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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Leukemia_(journal)" title="Leukemia (journal)">Leukemia (journal)</a>. For animal diseases, see <a href="/wiki/Leucosis" title="Leucosis">Leucosis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Leukemia (<a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#ae_and_oe" title="American and British English spelling differences">also spelled</a> leukaemia; pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/luːˈkiːmiːə/</a><a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">loo-KEE-mee-ə</a>) is a group of <a href="/wiki/Blood_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cancer">blood cancers</a> that usually begin in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> and produce high numbers of abnormal <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> These blood cells are not fully developed and are called <a href="/wiki/Precursor_cell" title="Precursor cell">blasts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Precursor_cell" title="Precursor cell">leukemia cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCIBook2013-2">[2]</a> Symptoms may include bleeding and <a href="/wiki/Bruising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruising">bruising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">bone pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, and an increased risk of infections.<a href="#cite_note-NCIBook2013-2">[2]</a> These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCIBook2013-2">[2]</a> Diagnosis is typically made by <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow biopsy">bone marrow biopsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCIBook2013-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Leukemia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Leukaemia</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg/220px-Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg/330px-Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="395"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A <a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_stain" title="Wright's stain">Wright's stained</a> bone marrow aspirate <a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">smear</a> from a person with <a href="/wiki/B-cell_acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia">B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/luːˈkiːmiːə/</a><a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-1">[1]</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bleeding, <a href="/wiki/Bruising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruising">bruising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, fever, increased risk of infections<a href="#cite_note-NCIBook2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">All ages,<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a> most common in 60s and 70s.<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a> It is the most common malignant cancer in children, but the cure rates are also higher for them.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Inherited</a> and environmental factors<a href="#cite_note-Hut2010-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a>, family history, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, some chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a>, prior chemotherapy, <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hut2010-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">Blood tests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow biopsy">bone marrow biopsy</a><a href="#cite_note-NCIBook2013-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplant">bone marrow transplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supportive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive care">supportive care</a><a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BCDtargetedTherapy-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">Five-year survival rate</a> 67% (U.S.)<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">2.3 million (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">353,500 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The exact cause of leukemia is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Hut2010-5">[5]</a> A combination of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">genetic factors</a> and environmental (non-inherited) factors are believed to play a role.<a href="#cite_note-Hut2010-5">[5]</a> Risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, petrochemicals (such as <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>), prior chemotherapy, and <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hut2010-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a> People with a family history of leukemia are also at higher risk.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a> There are four main types of leukemia—<a href="/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute lymphoblastic leukemia">acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a> (ALL), <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">acute myeloid leukemia</a> (AML), <a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a> (CLL) and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myeloid_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic myeloid leukemia">chronic myeloid leukemia</a> (CML)—and a number of less common types.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-10">[10]</a> Leukemias and <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphomas</a> both belong to a broader group of <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a> that affect the blood, bone marrow, and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphoid system</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Tumors_of_the_hematopoietic_and_lymphoid_tissues" title="Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues">tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Treatment may involve some combination of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplant">bone marrow transplant</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Supportive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Supportive care">supportive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> provided as needed.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-BCDtargetedTherapy-6">[6]</a> Certain types of leukemia may be managed with <a href="/wiki/Watchful_waiting" title="Watchful waiting">watchful waiting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a> The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person. Outcomes have improved in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">Five-year survival rate</a> was 67% in the United States in the period from 2014 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a> In children under 15 in <a href="/wiki/First-world" class="mw-redirect" title="First-world">first-world</a> countries, the five-year survival rate is greater than 60% or even 90%, depending on the type of leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-ACS2014-13">[13]</a> In children who are cancer-free five years after diagnosis of acute leukemia, the <a href="/wiki/Cancer_recurrence#Leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer recurrence">cancer is unlikely to return</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACS2014-13">[13]</a> In 2015, leukemia was present in 2.3 million people worldwide and caused 353,500 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-8">[8]</a> In 2012, it had newly developed in 352,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-10">[10]</a> It is the most common type of cancer in children, with three-quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a> However, over 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults, CLL and AML being most common.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It occurs more commonly in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Classification">1 Classification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#General_classification">1.1 General classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Specific_types">1.2 Specific types</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Pre-leukemia">1.3 Pre-leukemia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Signs_and_symptoms">2 Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Causes">3 Causes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Radiation">3.1 Radiation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Genetic_conditions">3.2 Genetic conditions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Non-ionizing_radiation">3.3 Non-ionizing radiation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Diagnosis">4 Diagnosis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Treatment">5 Treatment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Acute_lymphoblastic">5.1 Acute lymphoblastic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Chronic_lymphocytic">5.2 Chronic lymphocytic</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Decision_to_treat">5.2.1 Decision to treat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Treatment_approach">5.2.2 Treatment approach</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Acute_myelogenous">5.3 Acute myelogenous</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Chronic_myelogenous">5.4 Chronic myelogenous</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Hairy_cell">5.5 Hairy cell</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#T-cell_prolymphocytic">5.6 T-cell prolymphocytic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Juvenile_myelomonocytic">5.7 Juvenile myelomonocytic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Prognosis">6 Prognosis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Epidemiology">7 Epidemiology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#United_States">7.1 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Australia">7.2 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#UK">7.3 UK</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#History">8 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Etymology">8.1 Etymology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Society_and_culture">9 Society and culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Research_directions">10 Research directions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Pregnancy">11 Pregnancy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>Four major kinds of leukemia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cell type</th> <th>Acute</th> <th>Chronic </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lymphocytic leukemia (or "lymphoblastic")</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute lymphoblastic leukemia">Acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a> (ALL)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B-cell_chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a> (CLL) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myelogenous leukemia ("myeloid" or "nonlymphocytic")</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">Acute myelogenous leukemia</a> (AML or myeloblastic)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">Chronic myelogenous leukemia</a> (CML) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm/310px--Acute_leukemia_1.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="174" data-durationhint="591" data-mwtitle="Acute_leukemia_1.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Acute_leukemia_1.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm/Acute_leukemia_1.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm/Acute_leukemia_1.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm/Acute_leukemia_1.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm/Acute_leukemia_1.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm/Acute_leukemia_1.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Acute_leukemia_1.webm/Acute_leukemia_1.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>An explanation of acute leukemia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_classification">General classification</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided into a variety of large groups. The first division is between its <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute (medical)">acute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> forms:<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_leukemia" title="Acute leukemia">Acute leukemia</a> is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells. The crowding that results from such cells makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells resulting in low <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>. Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia because of the rapid progression and accumulation of the <a href="/wiki/Malignant_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant cell">malignant cells</a>, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. Acute forms of leukemia are the most common forms of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_leukemia" title="Childhood leukemia">leukemia in children</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_leukemia" title="Chronic leukemia">Chronic leukemia</a> is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> (or, more rarely, <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>). Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells. Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people but can occur in any age group.</li></ul> Additionally, the diseases are subdivided according to which kind of blood cell is affected. This divides leukemias into <a href="/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute lymphoblastic leukemia">lymphoblastic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytic leukemia">lymphocytic leukemias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myeloid_leukemia" title="Myeloid leukemia">myeloid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Myelogenous_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelogenous leukemia">myelogenous leukemias</a>:<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>In lymphoblastic or <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytic leukemia">lymphocytic leukemias</a>, the cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a>, which are infection-fighting immune system cells. Most lymphocytic leukemias involve a specific subtype of lymphocyte, the <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cell</a>.</li> <li>In myeloid or <a href="/wiki/Myelogenous_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelogenous leukemia">myelogenous leukemias</a>, the cancerous change takes place in a <a href="/wiki/Myeloid_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid cells">type of marrow cell</a> that normally goes on to form <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, some other types of white cells, and <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>.</li></ul> Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories. Within each of these main categories, there are typically several subcategories. Finally, some rarer types are usually considered to be outside of this classification scheme.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_types">Specific types</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute lymphoblastic leukemia">Acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a> (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. It also affects adults, especially those 65 and older. Standard treatments involve <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>. Subtypes include <a href="/wiki/Precursor_B_acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia">precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precursor_T_acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia">precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkitt%27s_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkitt's leukemia">Burkitt's leukemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acute_biphenotypic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute biphenotypic leukemia">acute biphenotypic leukemia</a>. While most cases of ALL occur in children, 80% of deaths from ALL occur in adults.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a> (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. Two-thirds of affected people are men. The five-year survival rate is 85%.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is incurable, but there are many effective treatments. One subtype is <a href="/wiki/B-cell_prolymphocytic_leukemia" title="B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia">B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia</a>, a more aggressive disease.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_myelogenous_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myelogenous leukemia">Acute myelogenous leukemia</a> (AML) occurs far more commonly in adults than in children, and more commonly in men than women. It is treated with chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate is 20%.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Subtypes of AML include <a href="/wiki/Acute_promyelocytic_leukemia" title="Acute promyelocytic leukemia">acute promyelocytic leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloblastic_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute myeloblastic leukemia">acute myeloblastic leukemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia">acute megakaryoblastic leukemia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">Chronic myelogenous leukemia</a> (CML) occurs mainly in adults; a very small number of children also develop this disease. It is treated with <a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">imatinib</a> (Gleevec in United States, Glivec in Europe) or other drugs.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The five-year survival rate is 90%.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> One subtype is <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelomonocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia">chronic myelomonocytic leukemia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy_cell_leukemia" title="Hairy cell leukemia">Hairy cell leukemia</a> (HCL) is sometimes considered a subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but does not fit neatly into this category. About 80% of affected people are adult men. No cases in children have been reported. HCL is incurable but easily treatable. Survival is 96% to 100% at ten years.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16245328-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-cell_prolymphocytic_leukemia" title="T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia">T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia</a> (T-PLL) is a very rare and aggressive leukemia affecting adults; somewhat more men than women are diagnosed with this disease.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Despite its overall rarity, it is the most common type of mature <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a> leukemia;<a href="#cite_note-pmid15716243-25">[25]</a> nearly all other leukemias involve <a href="/wiki/B_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="B cells">B cells</a>. It is difficult to treat, and the median survival is measured in months.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_granular_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Large granular lymphocytic leukemia">Large granular lymphocytic leukemia</a> may involve either T-cells or <a href="/wiki/NK_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="NK cell">NK cells</a>; like hairy cell leukemia, which involves solely B cells, it is a rare and <a href="/wiki/Indolent_condition" title="Indolent condition">indolent</a> (not aggressive) leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-who1-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia/lymphoma" title="Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma">Adult T-cell leukemia</a> is caused by <a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus">human T-lymphotropic virus</a> (HTLV), a virus similar to <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a>. Like HIV, HTLV infects CD4+ T-cells and replicates within them; however, unlike HIV, it does not destroy them. Instead, HTLV "immortalizes" the infected T-cells, giving them the ability to proliferate abnormally. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I/II) are endemic in certain areas of the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonal_eosinophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clonal eosinophilia">Clonal eosinophilias</a> (also called clonal hypereosinophilias) are a group of blood disorders characterized by the growth of <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophils</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>, blood, and/or other tissues. They may be <a href="/wiki/Pre-malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-malignant">pre-cancerous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">cancerous</a>. Clonal eosinophilias involve a <a href="/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)" title="Clone (cell biology)">"clone"</a> of eosinophils, i.e., a group of genetically identical eosinophils that all grew from the same <a href="/wiki/Mutated" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutated">mutated</a> ancestor cell.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28028030-27">[27]</a> These disorders may evolve into <a href="/wiki/Chronic_eosinophilic_leukemia" title="Chronic eosinophilic leukemia">chronic eosinophilic leukemia</a> or may be associated with various forms of <a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">myeloid</a> neoplasms, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid">lymphoid</a> neoplasms, <a href="/wiki/Myelofibrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelofibrosis">myelofibrosis</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome" title="Myelodysplastic syndrome">myelodysplastic syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26486351-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27069254-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28028030-27">[27]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-leukemia">Pre-leukemia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-leukemia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_myeloproliferative_disease" title="Transient myeloproliferative disease">Transient myeloproliferative disease</a>, also termed transient leukemia, involves the abnormal proliferation of a <a href="/wiki/Clone_(cell_biology)" title="Clone (cell biology)">clone</a> of non-cancerous <a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">megakaryoblasts</a>. The disease is restricted to individuals with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> or genetic changes similar to those in Down syndrome, develops in a baby during pregnancy or shortly after birth, and resolves within 3 months or, in ~10% of cases, progresses to <a href="/wiki/Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia">acute megakaryoblastic leukemia</a>. Transient myeloid leukemia is a pre-leukemic condition.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27510823-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28179280-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22867885-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonal_hematopoiesis" title="Clonal hematopoiesis">Clonal hematopoiesis</a> is a common age-related phenomenon with a low risk of progression to <a href="/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome" title="Myelodysplastic syndrome">myelodysplastic syndrome</a> (MDS) and leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Once MDS has developed, the risk of progression to acute leukemia can be assessed using the International Prognostic Scoring System (<a href="/wiki/International_Prognostic_Scoring_System" title="International Prognostic Scoring System">IPSS</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_B-cell_lymphocytosis" title="Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis">Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis</a> has a low risk of progression to B-cell leukemia.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_leukemia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Symptoms_of_leukemia.png/310px-Symptoms_of_leukemia.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Symptoms_of_leukemia.png/310px-Symptoms_of_leukemia.png" data-width="310" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Symptoms_of_leukemia.png/465px-Symptoms_of_leukemia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Symptoms_of_leukemia.png/620px-Symptoms_of_leukemia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Common symptoms of chronic or acute leukemia<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> The most common symptoms in children are easy <a href="/wiki/Bruising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruising">bruising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pale_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pale skin">pale skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Enlarged_spleen" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlarged spleen">enlarged spleen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hepatomegaly" title="Hepatomegaly">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature white blood cells, results in a lack of blood <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>, which are important in the <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_of_human_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation of human blood">blood clotting</a> process. This means people with leukemia may easily become <a href="/wiki/Purpura" title="Purpura">bruised</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">bleed</a> excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (<a href="/wiki/Petechia" title="Petechia">petechiae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">White blood cells</a>, which are involved in fighting <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, may be suppressed or dysfunctional. This could cause the person's immune system to be unable to fight off a simple infection or to start attacking other body cells. Because leukemia prevents the immune system from working normally, some people experience frequent <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, ranging from infected <a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral ulcer">sores in the mouth</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> to life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, which may cause <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Some people experience other symptoms, such as fevers, chills, night sweats, weakness in the limbs, feeling <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigued</a> and other common <a href="/wiki/Flu-like_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu-like symptoms">flu-like symptoms</a>. Some people experience nausea or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>; this can result in unintentional <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss#Intentional_weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>. <a href="/wiki/Precursor_cell" title="Precursor cell">Blasts</a> affected by the disease may come together and become swollen in the liver or in the <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a> causing pain and leading to nausea.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> If the leukemic cells invade the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, then neurological symptoms (notably <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>) can occur. Uncommon neurological symptoms like <a href="/wiki/Migraines" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraines">migraines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> can occur as a result of brain stem pressure. All symptoms associated with leukemia can be attributed to other diseases. Consequently, leukemia is always diagnosed through <a href="/wiki/Medical_test" title="Medical test">medical tests</a>. The word leukemia, which means 'white blood', is derived from the characteristic high white blood cell count that presents in most affected people before treatment. The high number of white blood cells is apparent when a blood sample is <a href="/wiki/Blood_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood film">viewed under a microscope</a>, with the extra white blood cells frequently being immature or dysfunctional. The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the level of other cells, causing further harmful imbalance in the blood count.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Some people diagnosed with leukemia do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. This less-common condition is called aleukemia. The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells that disrupt the normal production of blood cells, but they remain in the marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, where they would be visible in a blood test. For a person with aleukemia, the white blood cell counts in the bloodstream can be normal or low. Aleukemia can occur in any of the four major types of leukemia, and is particularly common in <a href="/wiki/Hairy_cell_leukemia" title="Hairy cell leukemia">hairy cell leukemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACS1-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Studies in 2009 and 2010 have shown a positive correlation between exposure to <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and the development of leukemia, particularly <a href="/wiki/Myeloid_leukemia" title="Myeloid leukemia">myeloid leukemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The different leukemias likely have different causes.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Leukemia, like other cancers, results from <a href="/wiki/Somatic_mutation" title="Somatic mutation">mutations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Certain mutations can trigger leukemia by activating <a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">oncogenes</a> or deactivating <a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">tumor suppressor genes</a>, and thereby disrupting the regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. These mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">radiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> substances.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Among adults, the known causes are natural and artificial <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> and petrochemicals, notably <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and alkylating <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> agents for previous malignancies.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-111-5-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-893441-36-9-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8247-0170-4-48">[48]</a> Use of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> is associated with a small increase in the risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">acute myeloid leukemia</a> in adults.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-111-5-46">[46]</a> Cohort and case-control studies have linked exposure to some <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair_dye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair dye">hair dyes</a> to the development of some forms of leukemia. Diet has very limited or no effect, although eating more vegetables may confer a small protective benefit.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12163333-49">[49]</a> Viruses have also been linked to some forms of leukemia. For example, <a href="/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human T-lymphotropic virus">human T-lymphotropic virus</a> (HTLV-1) causes <a href="/wiki/Adult_T-cell_leukemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult T-cell leukemia">adult T-cell leukemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> A few cases of <a href="/wiki/Maternal-fetal_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal-fetal transmission">maternal-fetal transmission</a> (a baby acquires leukemia because its mother had leukemia during the pregnancy) have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-111-5-46">[46]</a> Children born to mothers who use <a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility drugs</a> to induce ovulation are more than twice as likely to develop leukemia during their childhoods than other children.<a href="#cite_note-Rudant2012-51">[51]</a> In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of any type of leukemia in neonates using <a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">phototherapy</a>, typically to treat <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">neonatal jaundice</a>, a statistically significant association was detected between using phototherapy and myeloid leukemia. However, it is still questionable whether phototherapy is genuinely the cause of cancer or simply a result of the same underlying factors that gave rise to cancer. <a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation">Radiation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Radiation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Large doses of <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">Sr-90</a> (called a <a href="/wiki/Bone_seeker" title="Bone seeker">bone seeking</a> radioisotope) from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> accidents, increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">bone cancer</a> and leukemia in animals and is presumed to do so in people.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_conditions">Genetic conditions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic conditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some people have a genetic predisposition towards developing leukemia. This predisposition is demonstrated by family histories and <a href="/wiki/Twin_study" title="Twin study">twin studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-111-5-46">[46]</a> The affected people may have a single gene or multiple genes in common. In some cases, families tend to develop the same kinds of leukemia as other members; in other families, affected people may develop different forms of <a href="/wiki/Hematological_malignancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematological malignancies">leukemia or related blood cancers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-111-5-46">[46]</a> In addition to these genetic issues, people with chromosomal abnormalities or certain other genetic conditions have a greater risk of leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-893441-36-9-47">[47]</a> For example, people with <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> have a significantly increased risk of developing forms of acute leukemia (especially <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">acute myeloid leukemia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a> is a risk factor for developing acute myeloid leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-isbn1-55009-111-5-46">[46]</a> Mutation in <a href="/wiki/SPRED1_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="SPRED1 gene">SPRED1 gene</a> has been associated with a predisposition to childhood leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Inherited <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_failure" title="Bone marrow failure">bone marrow failure</a> syndromes represent a kind of premature aging of the bone marrow. In people with these syndromes and in older adults, mutations associated with <a href="/wiki/Clonal_hematopoiesis" title="Clonal hematopoiesis">clonal hematopoiesis</a> may arise as an adaptive response to a progressively deteriorating hematopoietic niche, i.e., a depleting pool of <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic stem cells">Hematopoietic stem cells</a>. The mutated stem cells then acquire a self-renewal advantage.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">Chronic myelogenous leukemia</a> is associated with a genetic abnormality called the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_chromosome" title="Philadelphia chromosome">Philadelphia translocation</a>; 95% of people with CML carry the Philadelphia mutation, although this is not exclusive to CML and can be observed in people with other types of leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-ionizing_radiation">Non-ionizing radiation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-ionizing radiation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Whether or not non-ionizing radiation causes leukemia has been studied for several decades. The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> expert working group undertook a detailed review of all data on static and <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">extremely low frequency</a> electromagnetic energy, which occurs naturally and in association with the generation, transmission, and use of electrical power.<a href="#cite_note-isbn92-832-1280-0-60">[60]</a> They concluded that there is limited evidence that high levels of <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a> magnetic (but not electric) fields might cause some cases of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_leukemia" title="Childhood leukemia">childhood leukemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn92-832-1280-0-60">[60]</a> No evidence for a relationship to leukemia or another form of malignancy in adults has been demonstrated.<a href="#cite_note-isbn92-832-1280-0-60">[60]</a> Since exposure to such levels of ELFs is relatively uncommon, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> concludes that ELF exposure, if later proven to be causative, would account for just 100 to 2400 cases worldwide each year, representing 0.2 to 4.9% of the total incidence of childhood leukemia for that year (about 0.03 to 0.9% of all leukemias).<a href="#cite_note-urlWHO_%7C_Electromagnetic_fields_and_public_health-61">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diagnosis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leukemia-_SAG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leukemia-_SAG.jpg/290px-Leukemia-_SAG.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leukemia-_SAG.jpg/290px-Leukemia-_SAG.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leukemia-_SAG.jpg/435px-Leukemia-_SAG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leukemia-_SAG.jpg/580px-Leukemia-_SAG.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The increase in <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> in leukemia</figcaption></figure> Diagnosis is usually based on repeated <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood counts</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_examination" title="Bone marrow examination">bone marrow examination</a> following observations of the symptoms. Sometimes, blood tests may not show that a person has leukemia, especially in the early stages of the disease or during remission. A <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node_biopsy" title="Lymph node biopsy">lymph node biopsy</a> can be performed to diagnose certain types of leukemia in certain situations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Following diagnosis, blood chemistry tests can be used to determine the degree of liver and kidney damage or the effects of chemotherapy on the person. When concerns arise about other damages due to leukemia, doctors may use an <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">X-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">ultrasound</a>. These can potentially show leukemia's effects on such body parts as bones (X-ray), the brain (MRI), or the kidneys, spleen, and liver (ultrasound). <a href="/wiki/CT_scans" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scans">CT scans</a> can be used to check lymph nodes in the chest, though this is uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Despite the use of these methods to diagnose whether or not a person has leukemia, many people have not been diagnosed because many of the symptoms are vague, <a href="/wiki/Non-specific_symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-specific symptom">non-specific</a>, and can refer to other diseases. For this reason, the American Cancer Society estimates that at least one-fifth of the people with leukemia have not yet been diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-ACS1-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Most forms of leukemia are treated with pharmaceutical <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a>, typically combined into a multi-drug <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy_regimen" title="Chemotherapy regimen">chemotherapy regimen</a>. Some are also treated with <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>. In some cases, a <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplant">bone marrow transplant</a> is effective. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_lymphoblastic">Acute lymphoblastic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Acute lymphoblastic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia#Treatment" title="Acute lymphoblastic leukemia">Acute lymphoblastic leukemia § Treatment</a></div> Management of ALL is directed towards control of bone marrow and systemic (whole-body) disease. Additionally, treatment must prevent leukemic cells from spreading to other sites, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS); periodic lumbar punctures are used for diagnostic purposes and to administer intrathecal prophylactic methotrexate.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In general, ALL treatment is divided into several phases: <ul><li>Induction chemotherapy to bring about bone marrow remission. For adults, standard induction plans include <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincristine" title="Vincristine">vincristine</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Anthracycline" title="Anthracycline">anthracycline</a> drug; other drug plans may include <a href="/wiki/L-asparaginase" class="mw-redirect" title="L-asparaginase">L-asparaginase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a>. For children with low-risk ALL, standard therapy usually consists of three drugs (prednisone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine) for the first month of treatment.</li> <li>Consolidation therapy or intensification therapy to eliminate any remaining leukemia cells. There are many different approaches to consolidation, but it is typically a high-dose, multi-drug treatment that is undertaken for a few months. People with low- to average-risk ALL receive therapy with <a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolite</a> drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a> and <a href="/wiki/6-mercaptopurine" class="mw-redirect" title="6-mercaptopurine">6-mercaptopurine</a> (6-MP). People who are high-risk receive higher drug doses of these drugs, plus additional drugs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_prophylaxis" title="Central nervous system prophylaxis">CNS prophylaxis</a> (preventive therapy) to stop cancer from spreading to the brain and nervous system in high-risk people. Standard <a href="/wiki/Prophylaxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylaxis">prophylaxis</a> may include radiation of the head and/or drugs delivered directly into the spine.</li> <li>Maintenance treatments with chemotherapeutic drugs to prevent disease recurrence once remission has been achieved. Maintenance therapy usually involves lower drug doses and may continue for up to three years.</li> <li>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Allogeneic_bone_marrow_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation">allogeneic bone marrow transplantation</a> may be appropriate for high-risk or relapsed people.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic_lymphocytic">Chronic lymphocytic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chronic lymphocytic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia#Treatment" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia § Treatment</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decision_to_treat">Decision to treat</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decision to treat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Hematologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematologist">Hematologists</a> base CLL treatment on both the stage and symptoms of the individual person. A large group of people with CLL have low-grade disease, which does not benefit from treatment. Individuals with CLL-related complications or more advanced disease often benefit from treatment. In general, the indications for treatment are: <ul><li>Falling <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> count</li> <li>Progression to a later stage of disease</li> <li>Painful, disease-related overgrowth of <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a></li> <li>An increase in the rate of <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocyte</a> production<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment_approach">Treatment approach</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Treatment approach" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most CLL cases are incurable by present treatments, so treatment is directed towards suppressing the disease for many years, rather than curing it. The primary chemotherapeutic plan is <a href="/wiki/Polytherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytherapy">combination</a> chemotherapy with <a href="/wiki/Chlorambucil" title="Chlorambucil">chlorambucil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">cyclophosphamide</a>, plus a <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">prednisolone</a>. The use of a corticosteroid has the additional benefit of suppressing some related autoimmune diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Warm_autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia">immunohemolytic anemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_thrombocytopenic_purpura" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura">immune-mediated thrombocytopenia</a>. In resistant cases, <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">single-agent</a> treatments with nucleoside drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Fludarabine" title="Fludarabine">fludarabine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentostatin" title="Pentostatin">pentostatin</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cladribine" title="Cladribine">cladribine</a> may be successful. Younger and healthier people may choose <a href="/wiki/Allogeneic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allogeneic">allogeneic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autologous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autologous">autologous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplantation">bone marrow transplantation</a> in the hope of a permanent cure.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_myelogenous">Acute myelogenous</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Acute myelogenous" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloid_leukemia#Treatment" title="Acute myeloid leukemia">Acute myeloid leukemia § Treatment</a></div> Many different anti-cancer drugs are effective for the treatment of AML. Treatments vary somewhat according to the age of the person and according to the specific subtype of AML. Overall, the strategy is to control bone marrow and systemic (whole-body) disease, while offering specific treatment for the central nervous system (CNS), if involved.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In general, most oncologists rely on combinations of drugs for the initial, induction phase of chemotherapy. Such combination chemotherapy usually offers the benefits of early <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a> and a lower risk of disease resistance. Consolidation and maintenance treatments are intended to prevent disease recurrence. Consolidation treatment often entails a repetition of induction chemotherapy or the intensification of chemotherapy with additional drugs. By contrast, maintenance treatment involves drug doses that are lower than those administered during the induction phase.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic_myelogenous">Chronic myelogenous</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chronic myelogenous" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia#Treatment" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">Chronic myelogenous leukemia § Treatment</a></div> There are many possible treatments for CML, but the standard of care for newly diagnosed people is <a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">imatinib</a> (Gleevec) therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17970609-71">[71]</a> Compared to most anti-cancer drugs, it has relatively few side effects and can be taken <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">orally</a> at home. With this drug, more than 90% of people will be able to keep the disease in check for at least five years,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17970609-71">[71]</a> so that CML becomes a chronic, manageable condition. In a more advanced, uncontrolled state, when the person cannot tolerate imatinib, or if the person wishes to attempt a permanent cure, then an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may be performed. This procedure involves high-dose chemotherapy and radiation followed by infusion of bone marrow from a compatible donor. Approximately 30% of people die from this procedure.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17970609-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hairy_cell">Hairy cell</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hairy cell" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hairy_cell_leukemia#Treatment" title="Hairy cell leukemia">Hairy cell leukemia § Treatment</a></div> Decision to treat People with hairy cell leukemia who are symptom-free typically do not receive immediate treatment. Treatment is generally considered necessary when the person shows signs and symptoms such as low blood cell counts (e.g., infection-fighting neutrophil count below 1.0 K/μL), frequent infections, unexplained bruises, anemia, or fatigue that is significant enough to disrupt the person's everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Typical treatment approach People who need treatment usually receive either one week of <a href="/wiki/Cladribine" title="Cladribine">cladribine</a>, given daily by intravenous infusion or a simple injection under the skin, or six months of <a href="/wiki/Pentostatin" title="Pentostatin">pentostatin</a>, given every four weeks by intravenous infusion. In most cases, one round of treatment will produce a prolonged remission.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Other treatments include <a href="/wiki/Rituximab" title="Rituximab">rituximab</a> infusion or self-injection with <a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon-alpha">Interferon-alpha</a>. In limited cases, the person may benefit from <a href="/wiki/Splenectomy" title="Splenectomy">splenectomy</a> (removal of the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>). These treatments are not typically given as the first treatment because their success rates are lower than cladribine or pentostatin.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T-cell_prolymphocytic">T-cell prolymphocytic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: T-cell prolymphocytic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/T-cell_prolymphocytic_leukemia#Treatment" title="T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia">T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia § Treatment</a></div> Most people with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare and aggressive leukemia with a median survival of less than one year, require immediate treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11535503-75">[75]</a> T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is difficult to treat, and it does not respond to most available chemotherapeutic drugs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11535503-75">[75]</a> Many different treatments have been attempted, with limited success in certain people: <a href="/wiki/Purine_analogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Purine analogues">purine analogues</a> (pentostatin, fludarabine, cladribine), <a href="/wiki/Chlorambucil" title="Chlorambucil">chlorambucil</a>, and various forms of combination chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone <a href="/wiki/CHOP_(chemotherapy)" title="CHOP (chemotherapy)">CHOP</a>, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone [COP], vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin <a href="/wiki/VAPEC-B" class="mw-redirect" title="VAPEC-B">VAPEC-B</a>). <a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">Alemtuzumab</a> (Campath), a <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> that attacks white blood cells, has been used in treatment with greater success than previous options.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11535503-75">[75]</a> Some people who successfully respond to treatment also undergo <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell transplantation">stem cell transplantation</a> to consolidate the response.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11535503-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juvenile_myelomonocytic">Juvenile myelomonocytic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Juvenile myelomonocytic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Treatment for <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_myelomonocytic_leukemia" title="Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia">juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia</a> can include <a href="/wiki/Splenectomy" title="Splenectomy">splenectomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplantation">bone marrow transplantation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prognosis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person. Outcomes have improved in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-10">[10]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rate</a> is 65% in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a> In children under 15, the five-year survival rate is greater (60 to 85%), depending on the type of leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-ACS2014-13">[13]</a> In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years, the cancer is unlikely to return.<a href="#cite_note-ACS2014-13">[13]</a> Outcomes depend on whether it is acute or chronic, the specific abnormal white blood cell type, the presence and severity of <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a>, the degree of tissue abnormality, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph node</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> infiltration, the availability of therapies and the skills of the health care team. Treatment outcomes may be better when people are treated at larger centers with greater experience.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Epidemiology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/238px-Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/238px-Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" data-width="238" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/357px-Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/476px-Leukaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Deaths due to leukemia per million persons in 2012 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> 0–7</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 8–13</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 14–22</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 23–29</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 30–34</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 35–39</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 40–46</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 47–64</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 65–85</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> 86–132</div></div></figcaption></figure> In 2010, globally, approximately 281,500 people died of leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-Loz2012-78">[78]</a> In 2000, approximately 256,000 children and adults around the world developed a form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it.<a href="#cite_note-Numbers-79">[79]</a> This represents about 3% of the almost seven million deaths due to cancer that year, and about 0.35% of all deaths from any cause.<a href="#cite_note-Numbers-79">[79]</a> Of the sixteen separate sites the body compared, leukemia was the 12th most common class of <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplastic disease</a> and the 11th most common cause of cancer-related death.<a href="#cite_note-Numbers-79">[79]</a> Leukemia occurs more commonly in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> About 245,000 people in the United States are affected with some form of leukemia, including those that have achieved remission or cure. Rates from 1975 to 2011 have increased by 0.7% per year among children.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Approximately 44,270 new cases of leukemia were diagnosed in the year 2008 in the US.<a href="#cite_note-LLS-81">[81]</a> This represents 2.9% of all cancers (excluding simple basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers) in the United States, and 30.4% of all <a href="/wiki/Blood_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cancer">blood cancers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Among children with some form of cancer, about a third have a type of leukemia, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute lymphoblastic leukemia">acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LLS-81">[81]</a> A type of leukemia is the second most common form of cancer in infants (under the age of 12 months) and the most common form of cancer in older children.<a href="#cite_note-SEER1999-83">[83]</a> Boys are somewhat more likely to develop leukemia than girls, and white American children are almost twice as likely to develop leukemia than black American children.<a href="#cite_note-SEER1999-83">[83]</a> Only about 3% cancer diagnoses among adults are for leukemias, but because cancer is much more common among adults, more than 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults.<a href="#cite_note-LLS-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">Race</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factor (epidemiology)">risk factor</a> in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanics</a>, especially those under the age of 20, are at the highest risk for leukemia, while <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">whites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> are at higher risk than <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> More men than women are diagnosed with leukemia and die from the disease. Around 30 percent more men than women have leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Australia, leukemia is the eleventh most common cancer.<a href="#cite_note-CancerAustralia-86">[86]</a> In 2014–2018, Australians diagnosed with leukemia had a 64% chance (65% for males and 64% for females) of surviving for five years compared to the rest of the Australian population–there was a 21% increase in survival rates between 1989–1993.<a href="#cite_note-CancerAustralia-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK">UK</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: UK" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Overall, leukemia is the eleventh most common cancer in the UK (around 8,600 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and it is the ninth most common cause of cancer death (around 4,800 people died in 2012).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Virchow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of the upper body of a bespectacled man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rudolf_Virchow.jpg/220px-Rudolf_Virchow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 270px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rudolf_Virchow.jpg/220px-Rudolf_Virchow.jpg" data-alt="Photo of the upper body of a bespectacled man" data-width="220" data-height="270" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rudolf_Virchow.jpg/330px-Rudolf_Virchow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rudolf_Virchow.jpg/440px-Rudolf_Virchow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rudolf Virchow</figcaption></figure> Leukemia was first described by anatomist and surgeon <a href="/wiki/Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie_Velpeau" title="Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau">Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau</a> in 1827. A more complete description was given by pathologist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> in 1845. Around ten years after Virchow's findings, pathologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Christian_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Christian Neumann">Franz Ernst Christian Neumann</a> found that the bone marrow of a deceased person with leukemia was colored "dirty green-yellow" as opposed to the normal red. This finding allowed Neumann to conclude that a bone marrow problem was responsible for the abnormal blood of people with leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> By 1900, leukemia was viewed as a family of diseases as opposed to a single disease. By 1947, Boston pathologist <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Farber" title="Sidney Farber">Sidney Farber</a> believed from past experiments that <a href="/wiki/Aminopterin" title="Aminopterin">aminopterin</a>, a folic acid mimic, could potentially cure leukemia in children. The majority of the children with ALL who were tested showed signs of improvement in their bone marrow, but none of them were actually cured. Nevertheless, this result did lead to further experiments.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In 1962, researchers Emil J. Freireich, Jr. and Emil Frei III used combination chemotherapy to attempt to cure leukemia. The tests were successful with some people surviving long after the tests.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Observing an abnormally large number of white blood cells in a blood sample from a person, Virchow called the condition Leukämie in <a href="/wiki/German_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="German (language)">German</a>, which he formed from the two <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words leukos (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λευκός">λευκός</a>), meaning 'white', and haima (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BC%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:αἷμα">αἷμα</a>), meaning 'blood'.<a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus_2019-91">[91]</a> It was formerly also called leucemia.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-92">[92]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Society and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> According to <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a>, leukemia was often romanticized in 20th-century fiction, portrayed as a joy-ending, clean disease whose fair, innocent and gentle victims die young or at the wrong time. As such, it was the cultural successor to <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis#Folklore" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, which held this cultural position until it was discovered to be an infectious disease.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The 1970 romance novel <a href="/wiki/Love_Story_(novel)" title="Love Story (novel)">Love Story</a> is an example of this romanticization of leukemia.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In the United States, around $5.4 billion is spent on treatment a year.<a href="#cite_note-NCISnap2-95">[95]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Research_directions">Research directions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Research directions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Significant research into the causes, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of leukemia is being performed. Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical trials">clinical trials</a> are being planned or conducted at any given time.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Studies may focus on effective means of treatment, better ways of treating the disease, improving the quality of life for people, or appropriate care in <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a> or after cures.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In general, there are two types of leukemia research: clinical or <a href="/wiki/Translational_research" title="Translational research">translational research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a>. Clinical/translational research focuses on studying the disease in a defined and generally immediately applicable way, such as testing a new drug in people. By contrast, basic science research studies the disease process at a distance, such as seeing whether a suspected carcinogen can cause leukemic changes in isolated cells in the laboratory or how the DNA changes inside leukemia cells as the disease progresses. The results from basic research studies are generally less immediately useful to people with the disease.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Treatment through <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> is currently being pursued. One such approach used genetically modified <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Chimeric_antigen_receptor_T_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimeric antigen receptor T cell">chimeric antigen receptor T cells</a> (CAR-T cells), to attack cancer cells. In 2011, a year after treatment, two of the three people with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia were reported to be cancer-free<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and in 2013, three of five subjects who had acute lymphocytic leukemia were reported to be in remission for five months to two years.<a href="#cite_note-SloanKettering-100">[100]</a> Subsequent studies with a variety of CAR-T types continue to be promising.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> As of 2018, two CAR-T therapies have been approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. CAR-T treatment has significant side effects,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and loss of the <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> targeted by the CAR-T cells is a common mechanism for relapse.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> The stem cells that cause different types of leukemia are also being researched.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pregnancy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> Leukemia is rarely associated with pregnancy, affecting only about 1 in 10,000 pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-Shapira-104">[104]</a> How it is handled depends primarily on the type of leukemia. Nearly all leukemias appearing in pregnant women are acute leukemias.<a href="#cite_note-Koren-105">[105]</a> Acute leukemias normally require prompt, aggressive treatment, despite significant risks of <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">pregnancy loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">birth defects</a>, especially if chemotherapy is given during the developmentally sensitive <a href="/wiki/First_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="First trimester">first trimester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shapira-104">[104]</a> Chronic myelogenous leukemia can be treated with relative safety at any time during pregnancy with <a href="/wiki/Interferon-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon-alpha">Interferon-alpha</a> hormones.<a href="#cite_note-Shapira-104">[104]</a> Treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemias, which are rare in pregnant women, can often be postponed until after the end of the pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Shapira-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koren-105">[105]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_erythroid_leukemia" title="Acute erythroid leukemia">Acute erythroid leukemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antileukemic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antileukemic drug">Antileukemic drugs</a>, medications used to kill leukemia cells</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer-related_fatigue" title="Cancer-related fatigue">Cancer-related fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">Hematologic diseases</a>, the large class of blood-related disorders, including leukemia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2010: 160–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fasheducation-2010.1.160">10.1182/asheducation-2010.1.160</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21239787">21239787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21832575">21832575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hematology.+American+Society+of+Hematology.+Education+Program&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+and+commonly+used+drugs+in+hematology+practice&rft.volume=2010&rft.pages=160-5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21832575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21239787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1182%2Fasheducation-2010.1.160&rft.aulast=Koren&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Lishner%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1182%252Fasheducation-2010.1.160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeukemia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&oldid=1256727133">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&oldid=1256727133</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Leukemia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 11 November 2024, at 08:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemie" title="Leukemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leukemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="ابيضاض الدم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابيضاض الدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লিউকিমিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিউকিমিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leykoz" title="Leykoz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leykoz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قان سرطانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قان سرطانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লিউকেমিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিউকেমিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Лейкоз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лейкоз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Левкемия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Левкемия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemija" title="Leukemija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leukemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuc%C3%A8mia" title="Leucèmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leucèmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemie" title="Leukemie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leukemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwcemia" title="Liwcemia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Liwcemia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuk%C3%A6mi" title="Leukæmi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leukæmi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuk%C3%A4mie" title="Leukämie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leukämie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ލޭގެ ކެންސަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޭގެ ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukeemia" title="Leukeemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leukeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λευχαιμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευχαιμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%ADkemio" title="Leŭkemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leŭkemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuzemia" title="Leuzemia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leuzemia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="سرطان خون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان خون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuc%C3%A9mie" title="Leucémie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leucémie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoic%C3%A9ime" title="Leoicéime – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leoicéime" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%98%88%EB%B3%91" title="백혈병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백혈병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankaran_Bargo_(Leukemia)" title="Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լեյկեմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեյկեմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="रक्त का कैंसर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रक्त का कैंसर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemija" title="Leukemija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leukemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C3%ADtbl%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hvítblæði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvítblæði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="לוקמיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוקמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಲ್ಯೂಕೀಮಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲ್ಯೂಕೀಮಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლეიკემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეიკემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیوکیمِیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لیوکیمِیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Лейкоз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лейкоз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukemia" title="Lukemia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lukemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Лейкоз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лейкоз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuchaemia" title="Leuchaemia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leuchaemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leik%C4%93mija" title="Leikēmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leikēmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemija" title="Leukemija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leukemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuk%C3%A9mia" title="Leukémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leukémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Леукемија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леукемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="രക്താർബുദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്താർബുദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლეიკემია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეიკემია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لوكيميا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوكيميا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemie" title="Leukemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leukemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लिउकेमिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिउकेमिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白血病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemi" title="Leukemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leukemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemi" title="Leukemi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leukemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଲିଉକେମିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିଉକେମିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leykoz" title="Leykoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leykoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਖੂਨ ਦੇ ਕੈਂਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੂਨ ਦੇ ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="د وینې سرطان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د وینې سرطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuk%C3%A4mie" title="Leukämie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leukämie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82aczka" title="Białaczka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białaczka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemia" title="Leucemia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leucemia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucemie" title="Leucemie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leucemie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Левкемия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Левкемия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Лейкоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лейкоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Лейкемиа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лейкемиа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukoza" title="Leukoza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leukoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuk%C3%A9mia" title="Leukémia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leukémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levkemija" title="Levkemija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Levkemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="شێرپەنجەی خوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجەی خوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Леукемија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леукемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemija" title="Leukemija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leukemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemi" title="Leukemi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leukemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="இரத்தப் புற்றுநோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரத்தப் புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Лейкоз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лейкоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="లుకేమియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లుకేమియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="มะเร็งเม็ดเลือดขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็งเม็ดเลือดขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6semi" title="Lösemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lösemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Лейкоз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лейкоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="سرطان خون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرطان خون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghlwedhau" title="Binghlwedhau – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghlwedhau" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%A1_x%C3%AA_mi" title="Lơ xê mi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lơ xê mi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leukemia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白血病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="לאקימיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאקימיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%99%8C" title="血癌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="血癌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losemi" title="Losemi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Losemi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Leukemėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Leukemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="白血病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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