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<span>Burning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Burning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Burning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._Capitol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Capitol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>U.S. Capitol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Capitol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>White House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Washington_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Washington_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other Washington buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Washington_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Storm_that_Saved_Washington"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Storm_that_Saved_Washington""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>"The Storm that Saved Washington"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Storm_that_Saved_Washington"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86" title="حريق واشنطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حريق واشنطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_von_Washington" title="Brand von Washington – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brand von Washington" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quema_de_Washington" title="Quema de Washington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quema de Washington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruligo_de_Va%C5%9Dingtono" title="Bruligo de Vaŝingtono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruligo de Vaŝingtono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%86" title="به آتش کشیدن واشینگتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="به آتش کشیدن واشینگتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendie_de_Washington" title="Incendie de Washington – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Incendie de Washington" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EC%8B%B1%ED%84%B4_%EB%B0%A9%ED%99%94" title="워싱턴 방화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워싱턴 방화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran_Washington" title="Pembakaran Washington – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembakaran Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendio_di_Washington" title="Incendio di Washington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incendio di Washington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%A1ingtonas_dedzin%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Vašingtonas dedzināšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vašingtonas dedzināšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran_Washington" title="Pembakaran Washington – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembakaran Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_van_Washington" title="Brand van Washington – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brand van Washington" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E7%84%BC%E3%81%8D%E8%A8%8E%E3%81%A1" title="ワシントン焼き討ち – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワシントン焼き討ち" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendi_de_Washington" title="Incendi de Washington – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Incendi de Washington" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86" title="احتراق واشنگٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="احتراق واشنگٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Washington" title="Batalha de Washington – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Washington" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arderea_Washingtonului" title="Arderea Washingtonului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arderea Washingtonului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сожжение Вашингтона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сожжение Вашингтона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedbr%C3%A4nningen_av_staden_Washington" title="Nedbränningen av staden Washington – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nedbränningen av staden Washington" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Yang%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Washington Yangını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Washington Yangını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Спалення Вашингтона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спалення Вашингтона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86" title="احتراق واشنگٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="احتراق واشنگٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%91t_ch%C3%A1y_Washington" title="Trận đốt cháy Washington – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận đốt cháy Washington" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB" title="华盛顿大火 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="华盛顿大火" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q897786#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burning_of_Washington&params=38_53_23_N_77_00_32_W_region:US-DC_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°00′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88972°N 77.00889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88972; -77.00889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British naval attack on the United States during the War of 1812</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Burning of Washington</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Burning_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/290px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/435px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Burning_Washington.jpg/580px-British_Burning_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="626" /></a></span><br />The <i>Capture of the City of Washington</i> shows the burning of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on August 24, 1814.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 24, 1814</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burning_of_Washington&params=38_53_23_N_77_00_32_W_region:US-DC_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°00′32″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.88972°N 77.00889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.88972; -77.00889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> victory </p> <ul><li>Almost whole <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> burned including the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Cockburn" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cockburn">George Cockburn</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 4,250<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 7,640</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 30 killed<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 6 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-National_Constitution_Center_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Constitution_Center-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (December 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2-20 killed<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> 1 frigate destroyed <br /> 1 frigate scuttled <br /> 1 sloop scuttled</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Chesapeake_campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Chesapeake_campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Chesapeake_campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chesapeake_campaign1813–1814" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_campaign" title="Chesapeake campaign"><span class="wrap">Chesapeake campaign</span></a><br />1813–1814</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1813</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">1st St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Second Battle of St. Michaels">2nd St. Michaels</a></li></ul> <p><b>1814</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg/240px-Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg/360px-Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg/480px-Chesapeake_Campaign_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>British and American movements during the Chesapeake Campaign in 1814</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_House_Bermuda_at_Mount_Wyndham_1818.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Admiralty_House_Bermuda_at_Mount_Wyndham_1818.jpg/240px-Admiralty_House_Bermuda_at_Mount_Wyndham_1818.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Admiralty_House_Bermuda_at_Mount_Wyndham_1818.jpg/360px-Admiralty_House_Bermuda_at_Mount_Wyndham_1818.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Admiralty_House_Bermuda_at_Mount_Wyndham_1818.jpg/480px-Admiralty_House_Bermuda_at_Mount_Wyndham_1818.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_House,_Bermuda" title="Admiralty House, Bermuda">Admiralty House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, where the British attack was planned</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Burning of Washington</b>, also known as the <b>Capture of Washington</b>, was a successful <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious attack</a> conducted by Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Cockburn,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet">George Cockburn</a> during <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Borlase_Warren" title="John Borlase Warren">Sir John Warren</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_campaign" title="Chesapeake campaign">Chesapeake campaign</a>. It was the only time since the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> that a foreign power had captured and occupied a <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States#Capitals_of_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">United States capital</a>. Following the defeat of American forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Battle of Bladensburg</a> on August 24, 1814, a British army led by Major-General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a> marched on <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> That evening, British soldiers and sailors set fire to multiple public buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">Presidential Mansion</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack was in part a retaliation for prior American actions in British-held <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, in which U.S. forces had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">burned and looted York</a> the previous year and had then <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">burned large portions of Port Dover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryBurn_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryBurn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than four days after the attack began, a heavy thunderstorm, possibly a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricane</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>, extinguished the fires and caused further destruction. The British occupation of Washington, D.C. lasted for roughly 26 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, along with his administration and several military officials, evacuated and were able to find refuge for the night in <a href="/wiki/Brookeville,_Maryland" title="Brookeville, Maryland">Brookeville</a>, a small town in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a>; President Madison spent the night in the house of <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Bentley" title="Caleb Bentley">Caleb Bentley</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> who lived and worked in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still exists. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Kingdom was already at war with <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a> when the United States declared war in 1812. The war against France took up most of Britain's attention and military resources. The initial British strategy against the United States focused on imposing a naval blockade at sea, and maintaining a defensive stance on land. The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> could not reinforce Canada; instead, the government relied on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">militia units</a> and indigenous allies to support the British Army units already posted in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999240_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999240-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the defeat and exile of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in April 1814, Britain was able to use its newly available troops and ships to prosecute its war with the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Earl of Bathurst</a>, serving as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a>, dispatched an army brigade and additional naval vessels to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">imperial fortress</a> of Bermuda, from where a blockade of the U.S. coast and even the occupation of some coastal islands had been overseen throughout the war. It was decided to use these forces in raids along the Atlantic seaboard to draw American forces away from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999240_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999240-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commanders were under strict orders not to carry out operations far inland, or to attempt to hold territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (January 2022)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> Early in 1814, Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cochrane" title="Alexander Cochrane">Alexander Cochrane</a> had been appointed commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North America and West Indies Station</a>, controlling naval forces based at the new <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Bermuda dockyard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Halifax Naval Yard</a>, which were used to blockade American ports throughout the war. He planned to carry the war into the United States, by attacks in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and against <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriss199798_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriss199798-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Cockburn" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cockburn">George Cockburn</a> had commanded the squadron in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> since the previous year. On June 25, he wrote to Cochrane stressing that the defenses there were weak, and he felt that several major cities were vulnerable to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997100_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997100-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cochrane suggested attacking <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. Rear Admiral Cockburn accurately predicted that "within a short period of time, with enough force, we could easily have at our mercy the capital".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He recommended Washington, D.C. as the target, because of the comparative ease of attacking the national capital and "the greater political effect likely to result".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997101_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997101-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 18, Cochrane ordered Cockburn to "deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages ... You are hereby required and directed to destroy and lay waste such towns and districts as you may find assailable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006414_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006414-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cochrane further instructed, "You will spare merely the lives of the unarmed inhabitants of the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006414_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006414-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross was less optimistic. He "never dreamt for one minute that an army of 3,500 men with 1,000 marines reinforcement, with no cavalry, hardly any artillery, could march 50 miles inland and capture an enemy capital", according to historian John McCavitt.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_News_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross refused to accept Cockburn's recommendation to burn the entire city. He spared nearly all of the privately owned properties.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An added motive was retaliation for the "wanton destruction of private property along the north shores of Lake Erie" by American troops under Colonel John Campbell in May, the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Raid on Port Dover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006402_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006402-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 2, Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Prevost" title="George Prevost">George Prevost</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors General of Canada">Governor General</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, wrote to Cochrane at <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_House,_Bermuda" title="Admiralty House, Bermuda">Admiralty House</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Bay,_Bermuda" title="Bailey's Bay, Bermuda">Bailey's Bay</a>, Bermuda, calling for a retaliation against the American destruction of private property in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>. Prévost argued that, </p> <blockquote><p>in consequence of the late disgraceful conduct of the American troops in the wanton destruction of private property on the north shores of Lake Erie, in order that if the war with the United States continues you may, should you judge it advisable, assist in inflicting that measure of retaliation which shall deter the enemy from a repetition of similar outrages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006402_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006402-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many sources also suggest that the attack on Washington was motivated by revenge for the American looting of <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a> in Upper Canada, the provincial capital,<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryBurn_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryBurn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</a> in April 1813. Earlier, the British had filed general complaints about the "wanton destruction" along the Niagara region and Lake Erie.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major General Ross commanded the 4,500-man army in Washington, composed of the 1st Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Own_Royal_Regiment_(Lancaster)" title="King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)">4th (King's Own) Regiment of Foot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Fusiliers" title="Royal Scots Fusiliers">21st (Royal North British Fusilier) Regiment of Foot</a>, the 1st Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/44th_(East_Essex)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot">44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/85th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Bucks_Volunteers)" title="85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers)">85th Regiment of Foot</a> and a battalion of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>. This force defeated an American army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Battle of Bladensburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burning">Burning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Washington_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Burning_of_Washington_1814.jpg/240px-Burning_of_Washington_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Burning_of_Washington_1814.jpg/360px-Burning_of_Washington_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Burning_of_Washington_1814.jpg/480px-Burning_of_Washington_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3742" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption>The Burning of Washington, August 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, members of his government, and the military fled the city in the wake of the British victory at Bladensburg. They found refuge for the night in <a href="/wiki/Brookeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookeville">Brookeville</a>, a small town in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Maryland" title="Montgomery County, Maryland">Montgomery County, Maryland</a>, which is known today as the "United States' Capital for a Day". President Madison spent the night in the house of <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Bentley" title="Caleb Bentley">Caleb Bentley</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> who lived and worked as a silversmith in Brookeville. Bentley's house, known today as the Madison House, still stands in Brookeville.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 24, 1814, the British, led by Ross and Cockburn, entered Washington with a force of 4,500 "battle hardened" men.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaPoBurned_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoBurned-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan to attack Washington had been formulated by Rear Admiral Cockburn, who predicted that "within a short period of time, with enough force, we could easily have at our mercy the capital".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross commanded the troops and was less optimistic.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_News_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Cockburn recommended burning the entire city, Ross planned to damage only public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoBurned_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoBurned-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_magazine_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_magazine-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ross, who was described by historian John McCavitt as "an officer and a gentleman", initially planned for an orderly surrender of Washington. However, as he and his men entered the city under a flag of truce, American soldiers remaining in the city "treacherously" opened fire, wounding Ross' horse and killing two of his men. McCavitt argued that this led him to "reluctantly" order the burning of the White House and the Capitol building.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Capitol">U.S. Capitol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. Capitol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Capitol_1814c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_Capitol_1814c.jpg/410px-US_Capitol_1814c.jpg" decoding="async" width="410" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_Capitol_1814c.jpg/615px-US_Capitol_1814c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/US_Capitol_1814c.jpg/820px-US_Capitol_1814c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4729" data-file-height="2774" /></a><figcaption>An 1814 watercolor and ink depiction of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> after the burning of Washington, D.C. in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Munger_(artist)" title="George Munger (artist)">George Munger</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> was, according to some contemporary travelers, the only building in Washington "worthy to be noticed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick200592_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick200592-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it was a prime target for the British, for both its aesthetic and its symbolic value. Upon arrival into the city via <a href="/wiki/List_of_state-named_roadways_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of state-named roadways in Washington, D.C.">Maryland Avenue</a>, the British targeted the Capitol, first the southern wing, containing the House of Representatives, then the northern wing, containing the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to setting it aflame, the British sacked the building, which at that time housed Congress, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>. </p><p>Items looted by troops led by Rear Admiral Cockburn included a ledger entitled "An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810"; the admiral wrote on the inside leaf that it was "taken in President's room in the Capitol, at the destruction of that building by the British, on the capture of Washington, 24th August, 1814". He later gave it to his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Cockburn,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir James Cockburn, 9th Baronet">Sir James Cockburn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a>. The book was returned to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British intended to burn the building to the ground. They set fire to the southern wing first. The flames grew so quickly that the British were prevented from collecting enough wood to burn the stone walls completely. However, the Library of Congress's contents in the northern wing contributed to the flames on that side.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the items destroyed was the 3,000-volume collection of the Library of Congress<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick200599_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick200599-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the intricate decorations of the neoclassical columns, pediments, and sculptures<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton" title="William Thornton">William Thornton</a> in 1793 and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Latrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Latrobe">Benjamin Latrobe</a> in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-aoc.gov_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoc.gov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wooden ceilings and floors burned and the glass skylights melted from the intense heat.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was not a complete loss. The House rotunda, the east lobby, the staircases, and Latrobe's famous Corn-Cob Columns in the Senate entrance hall all survived.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Superintendent of the Public Buildings of the City of Washington, Thomas Munroe, concluded that the loss to the Capitol amounted to $787,163.28, with $457,388.36 for the north wing and main building, and $329,774.92 for the south wing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_House">White House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: White House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_President%27s_House_by_George_Munger,_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_President%27s_House_by_George_Munger%2C_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg/240px-The_President%27s_House_by_George_Munger%2C_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_President%27s_House_by_George_Munger%2C_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg/360px-The_President%27s_House_by_George_Munger%2C_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_President%27s_House_by_George_Munger%2C_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg/480px-The_President%27s_House_by_George_Munger%2C_1814-1815_-_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> ruins after the fire of August 24, 1814, depicted in a watercolor painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Munger_(artist)" title="George Munger (artist)">George Munger</a>, is now on display at the White House</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg/240px-Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg/360px-Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg/480px-Major-General_Robert_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Major General Robert Ross</a>, the British commander who led the burning of Washington</figcaption></figure> <p>After burning the Capitol, the British turned northwest up <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> toward the White House. After U.S. government officials and President Madison fled the city, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> received a letter from her husband, urging her to be prepared to leave Washington at a moment's notice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dolley organized the enslaved and other staff to save valuables from the British.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Madison's personal enslaved attendant, the fifteen-year-old boy <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a>, was an eyewitness.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After later buying his freedom from the widow Dolley Madison, Jennings published his memoir in 1865, considered the first from the White House: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It has often been stated in print, that when Mrs. Madison escaped from the White House, she cut out from the frame the <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_portrait" title="Lansdowne portrait">large portrait of Washington</a> (now in one of the parlors there), and carried it off. She had no time for doing it. It would have required a ladder to get it down. All she carried off was the silver in her <a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">reticule</a>, as the British were thought to be but a few squares off, and were expected any moment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings186514–15_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings186514–15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jennings said the people who saved the painting and removed the objects actually were: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>John Susé (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Sioussat" title="Jean Pierre Sioussat">Jean Pierre Sioussat</a>, the French door-keeper, and still living at the time of Jennings's memoir) and Magraw [McGraw], the President's gardener, took it down and sent it off on a wagon, with some large silver urns and such other valuables as could be hastily got hold of. When the British did arrive, they ate up the very dinner, and drank the wines, &c., that I had prepared for the President's party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings186514–15_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings186514–15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The sappers and miners of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Royal Engineers">Corps of Royal Engineers</a> under Captain Blanshard, who were employed in burning the government buildings, entered the White House. Blanshard reported that it seemed that Madison was so sure that the attacking force would be made prisoners of war that a handsome feast had been prepared. Blanshard and his sappers enjoyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 358">: 358 </span></sup> The soldiers then burned the president's house, and fuel was added to the fires that night to ensure they would continue burning into the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoBurned_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoBurned-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Washington_buildings">Other Washington buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other Washington buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The day after the destruction of the White House, Rear Admiral Cockburn entered the building of the D.C. newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligencer" title="National Intelligencer">National Intelligencer</a></i>, intending to burn it down. However, several women persuaded him not to because they were afraid the fire would spread to their neighboring houses. Cockburn wanted to destroy the newspaper because its reporters had written so negatively about him, branding him the "Ruffian". Instead, he ordered his troops to tear the building down brick by brick, and ordered all the "C" type destroyed "so that the rascals can have no further means of abusing my name".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2001116_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2001116-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British sought out the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury">United States Treasury</a> in hopes of finding money or items of worth, but they found only old records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick200599_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick200599-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They burned the United States Treasury and other public buildings. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</a> building was also burned. However, the War and State Department files had been removed, so the books and records had been saved; the only records of the War Department lost were recommendations of appointments for the Army and letters received from seven years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1836_U.S._Patent_Office_fire" title="1836 U.S. Patent Office fire">First U.S. Patent Office Building</a> was saved by the efforts of <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton" title="William Thornton">William Thornton</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">architect of the Capitol</a> and then the superintendent of patents, who gained British cooperation to preserve it.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "When the smoke cleared from the dreadful attack, the Patent Office was the only Government building ... left untouched" in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-kids_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kids-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americans had already burned much of the historic <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>, founded by Thomas Jefferson, to prevent capture of stores and ammunition,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the 44-gun <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Columbia_(1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Columbia (1813)">USS <i>Columbia</i></a> and the 22-gun <a href="/wiki/USS_Argus_(1813)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Argus (1813)">USS <i>Argus</i></a>, both new vessels nearing completion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1902[httpsarchiveorgstreamnavalwarorhisto00roosgoogpagen59mode1up_47]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1902[httpsarchiveorgstreamnavalwarorhisto00roosgoogpagen59mode1up_47]-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navy Yard's <a href="/wiki/Latrobe_Gate" title="Latrobe Gate">Latrobe Gate</a>, Quarters A, and Quarters B were the only buildings to escape destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also spared were the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_Barracks,_Washington,_D.C." title="Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.">Barracks</a> and Commandant's House, although several private properties were damaged or destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the afternoon of August 25, General Ross sent two hundred men to secure a fort on Greenleaf's Point. The fort, later known as <a href="/wiki/Fort_McNair" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort McNair">Fort McNair</a>, had already been destroyed by the Americans, but 150 barrels of gunpowder remained. While the British were trying to dispose of them by dropping them into a well, the powder ignited. As many as thirty British soldiers were killed in the explosion, with several others injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000111_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000111-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear-Admiral_George_Cockburn_(1772-1853),_by_John_James_Halls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Admiral Cockburn at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London, with Washington, D.C. burning in the background, including the U.S. Capitol and Treasury Building on the right"><img alt="Portrait of Admiral Cockburn at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London, with Washington, D.C. burning in the background, including the U.S. Capitol and Treasury Building on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rear-Admiral_George_Cockburn_%281772-1853%29%2C_by_John_James_Halls.jpg/123px-Rear-Admiral_George_Cockburn_%281772-1853%29%2C_by_John_James_Halls.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rear-Admiral_George_Cockburn_%281772-1853%29%2C_by_John_James_Halls.jpg/185px-Rear-Admiral_George_Cockburn_%281772-1853%29%2C_by_John_James_Halls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rear-Admiral_George_Cockburn_%281772-1853%29%2C_by_John_James_Halls.jpg/246px-Rear-Admiral_George_Cockburn_%281772-1853%29%2C_by_John_James_Halls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Admiral Cockburn at the <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, London, with Washington, D.C. burning in the background, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a> on the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Treasury_building_(1804)_(Harper%27s_engraving).png" class="mw-file-description" title="The U.S. Treasury Building (built 1804)"><img alt="The U.S. Treasury Building (built 1804)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U.S._Treasury_building_%281804%29_%28Harper%27s_engraving%29.png/200px-U.S._Treasury_building_%281804%29_%28Harper%27s_engraving%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U.S._Treasury_building_%281804%29_%28Harper%27s_engraving%29.png/300px-U.S._Treasury_building_%281804%29_%28Harper%27s_engraving%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/U.S._Treasury_building_%281804%29_%28Harper%27s_engraving%29.png/400px-U.S._Treasury_building_%281804%29_%28Harper%27s_engraving%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The U.S. Treasury Building (built 1804)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blodget%27s_Hotel,_built_1793.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Blodget Hotel, which housed the U.S. Patent Office; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814. The patent office later burned in 1836."><img alt="The Blodget Hotel, which housed the U.S. Patent Office; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814. The patent office later burned in 1836." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blodget%27s_Hotel%2C_built_1793.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Blodget%27s_Hotel%2C_built_1793.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blodget%27s_Hotel%2C_built_1793.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Blodget%27s_Hotel%2C_built_1793.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blodget%27s_Hotel%2C_built_1793.tif/lossy-page1-400px-Blodget%27s_Hotel%2C_built_1793.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Blodget Hotel, which housed the U.S. Patent Office; spared during the burning of Washington in 1814. The patent office later burned in 1836.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Navy_Yard_lithograph_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington Navy Yard in 1862"><img alt="Washington Navy Yard in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Washington_Navy_Yard_lithograph_1862.jpg/200px-Washington_Navy_Yard_lithograph_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Washington_Navy_Yard_lithograph_1862.jpg/300px-Washington_Navy_Yard_lithograph_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Washington_Navy_Yard_lithograph_1862.jpg/400px-Washington_Navy_Yard_lithograph_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Washington Navy Yard in 1862</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""The_Storm_that_Saved_Washington""><span id=".22The_Storm_that_Saved_Washington.22"></span>"The Storm that Saved Washington"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "The Storm that Saved Washington""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during wars</a></div> <p>Less than four days after the attack began, a sudden, very heavy thunderstorm—possibly a <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>—put out the fires. It also spun off a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> that passed through the center of the capital, setting down on <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lifting two cannons before dropping them several yards away and killing British troops and American civilians alike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENWS_staff2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENWS_staff2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the storm, the British troops returned to their ships, many of which were badly damaged. There is some debate regarding the effect of this storm on the occupation. While some assert that the storm forced the British to retreat,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historians have argued that their intention was only to destroy the city's government buildings, rather than occupy it for an extended period.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also clear that Ross never intended to damage private buildings as had been recommended by Cockburn and Cochrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_magazine_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_magazine-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the case, the British occupation of Washington lasted only about 26 hours. Despite this, the "Storm that saved Washington", as it became known, did the opposite according to some. The rains sizzled and cracked the already charred walls of the White House and ripped away at structures the British had no plans to destroy (such as the Patent Office). The storm may have exacerbated an already dire situation for Washington D.C. An encounter was noted between Sir George Cockburn and a female resident of Washington. "Dear God! Is this the weather to which you are accustomed in this infernal country?" enquired the Admiral. "This is a special interposition of Providence to drive our enemies from our city", the woman allegedly called out to Cockburn. "Not so, Madam", Cockburn retorted. "It is rather to aid your enemies in the destruction of your city", before riding off on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack, of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the 6th West India Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Colonial_Marines" title="Corps of Colonial Marines">Corps of Colonial Marines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of the Capitol, including the Senate House and the House of Representatives, the Arsenal, Dockyard, Treasury, War Office, President's mansion, bridge over the Potomac, a frigate and a sloop together with all <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> was estimated at £365,000<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 359">: 359 </span></sup> or around $40,540,000 in 2021. A separate British force <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">captured Alexandria, Virginia</a>, on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, while Ross's troops were leaving Washington. The mayor of Alexandria made a deal and the British refrained from burning the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2009255_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2009255-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, an episode of the Weather Channel documentary series <i>When Weather Changed History</i>, entitled "The Thunderstorm That Saved D.C.", was devoted to these events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Madison and the military officers returned to Washington by September 1, on which date Madison issued a proclamation calling on citizens to defend the District of Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress did not return for three and a half weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they did so, they assembled in <a href="/wiki/Special_session" title="Special session">special session</a> on September 19 in the Post and Patent Office building<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Blodgett's Hotel, one of the few buildings large enough to hold all members<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be spared.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress met in this building until December 1815, when construction of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol</a> was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most contemporary American observers, including newspapers representing anti-war <a href="/wiki/Federalists#United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalists">Federalists</a>, condemned the destruction of the public buildings as needless vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999243–244_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999243–244-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many in the British public were shocked by the burning of the Capitol and other buildings at Washington. Such actions were denounced by most leaders of continental Europe, where capital cities had been repeatedly occupied in the course of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic wars</a> but always spared destruction, at least on the part of the occupiers—the famous <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">burning of Moscow</a> that occurred less than two years prior had been an <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">act carried out by the defenders</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Annual_Register" title="The Annual Register">The Annual Register</a></i>, the burning had "brought a heavy censure on the British character", with some members of Parliament, including the anti-establishment MP <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whitbread_(1764%E2%80%931815)" title="Samuel Whitbread (1764–1815)">Samuel Whitbread</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999243–244_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999243–244-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> joining in the criticism, declaring that the government was "making much of the taking of a few buildings in a non-strategic swamp, as though it had captured Paris". </p><p>In contrast, the majority of British public opinion perceived the burnings to be justified following the damage that the U.S. military had inflicted during its incursions into Canada. The British public also pointed to the United States's role in initiating the war, viewing this as an act of aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1989202_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1989202-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several commentators regarded the damages as just revenge for the American <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of York">destruction of the Parliament buildings and other public buildings</a> in <a href="/wiki/York,_Upper_Canada" title="York, Upper Canada">York</a>, the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, early in 1813. Sir George Prévost wrote that "as a just retribution, the proud capital at Washington has experienced a similar fate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElting1995220_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1995220-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Strachan" title="John Strachan">John Strachan</a>, who as Rector of York had witnessed the American acts there, wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the damage to Washington "was a small retaliation after redress had been refused for burnings and depredations, not only of public but private property, committed by them in Canada".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999244–245_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999244–245-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they ultimately returned to Bermuda, the British forces took with them two pairs of portraits of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Charlotte</a>, which had been discovered in one of the public buildings. One pair currently hangs in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament of Bermuda</a>, and the other in the Cabinet Building, both in the city of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Capitol_Prison_-_NARA_-_524426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Old_Capitol_Prison_-_NARA_-_524426.jpg/240px-Old_Capitol_Prison_-_NARA_-_524426.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Old_Capitol_Prison_-_NARA_-_524426.jpg/360px-Old_Capitol_Prison_-_NARA_-_524426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Old_Capitol_Prison_-_NARA_-_524426.jpg/480px-Old_Capitol_Prison_-_NARA_-_524426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>The Old Brick Capitol serving as a prison during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There was a movement in Congress to relocate the capital after the burning. Congressmen from the north pushed for relocation to Philadelphia or some other prominent northern city, while Southern congressmen claimed that moving the capital would degrade the American sense of dignity and strength (however, many Southern congressmen simply did not want to move the capital north of the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason–Dixon line</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 21, the House of Representatives voted to strike down a proposal to relocate the capital from Washington, D.C. by a margin of 83 to 54.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 3, 1815, in an effort to guarantee that the federal government would always remain in the area, Washington property owners funded the building of the Old Brick Capitol,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a larger meeting space where the Supreme Court now stands.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the Old Brick Capitol cost $25,000 and was funded primarily through the sale of stocks. The largest donor was Daniel Carroll of Duddington, a rich English property owner in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction began on July 4, and concluded in December. Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol between December 1815 and December 1819, when the Capitol reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Society_of_Washington_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Society_of_Washington-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Capitol reconstruction took much longer than anticipated. The Old Brick Capitol took only five months to complete, but the Capitol took twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-aoc.gov_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoc.gov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A committee appointed by Congress to investigate the damage to the district concluded that it was cheaper to rebuild the already existing and damaged buildings than to build an entirely new one.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 13, President Madison and Congress passed legislation to borrow $500,000 to repair the public buildings, including the Capitol, "on their present sites in the city of Washington".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Latrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Latrobe">Benjamin Latrobe</a>, architect of the Capitol who took over for <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton" title="William Thornton">William Thornton</a> in 1803, was rehired to repair the building on April 18.<sup id="cite_ref-babel.hathitrust.org_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babel.hathitrust.org-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He immediately requested 60,000 feet (18,288 m) of boards, 500 tons of stone, 1,000 barrels of lime, and brick.<sup id="cite_ref-babel.hathitrust.org_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-babel.hathitrust.org-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the $500,000 borrowed from Washington banks,<sup id="cite_ref-Historical_Society_of_Washington_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historical_Society_of_Washington-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latrobe was able to rebuild the two wings and the central dome before being fired in 1817 over budgetary conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bulfinch" title="Charles Bulfinch">Charles Bulfinch</a> took over and completed the renovations by 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-aoc.gov_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aoc.gov-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulfinch modified Latrobe's design by increasing the height of the Capitol dome to match the diameter of 86 ft (26.2 m). With the reconstruction of the public buildings in Washington, the value of land in the area increased dramatically, paving the way for the expansion of the city that developed in the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> held a ceremony at the White House to honor the Madisons' slave Paul Jennings as a representative of staff action to save the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a> painting and other valuables. (The painting that was saved was a copy Stuart made of the painting, not the original,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is the same one on display in the <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a>.) "A dozen descendants of Jennings came to Washington, to visit the White House. They looked at the painting their relative helped save."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGura2009Descendants_of_a_slave_..._82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGura2009Descendants_of_a_slave_...-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with National Public Radio, Jennings' great-great-grandson, Hugh Alexander, said, "We were able to take a family portrait in front of the painting, which was for me one of the high points."<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He confirmed that Jennings later purchased his freedom from the widowed Dolley Madison.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During heated <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">free trade negotiations in 2018</a>, Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> asked President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> how the United States could justify protective tariffs as a national security issue. Trump retorted, "Didn’t you guys burn down the White House?" <sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sigourney" title="Lydia Sigourney">Lydia Sigourney</a> reflects on this event in her poem "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Moral_Pieces,_in_Prose_and_Verse/The_Conflagration_at_Washington" class="extiw" title="s:Moral Pieces, in Prose and Verse/The Conflagration at Washington">The Conflagration at Washington</a>", written under her maiden name, Lydia Huntley, in her first collection of poetry of 1815. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> references this event in his song "<a href="/wiki/Narrow_Way_(song)" title="Narrow Way (song)">Narrow Way</a>". <a href="/wiki/Corb_Lund" title="Corb Lund">Corb Lund</a> references this event in his song "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_Soldier,_Horse_Soldier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horse Soldier, Horse Soldier (page does not exist)">Horse Soldier, Horse Soldier</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_political_violence_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.">List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415010547/http://www.myoutbox.net/pobere.htm"><i>Brief History of the United States Patent Office from Its Foundation—1790 to 1886—with an Outline of Laws, Growth, Publications, Office Routine, Etc</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: R. Beresford, Printer. 1886. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myoutbox.net/pobere.htm">the original</a> on April 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+the+United+States+Patent+Office+from+Its+Foundation%E2%80%941790+to+1886%E2%80%94with+an+Outline+of+Laws%2C+Growth%2C+Publications%2C+Office+Routine%2C+Etc.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=R.+Beresford%2C+Printer&rft.date=1886&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myoutbox.net%2Fpobere.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span> It is written that a loaded cannon was aimed at the patent office to destroy it. Thornton "put himself before the gun, and in a frenzy of excitement exclaimed: 'Are you <a href="/wiki/Englishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Englishmen">Englishmen</a> or only <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>? This is the Patent Office, a depository of the ingenuity of the American nation, in which the whole civilized world is interested. Would you destroy it? If so, fire away, and let the charge pass through my body.' The effect is said to have been magical upon the soldiers, and to have saved the Patent Office from destruction."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 3oem;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mywarof1812.com/battles/140825.htm">"Burning of Washington, D.C.; Chesapeake Campaign"</a>. <i>The War of 1812</i>. genealogy, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521070702/http://www.mywarof1812.com/battles/140825.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+War+of+1812&rft.atitle=Burning+of+Washington%2C+D.C.%3B+Chesapeake+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mywarof1812.com%2Fbattles%2F140825.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-british-set-fire-to-washington-d-c">"On this day, the British set fire to Washington, D.C."</a> <i>National Constitution Center</i>. August 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103171525/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/on-this-day-the-british-set-fire-to-washington-d-c">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center&rft.atitle=On+this+day%2C+the+British+set+fire+to+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2Fon-this-day-the-british-set-fire-to-washington-d-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Constitution_Center-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Constitution_Center_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-tornado-that-stopped-the-burning-of-washington/">"The tornado that stopped the burning of Washington"</a>. <i>National Constitution Center</i>. August 25, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011172916/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-tornado-that-stopped-the-burning-of-washington/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center&rft.atitle=The+tornado+that+stopped+the+burning+of+Washington&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-tornado-that-stopped-the-burning-of-washington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagruder1814" class="citation journal cs1">Magruder, Patrick (November 29, 1814). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofcommitte00unit_26/page/34/mode/2up?q=killed">"Report of The Committee Appointed to Inquire Into the Causes and Particulars of the Invasion of the City of Washington By British Forces in the Month of August 1814"</a>. <i>Washington (Report)</i>. Washington, D.C.: Washington A. And G Way, Printers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+%28Report%29&rft.atitle=Report+of+The+Committee+Appointed+to+Inquire+Into+the+Causes+and+Particulars+of+the+Invasion+of+the+City+of+Washington+By+British+Forces+in+the+Month+of+August+1814&rft.date=1814-11-29&rft.aulast=Magruder&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportofcommitte00unit_26%2Fpage%2F34%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dkilled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_classroom/classroom_4-8-history-war.html">"The White House at War: The White House Burns: The War of 1812"</a>. White House Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224200356/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_classroom/classroom_4-8-history-war.html%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+White+House+at+War%3A+The+White+House+Burns%3A+The+War+of+1812&rft.pub=White+House+Historical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fwhha_classroom%2Fclassroom_4-8-history-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryBurn-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryBurn_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryBurn_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenpan2014" class="citation web cs1">Greenpan, Jesse (August 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-british-burn-washington-d-c-200-years-ago">"The British Burn Washington, D.C., 200 Years Ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108102303/https://www.history.com/news/the-british-burn-washington-d-c-200-years-ago">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+British+Burn+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+200+Years+Ago&rft.date=2014-08-22&rft.aulast=Greenpan&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-british-burn-washington-d-c-200-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>The War of 1812</i> (Television production). History Channel. 2005. Event occurs at Scene 5 "An Act of Nature".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999240-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999240_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999240_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitsmanGraves1999">Hitsman & Graves 1999</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriss199798-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriss199798_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorriss1997">Morriss 1997</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997100-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997100_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorriss1997">Morriss 1997</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/interview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm">"Interview With War of 1812 Author Steve Vogel"</a>. <i>History Net</i>. June 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122013812/https://www.historynet.com/interview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net&rft.atitle=Interview+With+War+of+1812+Author+Steve+Vogel&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Finterview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997101-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorriss1997101_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorriss1997">Morriss 1997</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006414-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006414_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006414_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruikshank2006">Cruikshank 2006</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_News-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_News_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_News_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/trump-blames-canada-for-torching-white-house-meet-the-reluctant-arsonist-1.4697058">"Trump blames Canada for torching White House. Meet the 'reluctant arsonist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. June 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125132603/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/trump-blames-canada-for-torching-white-house-meet-the-reluctant-arsonist-1.4697058">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Trump+blames+Canada+for+torching+White+House.+Meet+the+%27reluctant+arsonist%27&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnova-scotia%2Ftrump-blames-canada-for-torching-white-house-meet-the-reluctant-arsonist-1.4697058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3154591/burning-of-washington-200th-anniversary/">"Why Americans Celebrate the Burning of Washington"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616011556/https://time.com/3154591/burning-of-washington-200th-anniversary/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Cockburn, who accompanied Ross into the capital, reportedly wanted to burn the entire city in retaliation for American depredations in Canada. But it was an army operation and Ross' call, and he would have none of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+Americans+Celebrate+the+Burning+of+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3154591%2Fburning-of-washington-200th-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006402-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006402_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruikshank2006402_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCruikshank2006">Cruikshank 2006</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-the-burning-of-washington/2013/06/28/ac917cf0-ddb0-11e2-b797-cbd4cb13f9c6_story.html">"Five myths about the burning of Washington"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. June 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122083138/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-the-burning-of-washington/2013/06/28/ac917cf0-ddb0-11e2-b797-cbd4cb13f9c6_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Five+myths+about+the+burning+of+Washington&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Ffive-myths-about-the-burning-of-washington%2F2013%2F06%2F28%2Fac917cf0-ddb0-11e2-b797-cbd4cb13f9c6_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2001" class="citation book cs1">George, Christopher T. (2001). <i>Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay</i>. Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57249-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57249-276-7"><bdi>1-57249-276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+on+the+Chesapeake%3A+The+War+of+1812+on+the+Bay&rft.place=Shippensburg%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=White+Mane&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57249-276-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleig1827" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gleig" class="mw-redirect" title="George Robert Gleig">Gleig, George Robert</a> (1827), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CH4TAQAAMAAJ&q=Gleig,+George+Robert+%281827%29,+The+Campaigns+of+the+British+Army+at+Washington+and+New+Orleans,+1814-1815"><i>The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814–1815</i></a>, London: John Murray, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-665-45385-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-665-45385-X"><bdi>0-665-45385-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+the+British+Army+at+Washington+and+New+Orleans%2C+1814%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1827&rft.isbn=0-665-45385-X&rft.aulast=Gleig&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCH4TAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DGleig%2C%2BGeorge%2BRobert%2B%25281827%2529%2C%2BThe%2BCampaigns%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBritish%2BArmy%2Bat%2BWashington%2Band%2BNew%2BOrleans%2C%2B1814-1815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msa.maryland.gov/brookeville/index.html">"Brookeville 1814"</a>. Maryland State Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511110922/http://msa.maryland.gov/brookeville/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brookeville+1814&rft.pub=Maryland+State+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fbrookeville%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-ross.htm">"Robert Ross"</a>. <i>NPS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115112317/https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-ross.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS&rft.atitle=Robert+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpeople%2Frobert-ross.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPoBurned-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoBurned_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoBurned_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoBurned_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchenbach2021" class="citation news cs1">Achenbach, Joel (January 6, 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/01/06/british-burned-capitol-1814/">"In 1814, British forces burned the U.S. Capitol"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117071407/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/01/06/british-burned-capitol-1814/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+1814%2C+British+forces+burned+the+U.S.+Capitol&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft.aulast=Achenbach&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2021%2F01%2F06%2Fbritish-burned-capitol-1814%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/interview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm">"Interview With War of 1812 Author Steve Vogel"</a>. <i>History Net</i>. June 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122013812/https://www.historynet.com/interview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net&rft.atitle=Interview+With+War+of+1812+Author+Steve+Vogel&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Finterview-with-war-of-1812-author-steve-vogel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_magazine-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_magazine_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_magazine_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3154591/burning-of-washington-200th-anniversary/">"Why Americans Celebrate the Burning of Washington"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616011556/https://time.com/3154591/burning-of-washington-200th-anniversary/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Cockburn, who accompanied Ross into the capital, reportedly wanted to burn the entire city in retaliation for American depredations in Canada. But it was an army operation and Ross' call, and he would have none of it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+Americans+Celebrate+the+Burning+of+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3154591%2Fburning-of-washington-200th-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTattrie2018" class="citation news cs1">Tattrie, Jon (June 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/trump-blames-canada-for-torching-white-house-meet-the-reluctant-arsonist-1.4697058">"Trump blames Canada for torching White House. Meet the 'reluctant arsonist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Trump+blames+Canada+for+torching+White+House.+Meet+the+%27reluctant+arsonist%27&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft.aulast=Tattrie&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnova-scotia%2Ftrump-blames-canada-for-torching-white-house-meet-the-reluctant-arsonist-1.4697058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick200592-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick200592_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrick2005">Herrick 2005</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1963" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Charles G. (1963). <i>The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darkest+Day%3A+The+Washington-Baltimore+Campaign+During+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2013656773/">"An account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1810"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. United States Department of the Treasury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043354/https://www.loc.gov/item/2013656773/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=An+account+of+the+receipts+and+expenditures+of+the+United+States+for+the+year+1810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2013656773%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400"><i>"Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817" in History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics</i></a>. Senate document; 106-29. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160508301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160508301"><bdi>978-0160508301</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215149/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Destruction+and+Restoration%2C+1814%E2%80%931817%22+in+History+of+the+United+States+Capitol%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Design%2C+Construction%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Senate+document%3B+106-29&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0160508301&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d02020559a%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick200599-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick200599_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrick200599_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrick2005">Herrick 2005</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1963" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Charles G. (1963). <i>The Darkest Day: The Washington-Baltimore Campaign During the War of 1812</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darkest+Day%3A+The+Washington-Baltimore+Campaign+During+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Charles+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aoc.gov-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aoc.gov_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aoc.gov_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aoc.gov_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/history-us-capitol-building">"History of the U.S. Capitol Building"</a>. <i>Architect of the Capitol | United States Capitol</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422211733/https://www.aoc.gov/history-us-capitol-building">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Architect+of+the+Capitol+%7C+United+States+Capitol&rft.atitle=History+of+the+U.S.+Capitol+Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoc.gov%2Fhistory-us-capitol-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435017948910;view=1up;seq=374"><i>"Report from the superintendent of the Public Buildings" in the Report of the Committee appointed to ... inquire into the cause ... of the invasion of the city of Washington by the British forces</i></a>. Washington, DC: United States Congress. October 29, 1814. p. 362. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308092140/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435017948910;view=1up;seq=374">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Report+from+the+superintendent+of+the+Public+Buildings%22+in+the+Report+of+the+Committee+appointed+to+...+inquire+into+the+cause+...+of+the+invasion+of+the+city+of+Washington+by+the+British+forces&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=1814-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dosu.32435017948910%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitch1998" class="citation book cs1">Pitch, Anthony S. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningofwashing00pitc"><i>The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814</i></a></span>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningofwashing00pitc/page/49">49–50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1557506924" title="Special:BookSources/978-1557506924"><bdi>978-1557506924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burning+of+Washington%3A+The+British+Invasion+of+1814&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1557506924&rft.aulast=Pitch&rft.aufirst=Anthony+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburningofwashing00pitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willets includes Dolley Madison's letter to her sister describing these events. (<a href="#CITEREFWillets1908">Willets 1908</a>, p. 219)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legacy-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Legacy_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Legacy_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Legacy_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegelBlock2009">Siegel & Block 2009</a>, Descendant ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJennings186514–15-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings186514–15_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJennings186514–15_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJennings1865">Jennings 1865</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrected spelling of names of staff comes from Willets (<a href="#CITEREFWillets1908">Willets 1908</a>, p. 221)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sioussat was the first Master of Ceremonies of the White House (<a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1904">McCormick 1904</a>, p. 170).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCRE-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1889" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Whitworth (1889). <i>History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I</i>. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Corps+of+Royal+Engineers+Vol+I&rft.place=Chatham&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Whitworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2001116-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFredriksen2001116_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFredriksen2001">Fredriksen 2001</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/businessmethodsi00unitrich">"Business methods in the War Department : Report of board appointed in compliance with request of Senate Select Committee to Investigate Methods of Business in Executive Departments : United States. War Dept. Board on Business Methods : Borrow, and Streaming"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Business+methods+in+the+War+Department+%3A+Report+of+board+appointed+in+compliance+with+request+of+Senate+Select+Committee+to+Investigate+Methods+of+Business+in+Executive+Departments+%3A+United+States.+War+Dept.+Board+on+Business+Methods+%3A+Borrow%2C+and+Streaming&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbusinessmethodsi00unitrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patent-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patent_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patent.laws.com/patent-act-of-1836/patent-act-of-1836-patent-fire-of-1836">"The Patent Fire of 1836"</a>. patentlaws.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815112359/http://patent.laws.com/patent-act-of-1836/patent-act-of-1836-patent-fire-of-1836">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Patent+Fire+of+1836&rft.pub=patentlaws.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatent.laws.com%2Fpatent-act-of-1836%2Fpatent-act-of-1836-patent-fire-of-1836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kids-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kids_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218114423/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ahrpa/opa/kids/special/1836fire.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'One Hot Commodity': Great Patent Fire of 1836 United States Patent Office"</a>. <i>Kids pages</i>. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ahrpa/opa/kids/special/1836fire.htm">the original</a> on December 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kids+pages&rft.atitle=%27One+Hot+Commodity%27%3A+Great+Patent+Fire+of+1836+United+States+Patent+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspto.gov%2Fweb%2Foffices%2Fac%2Fahrpa%2Fopa%2Fkids%2Fspecial%2F1836fire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, p. 222, quoting letter from Cockburn to Cochrane dated August 27, 1814, "The Enemy himself, on our entering the Town set fire to ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1902[httpsarchiveorgstreamnavalwarorhisto00roosgoogpagen59mode1up_47]-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1902[httpsarchiveorgstreamnavalwarorhisto00roosgoogpagen59mode1up_47]_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1902">Roosevelt 1902</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/navalwarorhisto00roosgoog#page/n59/mode/1up">47</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is one of the few structures to have escaped the fire in 1814 when the British invaded Washington." (<a href="#CITEREFGersonBranam1973">Gerson & Branam 1973</a>, p. 5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When the British captured Washington on August 24, 1814, and Captain Tingey ordered the Navy Yard set fire to prevent the British using the Yard and its ships to their advantage, both Quarters A (Tingey's House) and Quarters B (Lieutenant Haraden's House) were untouched, but the people the neighborhood plundered them to such an extent that 'not a movable object from cellar to garret was left, and even the fixtures and locks off the doors were taken." (<a href="#CITEREFTaylor1973">Taylor 1973</a>, pp. 3, 5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Act of July 14, 1832, to pay estate of Edward Barry $568.35 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-hard by the British in 1814 ... Act of March 2, 1833, to pay the estate of George Hodge $824.18 for property destroyed in the burning of the Washington navy-yard by the British in 1814." (<a href="#CITEREFReports_...1894">Reports ... 1894</a>, p. 174)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000111-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2000111_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2000">George 2000</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENWS_staff2011-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENWS_staff2011_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNWS_staff2011">NWS staff 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank 2006, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Snow "When Britain Burned the White House" 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette16939" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16939/page/1942">"No. 16939"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. September 27, 1814. pp. 1942–1943.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+16939&rft.pages=1942-1943&rft.date=1814-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F16939%2Fpage%2F1942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandry2009255-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandry2009255_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandry2009">Landry 2009</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65968">"James Madison, Proclamation – Calling All Citizens to Unite in Defense of the District of Columbia September 1, 1814"</a>. The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180715152055/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65968">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison%2C+Proclamation+%E2%80%93+Calling+All+Citizens+to+Unite+in+Defense+of+the+District+of+Columbia+September+1%2C+1814&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D65968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William C. (2001). "Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400"><i>History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics</i></a>. Senate document; 106-29. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160508301" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160508301"><bdi>978-0160508301</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215149/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Destruction+and+Restoration%2C+1814%E2%80%931817&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+Capitol%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Design%2C+Construction%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Senate+document%3B+106-29&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0160508301&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d02020559a%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, David Walker (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a></span>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe/page/67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507894-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507894-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=David+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton & Waggaman, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeen2003" class="citation book cs1">Skeen, C. Edward (2003). "The Fourteenth Congress Begins". <i>1816: America Rising</i>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 35–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813122717" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813122717"><bdi>978-0813122717</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130jf4x.7">j.ctt130jf4x.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fourteenth+Congress+Begins&rft.btitle=1816%3A+America+Rising&rft.pages=35-52&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt130jf4x.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813122717&rft.aulast=Skeen&rft.aufirst=C.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1938" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Allen C. (1938). <i>Daniel Carroll of Duddington</i> (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Carroll+of+Duddington&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC.&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=Vol.+39&rft.pub=Columbia+Historical+Society&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999243–244-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999243–244_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999243–244_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitsmanGraves1999">Hitsman & Graves 1999</a>, pp. 243–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHickey1989202-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHickey1989202_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHickey1989">Hickey 1989</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElting1995220-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElting1995220_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElting1995">Elting 1995</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999244–245-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitsmanGraves1999244–245_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitsmanGraves1999">Hitsman & Graves 1999</a>, pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/mhicgherri/rn29.html">POTSI (archived):</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501081356/http://www.geocities.ws/mhicgherri/rn29.html">Archived</a> May 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> HM Queen Elizabeth addresses the colonial Parliament in 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-28833238">"The odd objects looted from Washington DC in 1814"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112104007/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-28833238">Archived</a> January 12, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. August 29, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bernews.com/2015/11/youth-parliament-throne-speech/">"Youth Throne Speech: 'We Must Work In Unity'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BERNEWS</i>. Bermuda. November 19, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171611/https://bernews.com/2015/11/youth-parliament-throne-speech/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BERNEWS&rft.atitle=Youth+Throne+Speech%3A+%27We+Must+Work+In+Unity%27&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbernews.com%2F2015%2F11%2Fyouth-parliament-throne-speech%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1962" class="citation book cs1">Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812–1817". <i>Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800–1950</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691616759" title="Special:BookSources/9780691616759"><bdi>9780691616759</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1mf6xv4.6">j.ctt1mf6xv4.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenix+on+the+Potomac%2C+1812%E2%80%931817&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+A+History+of+the+Capital%2C+1800%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1mf6xv4.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780691616759&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Constance+McLaughlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton & Waggaman, pp.141–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1962" class="citation book cs1">Green, Constance McLaughlin (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812–1817". <i>Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800–1950</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691616759" title="Special:BookSources/9780691616759"><bdi>9780691616759</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1mf6xv4.6">j.ctt1mf6xv4.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenix+on+the+Potomac%2C+1812%E2%80%931817&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+A+History+of+the+Capital%2C+1800%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1mf6xv4.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780691616759&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Constance+McLaughlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1938" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Allen C. (1938). <i>Daniel Carroll of Duddington</i> (Vol. 39 ed.). Washington, DC.: Columbia Historical Society. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Carroll+of+Duddington&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC.&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=Vol.+39&rft.pub=Columbia+Historical+Society&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton & Waggaman, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historical_Society_of_Washington-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Society_of_Washington_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historical_Society_of_Washington_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton & Waggaman, p.143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William C. (2001). "Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400"><i>History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics</i></a>. Senate document; 106-29. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160508301" title="Special:BookSources/9780160508301"><bdi>9780160508301</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215149/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Destruction+and+Restoration%2C+1814%E2%80%931817&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+Capitol%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Design%2C+Construction%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Senate+document%3B+106-29&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780160508301&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d02020559a%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/13th-congress/c13.pdf"><i>Session III, Statue III, Ch. 41</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: United States Congress. February 13, 1815. p. 205. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006051028/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/13th-congress/c13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Session+III%2C+Statue+III%2C+Ch.+41&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=1815-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fstatutes-at-large%2F13th-congress%2Fc13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-babel.hathitrust.org-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-babel.hathitrust.org_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-babel.hathitrust.org_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2001" class="citation book cs1">Allen, William C. (2001). "Destruction and Restoration, 1814–1817". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400"><i>History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics</i></a>. Senate document; 106-29. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160508301" title="Special:BookSources/9780160508301"><bdi>9780160508301</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307215149/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d02020559a;view=1up;seq=400">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Destruction+and+Restoration%2C+1814%E2%80%931817&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+Capitol%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Design%2C+Construction%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Senate+document%3B+106-29&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780160508301&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d02020559a%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeen2003" class="citation book cs1">Skeen, C. Edward (2003). "The Fourteenth Congress Begins". <i>1816: America Rising</i>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813122717" title="Special:BookSources/9780813122717"><bdi>9780813122717</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130jf4x.7">j.ctt130jf4x.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fourteenth+Congress+Begins&rft.btitle=1816%3A+America+Rising&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt130jf4x.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780813122717&rft.aulast=Skeen&rft.aufirst=C.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin_Green1962" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin Green, Constance (1962). "Phoenix on the Potomac, 1812–1817". <i>Washington: A History of the Capital, 1800–1950</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691616759" title="Special:BookSources/9780691616759"><bdi>9780691616759</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1mf6xv4.6">j.ctt1mf6xv4.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenix+on+the+Potomac%2C+1812%E2%80%931817&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+A+History+of+the+Capital%2C+1800%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1mf6xv4.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780691616759&rft.aulast=McLaughlin+Green&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house">"British troops set fire to the White House"</a>. <i>History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200826232503/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=British+troops+set+fire+to+the+White+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fbritish-troops-set-fire-to-the-white-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGura2009Descendants_of_a_slave_...-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGura2009Descendants_of_a_slave_..._82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGura2009">Gura 2009</a>, Descendants of a slave ....</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcostaNewton2018" class="citation news cs1">Acosta, Jim; Newton, Paula (June 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307061817/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/06/politics/war-of-1812-donald-trump-justin-trudeau-tariff/index.html">"Trump invokes War of 1812 in testy call with Trudeau over tariffs"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/06/politics/war-of-1812-donald-trump-justin-trudeau-tariff/index.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+invokes+War+of+1812+in+testy+call+with+Trudeau+over+tariffs&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft.aulast=Acosta&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Newton%2C+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F06%2F06%2Fpolitics%2Fwar-of-1812-donald-trump-justin-trudeau-tariff%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonWaggaman1952" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Burton, Harold H.; Waggaman, Thomas E. (1952). "The Story of the Place: Where First and A Streets Formerly Met at What Is Now the Site of the Supreme Court Building". <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C</i>. 51/52. Washington, DC.: Historical Society of Washington: 138–147. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40067303">40067303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Columbia+Historical+Society%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Place%3A+Where+First+and+A+Streets+Formerly+Met+at+What+Is+Now+the+Site+of+the+Supreme+Court+Building&rft.volume=51%2F52&rft.pages=138-147&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40067303%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Harold+H.&rft.au=Waggaman%2C+Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2002" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael J., ed. (2002). <i>The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 3</i>. Washington: Naval Historical Center (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-051224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-051224-7"><bdi>978-0-16-051224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812%3A+A+Documentary+History%2C+Vol.+3&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center+%28GPO%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-16-051224-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank2006" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, Ernest (2006) [1814]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527184843/http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=769621"><i>The Documentary History of the campaign upon the Niagara frontier. (Part 1-2)</i></a>. University of Calgary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosracines.ca/e/page.aspx?id=769621">the original</a> on May 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+campaign+upon+the+Niagara+frontier.+%28Part+1-2%29&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nosracines.ca%2Fe%2Fpage.aspx%3Fid%3D769621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElting1995" class="citation book cs1">Elting, John R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amateurstoarmsmi00elti/page/220"><i>Amateurs to Arms! A Military History of the War of 1812</i></a>. New York: Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amateurstoarmsmi00elti/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3"><bdi>0-306-80653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amateurs+to+Arms%21+A+Military+History+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-306-80653-3&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famateurstoarmsmi00elti%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2001" class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, John C. (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasmilitary00fred_761"><i>America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasmilitary00fred_761/page/n128">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-603-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-603-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-603-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Military+Adversaries%3A+From+Colonial+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-603-3&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasmilitary00fred_761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2000" class="citation book cs1">George, Christopher T. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terroronchesapea00geor"><i>Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay</i></a></span>. White Mane Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terroronchesapea00geor/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57249-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57249-276-9"><bdi>978-1-57249-276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+on+the+Chesapeake%3A+The+War+of+1812+on+the+Bay&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=White+Mane+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57249-276-9&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Christopher+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterroronchesapea00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGersonBranam1973" class="citation web cs1">Gerson, Leonard; Branam, Alfred (August 14, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=38f414df-54c0-468b-8575-fb5caee1ae59">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form"</a>. <i>National Register of Historic Places</i>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624221925/http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=38f414df-54c0-468b-8575-fb5caee1ae59">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+%E2%80%93+Nomination+Form&rft.date=1973-08-14&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Branam%2C+Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.nps.gov%2FGetAsset%3FassetID%3D38f414df-54c0-468b-8575-fb5caee1ae59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleig1827" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Gleig" class="mw-redirect" title="George Robert Gleig">Gleig, George Robert</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_45385"><i>The Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, 1814–1815</i></a>. London: J. Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-665-45385-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-665-45385-X"><bdi>0-665-45385-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+the+British+Army+at+Washington+and+New+Orleans%2C+1814%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1827&rft.isbn=0-665-45385-X&rft.aulast=Gleig&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_45385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGura2009" class="citation web cs1">Gura, David (August 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2009/08/descendants_of_the_slave_who_s.html">"Descendants of a Slave See The Painting He Saved"</a>. <i>The Two-Way</i>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150808001349/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2009/08/descendants_of_the_slave_who_s.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Two-Way&rft.atitle=Descendants+of+a+Slave+See+The+Painting+He+Saved&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.aulast=Gura&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2009%2F08%2Fdescendants_of_the_slave_who_s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick2005" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, Carole (2005). <i>August 24, 1814: Washington in Flames</i>. Falls Church, VA: Higher Education Publications, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=August+24%2C+1814%3A+Washington+in+Flames&rft.place=Falls+Church%2C+VA&rft.pub=Higher+Education+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey1989" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Donald R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warof1812forgo00hick"><i>The War of 1812, A Forgotten Conflict</i></a>. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, Chicago and Urbana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-01613-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-01613-0"><bdi>0-252-01613-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812%2C+A+Forgotten+Conflict&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press%2C+Chicago+and+Urbana&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-252-01613-0&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarof1812forgo00hick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitsmanGraves1999" class="citation book cs1">Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E. (1999). <i>The Incredible War of 1812</i>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3"><bdi>1-896941-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+War+of+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-896941-13-3&rft.aulast=Hitsman&rft.aufirst=J.+Mackay&rft.au=Graves%2C+Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1865" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Paul (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jennings/jennings.html"><i>A Colored Man's Reminiscences of James Madison</i></a>. Brooklyn: George C. Beadle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Colored+Man%27s+Reminiscences+of+James+Madison&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pub=George+C.+Beadle&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Fneh%2Fjennings%2Fjennings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2009" class="citation book cs1">Landry, Peter (2009). <i>Settlement, Revolution & War</i>. Bloomington, IL: Trafford Publishing. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-8791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4251-8791-0"><bdi>978-1-4251-8791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlement%2C+Revolution+%26+War&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IL&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4251-8791-0&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick1904" class="citation journal cs1">McCormick, John H. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-40066848">"The First Master of Ceremonies of the White House"</a>. <i>Records of the Columbia Historical Society</i>. <b>7</b>. Washington, D.C.: 170–194<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-253-0"><bdi>978-1-57003-253-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126101953/https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Cb30bdutcC">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901204026/http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/lwx/Historic_Events/DC-tornado-events.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roanoke.com/weather/wb/79760">the original</a> on September 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Roanoke+Times&rft.atitle=Did+tornado+wreak+havoc+on+War+of+1812%3F&rft.date=2006-08-26&rft.aulast=Myatt&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roanoke.com%2Fweather%2Fwb%2F79760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roosevelt, Theodore (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/navalwarorhisto00roosgoog#page/n13/mode/1up"><i>The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans</i></a>. Vol. Part II. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812+or+the+History+of+the+United+States+Navy+during+the+Last+War+with+Great+Britain+to+Which+Is+Appended+an+Account+of+the+Battle+of+New+Orleans&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnavalwarorhisto00roosgoog%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelBlock2009" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Robert; Block, Melissa (August 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112182597">"Descendant Of White House Slave Shares Legacy"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213444/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112182597">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descendant+Of+White+House+Slave+Shares+Legacy&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Block%2C+Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D112182597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1973" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Nancy (August 14, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=ae686c5f-d8ff-42d1-9cfa-6ec837b5682f">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form"</a>. <i>National Register of Historic Places</i>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404071651/http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=ae686c5f-d8ff-42d1-9cfa-6ec837b5682f">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+%E2%80%93+Nomination+Form&rft.date=1973-08-14&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.nps.gov%2FGetAsset%3FassetID%3Dae686c5f-d8ff-42d1-9cfa-6ec837b5682f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReports_...1894" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPooAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Fifty-Third Congress</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1894<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reports+of+Committees+of+the+House+of+Representatives+for+the+Second+Session+of+the+Fifty-Third+Congress&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPooAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillets1908" class="citation book cs1">Willets, Gilson (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidehistorywh00unkngoog"><i>Inside History of the White House-the complete history of the domestic and official life in Washington of the nation's presidents and their families</i></a>. New York: The Christian Herald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+History+of+the+White+House-the+complete+history+of+the+domestic+and+official+life+in+Washington+of+the+nation%27s+presidents+and+their+families&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Christian+Herald&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Willets&rft.aufirst=Gilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidehistorywh00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurning+of+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Latimer, Jon. <i>1812: War with America</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02584-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02584-9">0-674-02584-9</a>.</li> <li>McCavitt, John, and Christopher T. George. <i>The Man Who Captured Washington: Major General Robert Ross and the War of 1812</i>. (2016); see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwsr.com/2021-005.aspx">online review</a></li> <li>Martin, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9809/pitch.html">The British Are Coming: Historian Anthony Pitch Describes Washington Ablaze</a>," <i>LC Information Bulletin</i>, September 1998</li> <li>Pack, A. James. <i>The Man Who Burned the White House</i>, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-420-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-420-9">0-87021-420-9</a>.</li> <li>Phelan, Mary Kay. <i>The Burning of Washington: August 1814</i>, Ty Crowell Co, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-690-00486-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-690-00486-9">0-690-00486-9</a>.</li> <li>Pitch, Anthony S. (Fall 1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125071140/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_publications/publications_documents/whitehousehistory_04.pdf">The Burning of Washington</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/White_House_History" title="White House History">White House History</a></i>.</li> <li>Pitch, Anthony S. <i>The Burning of Washington</i>, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-425-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-425-3">1-55750-425-3</a>.</li> <li>Snow, Peter <i>When Britain Burned the White House, The 1814 Invasion of Washington</i>, London: John Murray, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04828-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-04828-8">978-1-250-04828-8</a>.</li> <li>Whitehorne, Joseph A. (1997) <i>The Battle for Baltimore: 1814</i>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Washington&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/War of 1812">textbooks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/War of 1812">quotes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/War of 1812">source texts</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/War of 1812">media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/War of 1812">news stories</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Madison" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison" title="Template:James Madison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Madison" title="Template talk:James Madison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Madison" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the <br />Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">written by Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">No. 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address"> 1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_and_1795_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_Phillips_Memorial_High_School" title="Vel Phillips Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a></i> (1946 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Madison" title="Category:James Madison">Category:James Madison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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