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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sardana and Catalan nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sardana_and_Catalan_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sardana_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sardana_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sardana band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sardana_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sardana_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sardana_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sardana dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sardana_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers_of_sardanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers_of_sardanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Composers of sardanes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers_of_sardanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сардана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сардана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Σαρδάνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαρδάνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardano" title="Sardano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sardano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardane" title="Sardane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sardane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86)" title="Сардана (танц) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сардана (танц)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сардана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сардана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81)" title="Сардана (плес) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сардана (плес)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sardana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сардана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сардана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1413570#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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dance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sardana_(name)" title="Sardana (name)">Sardana (name)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="line-height:1.2; font-size:140%;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></span> <span class="nowrap">cultural domain</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardanes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group dancing sardanes in Barcelona"><img alt="Group dancing sardanes in Barcelona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sardanes.jpg/200px-Sardanes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sardanes.jpg/300px-Sardanes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sardanes.jpg/400px-Sardanes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Group dancing <i>sardanes</i> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Group dancing <i>sardanes</i> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History of Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aragon">History of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Balearic Islands">History of the Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalonia" title="History of Catalonia">History of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roussillon">History of Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Valencian Community">History of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Catalan constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furs_of_Valencia" title="Furs of Valencia">Furs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran people">Andorrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_people" title="Aragonese people">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic people">Balearics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan people">Ibizans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan people">Majorcans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorcan people">Minorcans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alguerese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alguerese people">Alguerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Dialects and varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a></small> (<small><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></small>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a></i> (AVL)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a></i> (IEC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a></i> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Geo-political divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">El Carxe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">L'Alguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a> <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Government and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of Andorra">General Council of Andorra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Courts of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Aragon">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Government of the Balearic Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Balearic Islands">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat of Catalonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Pyrénées-Orientales">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat of Valencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Valencian Community">Politics</a>) <br /> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanophobia">Catalanophobia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castells</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonfires_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires of Saint John">Fogueres de Sant Joan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gigantes_y_cabezudos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes y cabezudos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_cristianos" title="Moros y cristianos">Moros i cristians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muixeranga" title="Muixeranga">Muixeranga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day#Spain" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan cuisine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">Coca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensa%C3%AFmada" title="Ensaïmada">Ensaïmada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pa_amb_tom%C3%A0quet" title="Pa amb tomàquet">Pa amb tomàquet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Catalan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquim Sorolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Valencia">Segle d'or</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Decad%C3%A8ncia" title="La Decadència">Decadència</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Music and performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan music">Music</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_can%C3%A7%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova cançó">Nova cançó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_catal%C3%A0" title="Rock català">Rock català</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Rumba catalana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sport</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Catalonia" title="Sport in Catalonia">Sport in Catalonia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Catalonia" title="National symbols of Catalonia">National symbols of Catalonia</a></li> <li>Flags <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Flag of the Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="Flag of the Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coats of Arms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra" title="Coat of arms of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Balearic_Islands" title="Coat of arms of Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Gran_Carlemany" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gran Carlemany">El Gran Carlemany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Segadors" title="Els Segadors">Els Segadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Balanguera" title="La Balanguera">La Balanguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himne_de_l%27Exposici%C3%B3" title="Himne de l'Exposició">Himne de l'Exposició</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Template talk:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian_cultural_domain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan/Valencian cultural domain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>sardana</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[səɾˈðanə]</a></span>; plural <i><b>sardanes</b></i> in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>) is a Catalan <a href="/wiki/Musical_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical genre">musical genre</a> typical of <a href="/wiki/Catalans#Culture_and_society" title="Catalans">Catalan culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">danced in circle</a> following a set of steps.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dance was originally from the <a href="/wiki/Empord%C3%A0" title="Empordà">Empordà</a> region, but started gaining popularity throughout Catalonia from the late 19th century to beginning of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the modernisation done by <a href="/wiki/Josep_Maria_Ventura_i_Casas" title="Josep Maria Ventura i Casas">Josep Maria Ventura i Casas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Men and women join together in a circle by holding hands and facing inwards to dance either the historical <i>sardana curta</i> (with an approximate duration of 5 minutes) or the present-day <i>sardana llarga</i> (with a duration of approximately 12–13 minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other more unusual sardanes are the <i>sardana de lluïment</i> and the <i>sardana revessa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The steps are meticulously counted as two- or three-step movements taken sideways within the circle. The direction of the steps is alternated. The hands stay on the hip or shoulder level depending on the step structure. The pattern of the <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">choreography</a> has jumping intervals changing with the music. Usually there is more than one circle with varying <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> and levels of dance knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The participants are called <i>sardanistes</i>. Professional dancers organise themselves in <i>colles sardanistes</i>, <i>colla</i> meaning group or club. All <i>colles</i> are united under the <i>Confederació Sardanista de Catalunya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sardana</i> is mainly danced during festivities and on weekends. <i>Sardanes</i> danced during a festival are termed <i>aplecs</i>. Brief public dances are known as <i>ballades</i>. The accompanying orchestra of 11 people, a <i><a href="/wiki/Cobla" title="Cobla">cobla</a></i>, includes 10 wind instruments and a bass. One person plays the <i><a href="/wiki/Flabiol" title="Flabiol">flabiol</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tambori" title="Tambori">tambori</a></i> (a small <a href="/wiki/Hand_drum" title="Hand drum">hand drum</a>). Since the 1980s female musicians are also allowed in the <i>cobles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This dance stands out from others because it allows people to join a public dance circle at any time, for anyone of any age and background who is familiar with the sardana can drop their coat and bag in the centre of the circle and join in. It is emphasised by <i>sardanistes</i> as the specialty of the <i>sardana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the Sardana is unknown. The oldest found reference to the word Sardana is from 1552.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 16th century to the 19th century a folk dance known as sardana propagated around the territory of the present <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Girona" title="Province of Girona">province of Girona</a>. The sardana was a popular dance in Empordà, <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Rosselló</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garrotxa" title="Garrotxa">Garrotxa</a> at the middle of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sardana llarga</i> fits the prototype of invented traditions common in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the invented traditions are a way to stabilize cultural anchors in a time of rapid socioeconomic or political change.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern sardana was created in the context of the <i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i> period, in which some people wanted to relate the Sardana with dances of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> origin, with the purpose of linking <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> with old <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Empúries</a> while taking advantage of the rising popularity of the modern sardana in Empordà. This imagined account is the legendary origin of the dance.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lavanguardia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavanguardia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention served to symbolize the distinct Catalan <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a> promoted by the then-newborn <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lavanguardia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavanguardia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, today Catalans are known for their musicality throughout Spain and much of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>; sardana has emerged as a major source of personal and social identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ignoring the myth, the creation of <i>sardana llarga</i> or its evolution was driven by three people: Andreu Toron, Miquel Pardàs, and <a href="/wiki/Josep_Maria_Ventura_i_Casas" title="Josep Maria Ventura i Casas">Josep Maria Ventura</a> (Pep Ventura). Andreu Toron was responsible for introducing a type of <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> known in Catalonia as the <a href="/wiki/Tenora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenora">tenora</a>. This happened in 1849 at <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, influences to the music composition of <i>sardana llarga</i> include the popular <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a> of the time<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lavanguardia_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lavanguardia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Contrapàs, a Catalan dance which in religious celebrations preceded <i>sardana curta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These influences evolved into <i>sardanes</i> (plural of <i>sardana</i>) of different lengths. As a consequence, people started counting steps in order to finish at the same time. Shorter choreographies could be accommodated in longer melodies. The new melodies which progressively were made popular required new instruments, increasing the size of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cobla" title="Cobla">cobla</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to what happened with the Catalan language when in 1891 <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra" title="Pompeu Fabra">Pompeu Fabra</a> published his <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the different <i>sardanes</i> were standardised into what today is known as <i>sardana llarga</i>. <a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreography</a> was updated with slight differences from the original <a href="/wiki/North_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Catalonia">North-Catalan</a> dance. Pep Ventura is credited for stabilizing the different variants around a clear <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> rhythm<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and making the instrumental ensemble of a fixed size. He included the today's standard long steps (<i>els llargs</i>) and the eleven player <a href="/wiki/Cobla" title="Cobla">cobla</a> band.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some Iberian and Mediterranean circle dances follow similar patterns, instrumental music for the sardana has achieved a complexity of its own.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1850 Miquel Pardàs publishes <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Método per aprender á ballar sardanas llargas</i></span> ('Method to learn how to dance <i>sardana llarga</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1860 the dance was popular in Barcelona and from there it disseminated through Catalan towns and villages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1840 and 1860 the sardana was established as "dance of the Catalans".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its influence was extended throughout the 20th century thanks to the dance group <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obra_del_Ballet_Popular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obra del Ballet Popular (page does not exist)">Obra del Ballet Popular</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra_del_Ballet_Popular" class="extiw" title="ca:Obra del Ballet Popular">ca</a>]</span></i></span>, which organised <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">aplecs</i></span> and other sardana events in communities where it was previously unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924, during the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, the civil governor of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> banned the patriotic sardana <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/La_Santa_Espina" title="La Santa Espina">La Santa Espina</a></i></span>, seen as being <a href="/wiki/Catalanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanist">Catalanist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact increased the identification of the sardana with Catalanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of associations and <i>cobles</i> grew dramatically thanks to the continuous attack from <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">the Establishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lerrouxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerrouxism">Lerrouxism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sardana was temporally prohibited in the 1940s in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> because it was considered to foment false feelings of pride and superiority among the Catalans. The prohibition was made on certain locales in and around Barcelona. Nevertheless, sardana was considered relatively innocuous in Spain and this allowed the use of sardana as a peaceful protest against the more effective and oppressive campaign to eliminate the public use of the Catalan language. Even more, pro-Franco Catalans continued to dance sardana throughout the Franco period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960, the <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Obra de Ballet Popular</i></span> travels from one city to another with the <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Flama de la Sardana</i></span> ('Eternal light of the Sardana'). Each city is named "Heir to the Sardana" for the year in which it conserves the Eternal Light.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Catalonia">Government of Catalonia</a> added the sardana to the <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Catàleg del Patrimoni Festiu de Catalunya</i></span> ('Catalonia's festivities heritage catalogue') and declared it a festivity of national interest.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Spanish parliament</a> approved unanimously an initiative of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party of Spain</a> to urge the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spanish Government</a> to promote sardana for inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same vote was done in 2002 in <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Spain" title="Senate of Spain">Spain's senate</a> and was rejected due to the negative vote of People's Party of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sardana_and_Catalan_nationalism">Sardana and Catalan nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sardana and Catalan nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dance became a national symbol because it is identified with the core Catalan values including <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">brotherhood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People of all classes, ages, genres and origins are encouraged to dance sardana together. It is hard to believe this dance had emerged without expressing qualities appreciated by Catalans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sardana is considered by Catalans one of the most prominent elements of their culture and deserving to be defended against threats from outsiders. This view was greatly increased with the suppression of <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/La_Santa_Espina" title="La Santa Espina">La Santa Espina</a></i></span> in 1924<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the prohibition of <i>sardana</i> in 1940s Francoist Spain and its use as a protest mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fear of culture loss is notable among Catalans because they define themselves in cultural terms, so suppressing their culture is considered equivalent to annihilation as a people. This vexes and baffles <a href="/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Castilians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> whose custom believes that birthplace and descent primarily define national identity. The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">Catalan people</a> is that biology and culture are separable. Catalan ethnic identity can be acquired by learning, they do not consider it a biological or race matter. However, this concept of culture by acquisition represents also a fear of being consumed by the dominant Castilian culture. In the case of sardana, the rigidity of the dance rules and group exclusivity by those who follow the detailed rules is a handicap for inclusion. In sardana the dancers who do not follow the rules are excluded to their own circle until they master the technicalities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusian</a> immigration in the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries introduced the Andalusian <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Feria_de_abril" class="mw-redirect" title="Feria de abril">feria de abril</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Flamenco_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamenco dancing">flamenco dancing</a>. The internal migration was perceived by some as a manipulation by the Spanish state, to be used as an instrument of cultural domination. Ensuring that sardana prevailed was somehow seen as vital to Catalan survival. In fact, learning sardana can be considered a way of expressing solidarity with Catalans. A quote from <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Roig" title="Montserrat Roig">Montserrat Roig</a>'s novel <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Molta roba i poc sabó ... i tan neta que la volen</i></span> reads:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I know people in the government who are very well-intentioned and are able to participate in our way of life<span class="nowrap"> </span>... They're people of good faith who have danced Maragall [a great Catalan poet], who understand our language, and who send their children to spend the summer at the beaches of Girona.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Roig" title="Montserrat Roig">Montserrat Roig</a>, <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Molta roba i poc sabó</i></span> (1970)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The protagonist of the novel says this to defend Castilians who support Catalan culture. The sardana forms part of Catalan culture and as such has to be protected from possible incursions by the dominant Castilian culture. Failing to adopt Catalan culture might cause it to disappear, effectively annihilating Catalan people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another threat concerns the ethnic origins of the creator of the modern sardana (<i>sardana llarga</i>), <a href="/wiki/Josep_Maria_Ventura_i_Casas" title="Josep Maria Ventura i Casas">Josep Maria Ventura i Casas</a>. He was born in 1817 in Andalusia, but when he was 2 years old he moved to Catalonia along with his father. Castilian custom would define Pep Ventura as Andalusian due to his birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pep's Catalan identity rejection is reflected in Castilian press such as <a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">the digital</a> "<i>El Español</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catalan historians and <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnomusicologists">ethnomusicologists</a> refer to his blood lineage (his father was born in <a href="/wiki/Empord%C3%A0" title="Empordà">Empordà</a>), the first language he spoke and the composition of his soul to state that his birthplace does not change anything of what they consider a Catalan person. The <i>soul</i> is a way to express the imprinting made through learning and exposure to the world around a person. It is therefore a union of <a href="/wiki/Nature_and_nurture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature and nurture">nature and nurture</a>, providing the rhetorical basis for classifying Pep Ventura as Catalan, with a combination of Castilian and Catalan criteria (ascribed and achieved characteristics).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objectively speaking <i>sardana llarga</i> is not inherently Andalusian nor Catalan. Neither is Pep Ventura. Ethnicity is an invention, so is <i>sardana llarga</i> composed by Pep Ventura. The attributes and values in which Catalan people are invested make the sardana (any type) and Pep Ventura of Catalan nature. They express Catalan qualities. As a result, both <i>sardana llarga</i> and Pep Ventura have become symbols of national resistance against the power of Castile. That's why scholars insist on Ventura's Catalan origins<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Castilian people insist in his <a href="/wiki/Birthplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthplace">birthplace</a>. </p><p>Nowadays sardana is considered too rigid and conservative. Only a few younger dancers care about learning sardana and dance. Still, the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan government">Catalan government</a> continues to invest in <a href="/wiki/Dance_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance schools">dance schools</a> and training. Its <a href="/wiki/Socio-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-political">socio-political</a> relevance has decreased but holds its symbolic value.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sardana_band">Sardana band</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sardana band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Music for the sardana is played by a <i><a href="/wiki/Cobla" title="Cobla">cobla</a></i>, a band consisting of 10 wind instruments, double bass and a <i><a href="/wiki/Tambori" title="Tambori">tamborí</a></i> (little drum) played by 11 musicians. The cobla has five woodwind instruments: the <i><a href="/wiki/Flabiol" title="Flabiol">flabiol</a></i> which is a small fipple flute, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tenora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenora">tenora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tible">tible</a></i> (two of each) which belong to the oboe family. These and the <i>tamborí</i> are typical Catalan instruments. The brass instruments are: two <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, two <i><a href="/wiki/Fiscorn" title="Fiscorn">fiscorns</a></i>, and a <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a> (usually a valve trombone). The <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> was traditionally a three-stringed one, but now the part is usually written for and played on the modern four-stringed instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Catalonia, about one hundred and thirty cobles are active, most of which are amateur bands. Outside Catalonia, there is at least one more cobla: Cobla La Principal d'Amsterdam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sardana_dance">Sardana dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sardana dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv/220px--SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv/SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Sardana in the <a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7a_Sant_Jaume" title="Plaça Sant Jaume">Plaça Sant Jaume</a> in Barcelona</figcaption></figure> <p>The music written for the dance is a <i>sardana</i> (plural: <i>sardanes</i>), and is usually in two sections (<i>tirades</i>), called <i>curts</i> and <i>llargs</i>, each of which may be repeated in various ways to form the pattern for the complete dance. There is usually an experienced dancer leading the circle. The dancers hold hands throughout the dance: arms down during the <i>curts</i> and raised to shoulder height during the <i>llargs</i>. </p> <ul><li>The <i>introit</i> is a few introductory notes played freely by the flabiolist, typically ending with an upward scale and a tap of the <i>tamborí</i>, signalling the other players and dancers to begin the <i>curts</i>.</li> <li>The first <i>tirada</i> played by the band, called the <i>tirada de curts</i> ("short steps"), is of length between 20 and 50 measures and has a two-measure pattern. The tempo is typically about <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> =112 to 120, in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and/or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>6</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> rhythm. It is danced with the arms down: (point-step-step-cross) to the right followed by (point-step-step-cross) to the left. The <i>curts</i> is usually repeated the first time it is played.</li> <li>The <i>tirada de llargs</i> ("long steps") is of 50 to 100 measures and has a four-measure pattern. It is danced with the arms up to shoulder level, and is more lively than the <i>curts</i>. However the tempo is typically slower than the <i>curts</i>, about <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> =100 to 108, with long lyrical tunes accompanied by variants of a <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(poetry)" title="Dactyl (poetry)">dactyl</a> rhythm. The <i>llargs</i> is usually repeated the first time it is played.</li> <li>The <i>contrapunt</i> is played by the flabiolist, and is a two-measure break signalling the last repeat of the <i>llargs</i>.</li> <li>The <i>cop final</i> ("final beat") concludes the dance with a unified movement from all the dancers, still holding hands.</li> <li>A modern sardana dance has the following typical pattern, which shows all the repeats of the <i>curts</i> and <i>llargs</i>:</li></ul> <ol><li><i>introit</i></li> <li>1st <i>tirada</i>: <i>curts</i></li> <li>2nd <i>tirada</i>: <i>curts</i></li> <li>3rd <i>tirada</i>: <i>llargs</i></li> <li>4th <i>tirada</i>: <i>llargs</i></li> <li>5th <i>tirada</i>: <i>curts</i></li> <li>6th <i>tirada</i>: <i>llargs</i></li> <li><i>contrapunt</i></li> <li>7th <i>tirada</i>: <i>llargs</i></li> <li><i>cop final</i></li></ol> <p>The number of measures in the <i>curts</i> and <i>llargs</i>, called the <i>tiratge</i> or "run", is important to the players, and may be indicated before the start of the dance (e.g. a "run" shown as 25x79 indicates 25 measures of <i>curts</i> and 79 measures of <i>llargs</i>) in order to terminate the <i>tirada</i> correctly with the correct foot, though a method commonly used is to count the measures in the first <i>tirada</i> and not dance until the second has begun. </p><p>A dancer is called a <i>sardanista</i> (plural: <i>sardanistes</i>). </p><p>As a relatively slow, non-performance dance, the sardana does not require special fitness. The dance circle can be opened to a highly variable number of dancers. When danced in the streets and town squares, small circles of dancers can be seen to form and grow: these are open circles called <i>rotllanes obertes</i>, and passers-by can join, leaving their bags in the center of the circle. When a dance circle is too big it may split into smaller circles. The dancers are alternate men and women – with the man's partner on his right – and care must be taken by those joining not to split partners. Another kind of circle may be formed by members of organised sardana clubs called <i>colles</i>, and each <i>colla</i> may wear its own costume. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espardenyes_vetes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Espardenyes_vetes.jpg/220px-Espardenyes_vetes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Espardenyes_vetes.jpg/330px-Espardenyes_vetes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Espardenyes_vetes.jpg/440px-Espardenyes_vetes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Espardenya: traditional shoes used to dance sardanes</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to dance sardanes comfortably the footwear must be flexible enough to allow the dancer to jump slightly when the <i>llargs</i> come. Traditionally <i>sardanistes</i> wear special dancing shoes called <i>espardenyes</i> made of esparto grass fabric and with two long fabric strips to tie them up around the ankle. Nowadays most people have replaced these with regular trainers. </p><p>Many sardanes have sung versions, but mostly instrumental versions are used for dancing. Recordings of sardanes or sardanes played in concert usually contain the <i>introit</i>, two <i>curts</i> and two <i>llargs</i>. Sardanes may be recorded for dancing, having all the <i>entrades</i> in order. Often sardanes are written for special occasions or to commemorate people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composers_of_sardanes">Composers of sardanes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composers of sardanes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pep_Ventura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pep Ventura">Josep Maria "Pep" Ventura</a> (1819–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Morera_i_Viura" title="Enric Morera i Viura">Enric Morera i Viura</a> (1865–1942), composer of the most popular sardana <i><a href="/wiki/La_Santa_Espina" title="La Santa Espina">La Santa Espina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Lamote_de_Grignon" title="Joan Lamote de Grignon">Joan Lamote de Grignon i Bocquet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Lamote_de_Grignon" class="extiw" title="ca:Joan Lamote de Grignon">ca</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Lamote_de_Grignon_i_Bocquet" class="extiw" title="de:Joan Lamote de Grignon i Bocquet">de</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Lamote_de_Grignon" class="extiw" title="es:Joan Lamote de Grignon">es</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Lamote_de_Grignon" class="extiw" title="fr:Joan Lamote de Grignon">fr</a>]</span> (1872–1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josep_Serra_i_Bonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josep Serra i Bonal (page does not exist)">Josep Serra i Bonal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Serra_i_Bonal" class="extiw" title="ca:Josep Serra i Bonal">ca</a>]</span> (1874–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Garreta" title="Juli Garreta">Juli Garreta i Arboix</a> (1875–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicen%C3%A7_Bou_i_Geli" title="Vicenç Bou i Geli">Vicenç Bou i Geli</a> (1885–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Toldra" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduard Toldra">Eduard Toldrà i Soler</a> (1895–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Gerhard" title="Roberto Gerhard">Roberto Gerhard</a> (1896–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricard_Lamote_de_Grignon" title="Ricard Lamote de Grignon">Ricard Lamote de Grignon i Ribas</a> (1899–1962), son of Joan Lamote de Grignon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesc_Mas_i_Ros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesc Mas i Ros (page does not exist)">Francesc Mas i Ros</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Mas_i_Ros" class="extiw" title="ca:Francesc Mas i Ros">ca</a>]</span> (1901–1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Serra_i_Corominas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Serra i Corominas (page does not exist)">Joaquim Serra i Corominas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Serra_i_Corominas" class="extiw" title="ca:Joaquim Serra i Corominas">ca</a>]</span> (1907–1957), son of Josep Serra i Bonal</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pere_Bux%C3%B3_i_Dom%C3%A8nech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pere Buxó i Domènech (page does not exist)">Pere Buxó i Domènech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Bux%C3%B3_i_Dom%C3%A8nech" class="extiw" title="ca:Pere Buxó i Domènech">ca</a>]</span>, (born <a href="/wiki/Amer,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer, Girona">Amer, Girona</a>, 13 November 1916 – died Girona, 30 December 1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josep_Maria_Mestre_Miret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josep Maria Mestre Miret (page does not exist)">Josep Maria Mestre Miret</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Maria_Mestre_Miret" class="extiw" title="ca:Josep Maria Mestre Miret">ca</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Maria_Mestre_Miret" class="extiw" title="de:Josep Maria Mestre Miret">de</a>]</span> (1918–2002), winner of two sardana awards</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepita_Llunell_i_Sanahuja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepita Llunell i Sanahuja (page does not exist)">Pepita Llunell i Sanahuja</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepita_Llunell_i_Sanahuja" class="extiw" title="ca:Pepita Llunell i Sanahuja">ca</a>]</span> (1926-2015), singer and actress, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Creu_de_Sant_Jordi" title="Creu de Sant Jordi">Creu de Sant Jordi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Gibert_Canyadell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Gibert Canyadell (page does not exist)">Joan Gibert Canyadell</a> (Joan Gibert i Canyadell; born 1941)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Llu%C3%ADs_Moraleda_i_Perxachs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Lluís Moraleda i Perxachs (page does not exist)">Joan Lluís Moraleda i Perxachs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Llu%C3%ADs_Moraleda_i_Perxachs" class="extiw" title="ca:Joan Lluís Moraleda i Perxachs">ca</a>]</span> (born 1943)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenian dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballu_tundu" title="Ballu tundu">Ballu tundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_shawm" title="Catalan shawm">Catalan shawms</a>, discussing the tenora and tible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sardana_de_l%27alcalde" title="La Sardana de l'alcalde">La Sardana de l'alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese dance">Faroese dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkish dance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrandes1990" class="citation journal cs1">Brandes, Stanley (1990). "The Sardana: Catalan Dance and Catalan National Identity". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>103</b> (407): 24–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F541107">10.2307/541107</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/541107">541107</a>. <q>For over a century, the sardana has maintained its status as a potent symbol of Catalan national identity. Its origins extend back at least to the 16th century. Throughout the three subsequent centuries, localized folk dances known as the sardana flourished throughout a limited part of Catalonia, that is, in villages and towns situated in the present province of Girona. The modern sardana, though probably bearing some resemblance to the earlier forms, was created and standardized in 1850, and introduced shortly thereafter into Catalonia's capital city of Barcelona, from whence it diffused to the whole of Catalonia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Sardana%3A+Catalan+Dance+and+Catalan+National+Identity&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=407&rft.pages=24-41&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F541107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F541107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brandes&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastell1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Castell, Pere (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raco.cat/index.php/LlibreFestaMajor/article/view/209027">"De nostra història musical. Una dansa de l'antigor: el contrapàs"</a>. <i>Llibre de la Festa Major de Torroella de Montgrí</i> (in Catalan). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2014-4873">2014-4873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Llibre+de+la+Festa+Major+de+Torroella+de+Montgr%C3%AD&rft.atitle=De+nostra+hist%C3%B2ria+musical.+Una+dansa+de+l%27antigor%3A+el+contrap%C3%A0s&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=2014-4873&rft.aulast=Castell&rft.aufirst=Pere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raco.cat%2Findex.php%2FLlibreFestaMajor%2Farticle%2Fview%2F209027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeig2015" class="citation journal cs1">Weig, Doerte (25 November 2015). 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(161/003620)"</a>. <i>Congreso de los Diputados. España.</i> (in Spanish). 28 April 2015. 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VII Legislatura</i>"</a>. <i>www.senado.es</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/iniciativas/detalleiniciativa/index.html?legis=7&id1=661&id2=000223">the original</a> on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elespanol.com/reportajes/20171220/pepe-ventura-invento-sardana-regreso-alcala-real/270723763_0.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Espa%C3%B1ol&rft.atitle=Pepe+Ventura%2C+el+andaluz+que+invent%C3%B3+la+Sardana%3A+regreso+a+su+pueblo%2C+Alcal%C3%A1+la+Real&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Freportajes%2F20171220%2Fpepe-ventura-invento-sardana-regreso-alcala-real%2F270723763_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portalsardanista.cat/la-cobla">"La cobla"</a>. <i>Portal Sardanista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+Sardanista&rft.atitle=La+cobla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportalsardanista.cat%2Fla-cobla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASardana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sardana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/sardanes" class="extiw" title="commons:sardanes"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">sardanes</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portalsardanista.cat/">Portal Sardanista</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Sardanas" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Sardanas">Free scores by (in) category <i>Sardanas</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwa4a8NjXJw">El testament d'Amèlia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joan_Lamote_de_Grignon" title="Joan Lamote de Grignon">Joan Lamote de Grignon</a>) Video of a performance by the cobla "Comtat d'Empúries" in <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Castelló d'Empúries">Castelló d'Empúries</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ydig-BRggpU">La Santa Espina</a> A centenary performance by "Dansaires del Penedès" in Tarragona.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:SardanaPlSantJaume_9081.ogv" title="File:SardanaPlSantJaume 9081.ogv">45-sec Video of Sardana dance and music on Commons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501012258/http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~coby/essays/sardana.htm">The Sardana and I by Coby Lubliner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barcelona-tourist-guide.com/specialist/catalan-dancing-sardana.html">Catalan Dancing in Barcelona, Sardana Dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gourmandbreaks.com/blog/news/the-sardana/">Sardana video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avibotet.cat/">El bloc sardanista dels Botet</a> Extensive work with pictures, comments and documentation on all the diverse activities related to the world of Sardanes that the family Botet has attended to since 2001. The family Botet attends to a high variety of gatherings, dances and music concerts.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Civil_War" title="Catalan Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Reapers' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1640%E2%80%931641)" title="Catalan Republic (1640–1641)">Republic (1640–1641)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Northern Catalonia loss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of Succession</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Catalans" title="War of the Catalans">War of the Catalans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Catalonia" title="Commonwealth of Catalonia">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Republic_(1931)" title="Catalan Republic (1931)">Republic (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Catalonia_(1931-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Region of Catalonia (1931-1939)">Republican Generalitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1932" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932">Statute of Autonomy (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_6_October" title="Events of 6 October">Events of 6 October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Catalonia" title="Revolutionary Catalonia">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Catalonia" title="Francoist Catalonia">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia_of_1979" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979">Statute of Autonomy (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia">Statute of Autonomy (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Declaration of independence</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">2017 referendum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalonia#Geography" title="Catalonia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Catalonia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains of Catalonia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Catalonia" title="List of rivers of Catalonia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Catalonia" title="Extreme points of Catalonia">Extreme points</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Catalonia" title="Subdivisions of Catalonia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegueries_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegueries of Catalonia">Vegueries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Catalonia#Subdivisions_of_Aran" title="Subdivisions of Catalonia">Unique territorial entity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarques_of_Catalonia" title="Comarques of Catalonia">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Catalonia" title="Municipalities of Catalonia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A7on" title="Terçon">Terçons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Catalonia#Provinces" title="Subdivisions of Catalonia">Spanish provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Catalonia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Catalonia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat of Catalonia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Catalonia" title="List of political parties in Catalonia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossos_d%27Esquadra" title="Mossos d'Esquadra">Police force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Catalonia" title="International relations of Catalonia">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_peseta" title="Catalan peseta">Catalan peseta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_Spanish_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2012 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Catalonia" title="Rail transport in Catalonia">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autopistes_and_autovies_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of autopistes and autovies in Catalonia">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Catalonia" title="List of airports in Catalonia">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Catalonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Catalonia (page does not exist)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_wine" title="Catalan wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Catalonia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Catalonia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalans" title="Catalans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitution in Catalonia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Catalonia" title="Religion in Catalonia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Catalonia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Catalonia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegants_i_capgrossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gegants i capgrossos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in Catalonia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Catalonia">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Catalonia" title="Music of Catalonia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Catalonia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sardana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></li> <li><a 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