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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tree_planting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_planting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Tree planting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tree_planting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-August_1948_session_of_VASKhNIL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_1948_session_of_VASKhNIL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 August 1948 session of VASKhNIL </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_1948_session_of_VASKhNIL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_of_biologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_of_biologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Repression of biologists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_of_biologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_Lysenko's_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_Lysenko's_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Consequences of Lysenko's views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_Lysenko's_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 After Stalin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lysenko's_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lysenko's_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Lysenko's theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lysenko's_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lysenko's theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lysenko's_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"The_influence_of_the_thermal_factor_on_the_duration_of_plant_development_phases"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_influence_of_the_thermal_factor_on_the_duration_of_plant_development_phases""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 "The influence of the thermal factor on the duration of plant development phases" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_influence_of_the_thermal_factor_on_the_duration_of_plant_development_phases"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vernalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Vernalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_stage_development_of_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_stage_development_of_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Theory of stage development of plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_stage_development_of_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer_potato_planting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer_potato_planting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Summer potato planting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer_potato_planting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sowing_over_stover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sowing_over_stover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Sowing over stover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sowing_over_stover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inheritance_of_acquired_traits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance_of_acquired_traits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Inheritance of acquired traits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inheritance_of_acquired_traits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Honours and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Trofim Lysenko</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" > 46 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="تروفيم ليسينكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تروفيم ليسينكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_L%C4%B1senko" title="Trofim Lısenko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trofim Lısenko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تروفیم لیسنکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تروفیم لیسنکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трафім Дзянісавіч Лысенка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трафім Дзянісавіч Лысенка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Трофим Лисенко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трофим Лисенко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lisenko" title="Trofim Lisenko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trofim Lisenko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lissenko" title="Trofim Lissenko – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trofim Lissenko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Denissowitsch_Lyssenko" title="Trofim Denissowitsch Lyssenko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trofim Denissowitsch Lyssenko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_L%C3%B5ssenko" title="Trofim Lõssenko – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trofim Lõssenko" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lisenko" title="Trofim Lisenko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trofim Lisenko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تروفیم لیسنکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تروفیم لیسنکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lyssenko" title="Trofim Lyssenko – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trofim Lyssenko" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Denisovich_Lysenko" title="Trofim Denisovich Lysenko – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trofim Denisovich Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%95%8C_%EB%A6%AC%EC%84%BC%EC%BD%94" title="트로핌 리센코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트로핌 리센코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Denisovich_Lisenko" title="Trofim Denisovich Lisenko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Trofim Denisovich Lisenko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Denisovi%C4%8D_Lysenko" title="Trofim Denisovič Lysenko – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trofim Denisovič Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95" title="טרופים ליסנקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרופים ליסנקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Лысенко Трофим Денисович – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лысенко Трофим Денисович" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofimas_Lysenka" title="Trofimas Lysenka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trofimas Lysenka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Gyenyiszovics_Liszenko" title="Trofim Gyenyiszovics Liszenko – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trofim Gyenyiszovics Liszenko" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Denissovitch_Lyssenko" title="Trofim Denissovitch Lyssenko – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Trofim Denissovitch Lyssenko" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="ത്രൊഫിം ലിസെൻകോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ത്രൊഫിം ലിസെൻകോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ტროფიმ ლისენკო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტროფიმ ლისენკო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88" title="تروفيم ليسينكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تروفيم ليسينكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3" title="トロフィム・ルイセンコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トロフィム・ルイセンコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_%C5%81ysenko" title="Trofim Łysenko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trofim Łysenko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_L%C3%AEsenko" title="Trofim Lîsenko – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trofim Lîsenko" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Лысенко, Трофим Денисович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лысенко, Трофим Денисович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Denisovi%C4%8D_Lysenko" title="Trofim Denisovič Lysenko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trofim Denisovič Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Denisovi%C4%8D_Lisenko" title="Trofim Denisovič Lisenko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trofim Denisovič Lisenko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Трофим Лисенко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трофим Лисенко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trofim Lysenko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_L%C4%B1senko" title="Trofim Lısenko – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trofim Lısenko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Denisovich and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Lysenko.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Trofim Lysenko</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru">Трофим Лысенко</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Trofim_Lysenko_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trofim_Lysenko_portrait.jpg/220px-Trofim_Lysenko_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trofim_Lysenko_portrait.jpg/330px-Trofim_Lysenko_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trofim_Lysenko_portrait.jpg/440px-Trofim_Lysenko_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1060" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Lysenko in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Trofim Denisovich Lysenko</div> (1898-09-29)29 September 1898 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Karlivka" title="Karlivka">Karlovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now Karlivka, <a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1976(1976-11-20) (aged 78) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Agricultural_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev Agricultural Institute">Kiev Agricultural Institute</a> (1925) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uman_Agropolytechnicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uman Agropolytechnicum (page does not exist)">Uman Agropolytechnicum</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Уманский национальный университет садоводства">ru</a>] (1921)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li>Rejecting <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">Vernalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> x8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Labour_Valour%22" title="Medal "For Labour Valour"">Medal "For Labour Valour"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin%22" title="Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"">Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Valiant_Labour_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_800th_Anniversary_of_Moscow%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">Stalin Prize</a> x3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artavazd_Avakyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artavazd Avakyan (page does not exist)">Artavazd Avakyan</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Авакян, Артавазд Аршакович">ru</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Kononkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Kononkov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Kononkov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Кононков, Пётр Фёдорович">ru</a>]</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_Lysenko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1943_Lysenko.jpg/150px-1943_Lysenko.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1943_Lysenko.jpg/225px-1943_Lysenko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/1943_Lysenko.jpg/300px-1943_Lysenko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="273" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Трофи́м Дени́сович Лысе́нко; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Трохи́м Дени́сович Лисе́нко, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Trokhym Denysovych Lysenko, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[troˈxɪm deˈnɪsowɪtʃ lɪˈsɛnko]</a>; 29 September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 17 September] 1898 – 20 November 1976) was a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Agronomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomist">agronomist</a> and scientist.<a href="#cite_note-role-in-russian-science-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> He was a strong proponent of <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>, and rejected <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> in favour of his own idiosyncratic, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> ideas later termed <a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 1940, Lysenko became director of the Institute of Genetics of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a>, and he used his political influence and power to suppress dissenting opinions and discredit, marginalize, and imprison his critics, elevating his anti-Mendelian theories to state-sanctioned doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-Warheroes-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SRSU-8">[8]</a> Soviet scientists who refused to renounce genetics were dismissed from their posts and left destitute. Hundreds if not thousands of others were imprisoned. Several were sentenced to death as <a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the state">enemies of the state</a>, including the botanist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a>, whose sentence was commuted to prison.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-9">[9]</a> Lysenko's ideas and practices contributed to the famines that killed millions of Soviet people;<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-9">[9]</a> the adoption of his methods from 1958 in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> had similarly calamitous results, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a> of 1959 to 1961.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_study">Early life and study</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and study">edit</a>]</div> The son of Denis Nikanorovich and Oksana Fominichna Lysenko, Trofim Lysenko was born into a peasant family of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> ethnicity in the village of <a href="/wiki/Karlivka" title="Karlivka">Karlovka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poltava_Governorate" title="Poltava Governorate">Poltava Governorate</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Poltava_Oblast" title="Poltava Oblast">Poltava Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) on 29 September 1898.<a href="#cite_note-Warheroes-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> The family later welcomed two sons and a daughter.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> Lysenko learned to read and write only at the age of 13.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1913, after graduating from a two-year rural school, he entered the lower school of horticulture in <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a>. In 1917, he entered and in 1921 he graduated from the secondary school of horticulture in <a href="/wiki/Uman" title="Uman">Uman</a> (now the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uman_National_University_of_Horticulture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uman National University of Horticulture (page does not exist)">Uman National University of Horticulture</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Уманский национальный университет садоводства">ru</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Lysenko's period of study in Uman coincided with the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>: the city was captured by <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> troops, then by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rada" title="Central Rada">Central Ukrainian Rada</a>. In February 1918, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviet</a> power was proclaimed in Uman, after which until 1920 the city periodically passed into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">white</a> armies.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> In 1922, Lysenko entered the Kiev Agricultural Institute (now the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Life_and_Environmental_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine">National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> During his studies, he worked at the <a href="/wiki/Bila_Tserkva" title="Bila Tserkva">Belotserkovsk</a> experimental station as a <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">garden plant breeder</a>. In 1923, he published his first scientific works: "Techniques and methods of tomato selection at the Belotserkovskaya selection station" and "Grafting of sugar beets."<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> Lysenko graduated from the institute with a degree in agronomy in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_in_Azerbaijan">Work in Azerbaijan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work in Azerbaijan">edit</a>]</div> In October 1925, Lysenko was sent to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, to a breeding station in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> The Ganja breeding station was part of the staff of the All-Union Institute of Applied Botany and New Crops (now the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Plant_Industry" title="Institute of Plant Industry">Institute of Plant Industry</a>), created in 1925, which was headed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a>. The director of the station at that time was Nikolai Derevitsky, a specialist in mathematical statistics in agronomy. Derevitsky set Lysenko the task of <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introducing</a> <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume crops</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lupinus" title="Lupinus">lupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lathyrus" title="Lathyrus">peavine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicia" title="Vicia">vetch</a>) into Azerbaijan, which could solve the problem of starvation of livestock in early spring, as well as increasing soil fertility when plowing these crops in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> Vavilov had done experiments on converting winter wheat into spring wheat. It was Vavilov who initially supported Lysenko and encouraged him in his work.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the article, Pravda correspondent Vitaly Fedorovich described his first impression of the meeting with Lysenko:<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">If you judge a person by first impression, then this Lysenko will leave you with a feeling of toothache - God bless him, he is a sad-looking person. And he is stingy with his words, and insignificant in face - all I remember is his gloomy eye, crawling along the ground with such an air as if, at least, he was going to kill someone.</blockquote> Lysenko had a difficult time trying to grow various crops (such as peas and wheat) through the harsh winters. However, when he announced success, he was praised in the Soviet newspaper <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> for his claims to have discovered a method to fertilize fields without using fertilizers or minerals, and to have shown that a winter crop of <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a> could be grown in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, "turning the barren fields of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasus</a> green in winter, so that cattle will not perish from poor feeding, and the peasant Turk will live through the winter without trembling for tomorrow."<a href="#cite_note-LA-14">[14]</a> Soon, Lysenko married one of the interns who trained under him, Alexandra Baskova. During the same period, breeder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donat_Dolgushin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donat Dolgushin (page does not exist)">Donat Dolgushin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Долгушин, Донат Александрович">ru</a>], a future academic and supporter of Lysenko, began working with Lysenko.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif/310px-Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif" decoding="async" width="310" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif/465px-Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Lysenko_with_Stalin.gif 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Lysenko speaking at <a href="/wiki/The_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kremlin">the Kremlin</a> in 1935. Behind him are <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrei Andreyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.</figcaption></figure> Lysenko worked with different wheat crops to try to convert them to grow in different seasons. Another area Lysenko found himself interested in was the effect of heat on plant growth. He believed that every plant needed a determinate amount of heat throughout its lifetime. He attempted to correlate the time and the amount of heat required by a particular plant to go through various phases of development. To get his data he looked at the amount of growth, how many days went by, and the temperature on those days, instead of measuring any actual <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>. In trying to determine the effects, he was making mistakes in statistical analysis of data. He was confronted by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Maximov_(physiologist)" title="Nikolai Maximov (physiologist)">Nikolai Maximov</a>, who was an expert on thermal plant development. Lysenko did not take well to this or any criticism. After this encounter, Lysenko boldly claimed that mathematics had no place in biology.<a href="#cite_note-LA-14">[14]</a> His experimental research in improved crop yields earned him the support of the Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921">famine</a> and loss of productivity resulting from crop failures and <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the USSR">forced collectivization</a> in several regions of the Soviet Union in the early 1930s. Lysenko considered how he might use his work to convert <a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">winter wheat</a> into spring wheat. In 1927, Lysenko embarked on the research that would lead to his 1928 paper on vernalization, which drew wide attention because of its potential practical implications for <a href="/wiki/Soviet_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet agriculture">Soviet agriculture</a>. Severe cold and lack of winter snow had destroyed many early winter-wheat seedlings. By treating <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> seeds with moisture as well as cold, Lysenko induced them to bear a crop when planted in spring. Lysenko coined the term "Jarovization" (яровизация) to describe this chilling process, which he used to make the seeds of winter cereals behave like spring cereals. (Because spring cereals are called Jarovoe in Russian – from jarovój, an archaic adjective meaning spring, especially in relation to crops). However, this method had already been known by farmers since the 1800s, and had been discussed in detail by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Gassner" title="Gustav Gassner">Gustav Gassner</a> in 1918. Lysenko himself translated Jarovization as "vernalization" (from the Latin vernum meaning Spring).<a href="#cite_note-Graham-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Lysenko's claims for increased yields were based on plantings over a few hectares, and he believed that the vernalized transformation could be inherited, that the offspring of a vernalized plant would themselves possess the capabilities of the generation that preceded it – that it too would be able to withstand harsh winters or imperfect weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_in_Odessa">Work in Odessa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work in Odessa">edit</a>]</div> In October 1929, Lysenko was invited by the People's Commissariat of Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, to the newly formed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Breeding_and_Genetics_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breeding and Genetics Institute (page does not exist)">Breeding and Genetics Institute</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:Селекционно-генетический институт">ru</a>] (later the All-Union Breeding and Genetics Institute, or VSGI) where he headed the laboratory for vernalization of plants.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> People's Commissar of Agriculture of the Ukrainian SSR <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schlichter" title="Alexander Schlichter">Alexander Schlichter</a> reacted to Lysenko's ideas with enthusiasm and actively supported him.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> On 17 April 1936, he was appointed director of the VSGI.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> In September 1931, the All-Ukrainian Breeding Conference adopted a resolution on a report by Lysenko, in which he noted the theoretical and practical significance of his work on vernalization. In October of the same year, a similar resolution was adopted by the All-Union Conference on Combating Drought.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> In 1933, he began experiments on summer planting potatoes in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> In 1934, he was elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Michurin_(biologist)" title="Ivan Michurin (biologist)">Ivan Michurin</a>, speaking about the results of his scientific activities in his book Results of Sixty Years of Work, mentioned Lysenko’s activities in studying the <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">photoperiodism</a> of field cereals.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> On 30 December 1935, Lysenko was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> and elected a full member of the <a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Odessa_and_first_confrontation_with_geneticists">After Odessa and first confrontation with geneticists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After Odessa and first confrontation with geneticists">edit</a>]</div> In August 1936, at a visiting session of the grain section of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences in <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, Lysenko made a report "On intravarietal crossing of self-pollinating plants," in which he entered into a discussion with Vavilov and other geneticists. In this discussion, Lysenko denied both the general theoretical views of his opponents and their practical implementation in breeding work. In particular, Lysenko denied the method of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> field crops.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The discussion continued on 23 December 1936 at the 4th session of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, where Lysenko made a report "On two directions in genetics" (published in the collection Agrobiology by Lysenko). Lysenko, together with Isaak Prezent, referred to the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Timiryazev" title="Kliment Timiryazev">Kliment Timiryazev</a> on the issue of degeneration of self-pollinating plants and the usefulness of intra-varietal cross-pollination of plants.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> In the spring of 1937, the journal Yarovizatsiya, founded and edited by Lysenko, published a speech by the head of the agricultural department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Yakovlev" title="Yakov Yakovlev">Yakov Yakovlev</a> (No. 2), where Vavilov's theory of homological series of plant variability and the chromosomal theory of heredity were sharply criticized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196955-21">[21]</a> The scientific discussion on genetics in the Soviet Union was transformed into a political struggle against "the enemies of the people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196952-22">[22]</a> Issue 3 of Yarovizatsiya published an article by Prezent, in which he accused geneticists of the classical school of supporting the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Trotskyist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Bukharinist</a> opposition, and an article by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Kohl (page does not exist)">Alexander Kohl</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Александр Карлович Коль">ru</a>] that accused Vavilov of being a reactionary saboteur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196953-23">[23]</a> The 7th International Genetic Congress in Moscow in 1937 was canceled and instead took place in 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196952-22">[22]</a> On 11 January 1938, the newspaper Sotszemledeliye published an article titled “Improve the Academy of Agricultural Sciences: Ruthlessly uproot enemies and their rumps from scientific institutions,” where Vavilov, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Zavadovsky" title="Mikhail Zavadovsky">Mikhail Zavadovsky</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Konstantinov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Konstantinov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Konstantinov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Константинов, Пётр Никифорович">ru</a>] were indicated as accomplices of the enemies of the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196959-24">[24]</a> In 1938, Lysenko became president of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196958-25">[25]</a> At the beginning of 1939, Yarovizatsiya published an article by Prezent "On pseudoscientific theories and genetics", in which Prezent compared the works of Vavilov with those of the anti-Marxist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Eugen_D%C3%BChring" title="Eugen Dühring">Eugen Dühring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196959-24">[24]</a> In the same year, the journal Pod znamenem marksizma held a discussion on genetics. At the conclusion of this discussion, its organizer, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mitin" title="Mark Mitin">Mark Mitin</a>, sharply criticized the activities of Vavilov.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196971-26">[26]</a> In 1939, According to official data, by changing the agricultural technology of millet, Lysenko increased the yield of millet from 2-3 to 15 centners per hectare.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> On 13 December 1942, at a session of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lysenko argued that "in 1940, millet on millions of hectares had already become the highest-yielding grain crop" and called for "a turn towards millet." Lysenko proposed a system of spring cultivation for grain, which made it possible to clear the soil of weeds before sowing, and then sow with vernalized seeds.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In mid-1940, by Lysenko's order, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> employee S. N. Shundenko was appointed deputy director of the All-Union Research Institute of Plant Industry, despite the categorical protest of Vavilov, who wrote denunciations of the institute's workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196977-28">[28]</a> In August 1940, Vavilov was arrested; following this, Vavilov's employees and friends, <a href="/wiki/Georgii_Karpechenko" title="Georgii Karpechenko">Georgii Karpechenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Levitsky" title="Grigory Levitsky">Grigory Levitsky</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Govorov_(scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Govorov (scientist) (page does not exist)">Leonid Govorov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Говоров, Леонид Ипатьевич">ru</a>], and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Flaksberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Flaksberger (page does not exist)">Konstantin Flaksberger</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Фляксбергер, Константин Андреевич">ru</a>], were arrested and died in custody.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196977-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree_planting">Tree planting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tree planting">edit</a>]</div> As part of Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature</a>, Lysenko was involved in advising tree planting. He suggested that planting of trees need to be done in "nests". He claimed that when trees were planted at high densities their survival improved because they fought together against weeds and pooled their energy to benefit one shoot while sacrificing others in the nest. To encourage oak seedlings to fight collectively he had a central hole and found holes around them.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> During World War II, Lysenko, along with many biologists, was evacuated to Omsk, where he continued to work on agricultural technology for grain crops and potatoes. From 1942, Lysenko was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Atrocities of the German Fascist Invaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On 22 March 1943, Lysenko received the <a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">Stalin Prize</a> of the first degree "for the scientific development and introduction into agriculture of a method of planting potatoes with the tops of food tubers."<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> On 3 June 1943, at a ceremonial meeting of the Soviet Academy of Sciences dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Kliment Timiryazev, Lysenko made a report: "K. A. Timiryazev and the tasks of our agrobiology."<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1943, the first edition of Lysenko's collection was published, titled Agrobiology: Work on genetics, breeding and seed production.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> On 10 June 1945, Lysenko was awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Socialist Labor">Hero of Socialist Labor</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>, "for outstanding services in the development of agricultural science and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops, especially potatoes and millet."<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> On 10 September 1945, Lysenko was awarded the Order of Lenin "for the successful completion of the government's task in difficult war conditions to provide the front and the country’s population with food, and industry with agricultural raw materials."<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war">edit</a>]</div> In 1946, Lysenko wrote an article titled "Genetics" for the 3rd edition of the Agricultural Encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> The article extensive quoted and criticized <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a>'s article "Heredity," published in the United States in 1945 in the American Encyclopedia, and describes features of "Michurinist genetics." The article was included in the Agrobiology collection. A similar article was published in the second edition of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="August_1948_session_of_VASKhNIL">August 1948 session of VASKhNIL</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: August 1948 session of VASKhNIL">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1948-VASHNIL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1948-VASHNIL.jpg/220px-1948-VASHNIL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1948-VASHNIL.jpg/330px-1948-VASHNIL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1948-VASHNIL.jpg/440px-1948-VASHNIL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Verbatim report of the 1948 VASKhNIL session</figcaption></figure> On 10 April 1948, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Zhdanov" title="Yuri Zhdanov">Yuri Zhdanov</a>, who considered the complaints of scientists against Lysenko, made a report at the Polytechnic Museum at a seminar of regional party committee lecturers on the topic "Controversial issues of modern Darwinism." Lysenko himself listened to the Zhdanov's critical speech over a loudspeaker in another room, since he was denied a ticket to the report.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> From 31 July to 7 August 1948, a Session of the <a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a> (VASKhNIL) took place, at which most of the speakers supported Lysenko’s biological views and pointed to the "practical successes" of specialists of the "Michurinist movement."<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-washniil-34">[34]</a> At the session, Lysenko presented erroneous views on genetics (denial of <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance#Law_of_Segregation_of_genes" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendel's law of segregation</a>, denial of immutable "genes"), as well as politicized statements addressed to opponents (for example, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a>'s genetics was credited with justifying racism, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, and serving the interests of the militaristic <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> class).<a href="#cite_note-washniil-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> During the early and mid twentieth century the Soviet Union went through war and revolution. Political oppression caused tension within the state but also promoted the flourishing of science: this was possible due to the flow of resources and demand for results. Lysenko aimed to manipulate various plants such as wheat and peas to increase their production, quality, and quantity, while impressing political officials with his success in motivating peasants to return to farming.<a href="#cite_note-LR-35">[35]</a> The Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Kulak#Dekulakization" title="Kulak">collectivist reforms</a> forced the confiscation of agricultural landholdings from peasant farmers and heavily damaged the country's overall food production, and the dispossessed peasant farmers posed new problems for the regime. Many had abandoned the farms altogether; many more waged resistance to collectivization by poor work quality and pilfering. The dislocated and disenchanted peasant farmers were a major political concern to the USSR's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Lysenko became prominent during this period by advocating radical but unproven agricultural methods, and also promising that the new methods provided wider opportunities for year-round work in agriculture. He proved himself very useful to the Soviet leadership by reengaging peasants to return to work, helping to secure from them a personal stake in the overall success of the Soviet revolutionary experiment.<a href="#cite_note-LR-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysenko_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lysenko_image.svg/440px-Lysenko_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lysenko_image.svg/660px-Lysenko_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lysenko_image.svg/880px-Lysenko_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of Genetics and Science in the Soviet Union</figcaption></figure> Lysenko's success at encouraging farmers to return to working their lands impressed Stalin, who also approved of Lysenko's peasant background, as Stalin claimed to stand with the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>. By the late 1920s, the USSR's leaders had given their support to Lysenko. This support was a consequence, in part, of policies put in place by the Communist Party to rapidly promote members of the proletariat into leadership positions in agriculture, science and industry. Party officials were looking for promising candidates with backgrounds similar to Lysenko's: born of a peasant family, lacking formal academic training or affiliations to the academic community.<a href="#cite_note-NK-37">[37]</a> Due to his close partnership with Stalin, Lysenko acquired an influence over genetics in the Soviet Union during the early and mid-20th century. Lysenko eventually became the director of Genetics for the Academy of Sciences in 1940, which gave him even more control over genetics.<a href="#cite_note-SRSU-8">[8]</a> He remained in the position for more than two decades, throughout the reigns of Stalin and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, until he was relieved of his duties in 1965. Outside the Soviet Union, scientists spoke critically: British biologist <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harland" title="Sydney Harland">S. C. Harland</a> lamented that Lysenko was "completely ignorant of the elementary principles of genetics and plant physiology" (<a href="/wiki/Bertram_Wolfe" title="Bertram Wolfe">Bertram Wolfe</a>, 2017). Criticism from foreigners did not sit well with Lysenko, who loathed Western "bourgeois" scientists and denounced them as tools of imperialist oppressors. He especially detested the American-born practice of studying <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">fruit flies</a>, the workhorse of modern genetics. He called such geneticists "fly lovers and people haters".<a href="#cite_note-Harman_2003-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repression_of_biologists">Repression of biologists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Repression of biologists">edit</a>]</div> In the spring of 1937, shortly after Stalin's report at the March plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the shortcomings of party work and measures to eliminate Trotskyists and other double-dealers," Lysenko and his supporters, including Isaak Prezent and Alexander Kohl, began their campaign against geneticists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196952-22">[22]</a> accusing them of colluding with the anti-Stalinist opposition and reactionary sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedvedev196953-23">[23]</a> During the 1930s and '40s, the V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (<a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">VASKhNIL</a>) served as a floor for debate between <a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneticists" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneticists">geneticists</a>. On 7 August 1948, at the end of a week-long session organized by Lysenko and approved by Stalin,<a href="#cite_note-Borinskaya_Ermolaev_2019-39">[39]</a> the VASKhNIL announced that from that point on Lysenkoism would be taught as "the only correct theory." Soviet scientists were forced to denounce any work that contradicted Lysenko.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Prezent accused the geneticists, whom Lysenko and supporters termed "<a href="/wiki/August_Weismann" title="August Weismann">Weismannists</a>-Mendelists-Morganists", of ideological unreliability. At the 1948 VASKhNIL session, Prezent said:<a href="#cite_note-washniil-34">[34]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We are encouraged to debate here. We will not discuss with the Morganists, we will continue to expose them as representatives of a harmful and ideologically alien movement, brought to us from foreign countries, pseudoscientific in its essence.</blockquote> Several geneticists who refused to denounce the theory were executed (including <a href="/wiki/Izrail_Agol" title="Izrail Agol">Izrail Agol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Levit" title="Solomon Levit">Solomon Levit</a>, Grigorii Levitskii, <a href="/wiki/Georgii_Karpechenko" title="Georgii Karpechenko">Georgii Karpechenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgii_Nadson" title="Georgii Nadson">Georgii Nadson</a>) or sent to <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>. One prominent critic of Lysenko, the famous Soviet geneticist and president of the Agriculture Academy, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a>, was arrested in 1940 and died in prison in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Before the 1930s, the Soviet Union had arguably the best genetics community. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Sam_Kean" title="Sam Kean">Sam Kean</a>, "Lysenko gutted it, and by some accounts, set Russian <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a> back a half-century".<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-9">[9]</a> Lysenko's work was eventually recognized as fraudulent by some, "but not before he had wrecked the lives of many and destroyed the reputation of Russian biology" according to scientist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gluckman" title="Peter Gluckman">Peter Gluckman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_of_Lysenko's_views">Consequences of Lysenko's views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consequences of Lysenko's views">edit</a>]</div> Lysenko forced farmers to plant seeds very close together since, according to his "law of the life of species", plants from the same "class" never compete with one another.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-9">[9]</a> Lysenko played an active role in the famines that killed millions of Soviet people and his practices prolonged and exacerbated the food shortages.<a href="#cite_note-atlantic-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> adopted his methods starting in 1958, with calamitous results, contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a> of 1959 to 1962, in which some 15–55 million people died.<a href="#cite_note-51">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Stalin">After Stalin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After Stalin">edit</a>]</div> In 1955, an attempt was made to disempower Lysenko, with a letter signed by more than three hundred scientists, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Letter_of_three_hundred" title="Letter of three hundred">Letter of three hundred</a>", which was sent to <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. It led to Lysenko resigning temporarily but he returned to power through Khruschev's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Though Lysenko remained at his post in the Institute of Genetics until 1965, his influence on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Soviet agricultural practice</a> had declined after the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">death of Stalin</a> in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Lysenko retained his position, with the support of the new leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. However, mainstream scientists re-emerged and found new willingness within Soviet government leadership to tolerate criticism of Lysenko, the first opportunity since the late 1920s. In 1962, three of the most prominent Soviet physicists, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Yakov Zeldovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a>, presented a case against Lysenko, proclaiming his work as pseudoscience. They also denounced Lysenko's application of political power to silence opposition and eliminate his opponents within the scientific community. These denunciations occurred during a period of structural upheaval in Soviet government, during which the major institutions were purged of the strictly ideological and political machinations which had controlled the work of the Soviet Union's scientific community for several decades under Stalin. In 1964, physicist <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> spoke out against Lysenko in the General Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences of the USSR</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He is responsible for the shameful backwardness of Soviet biology and of genetics in particular, for the dissemination of pseudo-scientific views, for adventurism, for the degradation of learning, and for the defamation, firing, arrest, even death, of many genuine scientists.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></blockquote> The Soviet press was soon filled with anti-Lysenkoite articles and appeals for the restoration of scientific methods to all fields of biology and agricultural science. In 1965,<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Lysenko was removed from his post as director of the Institute of Genetics at the Academy of Sciences and restricted to an experimental farm in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin Hills">Lenin Hills</a> (the Institute itself was soon dissolved). After <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev#Removal" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev's dismissal in 1964</a>, the president of the Academy of Sciences declared that Lysenko's immunity to criticism had officially ended. An expert commission was sent to investigate records kept at Lysenko's experimental farm. His secretive methods and ideas were revealed. A few months later, a devastating critique of Lysenko was made public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoravsky1986184-57">[56]</a> Consequently, Lysenko was immediately disgraced in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.JPG/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.JPG/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Lysenko's grave at the <a href="/wiki/Kuntsevo_Cemetery" title="Kuntsevo Cemetery">Kuntsevo Cemetery</a> in Moscow</figcaption></figure> After Lysenko's monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a> had ended, it took many years for these sciences to recover in Russia. Lysenko died in Moscow in 1976, and was ultimately interred in the Kuntsevo Cemetery,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> although the Soviet government refused to announce Lysenko's death for two days after the event<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> and gave his passing only a small note in <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lysenko's_theories">Lysenko's theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lysenko's theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg/330px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg/495px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg/660px-Darwin%27s_Pangenesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Lysenko proposed an influence of the body on inheritance similar to Darwin's <a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">pangenesis</a> theory, that every part of the body emits tiny gemmules which migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> and are transferred to offspring. Gemmules were thought to develop into their associated body parts as offspring matures. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Lysenko rejected <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian genetic inheritance</a> theory in favour of his own logic, which he termed "Michurinist genetics". He believed <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>'s theory to be too reactionary or idealist. Lysenko's ideas were a mixture of his own, those of Russian agronomist <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vladimirovich_Michurin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin">Ivan Michurin</a>, and of other Soviet scientists.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-63">[62]</a> Through this mixture of ideas, Lysenko founded the "Michurinist doctrine".<a href="#cite_note-:1a-63">[62]</a> The core ideas are that body cells (the soma) determine the quality of an organism's offspring; every part of the body contributes to the germ cells, in the manner of Darwin's theory of <a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">pangenesis</a>, though Lysenko denied any such connection.<a href="#cite_note-Leone_1952-64">[63]</a> These ideas were not directly derived from established biological theories such as Mendelian genetics, <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a>. He shaped his genetic concepts to support the simple practical purpose of breeding and improving crops. His ideas were also shaped to disprove other claims made by his fellow geneticists. His ideas and genetic claims later began to be termed "Lysenkoism". He claimed that his ideas were not associated with Lamarckism, but there are similarities between the two ideas, such as a belief in the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_of_acquired_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance of acquired characteristics">inheritance of acquired characteristics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leone_1952-64">[63]</a> Some of Lysenko's ideas can also seem to be <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalistic</a>. He claimed that plants are self-sacrificing—they do not die due to a lack of sunlight or moisture but so that healthy ones may live and when they die they deposit themselves over the growing roots to help the new generation survive.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lysenkoist_Vegetative_Hybridisation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lysenkoist_Vegetative_Hybridisation.svg/170px-Lysenkoist_Vegetative_Hybridisation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lysenkoist_Vegetative_Hybridisation.svg/255px-Lysenkoist_Vegetative_Hybridisation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lysenkoist_Vegetative_Hybridisation.svg/340px-Lysenkoist_Vegetative_Hybridisation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>One of several unsubstantiated <a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoist</a> claims: vegetative hybridisation. The mechanism would imply an unobserved Lamarckian effect of scion on stock when a fruit tree is grafted.<a href="#cite_note-Leone_1952-64">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> Lysenko believed that in one generation of a <a href="/wiki/Hybridisation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridisation (biology)">hybridized</a> crop, the desired individual could be selected, mated again and continue to produce the same desired product, not worrying about separation/segregation in future breeds. For that to work, he had to assume that after a lifetime of developing (acquiring) the best set of traits to survive, those were passed down to the next generation.<a href="#cite_note-LA-14">[14]</a> That assumption disregarded the potential for variation or mutation. Lysenko did not believe in <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> and only spoke about them to say that they did not exist. He instead believed that any body, once alive, obtained heredity. That meant that the entirety of the body was able to pass on the hereditary information of that organism, and was not entirely dependent on a special element such as DNA or genes.<a href="#cite_note-LA-14">[14]</a> That puzzled biologists at that time because it went against established notions of heredity and inheritance. It also contradicted the Mendelian principles that most biologists had been using to base their ideas on.<a href="#cite_note-Graham,_Loren_1998-65">[64]</a> Most scientists believed that Lysenko's ideas were not credible, because they did not truly explain the mechanisms of inheritance. Biologists now consider that his beliefs are pseudo-scientific, with little relationship to genetics.<a href="#cite_note-LA-14">[14]</a> Lysenko argued that there is not only <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutual assistance</a> among individuals within a species, and that mutual assistance also exists between different species. According to Lysenko, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The organism and the conditions required for its life are an inseparable unity. Different living bodies require different environmental conditions for their development. By studying these requirements we come to know the qualitative features of the nature of organisms, the qualitative features of heredity. Heredity is the property of a living body to require definite conditions for its life and development and to respond in a definite way to various conditions.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></blockquote> Another of Lysenko's theories was that obtaining more milk from cows did not depend on their genetics but on how they were treated. The better they were handled and taken care of, the more milk would be obtained; Lysenko and his followers were well known for taking very good care of their livestock.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Lysenko claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a> was born when young birds such as warblers were fed hairy caterpillars by the parent (rather than host) birds; this claim failed to recognise that the cuckoos he described were <a href="/wiki/Brood_parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Brood parasites">brood parasites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoravsky1986398-68">[67]</a> Lysenkoites believed that fertilization was not random, but that there was specific selection of the best mate. For reasons like these, Lysenkoism can be viewed as pseudo-scientific. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended, Lysenko took an interest in the works of <a href="/wiki/Olga_Lepeshinskaya_(biologist)" title="Olga Lepeshinskaya (biologist)">Olga Lepeshinskaya</a>, an older <a href="/wiki/Feldsher" title="Feldsher">feldsher</a> and biologist, who claimed to be able to create cells from egg yolk and non-cellular matter. Lepeshinskaya recognized common ground between her ideas and Lysenko's. By combining both of their ideas it was possible to proclaim that cells could grow from non-cellular material and that the predicted ratios of Mendelian genetics and <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> were incorrect, thus undermining the basis of modern <a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">cytology</a>, as well as genetics.<a href="#cite_note-LA-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_influence_of_the_thermal_factor_on_the_duration_of_plant_development_phases"">"The influence of the thermal factor on the duration of plant development phases"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "The influence of the thermal factor on the duration of plant development phases"">edit</a>]</div> In Ganja, Lysenko began work on studying the <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a> of agricultural plants (<a href="/wiki/Gossypium" title="Gossypium">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avena" title="Avena">oats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">barley</a>). For two years, Lysenko experimented with the timing of sowing grain, cotton and other plants, sowing plants at intervals of 10 days. Based on the results of these studies, in 1928, he published a large work, "The influence of the thermal factor on the duration of plant development phases."<a href="#cite_note-Voinov-10">[10]</a> Of the 169 pages of the work, 110 contained tables with primary data. The mathematical processing of the data was carried out by Nikolai Derevitsky and I. Yu. Staroselsky.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> In this work, Lysenko came to the conclusion that each phase of plants ("the following phases were recorded: sowing-watering, germination, <a href="/wiki/Tiller_(botany)" title="Tiller (botany)">tillering</a>, booting, heading, <a href="/wiki/Anthesis" title="Anthesis">flowering</a>, wax ripeness and harvesting time") begins its development "at a strictly defined intensity of thermal energy, that is, at a certain, always constant degree Celsius, and requires a certain amount of <a href="/wiki/Degree_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree days">degree days</a>." Carrying out mathematical processing of the initial data using the <a href="/wiki/Least_squares" title="Least squares">least squares</a> method, Lysenko determined the values of the constants A and B - "the starting point at which processes begin" and "the sum of degrees required to complete the phase."<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> In 1927, the main provisions of this work were reported by Lysenko at the "congress convened by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Agriculture" title="People's Commissariat for Agriculture">People's Commissariat for Agriculture</a> of the Azerbaijan SSR at the Ganja station," and then, in December 1928, at the All-Union Meeting of Sugar Trust in Kiev. In this book, Lysenko thrice cited the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavriil_Zaitsev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavriil Zaitsev (page does not exist)">Gavriil Zaitsev</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Зайцев, Гавриил Семёнович">ru</a>], dedicated to the same issues.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vernalization">Vernalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vernalization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">Vernalization</a></div> The issue of the effect of low temperatures on plant development was touched upon by such famous physiologists as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Klebs" title="Georg Klebs">Georg Klebs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Gassner" title="Gustav Gassner">Gustav Gassner</a>. For example, Gassner, based on his experiments, established that if sprouted seeds of <a href="/wiki/Winter_cereal" title="Winter cereal">winter crops</a> are exposed to low temperatures, then the plants grown from them during spring sowing will split.<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> Working at the Ganja breeding station, Lysenko was also able to accelerate the development of plants. Based on his experiments, he developed a technique for germinating seeds before sowing at low positive temperatures, which he termed vernalization.<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> This technique was supported by a number of prominent scientists in the early 1930s. For example, Nikolai Vavilov saw the main advantage of vernalization in the possible simplification of breeding work, as well as in the ability to control the length of the growing season of plants. In addition, he believed that vernalization could help preserve winter crops from freezing during harsh winters. Vavilov wrote:<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It can definitely be argued that vernalization is the greatest achievement in breeding, because it has made available for use the entire world variety of varieties, which were still inaccessible for practical use due to the usual inconsistency of the growing season and the low winter hardiness of southern winter forms.</blockquote> The main reason Vavilov initially supported Lysenko's work on vernalization was his interest in the potential use of vernalization as a means of synchronizing the flowering of various plant species in the Institute of Plant Industry collection, since Vavilov's team had encountered problems in cross-species experiments that required such synchronization. Vavilov, however, eventually stopped supporting the use of vernalization because the method did not produce the expected results.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> Crops with vernalized seeds increased on USSR farms every year. In particular, in 1935, experimental vernalized crops of spring grain were carried out by more than 40,000 collective and state farms on an area of 2.1 million hectares;<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> in 1937, 8.9 million hectares.<a href="#cite_note-Agrobiology-70">[69]</a> However, the mass introduction of vernalization into USSR agriculture ended in failure.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> Critics of vernalization explained this failure, among other things, by the lack of experimental data on varieties and regions of the Soviet Union. To collect data, questionnaires were sent to collective and state farms. The questionnaire method made it possible to fabricate data, suppress negative results, and was convenient for promoting vernalization.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> The data obtained by Lysenko and his supporters was published mainly in the journal Byulleten yarovizatsii, published under the editorship of Lysenko, or in the Soviet press. However, these publications were not published in any independent scientific journals.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> The agricultural method of vernalization has been criticized by experts for reasons such as the possibility of damage to seeds during the process of soaking, germination and sowing, the labor intensity of this operation, and the greater vulnerability of vernalized plants to <a href="/wiki/Smut_(fungus)" title="Smut (fungus)">smut</a>. Critics of vernalization in the 1930s included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Konstantinov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Konstantinov (page does not exist)">Pyotr Konstantinov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Константинов, Пётр Никифорович">ru</a>], S. Levitsky (Poland),<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Lisitsyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Lisitsyn (page does not exist)">Pyotr Lisitsyn</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Лисицын, Пётр Иванович">ru</a>], and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doncho_Kostov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doncho Kostov (page does not exist)">Doncho Kostov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Костов, Дончо">ru</a>].<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> Vernalization of grain crops during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (spring of 1942-1945) and the post-war period did not receive widespread industrial use. Pravda, in an editorial dated 14 December 1958, argued that after the massive introduction of technology on Soviet farms, which made it possible to sow in a shorter time, vernalization of seeds "was not always necessary." However, vernalization, according to the newspaper, continued to produce "remarkable results" in the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Panicum" title="Panicum">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_stage_development_of_plants">Theory of stage development of plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theory of stage development of plants">edit</a>]</div> To substantiate his developments in the field of plant growing, Lysenko put forward a theory of staged development of plants. The essence of the theory was that higher plants must go through several stages during their lives before producing seeds. To move to the next stage, certain specific conditions are required. In 1935, Lysenko wrote:<a href="#cite_note-Agrobiology-70">[69]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This theory proceeds from the fact that everything in a plant, each of its properties, characteristics, etc., is the result of the development of a hereditary basis in specific environmental conditions. The hereditary basis is the result of the entire previous phylogenetic history. The result of this biological history, which was created through the selection of adaptations to certain conditions of existence, are the demands that a plant organism throughout its individual history, starting from the zygote, makes for certain conditions of its development. These requirements are the reverse side of the adaptations developed in the historical process.</blockquote> Based on this theory, Lysenko proposed vernalization of winter and spring grains, potatoes and other crops.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-washniil-34">[34]</a> The provisions of Lysenko's theory on the staged development of plants, according to critics, were to some extent consistent with the level of knowledge of the 1930s, but not all of them were confirmed experimentally.<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> The shortcomings of the theory of stage development were pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Chailakhyan" title="Mikhail Chailakhyan">Mikhail Chailakhyan</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> In particular, critics argued that even without preliminary vernalization, various plant varieties have a photoperiodic reaction and are delayed in development when the length of daylight hours is reduced.<a href="#cite_note-Heredity-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summer_potato_planting">Summer potato planting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Summer potato planting">edit</a>]</div> In the southern regions of the Soviet Union, vegetatively propagated potatoes gradually produced increasingly smaller tubers, which, in addition, were subject to severe rotting. To combat this, Lysenko proposed summer planting of potatoes, arguing that the "deterioration of the breed" of potatoes can be stopped by planting them not in warm, but in cool soil, at the end of summer.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-washniil-34">[34]</a> On 11 January 1941, in a lecture given at the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Museum" title="Polytechnic Museum">Polytechnic Museum</a>, Lysenko stated:<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Previously, it was common knowledge that if, under comparable conditions, planting material of at least the Early Rose variety, obtained from the harvest of the Moscow region, and planting material of the same variety, but obtained from the harvest of the Odessa region, are planted, then almost without exception, the yield of planting material from the Moscow region will always be significantly greater than the yield of planting material from the Odessa region. Now we can cite a lot of experimental data of the opposite order. And in the past, 1940, in the experiments of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Glushchenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Glushchenko (page does not exist)">Ivan Glushchenko</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Глущенко, Иван Евдокимович">ru</a>] (research associate at the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences) on a site near Moscow, a crop of potatoes of the Early Rose variety was obtained from tubers of summer southern reproduction (Breeding and Genetics Institute, Odessa) 480.5 centners per hectare, and under the same conditions the same variety of local origin (Moscow region, Institute of Potato Farming) yielded a yield of 219.5 centners per hectare. All this suggests that summer planting potatoes in the south is not a way to stop the degeneration of the potato breed, but a way to improve the potato breed.</blockquote> However, as with vernalization, data was collected using questionnaires, making the results easy to falsify, and any scientific data obtained was never published. When summer planting did not produce any positive results, Lysenko suggested burying the harvested potatoes in trenches, spreading a layer of soil over a layer of potatoes, arguing that this would reduce losses from rotting tubers. However, burying tubers in trenches led to huge crop losses, as the rotting of the tubers only intensified.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> Lysenko ignored the real reason for the degeneration of potato plantings - potato viruses (a particularly large role in the degeneration is played by the <a href="/wiki/Potato_leafroll_virus" title="Potato leafroll virus">potato leafroll virus</a> - PLRV, <a href="/wiki/Potato_virus_X" title="Potato virus X">potato virus X</a> - PVX, and <a href="/wiki/Potato_virus_Y" title="Potato virus Y">potato virus Y</a> - PVY), replacing it with abstract ideas about the "deterioration of the potato breed".<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> Ignoring the role of viruses in the degeneration of potato plantings and the subsequent ban on research into plant viruses led to a significant delay in the development of methods for detecting plant viruses in the Soviet Union, the spread of viruses not only in the south, but also in other regions of the Soviet Union, and, as a result, to a sharp drop in potato yields.<a href="#cite_note-Soifer-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sowing_over_stover">Sowing over stover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sowing over stover">edit</a>]</div> Soviet literature of the 1940s-50s and Lysenko's supporters credit him with a number of achievements, including the idea of sowing over <a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">stover</a> to protect winter crops from frost.<a href="#cite_note-washniil-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 1943, Lysenko stated:<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Stover 25-30 cm in height protects the above-ground parts of plants from the destructive mechanical action of the wind. The stubble retains snow, which also protects plants not only from frost, but also from the action of winds. Unplowed, unloosened soil has almost no large voids. Therefore, on stover crops, large ice crystals are not observed in the soil, which have a detrimental effect, damaging the roots and tillering nodes of winter plants.</blockquote> Sowing over stover, despite the advantages of the method (snow retention and better temperature conditions for wintering plant seeds in Siberian conditions), was criticized for clogging fields with weeds, since this excludes conventional agricultural technology - surface plowing, which provokes the germination of weeds, and subsequent spring plowing. In the absence of herbicides at that time, this led to clogging of fields.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Tsitsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Tsitsin (page does not exist)">Nikolai Tsitsin</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Цицин, Николай Васильевич">ru</a>], in a letter to Stalin dated 2 February 1948, noted the low grain yield in stubble crops:<a href="#cite_note-vestnik-76">[75]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1944, in seven registered districts of the Novosibirsk region, the average yield of winter rye stubble was 3.6 c/ha. In the same year in the Chelyabinsk region, the average rye yield was equal to very poor fallows - 4.3 c/ha; for fresh September plowing - 2.6 c/ha; for stover - 1.8 c/ha. In the same year, for all state farms of the Omsk Grain Trust of the Ministry of State Farms, the stover yield was also very low; — it was equal to 11.1 c/ha for fallows and 5.1 c/ha for stover. ... In 1945, in one of the best state farms in the Omsk region, “Lesnoy”, from an area of winter wheat crops of 91 hectares, sown according to all the rules recommended by Academician Lysenko, only 6 centners of grain were collected, that is, an average of 7 kg per hectare, as well as several huge stacks of weeds, which, by the way, had become seeded in their mass by the time of harvesting. In the same year, on the neighboring state farm “Boevoy”, all 67 hectares of stover crops of winter wheat were completely destroyed. Finally, last year, 1946, at the same Siberian Research Institute, headed by Academician Lysenko, out of 150 [ha] of stover crops, 112 hectares were plowed, since only one weed was born on them.</blockquote> Citing negative examples of stover crops, Tsitsin explained positive examples by the fact that "in the harsh conditions of Siberia, there are occasionally exceptionally favorable years." In general, he considered work on stover unpromising, considering instead that work to increase the winter hardiness of grains with wheatgrass-wheat hybrids, distant hybridization with wild plants, and the use of fallows and semi-cultivated fallows were more justified.<a href="#cite_note-vestnik-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inheritance_of_acquired_traits">Inheritance of acquired traits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inheritance of acquired traits">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></div> Fundamental disagreements between Mendelian geneticists and Lysenko concerned the possibility of inheritance of traits that arise during the individual development of organisms, for example, under the influence of environmental factors or during grafting (vegetative hybridization). The idea that such characteristics cannot be inherited is associated with a distorted understanding of the principle formulated by August Weismann, according to which somatic cells cannot transmit information to germ cells. In fact, Weisman admitted the possibility of environmental influence on the substance of heredity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham201620-77">[76]</a> Lysenko himself, at the August 1948 VASKhNIL session, argued the following regarding the inheritance of acquired characteristics:<a href="#cite_note-washniil-34">[34]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Thus, the position about the possibility of inheritance of acquired deviations - this is the largest acquisition in the history of biological science, the foundation of which was laid by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a> and organically mastered later in the teachings of Darwin - was thrown overboard by the Mendelian-Morganists.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heredity-and-its-variability">Heredity and its Variability</a> (1945)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencebiologytodaylysenko">The Science of Biology Today</a> (1948)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lysenkoagrobiology">Agrobiology: Essays on Problems of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Growing</a> (1954)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honours and awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Socialist Labor">Hero of Socialist Labor</a> (1945)<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>, eight times (1935, 1945, 1945, 1948, 1949, 1953, 1958, 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Labour_Valour%22" title="Medal "For Labour Valour"">Medal "For Labour Valour"</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_of_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin%22" title="Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"">Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Valiant_Labour_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_800th_Anniversary_of_Moscow%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">Stalin Prize</a>, three times (1941, 1943, 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Soviet_Republics#Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Republics">Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the Ukrainian SSR</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Medal_named_after_I.I._Mechnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Medal named after I.I. Mechnikov (page does not exist)">Gold Medal named after I.I. Mechnikov</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%98._%D0%98._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Золотая медаль имени И. И. Мечникова">ru</a>] (1950)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> In the Soviet Union, streets named after Lysenko existed in several cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Krasnoturyinsk" title="Krasnoturyinsk">Krasnoturyinsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arkady_and_Boris_Strugatsky" title="Arkady and Boris Strugatsky">Arkady and Boris Strugatsky</a> cited Lysenko as the inspiration for the character of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Professor_Ambrosy_Ambruazovich_Vybegallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professor Ambrosy Ambruazovich Vybegallo (page does not exist)">Professor Ambrosy Ambruazovich Vybegallo</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Амвросий Амбруазович Выбегалло">ru</a>] from their 1965 satirical science fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/Monday_Begins_on_Saturday" title="Monday Begins on Saturday">Monday Begins on Saturday</a>:<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Professor Vibegallo is based on the once-famous academician Lysenko, who put all of Russian biology on all fours, spent more than thirty years doing nonsense and at the same time not only destroyed our entire biological science, but also trampled everything around, destroying (physically, with the help of the NKVD) all the best geneticists of the USSR, starting with Vavilov. Our Vibegallo is exactly the same demagogue, ignorant and boorish, but he is far from his prototype!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Boris Strugatsky</cite></div></blockquote> Lysenko’s ideas have been attracting a renewed following in contemporary Russia, linked to a strain of Russian nationalism that views “Western” ideas and mainstream science with suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-revival-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">VASKhNIL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> According to various sources.<a href="#cite_note-smil-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-role-in-russian-science-1"><a href="#cite_ref-role-in-russian-science_1-0">^</a> An ill-educated agronomist with huge ambitions, Lysenko failed to become a real scientist, but greatly succeeded in exposing of the “bourgeois enemies of the people.” From such a “scion” who was “grafted” to the Stalinist totalitarian regime “stock”, impressive results could have been expected—and were indeed achieved. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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(1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/PAPERS/MEN/LYSENKO.HTM">"VIVOS VOCO: Ю.Н. Вавилов, "Август 1948. Предыстория""</a>. VIVOS VOCO! (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020053107/http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/PAPERS/MEN/LYSENKO.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ras.ru/FStorage/download.aspx?Id=3c0f914b-aec5-4100-9cf7-1289687b7d3f">the original</a> on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ras.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+68%2C+%E2%84%96+12&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ras.ru%2FFStorage%2Fdownload.aspx%3FId%3D3c0f914b-aec5-4100-9cf7-1289687b7d3f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham201620-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham201620_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2016">Graham 2016</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Куценко А. С., Смирнов Ю. Д. Ордена Советских республик. Донецк, РИП «Лебедь», 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krasnoturinsk.info/istorii/a-vy-znaete-gde-ulitsa-eyzenakha-vozmozhno-edinstvennaya-v-mire/">"А вы знаете, где улица Эйзенаха? Возможно, единственная в мире"</a>. Краснотурьинск.инфо (in Russian). Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA.%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE&rft.atitle=%D0%90+%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%3F+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C+%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrasnoturinsk.info%2Fistorii%2Fa-vy-znaete-gde-ulitsa-eyzenakha-vozmozhno-edinstvennaya-v-mire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> OFF-LINE интервью с Борисом Стругацким. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rusf.ru/abs/int_t15.htm#0030">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-revival-81"><a href="#cite_ref-revival_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/12/trofim-lysenko-soviet-union-russia/548786/">"The Soviet Era's Deadliest Scientist Is Regaining Popularity in Russia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Era%27s+Deadliest+Scientist+Is+Regaining+Popularity+in+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2017%2F12%2Ftrofim-lysenko-soviet-union-russia%2F548786%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>deJong-Lambert, William. The Cold War Politics of Genetic Research (Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Gardner, Martin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a> (1957) (Revised and expanded edition of the work originally published in 1952 under the title In the Name of Science). <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>, New York. See Chapter 12 (Lysenkoism).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Graham" title="Loren Graham">Graham, Loren</a> (1993). Science in Russia and the Soviet Union, (New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>).</li> <li> ———  (1998). What Have We Learned About Science and Technology from the Russian Experience?, (Palo Alto: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2016" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2016). Lysenko's Ghost. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08905-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08905-1"><bdi>978-0-674-08905-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lysenko%27s+Ghost&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08905-1&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Loren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-scourge-of-soviet-science-1466192179">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoravsky1986" class="citation book cs1">Joravsky, David (1986) [1970]. The Lysenko Affair. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lysenko+Affair&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Joravsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecourt,_Dominique" class="mw-redirect" title="Lecourt, Dominique">Lecourt, Dominique</a>, Proletarian Science ? : The Case of Lysenko, (London: NLB; Atlantic Highlands, N.J. : Humanities Press, 1977). (A <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a>, history of Lysenkoism)</li> <li>Lysenko, Trofim, The Science of Biology Today, (New York: <a href="/wiki/International_Publishers" title="International Publishers">International Publishers</a>, 1948). Text of an address "evoked by the international discussion of the subject of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_of_acquired_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance of acquired characteristics">inheritance of acquired characteristics</a>," according to an introductory note. Delivered before a session of a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/V.I._Lenin_Academy_of_Agricultural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences">V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a> on 31 July 1948, when Lysenko, its president, was at the apex of his power. [For an online version of the text see the Lysenko "Report" provided in the External Links section, below.]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Medvedev, Zhores</a> (1969). The Rise and Fall of T.D. Lysenko. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+T.D.+Lysenko&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Zhores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Soyfer, Valery N., Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science, New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>, 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangLiu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Zhengrong; Liu, Yongsheng (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602018">"Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 25 (10): 1097–1098. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2017.117">10.1038/ejhg.2017.117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5438">1476-5438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5602018">5602018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28905876">28905876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Lysenko+and+Russian+genetics%3A+an+alternative+view&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1097-1098&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5602018%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1476-5438&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28905876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2017.117&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhengrong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yongsheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5602018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trofim_Lysenko" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trofim Lysenko">Trofim Lysenko</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/lysenko.html">Lysenkoism in The Sceptic's Dictionary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Robert Todd Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/15140/1/229.pdf">What Sort of Man is Lysenko?</a> Listener, 40: 874–75 – contemporary commentary by a British evolutionary biologist</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/lyse-par.html">Letter from Lysenko's parents to Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a>, 3 January 1936.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008121744/http://marx2mao.com/Other/Proletarian%20Science.pdf">Lecourt, Dominique, Proletarian Science? The Case of Lysenko (1977), Atlantic Highlands, Humanities Press, London, this digital edition first published 2003</a> (A <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>, though anti-Stalinist, history of Lysenkoism)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20080605.shtml">BBC program (In Our Time) on Lysenko</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/019035">Newspaper clippings about Trofim Lysenko</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SPkuK3HMXI">"Lysenko and the Plot Against the Jewish Doctors"</a>. YouTube. The City University of New York. 6 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Lysenko+and+the+Plot+Against+the+Jewish+Doctors&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3SPkuK3HMXI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"> (talk by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brent" title="Jonathan Brent">Jonathan Brent</a> at a 2-day conference hosted by <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_College" title="Bronx Community College">Bronx Community College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVovS-pNnEk">"Lamarckism and Lysenkoism Revisited"</a>. YouTube. The City University of New York. 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Lamarckism+and+Lysenkoism+Revisited&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWVovS-pNnEk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrofim+Lysenko" class="Z3988"> (talk by <a href="/wiki/Nils_Roll-Hansen" title="Nils Roll-Hansen">Nils Roll-Hansen</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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D. Bernal">J. D. Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">VASKhNIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Gajewski" title="Wacław Gajewski">Wacław Gajewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgii_Karpechenko" title="Georgii Karpechenko">Georgii Karpechenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Medvedev" title="Zhores Medvedev">Zhores Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgii_Nadson" title="Georgii Nadson">Georgii Nadson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Stubbe" title="Hans Stubbe">Hans Stubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Jiazhen" title="Tan Jiazhen">Tan Jiazhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybridization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_of_acquired_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance of acquired characteristics">Inheritance of acquired characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">Vernalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlovian_session" title="Pavlovian session">Pavlovian session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">Politicization of science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294234#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122098262">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30328897">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1802416/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxtBBJp33Fy9wXFYmDbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118575597">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50043097">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993123c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11993123c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00524007">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV040161">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35317479">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20010077571&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1009606">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069058326">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90221171">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000093248&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000096870&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=238956">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9djwqh381plzm">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810602790905606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264872705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608206806706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04761687?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/909565">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118575597.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118575597">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028009533">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wt0qxz">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=54904">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&oldid=1256688233">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trofim_Lysenko&oldid=1256688233</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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