those currently attained, states or tribes are required to revise standards to reflect the uses that are actually being attained. For any body of water with designated uses that do not include "fishable/swimmable" target use that is identified in section 101(a)(2) of CWA, a "Use Attainability Analysis" must be conducted. Every three years, such bodies of water must be re-examined to verify if new information is available that demand a revision of the standard. If new information is available that specify "fishable/swimmable" uses can be attained, the use must be designated.<sup id="cite_ref-quality_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quality-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Water_quality_criteria">Water quality criteria</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water quality criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>States and federally recognized Indigenous Nations protect their designated areas by adopting water quality criteria that the EPA publishes under CWA section 304(a), modifying the criteria to reflect site-specific conditions or adopting criteria based on other scientifically defensible methods. Water quality criteria can be numeric criteria that <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> causes are known for protection against pollutants. A narrative criterion is water quality criteria which serves as a basis for limiting the toxicity of waste discharges to aquatic species. A biological criterion is based on the aquatic community which describes the number and types of species in a water body. A nutrient criterion solely protects against nutrient over enrichment, and a sediment criterion describes conditions of contaminated and uncontaminated sediments to avoid undesirable effects.<sup id="cite_ref-quality_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quality-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Anti-degradation_policy">Anti-degradation policy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anti-degradation policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The water quality regulations include an anti-degradation policy that requires states and tribes to establish a three-tiered anti-degradation program. Anti-degradation procedures identify steps and questions that need to be addressed when specific activities affect water quality. "Tier 1" requirements are applicable to all surface waters. These requirements maintain and protect current uses and the water quality conditions to support existing uses. Current uses are identified by showing that fishing, swimming, and other water uses have occurred and are suitable since November 28, 1975. "Tier 2" requirements maintains and protects water bodies with existing conditions that are better to support "fishable/swimmable" uses pursuant to CWA section 101(a)(2). "Tier 3" requirements maintain and protect water quality in "outstanding national resource waters" (ONRWs), which are the highest quality waters in the US with ecological significance.<sup id="cite_ref-quality_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quality-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="General_policies">General policies</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>States and Native American tribes also adopt general policies pertaining to water quality standards that are subject to review and approval by the EPA. Those provisions on water quality standards include mixing zones, variance, and low flow policies. Mixing zone policy is defined area surrounding a point source discharge where sewage is diluted by water. Methodology of mixing zone procedure determines the location, size, shape and quality of mixing zones. Variance policy temporarily relax water quality standard and are alternatives to removing a designated use. States and tribes may include variance as part of their water quality standard. Variance is subject to public review every three years and warrant development towards improvement of water quality. The "Low Flow" policy pertains to states and tribes water quality standards that identify procedures applied to determining critical low flow conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-quality_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quality-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laboratory_test_methods">Laboratory test methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Laboratory test methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most NPDES permittees are required to collect samples of their wastewater and analyze the samples using test methods specified in their permits.<sup id="cite_ref-NPDES_manual_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPDES_manual-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA publishes analytical methods that are used by the permittees. The procedures identify chemical compounds and <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiological</a> components of wastewater, as required by the act.<sup id="cite_ref-CWA_methods_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWA_methods-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> test procedures include the chemical detection of trace elements such as cancer-causing metals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some microbiological test procedures use microbial source tracking (MST) techniques to calculate and identify biological and chemical trends that may support new regulatory limits on pollutants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonpoint_sources">Nonpoint sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nonpoint sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentages_sources_of_pollution_that_impair_water_bodies.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Percentages_sources_of_pollution_that_impair_water_bodies.gif/220px-Percentages_sources_of_pollution_that_impair_water_bodies.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Percentages_sources_of_pollution_that_impair_water_bodies.gif/330px-Percentages_sources_of_pollution_that_impair_water_bodies.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Percentages_sources_of_pollution_that_impair_water_bodies.gif/440px-Percentages_sources_of_pollution_that_impair_water_bodies.gif 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollutants</a>, such as sediments, nutrients, pesticides, fertilizers and animal wastes, account for more than half of the pollution in U.S. waters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Congress exempted some water pollution sources from the point source definition in the 1972 CWA and was unclear on the status of some other sources. Such sources were therefore considered to be <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint sources</a> that were not subject to the permit program. </p><p>Agricultural stormwater discharges and irrigation <a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">return flows</a> were specifically exempted from permit requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress, however, provided support for research, technical and financial assistance programs at the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> to improve runoff management practices on farms. <i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Map_of_Regulated_MS4s_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Map_of_Regulated_MS4s_2009.png/220px-National_Map_of_Regulated_MS4s_2009.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Map_of_Regulated_MS4s_2009.png/330px-National_Map_of_Regulated_MS4s_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Map_of_Regulated_MS4s_2009.png/440px-National_Map_of_Regulated_MS4s_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Map of municipal separate storm sewer systems</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> from industrial sources, municipal <a href="/wiki/Storm_drains" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm drains">storm drains</a>, and other sources were not specifically addressed in the 1972 law. EPA had declined to include <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> and industrial stormwater discharges in its initial implementation of the NPDES program, and subsequently the agency was sued by an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental group">environmental group</a>. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals</a> ruled that stormwater discharges must be covered by the permit program.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research conducted starting in the late 1970s and 1980s indicated that stormwater runoff was a significant cause of water quality impairment in many parts of the US. In the early 1980s, the EPA conducted the <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Urban_Runoff_Program" title="Nationwide Urban Runoff Program">Nationwide Urban Runoff Program</a> (NURP) to document the extent of the urban stormwater problem. The agency began to develop regulations for stormwater permit coverage but encountered resistance from industry and municipalities, and there were additional rounds of litigation. The litigation was pending when Congress considered further amendments to the CWA in 1986. </p><p>In the Water Quality Act of 1987, Congress responded to the stormwater problem by defining <a href="/wiki/Industrial_stormwater" title="Industrial stormwater">industrial stormwater</a> dischargers and municipal separate <a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">storm sewer</a> systems (often called "MS4") as point sources, and requiring them to obtain NPDES permits, by specific deadlines. The permit exemption for agricultural discharges continued, but Congress created several programs and grants, including a demonstration grant program at the EPA to expand the research and development of non-point controls and management practices.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA-NPS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-NPS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing_of_pollution_controls">Financing of pollution controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Financing of pollution controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress created a major public works financing program for municipal sewage treatment in the 1972 CWA. A system of <a href="/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grants</a> for construction of municipal <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants was authorized and funded in <a href="#Title_II_-_Grants_for_Construction_of_Treatment_Works">Title II</a>. In the initial program, the federal portion of each grant was up to 75 percent of a facility's <a href="/wiki/Capital_cost" title="Capital cost">capital cost</a>, with the remainder financed by the state. In subsequent amendments Congress reduced the federal proportion of the grants and in the 1987 WQA transitioned to a revolving loan program in <a href="#Title_VI_-_State_Water_Pollution_Control_Revolving_Funds">Title VI</a>. Industrial and other private facilities are required to finance their own treatment improvements based on the <a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">polluter pays principle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_Infrastructure_Finance_and_Innovation_Act">Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress passed the <b>Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014</b> (WIFIA) to provide an expanded credit program for water and wastewater infrastructure projects, with broader eligibility criteria than the previously authorized revolving fund unter CWA Title VI.<sup id="cite_ref-WIFIA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIFIA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuant to WIFIA, EPA established its Water Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center in 2015 to help local governments and municipal utilities design innovative financing mechanisms, including <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">public–private partnerships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress amended the WIFIA program in 2015, 2016 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_statutory_provisions">Major statutory provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Major statutory provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Act has six titles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_I_-_Research_and_Related_Programs">Title I - Research and Related Programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Title I - Research and Related Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Title I includes a <i>Declaration of Goals and Policy</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various grant authorizations for research programs and pollution control programs. Some of the programs authorized by the 1972 law are ongoing (e.g. section 104 research programs, section 106 pollution control programs, section 117 <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Program" title="Chesapeake Bay Program">Chesapeake Bay Program</a>) while other programs no longer receive funds from Congress and have been discontinued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_II_-_Grants_for_Construction_of_Treatment_Works">Title II - Grants for Construction of Treatment Works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Title II - Grants for Construction of Treatment Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Wastewater_Treatment_Levels_Before_%26_After_CWA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/US_Wastewater_Treatment_Levels_Before_%26_After_CWA.png/220px-US_Wastewater_Treatment_Levels_Before_%26_After_CWA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/US_Wastewater_Treatment_Levels_Before_%26_After_CWA.png/330px-US_Wastewater_Treatment_Levels_Before_%26_After_CWA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/US_Wastewater_Treatment_Levels_Before_%26_After_CWA.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>The construction grants program funded new sewage treatment plants and upgrading existing plants to national <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a> standards.</figcaption></figure> <p>To assist municipalities in building or expanding sewage treatment plants, also known as <a href="/wiki/Publicly_owned_treatment_works" title="Publicly owned treatment works">publicly owned treatment works</a> (POTW), Title II established a system of construction grants. The 1972 CWA provided that federal funds would support 75% of project costs, with state and local funds providing the remaining 25%. In 1981 Congress reduced the federal funding proportion for most grants to 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland-infrastructure_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-infrastructure-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction grant program was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_State_Revolving_Fund" title="Clean Water State Revolving Fund">Clean Water State Revolving Fund</a> in the 1987 WQA (<i>see</i> <a href="#Title_VI_-_State_Water_Pollution_Control_Revolving_Funds">Title VI</a>), although some local utilities continued to receive "special purpose project grants" directly from Congress, through a budgetary procedure known as "<a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">earmarking</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland-infrastructure_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-infrastructure-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_III_-_Standards_and_enforcement">Title III - Standards and enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Title III - Standards and enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discharge_permits_required">Discharge permits required</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Discharge permits required"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 301 of the Act prohibits discharges to waters of the U.S. except with a permit.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See</i> <a href="#Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses">Title IV</a> for discussion of permit programs.) Recreational vessels are exempt from the permit requirements, but vessel operators must implement <a href="/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">Best Management Practices</a> to control their discharges.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_ship_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Regulation of ship pollution in the United States">Regulation of ship pollution in the United States</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technology-Based_Standards_Program">Technology-Based Standards Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Technology-Based Standards Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the 1972 act EPA began to issue technology-based standards for municipal and industrial sources: </p> <ul><li>Municipal sewage treatment plants (POTW) are required to meet <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a> (for existing sources) and <a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="New Source Performance Standard">New Source Performance Standards</a> (NSPS) are issued for categories of industrial facilities discharging directly to surface waters.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Categorical Pretreatment Standards are issued to industrial users (also called "indirect dischargers") contributing wastes to POTW.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These standards are developed in conjunction with the effluent guidelines program. As with effluent guidelines and NSPS, pretreatment standards consists of Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (PSES) and Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (PSNS). There are 28 categories with pretreatment standards as of 2023.</li></ul> <p>As of 2023 the effluent guidelines and categorical pretreatment standards regulations have been published for 59 categories and apply to between 35,000 and 45,000 facilities that discharge directly to the nation's waters,129,000 facilities that discharge to POTWs, and construction sites. These regulations are responsible for preventing the discharge of almost 700 billion pounds of pollutants each year.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA has updated some categories since their initial promulgation and has added new categories.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The secondary treatment standards for POTWs and the effluent guidelines are implemented through NPDES permits. (See <a href="#Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses">Title IV</a>.) The categorical pretreatment standards are typically implemented by POTWs through permits that they issue to their industrial users.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_Quality_Standards_Program">Water Quality Standards Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Water Quality Standards Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CWA requires states to monitor their water bodies and establish Water Quality Standards for them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water Quality Standards (WQS) are risk-based requirements which set site-specific allowable pollutant levels for individual water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, streams and wetlands. States set WQS by designating uses for the water body (e.g., recreation, water supply, aquatic life, agriculture) and applying water quality criteria (numeric pollutant concentrations and narrative requirements) to protect the designated uses. An antidegradation policy is also issued by each state to maintain and protect existing uses and high quality waters.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a state fails to issue WQS, EPA is required to issue standards for that state.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water bodies that do not meet applicable water quality standards with technology-based controls alone are placed on the section 303(d) list of water bodies not meeting standards. Water bodies on the 303(d) list require development of a <a href="/wiki/Total_Maximum_Daily_Load" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Maximum Daily Load">Total Maximum Daily Load</a> (TMDL). A TMDL is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet WQS. The TMDL is determined after study of the specific properties of the water body and the pollutant sources that contribute to the non-compliant status. Generally, the TMDL determines load based on a Waste Load Allocation (WLA), Load Allocation (LA), and Margin of Safety (MOS) Once the TMDL assessment is completed and the maximum pollutant loading capacity defined, an implementation plan is developed that outlines the measures needed to reduce pollutant loading to the non-compliant water body, and bring it into compliance. Over 60,000 TMDLs are proposed or in development for U.S. waters in the next decade and a half. </p><p>Following the issuance of a TMDL for a water body, implementation of the requirements involves modification to NPDES permits for facilities discharging to the water body to meet the WLA allocated to the water body (see <a href="#Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses">Title IV</a>). The development of WQS and TMDL is a complex process, both scientifically and legally, and it is a resource-intensive process for state agencies. </p><p>More than half of U.S. stream and river miles continue to violate water quality standards. Surveys of lakes, ponds and reservoirs indicated that about 70 percent were impaired (measured on a surface area basis), and a little more than 70 percent of the nation's coastlines, and 90 percent of the surveyed ocean and near coastal areas were also impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_WQI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Water_Quality_Inventory">National Water Quality Inventory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: National Water Quality Inventory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary mode of informing the quality of water of rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, coastal waters and wetlands of the U.S. is through the <i>National Water Quality Inventory Report.</i> Water quality assessments are conducted pursuant to water quality standards adopted by states and other jurisdictions (territories, interstate commissions and tribes). The report is conveyed to Congress as a means to inform Congress and the public of compliance with quality standards established by states, territories and tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_WQI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assessments identify water quality problems within the states and jurisdictions, list the impaired and threatened water bodies, and identify non-point sources that contribute to poor water quality. Every two years states must submit reports that describe water quality conditions to EPA with a complete inquiry of social and economic costs and benefits of achieving goals of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_WQI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under section 309, EPA can issue administrative orders against violators, and seek civil or criminal penalties when necessary:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>For a first offense of criminal negligence, the minimum fine is $2,500, with a maximum of $25,000 fine per day of violation. A violator may also receive up to a year in jail. On a second offense, a maximum fine of $50,000 per day may be issued.</li> <li>For a knowing endangerment violation, i.e. placing another person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury, a fine may be issued up to $250,000 and/or imprisonment up to 15 years for an individual, or up to $1,000,000 for an organization.</li></ul> <p>States that are authorized by EPA to administer the NPDES program must have authority to enforce permit requirements under their respective state laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_facilities">Federal facilities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Federal facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military bases, national parks and other federal facilities must comply with CWA provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermal_pollution">Thermal pollution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Thermal pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 316 requires standards for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a> discharges, as well as standards for <a href="/wiki/Water_cooling#Industrial_usage" title="Water cooling">cooling water</a> intake structures (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">fish screens</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These standards are applicable to <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a> and other industrial facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nonpoint_Source_Management_Program">Nonpoint Source Management Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Nonpoint Source Management Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1987 amendments created the <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint Source</a> Management Program under CWA section 319.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program provides grants to states, territories and Indian tribes to support demonstration projects, <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a>, education, training, technical assistance and related activities designed to reduce nonpoint source pollution. Grant funding for the program averaged $210 million annually for Fiscal Years 2004 through 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_vessels">Military vessels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Military vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Congress amended the CWA in 1996 to require development of <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_ship_pollution_in_the_United_States#Uniform_National_Discharge_Standards_for_armed_forces_vessels" title="Regulation of ship pollution in the United States">Uniform National Discharge Standards</a> ("UNDS") for military vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> published standards in 2017 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_IV_-_Permits_and_licenses">Title IV - Permits and licenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Title IV - Permits and licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_certification_of_compliance">State certification of compliance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: State certification of compliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>States are required to certify that discharges authorized by federal permits will not violate the state's water quality standards.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NPDES_permits_for_point_sources">NPDES permits for point sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: NPDES permits for point sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NPDES_Permit_Components_EPA_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NPDES_Permit_Components_EPA_chart.png/220px-NPDES_Permit_Components_EPA_chart.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NPDES_Permit_Components_EPA_chart.png/330px-NPDES_Permit_Components_EPA_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NPDES_Permit_Components_EPA_chart.png/440px-NPDES_Permit_Components_EPA_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Components of an NPDES permit</figcaption></figure> <p>The NPDES permits program is authorized by CWA section 402.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial permits issued in the 1970s and early 1980s focused on POTWs and industrial wastewater—typically "process" wastewater and <a href="/wiki/Cooling_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling water">cooling water</a> where applicable, and in some cases, industrial stormwater. The 1987 WQA expanded the program to cover <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> discharges explicitly, both from municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4) and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_stormwater" title="Industrial stormwater">industrial sources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MS4 NPDES permits require regulated municipalities to use <a href="/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">Best Management Practices</a> to reduce pollutants to the "Maximum Extent Practicable." MS4s serve over 80% of the US population and provide drainage for 4% of the land area.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>POTWs with <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewers</a> are required to comply with the national <i>Combined Sewer Overflow Control Policy,</i> published by EPA in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy requires municipalities to make improvements to reduce or eliminate overflow-related pollution problems.<sup id="cite_ref-CSO_Policy_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSO_Policy-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-stormwater permits typically include numeric effluent limitations for specific pollutants. A numeric limitation quantifies the maximum pollutant load or concentration allowed in the discharge, e.g., 30 mg/L of <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a>. Exceeding a numeric limitation constitutes a violation of the permit, and the discharger is subject to fines as laid out in section 309. Facilities must periodically monitor their effluent (i.e., collect and analyze <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> samples), and submit <a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Reports</a> to the appropriate agency, to demonstrate compliance. Stormwater permits typically require facilities to prepare a <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_Pollution_Prevention_Plan" title="Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan">Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan</a> and implement best management practices, but do not specify numeric effluent limits and may not include regular monitoring requirements. Some permits cover both stormwater and non-stormwater discharges. NPDES permits must be reissued every five years. Permit agencies (EPA, states, tribes) must provide notice to the public of pending permits and provide an opportunity for public comment.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, EPA estimated that there are over 500,000 stormwater permittees. This number includes permanent facilities such as municipal (POTW, MS4) and industrial plants; and construction sites, which are temporary stormwater dischargers.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dredge_and_fill_permits">Dredge and fill permits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Dredge and fill permits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 404 requires that a discharger of <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredged</a> or fill material obtain a permit, unless the activity is eligible for an exemption.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, all discharges affecting the bottom elevation of a jurisdictional water body require a permit from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> (USACE). These permits are an essential part of protecting streams and wetlands, which are often filled by <a href="/wiki/Real-estate_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-estate developer">land developers</a>. Wetlands are vital to the ecosystem in filtering streams and rivers and providing habitat for wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main types of wetlands permits: general permits and individual permits. General permits change periodically and cover broad categories of activities, and require the permittee to comply with all stated conditions. General permits (such as the "Nationwide Permits") are issued for fill activities that will result in minimal adverse effects to the environment. Individual permits are utilized for actions that are not addressed by a general permit, or that do not meet the conditions of a General Permit. In addition, individual permits typically require more analysis than do the general permits, and usually require much more time to prepare the application and to process the permit. </p><p>When the USACE processes an application for an Individual Permit, it must issue a public notice describing the proposed action described in the permit application. Although the Corps District Engineer makes the decision to grant a permit, the EPA Administrator may veto a permit if it is not reasonable. Before making such a decision, however, EPA must consult with the USACE. A USACE permit typically expires after five years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal_mining" title="Mountaintop removal mining">Mountaintop removal mining</a> requires a section 404 permit when soil and rock from the mining operation is placed in streams and wetlands (commonly called a "valley fill"). Pollutant discharges from valley fills to streams also requires an NPDES permit.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Exemptions">Exemptions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Exemptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After passage of the CWA in 1972, a controversy arose as to the application of section 404 to agriculture and certain other activities. The Act was interpreted by some to place restrictions on virtually all placement of dredged materials in wetlands and other waters of the United States, raising concern that the federal government was about to place all agricultural activities under the jurisdiction of USACE. For opponents of the Act, section 404 had, as a result of this concern, become a symbol of dramatic over-regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-LegHist_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegHist-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 901–903">: 901–903 </span></sup> When Congress considered the 1977 CWA Amendments, a significant issue was to ensure that certain agricultural activities and other selected activities, could continue without the government's supervision—in other words, completely outside the regulatory or permit jurisdiction of any federal agency. </p><p>The 1977 amendments included a set of six section 404 exemptions. For example, totally new activities such as construction of farm roads, Sec. 1344(f)(1)(E), construction of farm or stock ponds or irrigation ditches, and minor agricultural drainage, Sec. 1344(f)(1)(A), all are exempted by Statute. Section 1344(f)(1)(C), which exempts discharge of dredged material "for the purpose of... the maintenance of drainage ditches." All of these exemptions were envisioned to be self-executing, that is not technically requiring an administrative no-jurisdiction determination. One such example was the maintenance of agricultural drainage ditches.<sup id="cite_ref-LegHist_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegHist-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 906">: 906 </span></sup> Throughout the hearing process, Congressmen of every environmental persuasion repeatedly stated that the over $5 Billion invested in drainage facilities could be maintained without government regulation of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-LegHist_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegHist-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 906–912">: 906–912 </span></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a>, for example, explained that exempt activities such as agricultural drainage would be entirely unregulated.<sup id="cite_ref-LegHist_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegHist-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 949">: 949 </span></sup> Other exemptions were granted as well, including exemptions for normal farming activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Importance_of_no-jurisdiction_determinations">Importance of no-jurisdiction determinations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Importance of no-jurisdiction determinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Congress envisioned a set of self-executing exemptions, it has become common for landowners to seek no-jurisdiction determinations from the USACE. A landowner who intends to make substantial investments in acquisition or improvement of land might lawfully proceed with exempt activity, a permit not being required. The problem is that if the landowner's assumptions were incorrect and the activity later determined not to be exempt, the USACE will issue a cease and desist order. Obtaining an advanced ruling provides some level of comfort that the activities will have been deemed conducted in good faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Recapture_of_exemptions">Recapture of exemptions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Recapture of exemptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because some of the six exemptions involved new activities, such as minor drainage and <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a> (the clearing of forests by the timber industry), Congress recognized the need to impose some limitations on exemptions. Consequently, Congress placed the so-called recapture clause limitation on these new project exemptions. Under section 404(f)(2), such new projects would be deprived of their exemption if all of the following three characteristics could be shown: </p> <ol><li>A discharge of dredge or fill material in the navigable waters of the United States;</li> <li>The discharge is incidental to an activity having as its purpose the bringing of an area of navigable waters into a use to which it was not previously subject, and</li> <li>Where the flow or circulation of navigable waters may be impaired or the reach of such waters may be reduced.</li></ol> <p>To remove the exemption, all of these requirements must be fulfilled—the discharge, the project purpose of bringing an area into a use to which it was not previously subject, and the impairment or reduction of navigable waters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="POTW_Biosolids_Management_Program">POTW Biosolids Management Program</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: POTW Biosolids Management Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1987 WQA created a program for management of <a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">biosolids</a> (sludge) generated by POTWs.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act instructed EPA to develop guidelines for usage and disposal of sewage sludge or biosolids. The EPA regulations: (1) Identify uses for sewage sludge, including disposal; (2) Specify factors to be taken into account in determining the measures and practices applicable to each such use or disposal (including publication of information on costs); and (3) Identify concentrations of pollutants which interfere with each such use or disposal. EPA created an Intra-Agency Sludge Task Force to aid in developing comprehensive sludge regulations that are designed to do the following: (1) Conduct a multimedia examination of sewage sludge management, focusing on sewage sludge generated by POTWs; and (2) develop a cohesive Agency policy on sewage sludge management, designed to guide the Agency in implementing sewage sludge regulatory and management programs.<sup id="cite_ref-sludge_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sludge-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>biosolids</i> is used to differentiate treated sewage sludge that can be beneficially recycled. Environmental advantages of sewage sludge consist of, application of sludge to land due to its soil condition properties and nutrient content. Advantages also extend to reduction in adverse health effects of incineration, decreased chemical fertilizer dependency, diminishing greenhouse gas emissions deriving from incineration and reduction in incineration fuel and energy costs. <a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">Beneficial reuse</a> of sewage sludge is supported in EPA policies: the 1984 <i>Beneficial Reuse Policy</i> and the 1991 <i>Inter-agency Policy on Beneficial Use of Sewage Sludge,</i> with an objective to reduce volumes of waste generated. Sewage sludge contains nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus but also contains significant numbers of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and eggs of parasitic worms. Sludge also contains more than trace amounts of organic and inorganic chemicals. Benefits of reusing sewage sludge from use of organic and nutrient content in biosolids is valuable source in improving marginal lands and serving as supplements to fertilizers and soil conditioners. Extension of benefits of sludge on agriculture commodities include increase forest productivity, accelerated tree growth, re-vegetation of forest land previously devastated by natural disasters or construction activities. Also, sewage sludge use to aid growth of final vegetative cap for municipal solid waste landfills is enormously beneficial. Opposing benefits of sludge water result from high levels of pathogenic organisms that can possibly contaminate soil, water, crops, livestock, and fish. Pathogens, metals, organic chemical content and odors are cause of major health, environmental and aesthetic factors. Sludge treatment processes reduce the level of pathogens which becomes important when applying sludge to land as well as distributing and marketing it. Pollutants of sewage sludge come from domestic wastewater, discharge of industrial wastewater, municipal sewers and also from runoffs from parking lots, lawns and fields that were applied fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides.<sup id="cite_ref-sludge_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sludge-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of sewage sludge is controlled under section 405(d), where limitations are set with methods of use or disposal for pollutants in sludge. EPA, under section 405(d)(3), established a containment approach to limit pollutants instead of numerical limitations. This methodology is more reasonable than numerical limitations and includes design standards, equipment standards, management practice, and operational standards or combination of these. Limits on sewage sludge quality allows treatment works that generate less contaminated pollutants and those that do not meet the sludge quality standards for use and disposal practice must clean up influent, improve sewage sludge treatment and/or select another use of disposal method. EPA has set standards for appropriate practices of use and disposal of biosolids in order to protect public health and the environment, but choice of use or disposal practices are reserved to local communities. Listed under section 405(e) of CWA, local communities are encouraged to use their sewage sludge for its beneficial properties instead of disposing it.<sup id="cite_ref-sludge_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sludge-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standards are set for sewage sludge generated or treated by publicly owned and privately owned treatment works that treat domestic sewage and municipal wastewater. Materials flushed in household drains through sinks, toilets and tubs are referred to as domestic wastewater and include components of soaps, shampoos, human excrement, tissues, food particles, pesticides, hazardous waste, oil and grease. These domestic wastewaters are treated at the source in septic tanks, cesspools, portable toilets, or in publicly/privately owned wastewater treatment works. Alternately, municipal wastewater treatments consist of more levels of treatment that provide greater wastewater cleanup with larger amounts of sewage sludge. Primary municipal treatment remove solids that settle at the bottom, generating more than 3,000 liters of sludge per million liters of wastewater that is treated. Primary sludge water content is easily reduced by thickening or removing water and contains up to 7% solids. Secondary municipal treatment process produces sewage sludge that is generated by biological treatment processes that include activated sludge systems, trickling filters, and other attached growth systems. Microbes are used to break down and convert organic substances in wastewater to microbial residue in biological treatment processes. This process removes up to 90% of organic matter and produces sludge that contains up to 2% solids and has increased generated volumes of sludge. Methods of use and disposal of sewage sludge include the following: Application of sludge to agricultural and non-agricultural lands; sale or give-away of sludge for use in home gardens; disposal of sludge in municipal landfills, sludge-only landfills, surface disposal sites and incineration of sludge. Managing quality of sewage sludge not only involves wastewater reduction and separation of contaminated waste from non-contaminants but also pretreatment of non-domestic wastewater. If pretreatment does not sufficiently reduce pollutant levels, communities have to dispose rather than use sludge.<sup id="cite_ref-sludge_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sludge-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_V_-_General_Provisions">Title V - General Provisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Title V - General Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citizen_suits">Citizen suits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citizen suits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any U.S. citizen may file a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">citizen suit</a> against any person who has allegedly violated an effluent standard or limitation (i.e., a provision in an NPDES permit) or against the EPA Administrator if the Administrator failed to perform any non-discretionary act or duty required by the CWA.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizens may commence citizen suits after giving a 60-day prior notice of the alleged violations to the alleged violator.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Employee_protection">Employee protection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Employee protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CWA includes an employee ("<a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>") protection provision. Employees in the U.S. who believe they were fired or suffered adverse action related to enforcement of the CWA may file a written complaint with the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_VI_-_State_Water_Pollution_Control_Revolving_Funds">Title VI - State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Title VI - State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_State_Revolving_Fund" title="Clean Water State Revolving Fund">Clean Water State Revolving Fund</a> (CWSRF) program was authorized by the 1987 WQA.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This replaced the municipal construction grants program, which was authorized in the 1972 law under Title II. In the CWSRF, federal funds are provided to the states and Puerto Rico to capitalize their respective revolving funds, which are used to provide financial assistance (loans or grants) to local governments for wastewater treatment, nonpoint source pollution control and estuary protection.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fund provides loans to municipalities at lower-than-market rates. The program's average interest rate was 1.4 percent nationwide in 2017, compared to an average market rate of 3.5 percent. In 2017, CWSRF assistance totaling $7.4 billion was provided to 1,484 local projects across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waters_of_the_United_States">Waters of the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Waters of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Rule" title="Clean Water Rule">Clean Water Rule</a></div> <p>In May 2015 USACE and EPA published a new <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Rule" title="Clean Water Rule">rule</a> on the definition of "waters of the United States" ("WOTUS") and the future enforcement of the act.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen states sued, and on August 27 U.S. Chief District Judge for North Dakota <a href="/wiki/Ralph_R._Erickson" title="Ralph R. Erickson">Ralph R. Erickson</a> issued a preliminary injunction blocking the regulation in those states.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a separate lawsuit, on October 9 a divided <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">Sixth Circuit appeals court</a> stayed the rule's application nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress then passed a <a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">joint resolution</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a> overturning the WOTUS rule,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> vetoed the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 28, 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> signed documents directing EPA and USACE to review and rewrite the Obama administration's "<a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Rule" title="Clean Water Rule">Clean Water Rule</a>," which would clarify the WOTUS definition. The agencies were ordered to reassess the rule consistent with promoting economic growth and minimizing regulatory uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sixth Circuit appeals court stay was overturned on January 22, 2018, when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> ruled unanimously that challenges to the 2015 rule must be filed in <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">United States district courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA then formally suspended the 2015 regulation and announced plans to issue a new version later in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trump administration formally repealed the WOTUS rule on October 22, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published a replacement rule on April 21, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Nav_Waters_Protection_Rule-2020_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nav_Waters_Protection_Rule-2020-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 30, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Arizona" title="United States District Court for the District of Arizona">United States District Court for the District of Arizona</a> threw out the 2020 replacement rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Arizona_court_Aug._2021_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arizona_court_Aug._2021-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WashPost_08-30-2021_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost_08-30-2021-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, USACE and EPA published a revised definition of WOTUS on January 18, 2023, restoring the pre-2015 regulations on the scope of federal jurisdiction over waterways, effective March 20, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on May 25, 2023, the restored WOTUS regulation would again be eliminated after the Supreme Court ruled in the second <a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)"><i>Sackett v. Environmental Protection</i> Agency</a> case that the Clean Water Act's regulatory authority of waters in the United States was limited to wetlands and waters "with a continuous surface connection" to larger bodies of water, returning to Justice Scalia's definition as outlined in his <i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i> opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this decision, the EPA is no longer permitted to regulate water which has been isolated from these larger bodies of water.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates suggest this decision removed EPA control from as much as half of its previously-regulated waters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earlier_legislation">Earlier legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Earlier legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1880s and 1890s, Congress directed USACE to prevent dumping and filling in the nation's harbors, and the program was vigorously enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-CoEEnv_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoEEnv-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress first addressed water pollution issues in the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving the Corps the authority to regulate most kinds of obstructions to navigation, including hazards resulting from effluents. Portions of this law remain in effect, including Section 13, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a>. In 1910, USACE used the act to object to a proposed sewer in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, but a court ruled that pollution control was a matter left to the states alone. Speaking to the 1911 National Rivers and Harbors Congress, the chief of the Corps, <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert_Bixby" title="William Herbert Bixby">William H. Bixby</a>, suggested that modern treatment facilities and prohibitions on dumping "should either be made compulsory or at least encouraged everywhere in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-CoEEnv_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoEEnv-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most legal analysts have concluded that the 1899 law did not address environmental impacts from pollution, such as sewage or industrial discharges. However, there were several pollution enforcement cases in the 1960s and 1970s where the law was cited for broader pollution control objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sections of the 1899 act have been superseded by various amendments, including the 1972 CWA, while other notable legislative predecessors include: </p> <ul><li><i>Public Health Service Act of 1912</i> expanded the mission of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">United States Public Health Service</a> to study problems of sanitation, sewage and pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Oil Pollution Act of 1924</i> prohibited the intentional discharge of fuel oil into tidal waters<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provided authorization for USACE to apprehend violators. This was repealed by the 1972 CWA, reducing the Corps' role in pollution control to the discharge of dredged or fill material.<sup id="cite_ref-CoEEnv_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoEEnv-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Federal Water Pollution Control Act</i> of 1948 created a comprehensive set of water quality programs that also provided some financing for state and local governments. Enforcement was limited to interstate waters. The Public Health Service provided financial and technical assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Water Quality Act of 1965</i> required states to issue water quality standards for interstate waters, and authorized the newly created Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to set standards where states failed to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>When EPA first opened its doors in 1970, the agency had weak authority to protect U.S. waters, lacking the legal power to write effluent guidelines and possessing only general authority to require secondary treatment from industrial dischargers.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1969 burning <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> had sparked national outrage; the Act grew out of it.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1970 a federal grand jury investigation led by U.S. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jones_(Ohio_lawyer)" title="Robert Jones (Ohio lawyer)">Robert Jones (Ohio lawyer)</a> began, of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio. It was the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Attorney General of the United States, John N. Mitchell, gave a Press Conference December 18, 1970 referencing new pollution control litigation, with particular reference to work with the new Environmental Protection Agency, and announcing the filing of a lawsuit that morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation for discharging substantial quantities of cyanide into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was largely based on these and other litigation experiences that criteria for new legislation were identified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_law">Case law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview_Homes,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.">United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.</a></i> 474 U.S. 121 (1985). The Supreme Court upheld the Act's coverage in regulating wetlands that intermingle with <a href="/wiki/Navigable_waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigable waters">navigable waters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayview_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayview-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruling was revised by the 2006 <i>Rapanos</i> decision.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hanousek,_Jr_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hanousek, Jr v. United States">Edward Hanousek, Jr v. United States</a></i> (9th Cir. Court of Appeals, 1996; <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> denied, 2000). In 1994, during rock removal operations, a backhoe operator accidentally struck a petroleum pipeline near the railroad tracks. The operator's mistake caused the pipeline to rupture and spill between 1,000 and 5,000 gallons of heating oil into the Skagway river. Despite not being present at the scene during operations <a href="/wiki/White_Pass_and_Yukon_Route" title="White Pass and Yukon Route">White Pass and Yukon Route</a> Roadmaster <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hanousek,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hanousek, Jr.">Edward Hanousek, Jr.</a> and President Paul Taylor were both held responsible for the spill and convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_North_Cook_County_(SWANCC)_v._United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid Waste Agency of North Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army Corps of Engineers">Solid Waste Agency of North Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army Corps of Engineers</a></i> 531 U.S. 159 (2001), possibly denying the CWA's hold in isolated intrastate waters and certainly denying the validity of the 1986 "<a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory Bird Rule">Migratory Bird Rule</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Bd._of_Env._Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Bd. of Env. Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Bd. of Env. Protection</a></i> 547 U.S. 370 (2006). The Court ruled that section 401 state certification requirements apply to <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric dam">hydroelectric dams</a>, which are federally licensed, where the dams cause a discharge into navigable waters.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i> 547 U.S. 715 (2006). The Supreme Court questioned <a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">federal jurisdiction</a> as it attempted to define the Act's use of the terms "navigable waters" and "waters of the United States." The Court rejected the position of the USACE that its authority over water was essentially limitless. Though the case resulted in no binding <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>, the Court suggested a narrowing of federal jurisdiction and implied the federal government needed a more substantial link between navigable federal waters and wetlands than it had been using, but held onto the "significant nexus" test.<sup id="cite_ref-Rapanos_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapanos-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Northwest Environmental Advocates et al. v. EPA</i> (9th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2008). Vessel discharges are subject to NPDES permit requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See</i> <a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Ballast water regulation in the United States">Ballast water regulation in the United States</a>.</li> <li><i>National Cotton Council v. EPA</i> (6th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2009). Point source discharges of biological pesticides, and chemical pesticides that leave a residue, into waters of the U.S. are subject to NPDES permit requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a></i> 578 U.S. __ (2016), 8-0 ruling that a jurisdictional determination by the Army Corps of Engineers that land contains "waters of the United States" is a "final agency action", which is reviewable by the courts. This allows landowners to sue in court if the Army Corps of Engineers determines that the land contains waters of the United States (and therefore falls under the Clean Water Act).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i> 590 U.S. __ (2020), a 6–3 ruling that a NPDES permit is required for point sources (as established in the statute) or for non-point sources that are "functionally equivalent" to direct discharge, such as in the specific case, wastewater discharged into injection wells that eventually reach the ocean, a navigable waterway.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)"><i>Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency</i></a> 598 U.S. __ (2023), a 5-4 ruling that only those waters with a "continuous surface connection" to traditionally-defined navigable waters are protected under the CWA, striking down the "significant nexus" test which had been in use since the 2006 <i>Rapanos</i> case and removing CWA protection from as much as half of the nation's waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Water pollution in the United States">Water pollution in the United States</a></div> <p>To date, the water quality goals stated by Congress in the 1972 act have not been achieved by American society: </p> <ul><li>"to make all U.S. waters fishable and swimmable by 1983;"</li> <li>"to have zero water pollution discharge by 1985;"</li> <li>"to prohibit discharge of toxic amounts of toxic pollutants".<sup id="cite_ref-Keiser_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keiser-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>More than half of U.S. stream and river miles, about 70 percent of lakes, ponds and reservoirs, and 90 percent of the surveyed ocean and near coastal areas continue to violate water quality standards.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_WQI-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the impairment vary by location; major sources are agriculture, industry and communities (typically through urban runoff). Some of these pollution sources are difficult to control through national regulatory programs.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since the passage of the 1972 act, the levels of pollution in the United States have experienced a dramatic decrease. The law has resulted in much cleaner waterways than before the bill was passed. Agriculture, industry, communities and other sources continue to discharge waste into surface waters nationwide, and many of these waters are drinking water sources. In many watersheds <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a> (excess nitrogen and phosphorus) has become a major problem.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is argued in a 2008 paper that the Clean Water Act has made extremely positive contributions to the environment, but is in desperate need of reform to address the pollution problems that remain.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 paper acknowledges that the CWA has been effective in controlling point sources, but that it has not been effective with nonpoint sources, and argues that the law must be updated to address the nation's current water quality problems.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2017 working paper finds that "most types of water pollution declined over the period 1962-2001, though the rate of decrease slowed over time... Our finding of decreases in most pollutants implies that the prevalence of such violations was even greater before the Clean Water Act." Several studies have estimated that the costs of the CWA (including the expenditures for the Title II construction grants program) are higher than the benefits. An EPA study had similar findings, but acknowledged that several kinds of benefits were unmeasured.<sup id="cite_ref-Keiser_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keiser-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> A 2018 study argues that "available estimates of the costs and benefits of water pollution control programs [including the CWA] are incomplete and do not conclusively determine the net benefits of surface water quality."<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a paper published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, the Clean Water Act has been one of the most controversial regulations in the history of the United States. The paper suggests that it remains uncertain whether the Clean Water Act has been efficacious, or if there has been any discernible reduction in water pollution. An analysis conducted in the 1990s provided a summary of these uncertainties, “As we approached the twenty-year anniversary of [The Clean Water Act], no comprehensive analysis was available to answer basic questions: How much cleaner are our rivers than they were two decades ago?”<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> chair <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCracken_(economist)" title="Paul McCracken (economist)">Paul McCracken</a> described the Clean Water Act as an “...inefficient use of national resources that would not produce balancing [of] social and economic benefits”.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Legal_Foundation" title="Pacific Legal Foundation">Pacific Legal Foundation</a> (PLF), a public interest law firm, the Clean Water Act's (CWA) definition of "navigable waters" is excessively broad and ambiguous leading to concerns about regulatory overreach and potential abuse of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_challenges_to_CWA">Legal challenges to CWA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Legal challenges to CWA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA</a></i>, Chantell and Mike Sackett sought to build a home on their Idaho property in 2007 but were stopped by the EPA, which claimed the land was federally regulated wetlands under the CWA. The Sacketts faced severe fines unless they obtained a federal permit, leading to a 16-year legal battle. The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled in their favor, limiting the EPA’s authority.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Robertson_v._United_States" title="Robertson v. United States">Robertson v. United States</a></i>, Joe Robertson, a U.S. Navy veteran was prosecuted and convicted under the CWA for digging ponds on his private property in Montana to prevent devastating fires. This case highlighted the CWA’s lack of clear definition of “navigable waters” and the resulting abuse of regulatory power.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, in 2019, the Supreme Court agreed to review a Ninth Circuit decision regarding the Clean Water Act’s regulation of pollution that reaches surface water through groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Areas_of_Concern" title="Great Lakes Areas of Concern">Great Lakes Areas of Concern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Dumping_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Dumping Act">Ocean Dumping Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2016" class="citation report cs1">Copeland, Claudia (2016-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30030.pdf">Clean Water Act: A Summary of the Law</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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EPA-833-K-10-001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=NPDES+Permit+Writers%27+Manual&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnpdes%2Fnpdes-permit-writers-manual-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quality-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quality_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quality_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quality_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quality_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quality_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEPA2022" class="citation web cs1">EPA (2022-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/standards-water-body-health/what-are-water-quality-standards">"What are Water Quality Standards?"</a>. <i>Standards for Water Body Health</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standards+for+Water+Body+Health&rft.atitle=What+are+Water+Quality+Standards%3F&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft.au=EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fstandards-water-body-health%2Fwhat-are-water-quality-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWA_methods-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CWA_methods_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods">"Clean Water Act Analytical Methods"</a>. EPA. 2022-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clean+Water+Act+Analytical+Methods&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcwa-methods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/other-clean-water-act-test-methods-chemical">"Other Clean Water Act Test Methods: Chemical"</a>. EPA. 2021-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+Clean+Water+Act+Test+Methods%3A+Chemical&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcwa-methods%2Fother-clean-water-act-test-methods-chemical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/other-clean-water-act-test-methods-microbiological">"Other Clean Water Act Test Methods: Microbiological"</a>. EPA. 2022-01-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+Clean+Water+Act+Test+Methods%3A+Microbiological&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcwa-methods%2Fother-clean-water-act-test-methods-microbiological&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Forest_Service,_Northeastern_Area" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Area. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/n_resource/buffer/part3.htm">"Continued Strengthening of the Clean Water Act Reflects the Public's Concern for Clean Water"</a>. <i>Riparian Forest Buffers: Function and Design for Protection and Enhancement of Water Resources</i>. Radnor, PA. NA-PR-07-91<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riparian+Forest+Buffers%3A+Function+and+Design+for+Protection+and+Enhancement+of+Water+Resources&rft.atitle=Continued+Strengthening+of+the+Clean+Water+Act+Reflects+the+Public%27s+Concern+for+Clean+Water&rft.au=U.S.+Forest+Service%2C+Northeastern+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.na.fs.fed.us%2Fspfo%2Fpubs%2Fn_resource%2Fbuffer%2Fpart3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 502(14), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1362">§ 1362</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Natural Resources Defense Council v. Train,</i> 396 F.Supp. 1393 (D.D.C. 1975), aff'd. by <i>NRDC v. Costle,</i> 568 F.2d 1369 (D.C. Cir. 1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA-NPS-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA-NPS_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/nps">"Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution"</a>. EPA. 2022-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polluted+Runoff%3A+Nonpoint+Source+Pollution&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIFIA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WIFIA_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/113/public/121?link-type=html">113–121 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/113/public/121?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, title V, §5022. Approved 2014-06-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.epa.gov/epa/newsreleases/epa-launches-finance-center-improve-community-water-infrastructure-and-resiliency.html">"EPA Launches Finance Center to Improve Community Water Infrastructure and Resiliency"</a>. EPA. 2015-01-16. News Release.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+Launches+Finance+Center+to+Improve+Community+Water+Infrastructure+and+Resiliency&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Fepa%2Fnewsreleases%2Fepa-launches-finance-center-improve-community-water-infrastructure-and-resiliency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/waterfinancecenter">"Water Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center"</a>. EPA. 2022-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Infrastructure+and+Resiliency+Finance+Center&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fwaterfinancecenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States.<br />1. Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/94?link-type=html">114–94 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/94?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, §1445. Approved 2015-12-04.<br />2. Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/322?link-type=html">114–322 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/114/public/322?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, §5008. Approved 2016-12-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/155/270">155–270 (menu; GPO has not yet published law)</a> Approved October 23, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 101, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1251">§ 1251</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland-infrastructure-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland-infrastructure_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland-infrastructure_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2012" class="citation report cs1">Copeland, Claudia (2012-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/96-647.pdf">Water Infrastructure Financing: History of EPA Appropriations</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congressional_Research_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congressional Research Service">U.S. Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Water+Infrastructure+Financing%3A+History+of+EPA+Appropriations&rft.pub=U.S.+Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2012-04-05&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2F96-647.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clean Water Act Amendments of 1981, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/97/117">97–117</a>, Sec. 7. Approved 1981-12-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 301(a), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1311(a)">§ 1311(a)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 402(r), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1342(r)">§ 1342(r)</a>. This provision was added by the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Boating_Act_of_2008" title="Clean Boating Act of 2008">Clean Boating Act of 2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/288?link-type=html">110–288 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/288?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, July 29, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 304(d)(1), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1314(d)(1)">§ 1314(d)(1)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2007-title40-vol21/pdf/CFR-2007-title40-vol21-part133-toc-id471.pdf">"Secondary Treatment Regulation"</a>, <i>Code of Federal Regulations,</i> <span><a href="/wiki/Title_40_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations">40 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-133">133</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 301, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1311">§ 1311</a>; CWA 304(b), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1314(b)">§ 1314(b)</a>; and CWA 306, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1316">§ 1316</a>. Regulations at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=d69f81dc5b3d34697337675d4f0a6b13&mc=true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40CIsubchapN.tpl">40 CFR Subchapter N</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 307(b), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1317(b)">§ 1317(b)</a>; and CWA 307(c), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1317(c)">§ 1317(c)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=d69f81dc5b3d34697337675d4f0a6b13&mc=true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/40CIsubchapN.tpl">40 CFR Subchapter N</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-01/11143_ELG%20Plan%2015_508.pdf">Effluent Guidelines Program Plan 15</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). EPA. January 2023. p. 2-1. EPA-821-R-22-004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Effluent+Guidelines+Program+Plan+15&rft.pages=2-1&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2023-01%2F11143_ELG%2520Plan%252015_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/eg/industrial-effluent-guidelines">"Industrial Effluent Guidelines"</a>. EPA. 2023-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrial+Effluent+Guidelines&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Feg%2Findustrial-effluent-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-introduction-national-pretreatment-program">Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program</a> (Report). EPA. June 2011. 833-B-11-001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+National+Pretreatment+Program&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnpdes%2Fnpdes-introduction-national-pretreatment-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 303 and 305. <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1313">§ 1313</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1315">§ 1315</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-permit-writers-manual-0">"Chapter 6. Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations"</a>. NPDES Permit Writers' Manual (Report). EPA. September 2010. EPA-833-K-10-001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=NPDES+Permit+Writers%27+Manual&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnpdes%2Fnpdes-permit-writers-manual-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 303(b), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1313(b)">§ 1313(b)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_WQI-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_WQI_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/2017-national-water-quality-inventory-report-congress">National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress</a> (Report). EPA. August 2017. EPA 841-R-16-011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Water+Quality+Inventory%3A+Report+to+Congress&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fwaterdata%2F2017-national-water-quality-inventory-report-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 305(b), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1315(b)">§ 1315(b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 309, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1319">§ 1319</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 313, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1323">§ 1323</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1326">§ 1326</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cooling-water-intakes">"Cooling Water Intakes"</a>. EPA. 2017-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cooling+Water+Intakes&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2017-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcooling-water-intakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1329">§ 1329</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/319hhistory.html">"Clean Water Act Section 319(h) Grant Funds History."</a> Accessed 2008-07-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 312(n), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1322(n)">§ 1322(n)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/104/public/106?link-type=html">104–106 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/104/public/106?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, approved 1996-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Defense (DOD) and EPA (2017-01-11). "Uniform National Discharge Standards for Vessels of the Armed Forces-Phase II Batch One." Final rule. <i>Federal Register,</i> 82 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/82-FR-3173">3173</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DOD and EPA (2020-07-17). "Uniform National Discharge Standards for Vessels of the Armed Forces—Phase II Batch Two." Final rule. <i>Federal Register,</i> 85 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/85-FR-43465">43465</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA 401, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1341">§ 1341</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA sec. 402, <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1342">§ 1342</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CWA sec. 402(p), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1342(p)">§ 1342(p)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-11/documents/final_compendium_intro_document_rev-11-15-18.pdf">Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System Permits: Compendium of Clear, Specific & Measurable Permitting Examples</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). EPA. November 2018. p. 5. EPA 830-S-16-002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Municipal+Separate+Storm+Sewer+System+Permits%3A+Compendium+of+Clear%2C+Specific+%26+Measurable+Permitting+Examples&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2018-11%2Fdocuments%2Ffinal_compendium_intro_document_rev-11-15-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States. Wet Weather Quality Act of 2000, Section 112 of Division B, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/554?link-type=html">106–554 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/106/public/554?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a>, December 21, 2000. Added CWA section 402(q), <a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 33 of the United States Code">33 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/1342(q)">§ 1342(q)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSO_Policy-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSO_Policy_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EPA (1994-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/owm0111.pdf">"Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Control Policy."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>, 59 FR 18688.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/npdes/combined-sewer-overflow-frequent-questions">"Combined Sewer Overflow Frequent Questions"</a>. <i>National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System</i>. EPA. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Pollutant+Discharge+Elimination+System&rft.atitle=Combined+Sewer+Overflow+Frequent+Questions&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnpdes%2Fcombined-sewer-overflow-frequent-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-permit-writers-manual-0">"Chapter 3. Overview of the NPDES Permitting Process"</a>. NPDES Permit Writers' Manual (Report). EPA. September 2010. 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March 3, 1899</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Franz, Andrew (Summer 2010). 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Robertson, No. 19-30237 (9th Cir. 2020)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Robertson%2C+No.+19-30237+%289th+Cir.+2020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fappellate-courts%2Fca9%2F19-30237%2F19-30237-2020-11-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/590/18-260/">"County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund, 590 U.S. ___ (2020)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=County+of+Maui+v.+Hawaii+Wildlife+Fund%2C+590+U.S.+___+%282020%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F590%2F18-260%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>CWA text and analysis</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/33/chapter-26">As codified in 33 U.S.C. chapter 26</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">LII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title33/chapter26&edition=prelim">As codified in 33 U.S.C. chapter 26</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-2989/uslm/COMPS-2989.xml">Federal Water Pollution Control Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-2989/pdf/COMPS-2989.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-2989/">details</a>) as amended in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">GPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps">Statute Compilations collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act">Summary of the Clean Water Act</a> from the EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eli.org/research-report/clean-water-act-jurisdictional-handbook">"Clean Water Act Jurisdictional Handbook."</a> Environmental Law Institute (2nd ed., 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/14/nyt_investigation_exposes_severity_of_nationwide">NYT Investigation: Corporations Violated Clean Water Act Over 500,000 Times in Last Five Years</a> (2009-09-14) - video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_33/Chapter_26" class="extiw" title="wikisource:United States Code/Title 33/Chapter 26">Clean Water Act</a> at Wikisource</li></ul> <dl><dt>EPA programs</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/grants_funding/cwsrf/cwsrf_index.cfm">Clean Water State Revolving Fund</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.gov/owow/tmdl">Total Maximum Daily Loads Program</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical legislative documents</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF92nd_U.S._Congress1971" class="citation web cs1">92nd U.S. Congress (October 28, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008025334/http://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibition-hall/exhibitions/more-perfect-union-conflict-and-compromise-ii?qt-exhibition_details=4#qt-exhibition_details">"S. 2770, Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972"</a>. <i>86 U.S. Stats. 816</i>. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibition-hall/exhibitions/more-perfect-union-conflict-and-compromise-ii?qt-exhibition_details=4#qt-exhibition_details">the original</a> on October 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=86+U.S.+Stats.+816&rft.atitle=S.+2770%2C+Federal+Water+Pollution+Control+Act+Amendments+of+1972&rft.date=1971-10-28&rft.au=92nd+U.S.+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitthecapitol.gov%2Fexhibition-hall%2Fexhibitions%2Fmore-perfect-union-conflict-and-compromise-ii%3Fqt-exhibition_details%3D4%23qt-exhibition_details&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClean+Water+Act" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Background">General Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clean_Water_Act&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: General Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf">Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress</a>, a report by the EPA Alumni Association</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a 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title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises"><i>Six Crises</i> (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)"><i>Millhouse</i> (1971 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a></i> (1972 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years"><i>Four More Years</i> (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President"><i>Impeach the President</i> (1973 song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness"><i>White House Madness</i> (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)"><i>All the President's Men</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a></i> (1977 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a></i> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor"><i>Secret Honor</i> (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China"><i>Nixon in China</i> (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i> (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon"><i>Elvis Meets Nixon</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a></i> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i> (2002 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon"><i>Our Nixon</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a></i> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon"><i>Elvis & Nixon</i> (2016 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Nixon" title="Category:Richard Nixon">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jimmy_Carter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template talk:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jimmy_Carter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">39th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1977–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">76th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (1971–1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia State Senator</a> (1963–1967)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1977)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1977)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1978)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1979)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1979)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)#January_1981" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">January 1981</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Political positions of Jimmy Carter">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of executive actions by Jimmy Carter">Executive Actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12036" title="Executive Order 12036">Executive Order 12036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12086" title="Executive Order 12086">Executive Order 12086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12148" title="Executive Order 12148">Executive Order 12148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_bonds" title="Carter bonds">Carter bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Rabbit incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Diplomatic relations with China</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Reform_Act_of_1978" title="Civil Service Reform Act of 1978">Civil Service Reform Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service_(United_States)" title="Senior Executive Service (United States)">Senior Executive Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clean Water Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act" title="Fair Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Regulatory_and_Interest_Rate_Control_Act_of_1978" title="Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978">Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_at_the_White_House" title="Solar power at the White House">Solar power at the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/100px-Carter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/150px-Carter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/200px-Carter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1490" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Equivalent_of_War_speech" title="Moral Equivalent of War speech">Moral Equivalent of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Crisis_of_Confidence_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="A Crisis of Confidence speech">A Crisis of Confidence</a></li> <li>State of the Union Addresses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1978 State of the Union Address">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1979 State of the Union Address">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1980 State of the Union Address">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1981 State of the Union Address">1981</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Electoral history of Jimmy Carter">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia gubernatorial elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Georgia gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Georgia gubernatorial election">1970</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Post-presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum" title="Jimmy Carter Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_%26_Rosalynn_Carter_Work_Project" title="Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project">Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elders_(organization)" title="The Elders (organization)">The Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Agreement,_1999" title="Nairobi Agreement, 1999">Nairobi Agreement, 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government_Commission" title="Continuity of Government Commission">Continuity of Government Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Everything_to_Gain:_Making_the_Most_of_the_Rest_of_Your_Life" title="Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life">Everything to Gain</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hornet%27s_Nest_(novel)" title="The Hornet's Nest (novel)">The Hornet's Nest</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a></i> (2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">reaction and commentary</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_White_House" title="Beyond the White House">Beyond the White House</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Can_Have_Peace_in_the_Holy_Land" title="We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land">We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Diary" title="White House Diary">White House Diary</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power" title="A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power">A Call to Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life" title="A Full Life">A Full Life</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter">Awards<br />and honors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Liberty Medal">Philadelphia Liberty Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Award" title="Christopher Award">Christopher Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Menil_Human_Rights_Prize" title="Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize">Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Peanut_Statue" title="Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue">Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jimmy_Carter" title="USS Jimmy Carter">USS <i>Jimmy Carter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Statue of Jimmy Carter">Georgia State Capitol statue</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Residences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_G._Carter_Nursing_Center" title="Lillian G. Carter Nursing Center">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince_(nanny)" title="Mary Prince (nanny)">Mary Prince</a> (nanny)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">UFO incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_(film)" title="Jimmy Carter (film)">Jimmy Carter</a></i> (2002 television documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_from_Plains" title="Man from Plains">Man from Plains</a></i> (2007 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Carter_(politician)" title="Jack Carter (politician)">Jack Carter</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter" title="Amy Carter">Amy Carter</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Carter_(politician)" title="Jason Carter (politician)">Jason Carter</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Carter_Sr." title="James Earl Carter Sr.">James Earl Carter Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gordy_Carter" title="Lillian Gordy Carter">Lillian Gordy Carter</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Carter_Spann" title="Gloria Carter Spann">Gloria Carter Spann</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Carter_Stapleton" title="Ruth Carter Stapleton">Ruth Carter Stapleton</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Carter" title="Billy Carter">Billy Carter</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dolvin" title="Emily Dolvin">Emily Dolvin</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carter" title="Hugh Carter">Hugh Carter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">← Gerald Ford</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jimmy_Carter" title="Category:Jimmy Carter">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ronald_Reagan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ronald_Reagan" title="Template:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ronald_Reagan" title="Template talk:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ronald_Reagan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ronald Reagan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ronald_Reagan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">40th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> (1967–1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Birthplace of Ronald Reagan">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Pitney_Variety_Store_Building" title="H. C. Pitney Variety Store Building">Pitney Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Boyhood_Home" title="Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home">Boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_del_Cielo" title="Rancho del Cielo">Rancho del Cielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_filmography" title="Ronald Reagan filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Governorship of Ronald Reagan">Governorship of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Presidential Library and Museum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/100px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/200px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2355" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">Tax Reform Act of 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">Assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">1st term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">2nd term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_(1987)" title="Washington Summit (1987)">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" title="Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">INF Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1988)" title="Moscow Summit (1988)">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_Summit" title="Governors Island Summit">Governors Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">Libya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of international presidential trips made by Ronald Reagan">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grace_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grace Commission">The Grace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan#Administration_and_Cabinet" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Ronald Reagan judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration scandals">Administration scandals</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_begin_bombing_in_five_minutes" title="We begin bombing in five minutes">We begin bombing in five minutes</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Ronald_Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to impeach Ronald Reagan">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ronald Wilson Reagan/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ronald_Wilson_Reagan/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ronald Wilson Reagan/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Bush transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_and_debates_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Speaks_Out_Against_Socialized_Medicine" title="Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine">Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Time_for_Choosing" title="A Time for Choosing">"A Time for Choosing"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan%27s_Neshoba_County_Fair_%22states%27_rights%22_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech">Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">First inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">Second inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_heap_of_history" title="Ash heap of history">"Ash heap of history"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">"Evil empire"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!" title="Tear down this wall!">"Tear down this wall!"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1981_Ronald_Reagan_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 1981 Ronald Reagan speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1982 State of the Union Address">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1983 State of the Union Address">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1984 State of the Union Address">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1985 State of the Union Address">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1986 State of the Union Address">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1987 State of the Union Address">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1988 State of the Union Address">1988</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Bibliography of Ronald Reagan">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Life" title="An American Life">An American Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reagan_Diaries" title="The Reagan Diaries">The Reagan Diaries</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Electoral history of Ronald Reagan">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California gubernatorial election">1966 California gubernatorial election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eleventh_Commandment_(Ronald_Reagan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eleventh Commandment (Ronald Reagan)">11th commandment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California gubernatorial election">1970 California gubernatorial election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican presidential primaries (1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention (1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1976 presidential campaign">1976 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/There_you_go_again" title="There you go again">"There you go again"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">"Let's make America great again"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_in_America" title="Morning in America">"Morning in America"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_the_woods" title="Bear in the woods">"Bear in the woods"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">United States presidential election (1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Cultural depictions of Ronald Reagan">Cultural <br /> depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Bibliography of Ronald Reagan">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_in_music" title="Ronald Reagan in music">In music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Them_Eat_Jellybeans!" title="Let Them Eat Jellybeans!">Let Them Eat Jellybeans!</a> (1981)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rap_Master_Ronnie" title="Rap Master Ronnie">Rap Master Ronnie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ed_the_Happy_Clown" title="Ed the Happy Clown">Ed the Happy Clown</a></i> (1983 comic series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image"><i>Spitting Image</i> (TV series)</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mind_Forever_Voyaging" title="A Mind Forever Voyaging">A Mind Forever Voyaging</a></i> (1985 game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Returns" title="The Dark Knight Returns">The Dark Knight Returns</a></i> (1986) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Dark_Knight_Returns_(film)" title="Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film)">film adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pizza_Man_(1991_film)" title="Pizza Man (1991 film)">Pizza Man</a></i> (1991 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Day_Reagan_Was_Shot" title="The Day Reagan Was Shot"><i>The Day Reagan Was Shot</i></a> (2001 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reagan%27s_War" title="Reagan's War">Reagan's War</a></i> (2002 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reagans" title="The Reagans"><i>The Reagans</i></a> (2003 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2011_film)" title="Reagan (2011 film)"><i>Reagan</i></a> (2011 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler"><i>The Butler</i></a> (2013 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Reagan" title="Killing Reagan">Killing Reagan</a></i> (2015 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Reagan_(film)" title="Killing Reagan (film)"><i>Killing Reagan</i></a> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_Cold_War" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War">Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War</a></i> (2020 game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reagans_(2020_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reagans (2020 miniseries)"><i>The Reagans</i></a> (2020 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_(2023_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan (2023 film)"><i>Reagan</i></a> (2023 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_would_Reagan_do%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What would Reagan do?">"What would Reagan do?"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reykjavik_(film)" title="Reykjavik (film)">Reykjavik</a></i> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ronald_Reagan_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Ronald Reagan (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS <i>Ronald Reagan</i> (CVN-76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Ronald_Reagan" title="List of things named after Ronald Reagan">Namesakes and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Day" title="Ronald Reagan Day">Ronald Reagan Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Dinner" title="Lincoln Dinner">Reagan Day Dinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Wyman" title="Jane Wyman">Jane Wyman</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Reagan" title="Maureen Reagan">Maureen Reagan</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Reagan" title="Michael Reagan">Michael Reagan</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patti_Davis" title="Patti Davis">Patti Davis</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Reagan" title="Ron Reagan">Ron Reagan</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Reagan" title="Jack Reagan">Jack Reagan</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelle_Wilson_Reagan" title="Nelle Wilson Reagan">Nelle Wilson Reagan</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Reagan" title="Neil Reagan">Neil Reagan</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_(Ronald_Reagan%27s_dog)" title="Rex (Ronald Reagan's dog)">Rex</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">← Jimmy Carter</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ronald_Reagan" title="Category:Ronald Reagan">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barack_Obama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration">Cannabis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing_Week" title="West Wing Week">West Wing Week</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009 inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">2016</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)#January_2017" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">January 2017</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)#Reassessment_and_renewed_commitment_from_2008" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Return to Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">War in Syria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Pivot to Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a>/Environmental</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration">Marine policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010" title="Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act">MAP-21st Century Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act" title="Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act">FAST Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–2017)">2016–17</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sotomayor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Kagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Garland</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama" title="Cabinet of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential Library and Center</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of executive actions by Barack Obama">Executive actions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_memoranda_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential memoranda by Barack Obama">Memoranda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations">Proclamations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Trump transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Estate" title="Plantation Estate">Plantation Estate</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books by Barack Obama">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father"><i>Dreams from My Father</i> (1995)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope"><i>The Audacity of Hope</i> (2006)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)"><i>Of Thee I Sing</i> (2010)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land"><i>A Promised Land</i> (2020)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that" title="You didn't build that">You didn't build that</a>" (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address" title="Barack Obama's farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">State Senate</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#First_state_Senate_election,_1996" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1996</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Second_state_Senate_election,_1998" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1998</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Third_state_Senate_election,_2002" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">2002</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">U.S. House of Representatives</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">2000</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_staff_members" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign staff members">staff members</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">primary campaign</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> (stepfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a> (maternal half-sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a> (maternal grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a> (maternal grandmother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auma_Obama" title="Auma Obama">Auma Obama</a> (paternal half-sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a> (paternal half-brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marian_Robinson" title="Marian Robinson">Marian Robinson</a> (mother-in-law)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother-in-law)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_image" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News and <br /> political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" title="Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama">Oprah Winfrey's endorsement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship conspiracy theories</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">litigation</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">Jeremiah Wright controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Barack_Obama" title="Security incidents involving Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver">2008 Denver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee">2008 Tennessee</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book" title="Citizen's Briefing Book">Citizen's Briefing Book</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy" title="Barack Obama tan suit controversy">Tan suit controversy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books about Barack Obama">Books about</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Song_(Stanage_book)" title="Redemption Song (Stanage book)">Redemption Song</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(Morris_and_McGann_book)" title="Catastrophe (Morris and McGann book)">Catastrophe</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sharpley-Whiting_book)" title="The Speech (Sharpley-Whiting book)">The Speech</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Story" title="The Obama Story">The Obama Story</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Between_Barack_and_a_Hard_Place" title="Between Barack and a Hard Place">Between Barack and a Hard Place</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama_Zombies" title="Obama Zombies">Obama Zombies</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Victory" title="Conservative Victory">Conservative Victory</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Diaries" title="The Obama Diaries">The Obama Diaries</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Syndrome" title="The Obama Syndrome">The Obama Syndrome</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Identity" title="The Obama Identity">The Obama Identity</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/O:_A_Presidential_Novel" title="O: A Presidential Novel">O: A Presidential Novel</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F" title="Where's the Birth Certificate?">Where's the Birth Certificate?</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama%27s_Last_Stand" title="Obama's Last Stand">Obama's Last Stand</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012" title="Double Down: Game Change 2012"> Game Change 2012</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_Remorse_(book)" title="Buyer's Remorse (book)">Buyer's Remorse</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(book)" title="Rising Star (book)">Rising Star</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Shade:_A_Tale_of_Two_Presidents" title="Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents">Shade</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_(book)" title="The World as It Is (book)">The World as It Is</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger" title="Amber Lee Ettinger">Obama Girl</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Crush_on_Obama" title="Crush on Obama">I Got a Crush... on Obama</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama" title="Magical Negro">Barack the Magic Negro</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_President_Sang_Amazing_Grace" title="The President Sang Amazing Grace">The President Sang Amazing Grace</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama" title="Deadheads for Obama">Deadheads for Obama</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise" title="Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise">Change Is Now</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical" title="Hope! – Das Obama Musical">Hope! – Das Obama Musical</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_(video)" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baracksdubs" title="Baracksdubs">Barack's Dubs</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film, TV, <br /> and stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Change_(film)" title="Change (film)">Change</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama_Anak_Menteng" title="Obama Anak Menteng">Obama Anak Menteng</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America" title="2016: Obama's America">2016: Obama's America</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled" title="The Road We've Traveled">The Road We've Traveled</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barry_(2016_film)" title="Barry (2016 film)">Barry</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide" title="America's Great Divide">America's Great Divide</a></i> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)" title="We the People (2021 TV series)">We the People</a></i> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a></i> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Obama:_In_Pursuit_of_a_More_Perfect_Union" title="Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union">Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union</a></i> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a></i> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas" title="Picturing the Obamas">Picturing the Obamas</a></i> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Images of Barack Obama">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama" title="Social media use by Barack Obama">Social media use</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Hope" poster">"Hope" poster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Joker" poster">"Joker" poster</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine" title="Hair Like Mine"><i>Hair Like Mine</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)"><i>Situation Room</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iman_Crosson" title="Iman Crosson">Iman Crosson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Man_(painting)" title="The Forgotten Man (painting)">The Forgotten Man</a></i> (2010 painting)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)" title="President Barack Obama (painting)">President Barack Obama</a></i> (2018 portrait)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_logo" title="Obama logo">Obama logo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics" title="Barack Obama in comics">In comics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist" title="Barack Obama's summer playlist">Barack Obama's summer playlist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Obama_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Time_(Hamilton_song)#Remix" title="One Last Time (Hamilton song)">One Last Time (44 Remix)</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_before_signing" title="Sunlight before signing">Sunlight before signing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">← George W. Bush</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama" title="Category:Barack Obama">Category</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Donald_Trump" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Donald_Trump" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">45th</a> (2017–2021) and <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">47th</a> (beginning 2025) <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia" title="Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia">business projects in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between business partners and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group" title="Trump Media & Technology Group">Trump Media & Technology Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Relationship to fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="2021 Conservative Political Action Conference">2021 CPAC speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Timeline of protests against Donald Trump">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas rally incident</a></li></ul></li> <li>Attempted assassinations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">in Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">raised-fist photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">in Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Donald_Trump" title="Age and health concerns about Donald Trump">Age and health concerns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Trump" title="Ivana Trump">Ivana Trump</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marla_Maples" title="Marla Maples">Marla Maples</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trump" title="Eric Trump">Eric Trump</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Trump" title="Tiffany Trump">Tiffany Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump" title="Mary Anne MacLeod Trump">Mary Anne MacLeod Trump</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry" title="Maryanne Trump Barry">Maryanne Trump Barry</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_Jr." title="Fred Trump Jr.">Fred Trump Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trump" title="Robert Trump">Robert Trump</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Trump" title="Frederick Trump">Frederick Trump</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Christ_Trump" title="Elizabeth Christ Trump">Elizabeth Christ Trump</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Trump" title="Lara Trump">Lara Trump</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Trump" title="Vanessa Trump">Vanessa Trump</a> (former daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Trump" title="Blaine Trump">Blaine Trump</a> (former sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalija_Knavs" title="Amalija Knavs">Amalija Knavs</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Trump" title="Mary L. Trump">Mary L. Trump</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_III" title="Fred Trump III">Fred Trump III</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitney_Walter" title="John Whitney Walter">John Whitney Walter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Deal" title="Trump: The Art of the Deal">Trump: The Art of the Deal</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump:_Surviving_at_the_Top" title="Trump: Surviving at the Top">Trump: Surviving at the Top</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Comeback" title="Trump: The Art of the Comeback">Trump: The Art of the Comeback</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_America_We_Deserve" title="The America We Deserve">The America We Deserve</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump:_How_to_Get_Rich" title="Trump: How to Get Rich">Trump: How to Get Rich</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_the_Top" title="The Way to the Top">The Way to the Top</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_101" title="Trump 101">Trump 101</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Want_You_to_Be_Rich" title="Why We Want You to Be Rich">Why We Want You to Be Rich</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Think_Big_and_Kick_Ass" title="Think Big and Kick Ass">Think Big and Kick Ass</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_to_Get_Tough" title="Time to Get Tough">Time to Get Tough</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midas_Touch_(book)" title="Midas Touch (book)">Midas Touch</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crippled_America" title="Crippled America">Crippled America</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Announcement" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">announcement</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between campaign officials and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2016 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Voters_Against_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Voters Against Trump">Republican opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech" title="Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech">Mitt Romney speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape"><i>Access Hollywood</i> recording</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_rallies_(December_2016%E2%80%932022)#2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Donald Trump rallies (December 2016–2022)">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Trump_Tulsa_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Trump Tulsa rally">2020 Tulsa rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempts to overturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Announcement" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">annoucement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the 2024 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_is_for_they/them" title="Kamala is for they/them">Kamala is for they/them</a> (attack ad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A._Bible" title="God Bless the U.S.A. Bible">Trump Bible</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A." title="God Bless the U.S.A.">God Bless the U.S.A.</a>" (campaign song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Y.M.C.A._(song)" title="Y.M.C.A. (song)">Y.M.C.A.</a>" (campaign song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">FBI investigation into handling of government documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York investigations of The Trump Organization">New York investigations of The Trump Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_civil_investigation_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_criminal_investigation_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York criminal investigation of The Trump Organization">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll_v._Donald_J._Trump" title="E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump">Carroll v. Trump</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)"><i>Trump v. United States</i> (2022)</a></li> <li>State prosecutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li>Federal prosecution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">classified documents case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">election obstruction case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">Trump mug shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)"><i>Trump v. United States</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">In popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Dance" title="Trump Dance">Trump Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_music" title="Donald Trump in music">in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump"><i>SNL</i> parodies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/85-15_Wareham_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="85-15 Wareham Place">85-15 Wareham Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_penthouse_of_Donald_Trump" title="Trump Tower penthouse of Donald Trump">penthouse apartment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_National_Golf_Club_Bedminster" title="Trump National Golf Club Bedminster">Bedminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-a-Lago" title="Mar-a-Lago">Mar-a-Lago</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visionary" title="The Visionary">The Visionary</a></i></li> <li>Social media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media" title="Donald Trump's conflict with the media">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Real_News_Update" title="Real News Update">Real News Update</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covfefe" title="Covfefe">covfefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_State_Park" title="Donald J. Trump State Park">Donald J. Trump State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump_about_other_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump about other people">Nicknames used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Force_One" title="Trump Force One">Trump Force One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Trump" title="Fort Trump">Fort Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikers_for_Trump" title="Bikers for Trump">Bikers for Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_Trump" title="Women for Trump">Women for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacks_for_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacks for Trump">Blacks for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Voices_for_Trump" title="Black Voices for Trump">Black Voices for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_for_Trump" title="Gays for Trump">Gays for Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">Pseudonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Wikipedia coverage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">← Barack Obama</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">← Joe Biden →</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump" title="Category:Donald Trump">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_environmental_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template talk:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_environmental_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a><br /> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Oklahoma" title="Hughes v. Oklahoma">Hughes v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujan_v._National_Wildlife_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation (page does not exist)">Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BP_P.L.C._v._Mayor_and_City_Council_of_Baltimore" title="BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore">BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. SCRAP</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Edison_Co._v._People_Against_Nuclear_Energy" title="Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy">Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">CAA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Train_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPA" title="Massachusetts v. EPA">Massachusetts v. EPA</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_v._Duke_Energy_Corp." title="Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.">Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power_Co._v._Connecticut" title="American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut">American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._EPA" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HollyFrontier_Cheyenne_Refining,_LLC_v._Renewable_Fuels_Assn." title="HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.">HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">RCRA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">ESA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Sweet_Home_Chapter_of_Communities_for_a_Great_Oregon" title="Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon">Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_v._Sierra_Club" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club">United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CWA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal legislation</a>,<br /> treaties,<br />and lower court<br />decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks%E2%80%93McLean_Act" title="Weeks–McLean Act">Weeks–McLean Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission" title="Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission">Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission</a></i> (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Improvement_Act" title="Environmental Quality Improvement Act">Environmental Quality Improvement Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clean Water Act</a> (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="Coastal Zone Management Program">Coastal Zone Management Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974, 1986, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act" title="Water Resources Development Act">Water Resources Development Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1974" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1974">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1976" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1990" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1990">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1992" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1992">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1996" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1999" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1999">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2000" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">2007</a>, 2014, 2016, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA (Superfund)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act" title="Emergency Wetlands Resources Act">Emergency Wetlands Resources Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Species_Prevention_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1992" title="Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992">Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</a></i> (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Louisiana v. Biden</a></i> (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining_Reclamation_and_Enforcement" title="Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement">Office of Surface Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Regulations</a><br /> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">Citizen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">Corporate average fuel economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Executive Order 13432</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">LDV Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">Maximum contaminant level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Review" title="New Source Review">New Source Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-To-Exceed" title="Not-To-Exceed">Not-To-Exceed (NTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_financing" title="PACE financing">PACE financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Presidential Climate Action Plan">Presidential Climate Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608 Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_New_Alternatives_Policy" title="Significant New Alternatives Policy">Significant New Alternatives Policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Climate" title="State of the Climate">State of the Climate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Tailoring Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load" title="Total maximum daily load">Total maximum daily load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">Toxicity category rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Remedial_Action" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action">Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/21px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/42px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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