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<li id="toc-The_building_of_Fort_Sumter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_building_of_Fort_Sumter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The building of Fort Sumter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_building_of_Fort_Sumter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparing_for_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_for_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Preparing for war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_for_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>First Battle of Fort Sumter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_siege_of_Fort_Sumter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_siege_of_Fort_Sumter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Union siege of Fort Sumter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_siege_of_Fort_Sumter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recovery_of_Fort_Sumter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recovery_of_Fort_Sumter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Recovery of Fort Sumter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recovery_of_Fort_Sumter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_Sumter_and_Fort_Moultrie_National_Historical_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Sumter_and_Fort_Moultrie_National_Historical_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Sumter_and_Fort_Moultrie_National_Historical_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="حصن سمتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصن سمتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7" title="سامتئر قلا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سامتئر قلا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%AC%ED%84%B0_%EC%9A%94%EC%83%88" title="섬터 요새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="섬터 요새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8" title="פורט סאמטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורט סאמטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellum_Sumter" title="Castellum Sumter – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Castellum Sumter" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtero_fortas" title="Samtero fortas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samtero fortas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter-er%C5%91d" title="Sumter-erőd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sumter-erőd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E8%A6%81%E5%A1%9E" title="サムター要塞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サムター要塞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_Sumter" title="Forte Sumter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forte Sumter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Форт Самтер (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Форт Самтер (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fort Sumter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Форт-Самтер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Форт-Самтер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E7%89%B9%E5%A0%A1" title="萨姆特堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨姆特堡" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Sumter&params=32_45_8_N_79_52_29_W_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°45′8″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°52′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.75222°N 79.87472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.75222; -79.87472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic coastal fortress in South Carolina, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Fort Sumter</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #E6E6FA"><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">U.S. Historic district</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A5CADA"><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FortSumter2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FortSumter2009.jpg/250px-FortSumter2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FortSumter2009.jpg/375px-FortSumter2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FortSumter2009.jpg/500px-FortSumter2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Sumter is located in the United States"><img alt="Fort Sumter is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.095%;left:79.188%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fort Sumter"><img alt="Fort Sumter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Fort Sumter</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Sumter is located in South Carolina"><img alt="Fort Sumter is located in South Carolina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_South_Carolina_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="978" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.549%;left:70.288%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Fort Sumter"><img alt="Fort Sumter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Fort Sumter (South Carolina)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South Carolina</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Harbor" title="Charleston Harbor">Charleston Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Sumter&params=32_45_8_N_79_52_29_W_region:US_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°45′8″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°52′29″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.75222°N 79.87472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.75222; -79.87472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">234.74 acres (95.00 ha)<sup id="cite_ref-area_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1829</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Visitation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">857,883</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/fosu/">Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000101">66000101</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated HD</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">April 28, 1948<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1948-April-28</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fort Sumter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defense_and_fortification#Sea_forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal defense and fortification">sea fort</a> built on an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, to defend the region from a naval invasion. It was built after <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">captured and occupied Washington</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> via a naval attack. The fort was still incomplete in 1861 when the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> occurred from April 12 to 13, sparking the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. It was severely damaged during the battle and left in ruins. Although there were some efforts at reconstruction after the war, the fort as conceived was never completed. Since the middle of the 20th century, Fort Sumter has been open to the public as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_and_Fort_Moultrie_National_Historical_Park" title="Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park">Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park</a>, operated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_building_of_Fort_Sumter">The building of Fort Sumter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The building of Fort Sumter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Named after American military officer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sumter" title="Thomas Sumter">Thomas Sumter</a>, Fort Sumter was built after <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">captured and occupied Washington</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> via a naval attack. It was built near <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">third system of U.S. fortifications</a> to protect American harbors from a naval invasion. Constructed on an artificial island in the middle of the channel that provides Charleston with natural shelter, Fort Sumter was intended to dominate the harbor, reinforcing the protection provided by the shore <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery batteries</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wagner" title="Fort Wagner">Fort Wagner</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Gregg_(Charleston)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Gregg (Charleston) (page does not exist)">Fort Gregg</a>. </p><p>The artificial island was originally a <a href="/wiki/Sand_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bar">sand bar</a>. In 1827, a group of engineers carried out <a href="/wiki/Depth_sounding" title="Depth sounding">depth sounding</a> and concluded that it was a suitable location for a fort. Construction began in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seventy thousand tons of granite were transported from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> to build up the artificial island. By 1834, a timber foundation that was several feet beneath the water had been laid. However, the decision was made to build a (stronger) brick fort. </p><p>The brick fort is five-sided, 170 to 190 feet (52 to 58 m) long, with walls five feet (1.5 m) thick, standing 50 feet (15.2 m) over the low tide mark. Although never completed, it was designed to house 650 men and 135 guns in three tiers of gun emplacements. </p><p>Construction dragged out because of <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a> problems, then problems with funding such a large and technically challenging project. Unpleasant weather and disease made the situation worse. The exterior was eventually finished, but the interior and armaments were never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dezter_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dezter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104–105">: 104–105 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter_-_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fort_Sumter_-_1861.jpg/175px-Fort_Sumter_-_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fort_Sumter_-_1861.jpg/263px-Fort_Sumter_-_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fort_Sumter_-_1861.jpg/350px-Fort_Sumter_-_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Fort Sumter was photographed in 1861 when it was still intact.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership">Ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the nineteenth century, South Carolina had owned multiple forts, namely <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Pinckney" title="Castle Pinckney">Castle Pinckney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Johnson_(South_Carolina)" title="Fort Johnson (South Carolina)">Fort Johnson</a>, but ceded them, along with sites for the future erection of forts, to the United States in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The forts were of questionable military value and costly to maintain, so when asked to cede them, the state complied.<sup id="cite_ref-Dezter_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dezter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup> This was not the last time that South Carolina would cede forts to the United States; on December 17, 1836, South Carolina officially ceded all "right, title and, claim" to the site of Fort Sumter to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summary">Summary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg/175px-William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg/263px-William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg/350px-William_H_Seward_Abraham_Lincoln_Fort_Sumter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="3161" /></a><figcaption>Letter from <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> advising <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a> on the obstacles in resupplying Fort Sumter, March 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>Fort Sumter is notable for two battles, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">first</a> of which began the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. It was one of a number of special forts planned after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, combining high walls and heavy masonry, and classified as <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_defense_in_the_United_States#Third_system" title="Seacoast defense in the United States">Third System</a>, as a grade of structural integrity. Work started in 1829, but was incomplete by 1861, when the Civil War began. </p><p>The attack on Fort Sumter is generally taken as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>—the first shots fired. Certainly it was so taken at the time—citizens of Charleston were celebrating. The First <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> began on April 12, 1861, when South Carolina Militia artillery fired from shore on the Union garrison. These were (both sides agreed) the first shots of the war. The bombardment continued all day, watched by many happy civilians. The fort had been cut off from its supply line and surrendered the next day. Major <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Robert Anderson</a> took the flag with him as they evacuated. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Second Battle of Fort Sumter">Second Battle of Fort Sumter</a> (September 8, 1863) was a failed attempt by the Union to retake the fort, dogged by a rivalry between army and navy commanders. Although the fort was reduced to rubble, it remained in Confederate hands until it was evacuated as <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">General Sherman</a> marched through South Carolina in February 1865. </p><p>A widely announced <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_at_Fort_Sumter" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising the Flag at Fort Sumter">"End of the War" celebration took place at Fort Sumter</a> on April 14, 1865. The now-Major General Anderson, though ill and retired, came to the ceremony and raised the flag.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_President_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of President Lincoln">The assassination of President Lincoln</a>, which occurred on the evening of that date, almost immediately overshadowed the festivities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparing_for_war">Preparing for war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preparing for war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 26, 1860, only six days after <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War#Secession" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina seceded</a> from the Union, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_Robert_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Robert Anderson">Major Robert Anderson</a> abandoned the indefensible <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">spiking</a> its large guns, burning its gun carriages, and taking its smaller cannon with him. He secretly relocated companies E and H (127 men, 13 of them musicians) of the <a href="/wiki/1st_U.S._Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="1st U.S. Artillery">1st U.S. Artillery</a> to Fort Sumter on his own initiative, without orders from his superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thought that providing a stronger defense would delay an attack by South Carolina militia. The fort was not yet complete at the time and fewer than half of the <a href="/wiki/Cannons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannons">cannons</a> that should have been available were in place, due to military downsizing by President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a letter delivered January 31, 1861, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilkinson_Pickens" title="Francis Wilkinson Pickens">South Carolina Governor Pickens</a> demanded of <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">President Buchanan</a> that he surrender Fort Sumter because "I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few months repeated calls for evacuation of Fort Sumter<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the government of South Carolina and then from <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a> were ignored. Union attempts to resupply and reinforce the garrison were repulsed on January 9, 1861, when shots fired by cadets from <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">the Citadel</a> prevented the steamer <i><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_West" title="Star of the West">Star of the West</a></i>, hired to transport troops and supplies to Fort Sumter, from completing the task. </p><p>After realizing that Anderson's command would run out of food by April 15, 1861, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a> ordered a fleet of ships, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Fox" title="Gustavus Fox">Gustavus V. Fox</a>, to attempt entry into Charleston Harbor and supply Fort Sumter. The ships assigned were the steam sloops-of-war <a href="/wiki/USS_Pawnee_(1859)" title="USS Pawnee (1859)">USS <i>Pawnee</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1850)" title="USS Powhatan (1850)">USS <i>Powhatan</i></a>, transporting motorized launches and about 300 sailors (secretly removed from the Charleston fleet to join in the forced reinforcement of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickens" title="Fort Pickens">Fort Pickens</a>, Pensacola, FL), armed screw steamer <a href="/wiki/USS_Pocahontas_(1852)" title="USS Pocahontas (1852)">USS <i>Pocahontas</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter</a> <a href="/wiki/USRC_Harriet_Lane_(1857)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Harriet Lane (1857)">USRC <i>Harriet Lane</i></a>, steamer <i>Baltic</i> transporting about 200 troops, composed of companies C and D of the 2nd U.S. Artillery, and three hired tugboats with added protection against small arms fire to be used to tow troop and supply barges directly to Fort Sumter.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 240">: 240 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 6, 1861, the first ships began to set sail for their rendezvous off the <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Bar" title="Charleston Bar">Charleston Bar</a>. The first to arrive was <i><a href="/wiki/USRC_Harriet_Lane_(1857)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Harriet Lane (1857)">Harriet Lane</a></i>, on the evening of April 11, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 304">: 304 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter">First Battle of Fort Sumter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Battle of Fort Sumter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Ruffin._Fired_the_1st_shot_in_the_Late_War._Killed_himself_at_close_of_War.,_ca._1861_-_NARA_-_530493.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Edmund_Ruffin._Fired_the_1st_shot_in_the_Late_War._Killed_himself_at_close_of_War.%2C_ca._1861_-_NARA_-_530493.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Edmund_Ruffin._Fired_the_1st_shot_in_the_Late_War._Killed_himself_at_close_of_War.%2C_ca._1861_-_NARA_-_530493.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Edmund_Ruffin._Fired_the_1st_shot_in_the_Late_War._Killed_himself_at_close_of_War.%2C_ca._1861_-_NARA_-_530493.tif/lossy-page1-225px-Edmund_Ruffin._Fired_the_1st_shot_in_the_Late_War._Killed_himself_at_close_of_War.%2C_ca._1861_-_NARA_-_530493.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Edmund_Ruffin._Fired_the_1st_shot_in_the_Late_War._Killed_himself_at_close_of_War.%2C_ca._1861_-_NARA_-_530493.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Edmund_Ruffin._Fired_the_1st_shot_in_the_Late_War._Killed_himself_at_close_of_War.%2C_ca._1861_-_NARA_-_530493.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Edmund Ruffin in the uniform of the "Palmetto Guards" 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>On Thursday, April 11, 1861, Beauregard sent three aides, Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Chesnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Chesnut, Jr.">James Chesnut, Jr.</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Lee" title="Stephen D. Lee">Stephen D. Lee</a>, and Lieutenant A. R. Chisolm to demand the surrender of the fort. Anderson declined, and the aides returned to report to Beauregard. After Beauregard had consulted the Confederate Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Pope_Walker" title="LeRoy Pope Walker">Leroy Walker</a>, he sent the aides back to the fort and authorized Chesnut to decide whether the fort should be taken by force. The aides waited for hours while Anderson considered his alternatives and played for time. At about 3:00 a.m., when Anderson finally announced his conditions, Colonel Chesnut, after conferring with the other aides, decided that they were "manifestly futile and not within the scope of the instructions verbally given to us." The aides then left the fort and proceeded to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Johnson_(South_Carolina)" title="Fort Johnson (South Carolina)">Fort Johnson</a>. There, Chesnut ordered the fort to open fire on Fort Sumter.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59–60">: 59–60 </span></sup> </p><p>On Friday, April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m., Confederate <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> opened fire on the fort, firing for 34 straight hours. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin" title="Edmund Ruffin">Edmund Ruffin</a>, noted Virginian agronomist and secessionist, claimed that he fired the first shot on Fort Sumter. His story has been widely believed, but Lieutenant Henry S. Farley, commanding a battery of two <a href="/wiki/Siege_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War#Mortars" title="Siege artillery in the American Civil War">10-inch siege mortars</a> on <a href="/wiki/James_Island,_South_Carolina" title="James Island, South Carolina">James Island</a>, actually fired the first shot at 4:30 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No attempt was made to return the fire for more than two hours. The fort's supply of ammunition was not suited for the task; also, there were no fuses for their explosive shells, which means that they could not explode. Only solid iron balls could be used against the Confederate batteries. At about 7:00 a.m., Captain <a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a>, the fort's second in command, was given the honor of firing the Union's first shot, in defense of the fort. He missed, in part because Major Anderson did not use the guns mounted on the highest tier—the barbette tier, where the guns could engage the Confederate batteries better, but where the gunners would be more exposed to Confederate fire. The firing continued all day. The Union fired slowly to conserve ammunition. At night, the fire from the fort stopped, but the Confederates still lobbed an occasional shell into Sumter. On Saturday, April 13, the fort was surrendered and evacuated. During the attack, the Union colors fell. Lt. <a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Norman J. Hall</a> risked life and limb to put them back up, burning off his eyebrows permanently. A Confederate soldier bled to death having been wounded by a misfiring cannon. One Union soldier died and another was mortally wounded during the 47th shot of a 100-shot salute, allowed by the Confederacy. Afterward, the salute was shortened to 50 shots. Accounts, such as in the famous diary of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chesnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Chesnut">Mary Chesnut</a>, describe Charleston residents along what is now known as <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Charleston)" title="The Battery (Charleston)">The Battery</a>, sitting on balconies and drinking salutes to the start of the hostilities. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_046.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="[Top] A photographic view of the Hot shot Furnace at right shoulder angle and a 10-in. columbard cannon pointing to Charleston;[16][Bottom] Exterior view of Gorge and Sally Port Ft Sumter April 1861 after its surrender"><img alt="[Top] A photographic view of the Hot shot Furnace at right shoulder angle and a 10-in. columbard cannon pointing to Charleston;[16][Bottom] Exterior view of Gorge and Sally Port Ft Sumter April 1861 after its surrender" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_046.jpg/118px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_046.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_046.jpg/177px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_046.jpg/235px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">[Top] A photographic view of the Hot shot Furnace at right shoulder angle and a 10-in. columbard cannon pointing to Charleston;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>[Bottom] Exterior view of Gorge and Sally Port Ft Sumter April 1861 after its surrender</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_045.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Views of Ft Sumter; [Bottom] View of right angle"><img alt="Views of Ft Sumter; [Bottom] View of right angle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_045.jpg/118px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_045.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_045.jpg/177px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_045.jpg/235px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Views of Ft Sumter; [Bottom] View of right angle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter,_April_1861_MET_DP266511.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right angle gorge of Ft Sumter-Sally port at right"><img alt="Right angle gorge of Ft Sumter-Sally port at right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266511.jpg/150px-The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266511.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266511.jpg/225px-The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266511.jpg/300px-The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right angle gorge of Ft Sumter-Sally port at right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter_the_day_after_Anderson_left,_April_1861_(recto).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Gorge and Sally Port"><img alt="View of the Gorge and Sally Port" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fort_Sumter_the_day_after_Anderson_left%2C_April_1861_%28recto%29.jpg/150px-Fort_Sumter_the_day_after_Anderson_left%2C_April_1861_%28recto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fort_Sumter_the_day_after_Anderson_left%2C_April_1861_%28recto%29.jpg/225px-Fort_Sumter_the_day_after_Anderson_left%2C_April_1861_%28recto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fort_Sumter_the_day_after_Anderson_left%2C_April_1861_%28recto%29.jpg/300px-Fort_Sumter_the_day_after_Anderson_left%2C_April_1861_%28recto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the Gorge and Sally Port</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter,_April_1861_MET_DP266618.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of western part of Gorge"><img alt="View of western part of Gorge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266618.jpg/150px-The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266618.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266618.jpg/225px-The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266618.jpg/300px-The_Evacuation_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_April_1861_MET_DP266618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="2429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of western part of Gorge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_048.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="[Top] View of gorge and Sally port; [Bottom] Left gorge Angle"><img alt="[Top] View of gorge and Sally port; [Bottom] Left gorge Angle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_048.jpg/118px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_048.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_048.jpg/177px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_048.jpg/235px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_09_Page_048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">[Top] View of gorge and Sally port; [Bottom] Left gorge Angle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter_interior_after_bombardment_(recto).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Left gorge angle Sally Port would be at far left"><img alt="View of Left gorge angle Sally Port would be at far left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fort_Sumter_interior_after_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg/150px-Fort_Sumter_interior_after_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fort_Sumter_interior_after_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg/225px-Fort_Sumter_interior_after_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fort_Sumter_interior_after_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg/300px-Fort_Sumter_interior_after_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Left gorge angle Sally Port would be at far left</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter_interior_with_flag_staff_after_the_bombardment_(recto).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Left flank"><img alt="View of Left flank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fort_Sumter_interior_with_flag_staff_after_the_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg/150px-Fort_Sumter_interior_with_flag_staff_after_the_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fort_Sumter_interior_with_flag_staff_after_the_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg/225px-Fort_Sumter_interior_with_flag_staff_after_the_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fort_Sumter_interior_with_flag_staff_after_the_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg/300px-Fort_Sumter_interior_with_flag_staff_after_the_bombardment_%28recto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Left flank</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter,_April_15,_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panormanic View of Left shoulder Angle at left with a 2nd Hot Shot furnace and Left face at right; Ft Sumter 1861; flying the Confederate Flag"><img alt="Panormanic View of Left shoulder Angle at left with a 2nd Hot Shot furnace and Left face at right; Ft Sumter 1861; flying the Confederate Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fort_Sumter%2C_April_15%2C_1861.jpg/150px-Fort_Sumter%2C_April_15%2C_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fort_Sumter%2C_April_15%2C_1861.jpg/225px-Fort_Sumter%2C_April_15%2C_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fort_Sumter%2C_April_15%2C_1861.jpg/300px-Fort_Sumter%2C_April_15%2C_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panormanic View of Left shoulder Angle at left with a 2nd Hot Shot furnace and Left face at right; Ft Sumter 1861; flying the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Flag">Confederate Flag</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salient_with_North-west_Casemates,_Fort_Sumter_MET_DP266616.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At Left North west casemates [left angle]; at right can be seen the start of the right angle"><img alt="At Left North west casemates [left angle]; at right can be seen the start of the right angle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salient_with_North-west_Casemates%2C_Fort_Sumter_MET_DP266616.jpg/150px-Salient_with_North-west_Casemates%2C_Fort_Sumter_MET_DP266616.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salient_with_North-west_Casemates%2C_Fort_Sumter_MET_DP266616.jpg/225px-Salient_with_North-west_Casemates%2C_Fort_Sumter_MET_DP266616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Salient_with_North-west_Casemates%2C_Fort_Sumter_MET_DP266616.jpg/300px-Salient_with_North-west_Casemates%2C_Fort_Sumter_MET_DP266616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="2319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At Left North west casemates [left angle]; at right can be seen the start of the right angle</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_Flag" title="Fort Sumter Flag">Fort Sumter Flag</a> became a popular patriotic symbol after Major Anderson returned North with it. The <i>Star of the West</i> took all the garrison members to New York City. There they were welcomed and honored with a parade on Broadway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_siege_of_Fort_Sumter">Union siege of Fort Sumter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Union siege of Fort Sumter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FtSumterDrawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/FtSumterDrawing.jpg/267px-FtSumterDrawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/FtSumterDrawing.jpg/401px-FtSumterDrawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/FtSumterDrawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Fort Sumter</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter_National_Monument_marker_of_the_Map_of_Charleston_Harbor_defenses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fort_Sumter_National_Monument_marker_of_the_Map_of_Charleston_Harbor_defenses.jpg/300px-Fort_Sumter_National_Monument_marker_of_the_Map_of_Charleston_Harbor_defenses.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fort_Sumter_National_Monument_marker_of_the_Map_of_Charleston_Harbor_defenses.jpg/450px-Fort_Sumter_National_Monument_marker_of_the_Map_of_Charleston_Harbor_defenses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Fort_Sumter_National_Monument_marker_of_the_Map_of_Charleston_Harbor_defenses.jpg/600px-Fort_Sumter_National_Monument_marker_of_the_Map_of_Charleston_Harbor_defenses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Sumter National Monument">Fort Sumter National Monument</a> marker of the Map of Charleston Harbor defenses</figcaption></figure> <p>Union efforts to retake Charleston Harbor began on April 7, 1863, when <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Samuel Francis Du Pont</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">South Atlantic Blockading Squadron</a>, led the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a> frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Ironsides_(1862)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS New Ironsides (1862)"><i>New Ironsides</i></a>, the tower ironclad <a href="/wiki/USS_Keokuk_(1862)" title="USS Keokuk (1862)"><i>Keokuk</i></a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Weehawken_(1862)" title="USS Weehawken (1862)"><i>Weehawken</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Passaic_(1862)" title="USS Passaic (1862)"><i>Passaic</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Montauk_(1862)" title="USS Montauk (1862)"><i>Montauk</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Patapsco_(1862)" title="USS Patapsco (1862)"><i>Patapsco</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Nantucket_(1862)" title="USS Nantucket (1862)"><i>Nantucket</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Catskill_(1862)" title="USS Catskill (1862)"><i>Catskill</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Nahant_(1862)" title="USS Nahant (1862)"><i>Nahant</i></a> in an attack on the harbor's defenses. (The 1863 Battle of Fort Sumter was the largest deployment of monitors in action up to that time.) The attack was unsuccessful: the Union's best ship, USS <i>New Ironsides</i> never effectively engaged, and the ironclads fired only 154 rounds, while receiving 2,209 from the Confederate defenders (<a href="#CITEREFWise1994">Wise 1994</a>, p. 30). Due to damage received in the attack, the USS <i>Keokuk</i> sank the next day, 1,400 yards (1,300 m) off the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a>. Over the next month, working at night to avoid the attention of the Federal squadron, the Confederates salvaged <i>Keokuk's</i> two eleven-inch <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_gun" title="Dahlgren gun">Dahlgren guns</a> (<a href="#CITEREFRipley1984">Ripley 1984</a>, pp. 93–96). One of the Dahlgren guns was promptly placed in Fort Sumter. </p><p>The Confederates, in the meantime, were strengthening Fort Sumter. A workforce of just under 500 enslaved Africans, under the supervision of Confederate army engineers, were filling <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> with sand, protecting the gorge wall with sandbags, and building new <a href="/wiki/Traverse_(gunnery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traverse (gunnery)">traverse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tr_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blindages,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bombproofs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Fort Sumter's artillery had been removed, but 40 pieces still were mounted. Fort Sumter's heaviest guns were mounted on the barbette, the fort's highest level, where they had wide angles of fire and could fire down on approaching ships. The barbette was also more exposed to enemy gunfire than the <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> in the two lower levels of the fort. </p><p>A special military decoration, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gillmore_Medal" title="Gillmore Medal">Gillmore Medal</a>, was later issued to all Union service members who had performed duty at Fort Sumter under the command of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Adams_Gillmore" title="Quincy Adams Gillmore">Quincy Adams Gillmore</a>. </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Fort Sumter Armaments, August 17, 1863</b></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Armament </th></tr> <tr> <td>Left flank barbette </td> <td>Two 10-inch (250 mm) <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Left face barbette </td> <td>Two 10-inch (250 mm) <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a>, two 8-inch (200 mm) <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a>, four 42-pounders </td></tr> <tr> <td>Left face, first tier casemates </td> <td>Two 8-inch (200 mm) shell guns </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right face barbette </td> <td>Two 10-inch (250 mm) <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a>, five rifled and banded 42-pounders </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right face, first tier casemates </td> <td>Two 32-pounders </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right flank barbette </td> <td>One XI-inch Dahlgren (From USS <i>Keokuk</i>), four 10-inch (250 mm) <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a>, one 8-inch (200 mm) <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">Columbiad</a>, one rifled 42-pounder, one 8-inch (200 mm) Brooke </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gorge barbette </td> <td>Five rifled and banded 42-pounders, one 24-pounder </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salient, second tier casemates </td> <td>Three rifled and banded 42-pounders </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parade </td> <td>Two 10-inch (250 mm) seacoast mortars </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_face_of_Fort_Sumter,_Charleston,_S.C,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East Face of Ft Sumter 1863"><img alt="East Face of Ft Sumter 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/East_face_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/150px-East_face_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/East_face_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/225px-East_face_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/East_face_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/300px-East_face_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2732" data-file-height="1396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East Face of Ft Sumter 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FortSumter1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Confederate-held Fort Sumter, August 23, 1863"><img alt="View of Confederate-held Fort Sumter, August 23, 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FortSumter1865.jpg/150px-FortSumter1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FortSumter1865.jpg/225px-FortSumter1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/FortSumter1865.jpg/300px-FortSumter1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Confederate-held Fort Sumter, August 23, 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Ironsides_and_monitor_class_ironclads_engaging_Fort_Moultrie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Cook, half stereo of Federal ironclads firing on Fort Moultrie, September 8, 1863 (click to enlarge) – The Valentine, Richmond, Va."><img alt="George Cook, half stereo of Federal ironclads firing on Fort Moultrie, September 8, 1863 (click to enlarge) – The Valentine, Richmond, Va." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/New_Ironsides_and_monitor_class_ironclads_engaging_Fort_Moultrie.jpg/150px-New_Ironsides_and_monitor_class_ironclads_engaging_Fort_Moultrie.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/New_Ironsides_and_monitor_class_ironclads_engaging_Fort_Moultrie.jpg/225px-New_Ironsides_and_monitor_class_ironclads_engaging_Fort_Moultrie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/New_Ironsides_and_monitor_class_ironclads_engaging_Fort_Moultrie.jpg/300px-New_Ironsides_and_monitor_class_ironclads_engaging_Fort_Moultrie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">George Cook, half stereo of Federal ironclads firing on Fort Moultrie, September 8, 1863 (click to enlarge) – The Valentine, Richmond, Va.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExplodingShellATFortSumter1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lt. John R. Key's (CSA) "exploding shell" painting, of the interior of Fort Sumter – The Valentine, Richmond, Va."><img alt="Lt. John R. Key's (CSA) "exploding shell" painting, of the interior of Fort Sumter – The Valentine, Richmond, Va." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ExplodingShellATFortSumter1863.jpg/150px-ExplodingShellATFortSumter1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ExplodingShellATFortSumter1863.jpg/225px-ExplodingShellATFortSumter1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ExplodingShellATFortSumter1863.jpg/300px-ExplodingShellATFortSumter1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lt. John R. Key's (CSA) "exploding shell" painting, of the interior of Fort Sumter – The Valentine, Richmond, Va.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_110.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first breach after the bombardment of September 8, 1863"><img alt="The first breach after the bombardment of September 8, 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_110.jpg/150px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_110.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_110.jpg/225px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_110.jpg/300px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first breach after the bombardment of September 8, 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_108.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="C.S. Cook picture of Ft Sumter after the bombardment September 28,1863 showing the "Hot shot" Furnace at left and the Barracks at right"><img alt="C.S. Cook picture of Ft Sumter after the bombardment September 28,1863 showing the "Hot shot" Furnace at left and the Barracks at right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_108.jpg/115px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_108.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_108.jpg/173px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_108.jpg/230px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_01_Page_108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="3016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">C.S. Cook picture of Ft Sumter after the bombardment September 28,1863 showing the "Hot shot" Furnace at left and the Barracks at right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65,_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_(1911)_(14576140090).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter"><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576140090%29.jpg/150px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576140090%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576140090%29.jpg/225px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576140090%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576140090%29.jpg/300px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814576140090%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_The_Flag_of_Sumter,_Oct._20,_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flag of Sumter, October 20, 1863"><img alt="The Flag of Sumter, October 20, 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_The_Flag_of_Sumter%2C_Oct._20%2C_1863.jpg/150px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_The_Flag_of_Sumter%2C_Oct._20%2C_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_The_Flag_of_Sumter%2C_Oct._20%2C_1863.jpg/225px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_The_Flag_of_Sumter%2C_Oct._20%2C_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_The_Flag_of_Sumter%2C_Oct._20%2C_1863.jpg/300px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_The_Flag_of_Sumter%2C_Oct._20%2C_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Flag of Sumter, October 20, 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter_December_9th_1863_LCCN2003680529.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ft Sumter from the west angle December 9, 1863"><img alt="Ft Sumter from the west angle December 9, 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fort_Sumter_December_9th_1863_LCCN2003680529.jpg/150px-Fort_Sumter_December_9th_1863_LCCN2003680529.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fort_Sumter_December_9th_1863_LCCN2003680529.jpg/225px-Fort_Sumter_December_9th_1863_LCCN2003680529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fort_Sumter_December_9th_1863_LCCN2003680529.jpg/300px-Fort_Sumter_December_9th_1863_LCCN2003680529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="4269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ft Sumter from the west angle December 9, 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter,_December_9th_1863,_View_of_entrance_to_Three_Gun_Bat%27y_LCCN2004661292.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ft Sumter View of entrance to Three Gun Bat'y December 9, 1863"><img alt="Ft Sumter View of entrance to Three Gun Bat'y December 9, 1863" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_Sumter%2C_December_9th_1863%2C_View_of_entrance_to_Three_Gun_Bat%27y_LCCN2004661292.jpg/150px-Fort_Sumter%2C_December_9th_1863%2C_View_of_entrance_to_Three_Gun_Bat%27y_LCCN2004661292.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_Sumter%2C_December_9th_1863%2C_View_of_entrance_to_Three_Gun_Bat%27y_LCCN2004661292.jpg/225px-Fort_Sumter%2C_December_9th_1863%2C_View_of_entrance_to_Three_Gun_Bat%27y_LCCN2004661292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_Sumter%2C_December_9th_1863%2C_View_of_entrance_to_Three_Gun_Bat%27y_LCCN2004661292.jpg/300px-Fort_Sumter%2C_December_9th_1863%2C_View_of_entrance_to_Three_Gun_Bat%27y_LCCN2004661292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8628" data-file-height="7634" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ft Sumter View of entrance to Three Gun Bat'y December 9, 1863</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper%27s_weekly_(1864)_(14804711563).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1864 sketch of bombardment of Ft Sumter"><img alt="1864 sketch of bombardment of Ft Sumter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Harper%27s_weekly_%281864%29_%2814804711563%29.jpg/150px-Harper%27s_weekly_%281864%29_%2814804711563%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Harper%27s_weekly_%281864%29_%2814804711563%29.jpg/225px-Harper%27s_weekly_%281864%29_%2814804711563%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Harper%27s_weekly_%281864%29_%2814804711563%29.jpg/300px-Harper%27s_weekly_%281864%29_%2814804711563%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1864 sketch of bombardment of Ft Sumter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter,_Charleston,_S.C._taken_by_a_Confederate_photographer_in_1864_(i.e._1863)_LCCN2013651649.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer, 1864 [1863]"><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer, 1864 [1863]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C._taken_by_a_Confederate_photographer_in_1864_%28i.e._1863%29_LCCN2013651649.jpg/150px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C._taken_by_a_Confederate_photographer_in_1864_%28i.e._1863%29_LCCN2013651649.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C._taken_by_a_Confederate_photographer_in_1864_%28i.e._1863%29_LCCN2013651649.jpg/225px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C._taken_by_a_Confederate_photographer_in_1864_%28i.e._1863%29_LCCN2013651649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C._taken_by_a_Confederate_photographer_in_1864_%28i.e._1863%29_LCCN2013651649.jpg/300px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_Charleston%2C_S.C._taken_by_a_Confederate_photographer_in_1864_%28i.e._1863%29_LCCN2013651649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer, 1864 [1863]</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter,_S.C._showing_effects_of_bombardment_LCCN2013651629.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer"><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._showing_effects_of_bombardment_LCCN2013651629.jpg/150px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._showing_effects_of_bombardment_LCCN2013651629.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._showing_effects_of_bombardment_LCCN2013651629.jpg/225px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._showing_effects_of_bombardment_LCCN2013651629.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._showing_effects_of_bombardment_LCCN2013651629.jpg/300px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._showing_effects_of_bombardment_LCCN2013651629.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7393" data-file-height="6237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InteriorViewFtSumter1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer, 1864."><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer, 1864." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/InteriorViewFtSumter1864.jpg/149px-InteriorViewFtSumter1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/InteriorViewFtSumter1864.jpg/223px-InteriorViewFtSumter1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/InteriorViewFtSumter1864.jpg/297px-InteriorViewFtSumter1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter, taken by a Confederate photographer, 1864.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter,_S.C._in_1864_(showing_debris)_LCCN2003669879.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864"><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669879.jpg/150px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669879.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669879.jpg/225px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669879.jpg/300px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter,_S.C._in_1864_(showing_debris)_LCCN2003669880.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864"><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669880.jpg/150px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669880.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669880.jpg/225px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669880.jpg/300px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter,_S.C._in_1864_(showing_debris)_LCCN2003669881.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864"><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669881.jpg/133px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669881.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669881.jpg/200px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669881.jpg/266px-Interior_view_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_S.C._in_1864_%28showing_debris%29_LCCN2003669881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter 1864</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Fort_Sumter,_Interior,_Sunrise,_Dec._9,_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior View of Fort Sumter December 9, 1864"><img alt="Interior View of Fort Sumter December 9, 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Fort_Sumter%2C_Interior%2C_Sunrise%2C_Dec._9%2C_1864.jpg/150px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Fort_Sumter%2C_Interior%2C_Sunrise%2C_Dec._9%2C_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Fort_Sumter%2C_Interior%2C_Sunrise%2C_Dec._9%2C_1864.jpg/225px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Fort_Sumter%2C_Interior%2C_Sunrise%2C_Dec._9%2C_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Fort_Sumter%2C_Interior%2C_Sunrise%2C_Dec._9%2C_1864.jpg/300px-Conrad_Wise_Chapman_-_Fort_Sumter%2C_Interior%2C_Sunrise%2C_Dec._9%2C_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior View of Fort Sumter December 9, 1864</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ExteriorViewFtSumter1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior view of Fort Sumter, 1865. Banded rifle in the foreground, fraise at the top."><img alt="Exterior view of Fort Sumter, 1865. Banded rifle in the foreground, fraise at the top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ExteriorViewFtSumter1865.jpg/144px-ExteriorViewFtSumter1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ExteriorViewFtSumter1865.jpg/217px-ExteriorViewFtSumter1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ExteriorViewFtSumter1865.jpg/288px-ExteriorViewFtSumter1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="956" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior view of Fort Sumter, 1865. Banded rifle in the foreground, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xgf-009.html">fraise</a> at the top.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SumterDamages1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior view of damage to Fort Sumter,"><img alt="Exterior view of damage to Fort Sumter," src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SumterDamages1863.jpg/130px-SumterDamages1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SumterDamages1863.jpg/195px-SumterDamages1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SumterDamages1863.jpg/259px-SumterDamages1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior view of damage to Fort Sumter,</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ViewFtSumterSandBar1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Fort Sumter from the sandbar, 1865."><img alt="View of Fort Sumter from the sandbar, 1865." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ViewFtSumterSandBar1865.jpg/150px-ViewFtSumterSandBar1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ViewFtSumterSandBar1865.jpg/225px-ViewFtSumterSandBar1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ViewFtSumterSandBar1865.jpg/300px-ViewFtSumterSandBar1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="1729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Fort Sumter from the sandbar, 1865.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Johnson_battery._Ft._Sumpter_(sic)_in_the_distance,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Battery Johnson with Ft Sumter in the background"><img alt="View of Battery Johnson with Ft Sumter in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fort_Johnson_battery._Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_in_the_distance%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/150px-Fort_Johnson_battery._Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_in_the_distance%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fort_Johnson_battery._Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_in_the_distance%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/225px-Fort_Johnson_battery._Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_in_the_distance%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fort_Johnson_battery._Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_in_the_distance%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/300px-Fort_Johnson_battery._Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_in_the_distance%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Battery Johnson with Ft Sumter in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Ft._Sumpter_(sic)_Charleston_S._C.,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Ft Sumter"><img alt="Interior of Ft Sumter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Interior_of_Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_Charleston_S._C.%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/150px-Interior_of_Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_Charleston_S._C.%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Interior_of_Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_Charleston_S._C.%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/225px-Interior_of_Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_Charleston_S._C.%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Interior_of_Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_Charleston_S._C.%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/300px-Interior_of_Ft._Sumpter_%28sic%29_Charleston_S._C.%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Ft Sumter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_05_Page_217.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Ft Sumter 1865"><img alt="Interior of Ft Sumter 1865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_05_Page_217.jpg/116px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_05_Page_217.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_05_Page_217.jpg/175px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_05_Page_217.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_05_Page_217.jpg/232px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_05_Page_217.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="3001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Ft Sumter 1865</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_views_of_Fort_Sumter,_in_April,_1865_LCCN2014646432.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Ft Sumter 1865 showing the Hot Shot Furnace."><img alt="Interior of Ft Sumter 1865 showing the Hot Shot Furnace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Interior_views_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_in_April%2C_1865_LCCN2014646432.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Interior_views_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_in_April%2C_1865_LCCN2014646432.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Interior_views_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_in_April%2C_1865_LCCN2014646432.tif/lossy-page1-225px-Interior_views_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_in_April%2C_1865_LCCN2014646432.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Interior_views_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_in_April%2C_1865_LCCN2014646432.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Interior_views_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_in_April%2C_1865_LCCN2014646432.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of Ft Sumter 1865 showing the Hot Shot Furnace.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 197px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter,_Showing_the_effects_of_the_bombardment_by_the_Artillery_of_the_Army_and_Navy_of_the_United_States_while_occupied_by_the_Rebels_from_April_1861_to_Feb._1865_(7901780748).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior view of Ft Sumter in 1865; at left is the "Light house" of Ft Sumter"><img alt="Interior view of Ft Sumter in 1865; at left is the "Light house" of Ft Sumter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fort_Sumter%2C_Showing_the_effects_of_the_bombardment_by_the_Artillery_of_the_Army_and_Navy_of_the_United_States_while_occupied_by_the_Rebels_from_April_1861_to_Feb._1865_%287901780748%29.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fort_Sumter%2C_Showing_the_effects_of_the_bombardment_by_the_Artillery_of_the_Army_and_Navy_of_the_United_States_while_occupied_by_the_Rebels_from_April_1861_to_Feb._1865_%287901780748%29.jpg/225px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Fort_Sumter%2C_Showing_the_effects_of_the_bombardment_by_the_Artillery_of_the_Army_and_Navy_of_the_United_States_while_occupied_by_the_Rebels_from_April_1861_to_Feb._1865_%287901780748%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior view of Ft Sumter in 1865; at left is the "Light house" of Ft Sumter</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Second Battle of Fort Sumter">Second Battle of Fort Sumter</a></div> <p>After the devastating bombardment, both Major General <a href="/wiki/Quincy_A._Gillmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Quincy A. Gillmore">Quincy A. Gillmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/John_A._Dahlgren" title="John A. Dahlgren">John A. Dahlgren</a>, now commanding the <a href="/wiki/Union_Blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Blockade">South Atlantic Blockading Squadron</a>, determined to launch a boat assault on Fort Sumter for the night of September 8–9, 1863. Cooperation between the Army and Navy was poor. Dahlgren refused to place his sailors and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> under the command of an army officer, so two flotillas set out towards Fort Sumter that night. The army flotilla was detained off <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a> by the low tide. By the time they could proceed, the navy assault had already been defeated and the army flotilla returned to shore. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">Navy's</a> assault involved 400 sailors and Marines in 25 boats. The operation was a fiasco from beginning to end. Poor reconnaissance, planning, and communication all characterized the operation. <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Stevens,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Stevens, Jr.">Thomas H. Stevens, Jr.</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitor</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Patapsco_(1862)" title="USS Patapsco (1862)"><i>Patapsco</i></a>, was placed in charge of the assault. When Commander Stevens protested that he "knew nothing of [the assault's] organization " and "made some remonstrances on this grounds and others." Dahlgren replied, "There is nothing but a corporal's guard [about 6–10 men] in the fort, and all we have to do is go and take possession." (<a href="#CITEREFStevens1902">Stevens 1902</a>, p. 633). This underestimation of the Confederate forces on Dahlgren's part may explain why he was hostile to a joint operation wishing to reserve the credit for the victory to the navy. Less than half of the boats landed. Most of the boats that did land landed on the right flank or right gorge angle, rather than on the gorge where there was a passable breach. The Union sailors and Marines who did land could not scale the wall. The Confederates fired upon the landing party and as well as throwing <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenades">hand grenades</a> and loose bricks. The men in the boats that had not landed fired muskets and revolvers blindly at the fort, endangering the landing party more than the garrison. The landing party took shelter in shell holes in the wall of the fort. In response to a signal rocket fired by the garrison, Fort Johnson and the Confederate warship CSS <a href="/wiki/CSS_Chicora" title="CSS Chicora"><i>Chicora</i></a> opened fire upon the boats and landing party. A number of the boats withdrew under fire and the landing party surrendered. The Union casualties were 8 killed, 19 wounded, and 105 captured (including 15 of the wounded). The Confederates did not suffer any casualties in the assault. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg/220px-Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg/330px-Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg/440px-Flag-raising_Fort_Sumter_Charleston_Harbor_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4409" data-file-height="4877" /></a><figcaption>Flag-raising over Fort Sumter, April 14, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>After the unsuccessful boat assault, the bombardment recommenced and proceeded with the varying degree of intensity, doing more damage to Fort Sumter until the end of the <a href="/wiki/The_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Civil War">war</a>. The garrison continued to suffer casualties. The Confederates continued to salvage guns and other material from the ruins and harassed the Union batteries on <a href="/wiki/Morris_Island" title="Morris Island">Morris Island</a> with <a href="/wiki/Marksman#U.S._Civil_War" title="Marksman">sharpshooters</a>. The Confederates mounted four 10-inch (250 mm) <a href="/wiki/Columbiad" title="Columbiad">columbiads</a>, one 8-inch (200 mm) columbiad rifled, and two rifled 42-pounders, in the left face, bottom tier casemates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recovery_of_Fort_Sumter">Recovery of Fort Sumter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recovery of Fort Sumter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celebrations_at_the_end_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Celebrations at the end of the American Civil War">Celebrations at the end of the American Civil War</a></div> <p>The last Confederate commander, Major Thomas A. Huguenin, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel,_The_Military_College_of_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina">The Citadel</a>, never surrendered Fort Sumter, but General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>'s advance through South Carolina finally forced the Confederates to evacuate Charleston on February 17, 1865, and abandon Fort Sumter. The Federal government formally took possession of Fort Sumter on February 22, 1865. </p><p>Anderson, now a <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a>, returned to Sumter with the flag he had been forced to lower four years earlier, and on April 14, 1865, raised it in triumph over the ruined fort. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a> was present and subsequently spoke at length about the occasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_war">After the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0780).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280780%29.jpg/220px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280780%29.jpg/330px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280780%29.jpg/440px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Fort Sumter, ca. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Civil War ended, Fort Sumter was in ruins. The U.S. Army worked to restore it as a useful military installation. The damaged walls were re-leveled to a lower height and partially rebuilt. The third tier of gun emplacements was removed. Eleven of the original first-tier gun rooms were restored with 100-pounder <a href="/wiki/Parrott_rifle" title="Parrott rifle">Parrott rifles</a>. </p><p>From 1876 to 1897, Fort Sumter was used only as an unmanned lighthouse station. The start of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> prompted renewed interest in its military use and reconstruction commenced on the facilities that had further deteriorated over time. A new massive concrete blockhouse-style installation was built in 1898 inside the original walls, armed with two <a href="/wiki/12-inch_gun_M1888" class="mw-redirect" title="12-inch gun M1888">12-inch M1888 guns</a>, one on a <a href="/wiki/Disappearing_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappearing carriage">disappearing carriage</a>. Named "Battery Huger" in honor of Revolutionary War General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Huger" title="Isaac Huger">Isaac Huger</a>, it never saw combat. This battery was deactivated in 1947, and in 1948 the fort became <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Sumter National Monument">Fort Sumter National Monument</a> under the control of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scdah_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scdah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One hundred and forty-seven years after it was sent, a rolled up telegraphic message was found in a trunk belonging to Col. Alexander Ramsay Thompson of New York and eventually given to a museum in Charleston, S.C. The telegram was dated April 14, 1861 from the Governor of South Carolina to <a href="/wiki/Gazaway_Bugg_Lamar" title="Gazaway Bugg Lamar">Gazaway Bugg Lamar</a> in New York, reading in part:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fort Sumter surrendered yesterday after we had set all on fire... F.W. Pickens</p></blockquote> <p>In 1966, the site was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scdah_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scdah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a> (a division of the <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a>) and its partners have acquired and preserved 0.23 acres (0.00093 km<sup>2</sup>) of historic land related to the battles at Fort Sumter.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fort_Sumter_and_Fort_Moultrie_National_Historical_Park">Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_and_Fort_Moultrie_National_Historical_Park" title="Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park">Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie National Historical Park</a> encompasses three sites in Charleston: the original Fort Sumter, the Fort Sumter Visitor Education Center, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a> on Sullivan's Island. Access to Fort Sumter itself is by a 30-minute ferry ride from the Fort Sumter Visitor Education Center or <a href="/wiki/Patriots_Point" title="Patriots Point">Patriots Point</a>. Access by private boat is no longer allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Visitor Education Center's museum features exhibits about the disagreements between the North and South that led to the incidents at Fort Sumter. The museum at Fort Sumter focuses on the activities at the fort, including its construction and role during the Civil War. </p><p>April 12, 2011, marked the 150th Anniversary of the start of the Civil War. There was a commemoration of the events by thousands of Civil War reenactors with encampments in the area. A United States stamp of Fort Sumter and a <a href="/wiki/First-day_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="First-day cover">first-day cover</a> were issued that day. </p><p>On June 28, 2015, in the aftermath of the events of June 17, 2015, when a <a href="/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting" title="Charleston church shooting">mass shooting</a> took place at <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church">Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> in downtown Charleston, South Carolina, the five small flags that were arranged in a semi-circle around the large flagpole flying the 50-star United States flag at Fort Sumter were lowered so that the South Carolina flag could be flown at half staff. Those flown include a 33-star <a href="/wiki/United_States_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="United States flag">United States flag</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> First National Flag (<a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America#First_flag:_the_"Stars_and_Bars"_(1861–1863)" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Stars and Bars</a>), a <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_State_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina State Flag">South Carolina State Flag</a>, a Confederate Second National Flag (<a href="/wiki/Stainless_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Stainless Banner">Stainless Banner</a>), and a 35-star United States flag. This display was added to Fort Sumter National Monument in the 1970s. In August 2015, the flagpoles were removed to create a new exhibit. The four historic national flags now fly on the lower parade ground.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> led to a Park Service decision to move some of the large rocks "originally installed to protect the fort from the sea," farther from the fort's walls, in order to create a protective <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Sumter National Monument"><img alt="Fort Sumter National Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg/120px-FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg/180px-FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg/240px-FortsumterNM-welcome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fort Sumter National Monument</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of Fort Sumter National Monument"><img alt="Aerial view of Fort Sumter National Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg/120px-Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg/180px-Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg/240px-Fort_Sumter_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerial view of Fort Sumter National Monument</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The interior of Fort Sumter from the top of the fort"><img alt="The interior of Fort Sumter from the top of the fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG/120px-Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG/180px-Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG/240px-Overview_of_interior_of_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4543.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The interior of Fort Sumter from the top of the fort</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter,_SC_IMG_4530.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tourists at Fort Sumter on a summer afternoon"><img alt="Tourists at Fort Sumter on a summer afternoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter%2C_SC_IMG_4530.JPG/120px-Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter%2C_SC_IMG_4530.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter%2C_SC_IMG_4530.JPG/180px-Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter%2C_SC_IMG_4530.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter%2C_SC_IMG_4530.JPG/240px-Tourists_at_Fort_Sumter%2C_SC_IMG_4530.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tourists at Fort Sumter on a summer afternoon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cannon displayed at Fort Sumter"><img alt="Cannon displayed at Fort Sumter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG/120px-Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG/180px-Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG/240px-Cannon_display_at_Fort_Sumter_IMG_4528.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cannon displayed at Fort Sumter</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Pinckney" title="Castle Pinckney">Castle Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_Flag" title="Fort Sumter Flag">Fort Sumter Flag</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-area_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/upload/NPS-Acreage-12-31-2011.xlsx">"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX)</span>. Land Resource Division, National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listing+of+acreage+%E2%80%93+December+31%2C+2011&rft.pub=Land+Resource+Division%2C+National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsubjects%2Flwcf%2Fupload%2FNPS-Acreage-12-31-2011.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/acreagereports.htm">National Park Service Acreage Reports</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fosu/parkmgmt/upload/FOSU_GMP_1998.pdf">"Fort Sumter National Monument – Draft General Management Plan Environmental Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service. 1998. p. 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Sumter+National+Monument+%E2%80%93+Draft+General+Management+Plan+Environmental+Assessment&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffosu%2Fparkmgmt%2Fupload%2FFOSU_GMP_1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/fort-sumter">"Fort Sumter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Television_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Television Networks">A&E Television Networks</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a>). December 11, 2019 [November 9, 2009]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Sumter&rft.pub=A%26E+Television+Networks+%28History+Channel%29&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Famerican-civil-war%2Ffort-sumter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dezter-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dezter_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dezter_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDezter2001" class="citation book cs1">Dezter, David (2001). <i>Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston, and the Beginning of the Civil War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600741-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600741-2"><bdi>978-0-15-600741-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allegiance%3A+Fort+Sumter%2C+Charleston%2C+and+the+Beginning+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-15-600741-2&rft.aulast=Dezter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1887" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Samuel W. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesiscivilwar00crawgoog"><i>The Genesis of the Civil War: The Story of Sumter, 1860–1861</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Webster_and_Company" title="Charles L. Webster and Company">Charles L. Webster and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1591687">1591687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+the+Civil+War%3A+The+Story+of+Sumter%2C+1860%E2%80%931861&rft.pub=Charles+L.+Webster+and+Company&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1591687&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesiscivilwar00crawgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60879907/end-of-civil-war-celebration-at-fort/">"Raising the Flag on Fort Sumter – A Great Anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Island Argus">Rock Island Argus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>)</i>. April 15, 1865. p. 2 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rock+Island+Argus+%28Rock+Island%2C+Illinois%29&rft.atitle=Raising+the+Flag+on+Fort+Sumter+%E2%80%93+A+Great+Anniversary&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1865-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F60879907%2Fend-of-civil-war-celebration-at-fort%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliot-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Anderson to Rev. R. B. Duane, December 30, 1860</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Anderson to Robert N. Gourdin, December 27, 1860.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskin1896" class="citation web cs1">Haskin, William, Major, 1st U.S. Artillery (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725173821/http://www.usregulars.com/usartillery/1us_art.html">"History of the 1st U.S. Artillery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usregulars.com/usartillery/1us_art.html">the original</a> on July 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+1st+U.S.+Artillery&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Haskin&rft.aufirst=William%2C+Major%2C+1st+U.S.+Artillery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usregulars.com%2Fusartillery%2F1us_art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Buchanan1911" class="citation book cs1">James Buchanan (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v5E9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA178"><i>The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence</i></a>. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-744-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-744-0"><bdi>978-1-62376-744-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+James+Buchanan%3A+Comprising+His+Speeches%2C+State+Papers%2C+and+Private+Correspondence&rft.pages=178&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-1-62376-744-0&rft.au=James+Buchanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5E9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1862" class="citation book cs1">Harris, W.A. (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/sclpam/id/1204"><i>The record of Fort Sumter, from its occupation by Major Anderson, to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens</i></a>. Columbia, SC: South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+record+of+Fort+Sumter%2C+from+its+occupation+by+Major+Anderson%2C+to+its+reduction+by+South+Carolina+troops+during+the+administration+of+Governor+Pickens&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=South+Carolinian+Steam+Job+Printing+Office&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.tcl.sc.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fsclpam%2Fid%2F1204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies Series I – Volume 4. pp. 223–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFDetzer2001">Detzer 2001</a>, pp. 269–271).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ft Sumter Map "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War Vol 1 p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tr-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tr_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xgt-007.html">Traverses</a>, Civil War Fortifications dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xgb-005.html">Civil War Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/dictionary/xgb-012.html">Civil War Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scdah-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scdah_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scdah_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/S10817710001/index.htm">"Fort Sumter National Monument, Charleston County (Charleston Harbor and Sullivan's Island)"</a>. <i>National Register Properties in South Carolina</i>. South Carolina Department of Archives and History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+Properties+in+South+Carolina&rft.atitle=Fort+Sumter+National+Monument%2C+Charleston+County+%28Charleston+Harbor+and+Sullivan%27s+Island%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregister.sc.gov%2Fcharleston%2FS10817710001%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220230120/http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20110413/ARCHIVES/304139995">A telegram comes home – Post and Courier</a>, Charleston, South Carolina</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhpinv-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1973" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Benjamin G. (October 10, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/charleston/S10817710001/S10817710001.pdf">"Fort Sumter National Monument"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Register of Historic Places – Nomination and Inventory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+%E2%80%93+Nomination+and+Inventory&rft.atitle=Fort+Sumter+National+Monument&rft.date=1973-10-10&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregister.sc.gov%2Fcharleston%2FS10817710001%2FS10817710001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.battlefields.org/preserve/saved-land">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a> "Saved Land" webpage. Accessed May 24, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postandcourier.com/news/feds-block-private-boats-drop-in-visits-to-historic-fort-sumter-in-charleston-harbor/article_6e5289c0-b856-11e9-808e-2f91ab89b8f8.html">"Feds block private boats, drop-in visits to historic Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor"</a>. The Post And Courier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feds+block+private+boats%2C+drop-in+visits+to+historic+Fort+Sumter+in+Charleston+Harbor&rft.pub=The+Post+And+Courier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.postandcourier.com%2Fnews%2Ffeds-block-private-boats-drop-in-visits-to-historic-fort-sumter-in-charleston-harbor%2Farticle_6e5289c0-b856-11e9-808e-2f91ab89b8f8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/121164364604766/858979540823241">"Timeline Photos – Fort Sumter National Monument"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/FtSumterNPS/photos/a.171220619599140.44796.121164364604766/858979540823241/">the original</a></span> on February 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Timeline+Photos+%E2%80%93+Fort+Sumter+National+Monument&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FFtSumterNPS%2Fphotos%2Fa.171220619599140.44796.121164364604766%2F858979540823241%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuzak2019" class="citation web cs1">Manuzak, Stephanie (December 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/12/fort-sumter-contends-with-sea-level-rise-and-extreme-storms/">"Fort Sumter contends with sea-level rise and extreme storms"</a>. <i>Yale Climate Connections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Climate+Connections&rft.atitle=Fort+Sumter+contends+with+sea-level+rise+and+extreme+storms&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.aulast=Manuzak&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yaleclimateconnections.org%2F2019%2F12%2Ffort-sumter-contends-with-sea-level-rise-and-extreme-storms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, Kevin. "The Second Battle of Fort Sumter: The Debate over the Politics of Race and Historical Memory at the Opening of America's Civil War Centennial, 1961." <i>The Public Historian</i> (2011) 33#2 pp. 94–109 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.94">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesnut2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boykin_Chesnut" title="Mary Boykin Chesnut">Chesnut, Mary Boykin</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/chesnut/maryches.html"><i>A Diary from Dixie</i></a>. Waking Lion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4341-0322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4341-0322-2"><bdi>978-1-4341-0322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diary+from+Dixie&rft.pub=Waking+Lion+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4341-0322-2&rft.aulast=Chesnut&rft.aufirst=Mary+Boykin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fsouthlit%2Fchesnut%2Fmaryches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Cooper,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Cooper, Jr.">Cooper, William J.</a> <i>We Have the War Upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860–April 1861</i> (2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetzer2001" class="citation book cs1">Detzer, David R. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allegiancefortsu00detz"><i>Allegiance: Fort Sumter, Charleston and the Beginning of the Civil War</i></a></span>. New York: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-100641-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-100641-5"><bdi>0-15-100641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allegiance%3A+Fort+Sumter%2C+Charleston+and+the+Beginning+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-15-100641-5&rft.aulast=Detzer&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallegiancefortsu00detz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoubleday1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday, Abner</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=mEwIAAAAQAAJ"><i>Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860–61</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-97210-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-97210-1"><bdi>978-0-598-97210-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+Forts+Sumter+and+Moultrie+in+1860%E2%80%9361&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=978-0-598-97210-1&rft.aulast=Doubleday&rft.aufirst=Abner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DmEwIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher2024" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, Richard (2024). <i>THUNDER IN THE HARBOR: Fort Sumter and the Civil War</i>. Myrtle Beach, SC: Savas Beatie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-593-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-593-9"><bdi>978-1-61121-593-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THUNDER+IN+THE+HARBOR%3A+Fort+Sumter+and+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Myrtle+Beach%2C+SC&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-61121-593-9&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hendrix, M. Patrick. <i>A History of Fort Sumter: Building a Civil War Landmark</i> (The History Press, 2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley1984" class="citation cs2">Ripley, Warren (1984), <i>Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War</i>, Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88394-003-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88394-003-5"><bdi>0-88394-003-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillery+and+Ammunition+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Charleston%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=The+Battery+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-88394-003-5&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Silkenat, David. <i>Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6">978-1-4696-4972-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1994" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Stephen R. (1994). <i>Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87249-985-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87249-985-5"><bdi>0-87249-985-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gate+of+Hell%3A+Campaign+for+Charleston+Harbor%2C+1863&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87249-985-5&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1902" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, Stephen Jr. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/ofre.html">"Detailed report, September 12, 1863"</a>. <i>Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I</i>. <b>14</b>. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: <span class="nowrap">637–</span>639.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Navies+in+the+War+of+the+Rebellion%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Detailed+report%2C+September+12%2C+1863&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E639&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fofre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1890" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Robert N. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209213443/http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">"Return of Casualties in the Confederate forces at Fort Sumter, August 12 – December 11 (1863)"</a>. <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I</i>. <b>XXVIII</b> (Part I). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 650. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Return+of+Casualties+in+the+Confederate+forces+at+Fort+Sumter%2C+August+12+%E2%80%93+December+11+%281863%29&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=Part+I&rft.pages=650&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fwaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1902" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Thomas H.. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse.monographs/ofre.html">"Delayed report, September 28, 1865"</a>. <i>Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I</i>. <b>14</b>. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 633<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Navies+in+the+War+of+the+Rebellion%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Delayed+report%2C+September+28%2C+1865&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=633&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fofre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1890" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, John W. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209213443/http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">"Reports"</a>. <i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I</i>. <b>XXVIII</b> (Part I). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: <span class="nowrap">212–</span>225. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu/moa/browse.monographs/waro.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies%2C+Series+I.&rft.atitle=Reports&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=Part+I&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F0-cdl.library.cornell.edu.source.unco.edu%2Fmoa%2Fbrowse.monographs%2Fwaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFort+Sumter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fort_Sumter" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~sumter/">Tulane University multimedia teaching tool on Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.sc0247">Library of Congress collection of photos of Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fosu/">National Park Service's official website for Fort Sumter</a></li> <li>Specialized sites <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Fort_Sumter">Blue and Gray Trail Fort Sumter Web site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716141352/http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Fort_Sumter">Archived</a> July 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/fortsumter">Civilwar.org Fort Sumter Web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Sumter">Fortwiki.com article on Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/sc2.html#harbor">NorthAmericanForts.com article on Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/battle-fort-sumter.htm">SonoftheSouth.net article on Battle of Fort Sumter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlestoninsidersguide.com/fort-sumter.php">Charleston, SC Insider's Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211134734/http://www.charlestoninsidersguide.com/fort-sumter.php">Archived</a> February 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwarfortifications.com/index.html">The Civil War Field Fortifications Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015040443/http://civilwarfortifications.com/index.html">Archived</a> October 15, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/charleston/">Historic Charleston's Religious and Community Buildings, a National Park Service <i>Discover Our Shared Heritage</i> Travel Itinerary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726122401/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/charleston/">Archived</a> July 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Map_of_USA_SC.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_SC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Map_of_USA_SC.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_SC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Map_of_USA_SC.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_SC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Abbeville_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Abbeville County, South Carolina">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Aiken_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Aiken County, South Carolina">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Allendale_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Allendale County, South Carolina">Allendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Anderson_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Anderson County, South Carolina">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bamberg_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bamberg County, South Carolina">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barnwell_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnwell County, South Carolina">Barnwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Beaufort_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Beaufort County, South Carolina">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Berkeley_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Berkeley County, South Carolina">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Calhoun_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Calhoun County, South Carolina">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charleston_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charleston County, South Carolina">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cherokee_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cherokee County, South Carolina">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chester_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chester County, South Carolina">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chesterfield_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chesterfield County, South Carolina">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clarendon_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clarendon County, South Carolina">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colleton_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colleton County, South Carolina">Colleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Darlington_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Darlington County, South Carolina">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dillon_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dillon County, South Carolina">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dorchester_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dorchester County, South Carolina">Dorchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Edgefield_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Edgefield County, South Carolina">Edgefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fairfield_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfield County, South Carolina">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florence_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florence County, South Carolina">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgetown_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgetown County, South Carolina">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greenville_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greenville County, South Carolina">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greenwood_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greenwood County, South Carolina">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hampton_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampton County, South Carolina">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Horry_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Horry County, South Carolina">Horry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jasper_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jasper County, South Carolina">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kershaw_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Kershaw County, South Carolina">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lancaster_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, South Carolina">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Laurens_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Laurens County, South Carolina">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lee_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, South Carolina">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lexington_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lexington County, South Carolina">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Marion_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Marion County, South Carolina">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Marlboro_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Marlboro County, South Carolina">Marlboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_McCormick_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in McCormick County, South Carolina">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Newberry_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Newberry County, South Carolina">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oconee_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Oconee County, South Carolina">Oconee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orangeburg_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orangeburg County, South Carolina">Orangeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pickens_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pickens County, South Carolina">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Richland_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Richland County, South Carolina">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Saluda_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Saluda County, South Carolina">Saluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Spartanburg_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Spartanburg County, South Carolina">Spartanburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sumter_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sumter County, South Carolina">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, South Carolina">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Williamsburg_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamsburg County, South Carolina">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_York_County,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in York County, South Carolina">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Charleston,_South_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in North Charleston, South Carolina">North Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rock Hill, South Carolina">Rock Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_South_Carolina" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina">National Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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