CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Criminology Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="0jNmxvIDsN3go4sAfmqPOE2SSJjKkTDDLpHJ-5-a0-LjHPA83oiJEIAkHIn9FiDClOls52_G_sSbkmEp-7yIMA" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Criminology?after=50%2C66040448" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Criminology Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'f7d3e63afa9b1033038d30954379acb657cfe157'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14008,"monthly_visitors":"108 million","monthly_visitor_count":108476212,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":108,"user_count":283802352,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740601146000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740601146000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-3d6a0fc1a24347dfb16a9ce3dfdd96bbf39cc6e1d390f2e12e20fc6249a397ed.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-e3dc02fc8ca7230d51ed9d586e67606aa86cc41d5d96aec8224b0cfff74915da.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Criminology</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">447,073 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Criminology</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Criminology">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6238002 coauthored" data-work_id="6238002" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6238002/A_N_A_L_Y_S_I_S_Critical_Concerns_in_Iraq_Afghanistan_War_Veteran_Forensic_Interface_Veterans_Treatment_Court_as_Diversion_in_Rural_Communities">A N A L Y S I S Critical Concerns in Iraq/Afghanistan War Veteran-Forensic Interface: Veterans Treatment Court as Diversion in Rural Communities</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The veteran-forensic interface is an emerging area of relevance to forensic clinicians assessing or treating returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans facing criminal sanctions. Veterans' Treatment Court (VTC) represents a recent... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6238002" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The veteran-forensic interface is an emerging area of relevance to forensic clinicians assessing or treating returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans facing criminal sanctions. Veterans' Treatment Court (VTC) represents a recent diversion mechanism for low-level offenses that is based on a collaborative justice model. Thirty-nine percent of veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan and receiving VA services reside in rural areas. Rural veterans facing criminal justice charges may be at a disadvantage due to limited access to forensic psychiatrists with relevant expertise in providing veterans services for diversion. Therefore, widening the pool of forensic clinicians who have such expertise, as well as knowledge of the signature wounds of the wars as related to aggression and reckless behavior is necessary. This article presents an overview of VTCs and discusses the role of forensic clinicians as stakeholders in this process.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6238002" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6af190563fa38f9b6d43e3fd4410408" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33101091,"asset_id":6238002,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33101091/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9586680" href="https://usc.academia.edu/ShobaSreenivasan">Shoba Sreenivasan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9586680" type="text/json">{"id":9586680,"first_name":"Shoba","last_name":"Sreenivasan","domain_name":"usc","page_name":"ShobaSreenivasan","display_name":"Shoba Sreenivasan","profile_url":"https://usc.academia.edu/ShobaSreenivasan?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-6238002">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-6238002"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://scu.academia.edu/DanielDow">Daniel Dow</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-6238002'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-6238002').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6238002 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6238002"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6238002, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6238002", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6238002 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6238002; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6238002"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6238002 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6238002"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6238002; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6238002]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6238002").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6238002").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6238002"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6238002]'), work: {"id":6238002,"title":"A N A L Y S I S Critical Concerns in Iraq/Afghanistan War Veteran-Forensic Interface: Veterans Treatment Court as Diversion in Rural Communities","created_at":"2014-02-28T02:53:35.950-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6238002/A_N_A_L_Y_S_I_S_Critical_Concerns_in_Iraq_Afghanistan_War_Veteran_Forensic_Interface_Veterans_Treatment_Court_as_Diversion_in_Rural_Communities?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_6238002","summary":"The veteran-forensic interface is an emerging area of relevance to forensic clinicians assessing or treating returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans facing criminal sanctions. Veterans' Treatment Court (VTC) represents a recent diversion mechanism for low-level offenses that is based on a collaborative justice model. Thirty-nine percent of veterans who served in Iraq or Afghanistan and receiving VA services reside in rural areas. Rural veterans facing criminal justice charges may be at a disadvantage due to limited access to forensic psychiatrists with relevant expertise in providing veterans services for diversion. Therefore, widening the pool of forensic clinicians who have such expertise, as well as knowledge of the signature wounds of the wars as related to aggression and reckless behavior is necessary. This article presents an overview of VTCs and discusses the role of forensic clinicians as stakeholders in this process.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33101091,"asset_id":6238002,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9586680,"first_name":"Shoba","last_name":"Sreenivasan","domain_name":"usc","page_name":"ShobaSreenivasan","display_name":"Shoba Sreenivasan","profile_url":"https://usc.academia.edu/ShobaSreenivasan?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":42376157,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Dow","domain_name":"scu","page_name":"DanielDow","display_name":"Daniel Dow","profile_url":"https://scu.academia.edu/DanielDow?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42376157/11422003/12740386/s65_daniel.dow.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_768757" data-work_id="768757" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/768757/The_importance_of_responsivity_factors_in_predicting_reductions_in_antisocial_attitudes_and_cognitive_distortions_among_adult_male_offenders">The importance of responsivity factors in predicting reductions in antisocial attitudes and cognitive distortions among adult male offenders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The research has demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral treatment programs for offenders work to reduce recidivism. One reason these programs have been found to be effective is that they target one of the "number one" predictors of crime,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_768757" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The research has demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral treatment programs for offenders work to reduce recidivism. One reason these programs have been found to be effective is that they target one of the "number one" predictors of crime, antisocial attitudes and values. Unfortunately, these programs may not "work" for all offenders. The literature suggests that personal characteristics of offenders, although not directly related to recidivism, may in fact interfere or hinder the ability for the program to "work." This is referred to in the liter ature as the "responsivity principle." This study seeks to understand the role that personal or responsivity characteristics of offenders play in whether these attitudes and distortions were reduced. This study found that although individ ual responsivity characteristics alone were not related to whether the program was successful, individuals with a combination of the important responsivity characteristics (e.g., low intelligence, low self-esteem, and history of sexual abuse) were less likely to benefit from the program. In fact, their cognitive dis tortions were often made worse. Thus, it may be that responsivity should be seen as having a cumulative effect. The more "issues" an offender has, the less likely the treatment will accomplish what it is "supposed to do"-which in this case was to reduce antisocial or cognitive distortions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/768757" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37608ebf365d99d9ecff238db57c3303" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51245798,"asset_id":768757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51245798/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="589307" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferPealer">Jennifer Pealer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="589307" type="text/json">{"id":589307,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Pealer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JenniferPealer","display_name":"Jennifer Pealer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferPealer?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/589307/208268/243110/s65_jennifer.pealer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_768757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="768757"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 768757, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_768757", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_768757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 768757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_768757"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_768757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="768757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 768757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=768757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_768757").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_768757").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="768757"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2041291" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsivity">Responsivity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2041291" type="text/json">{"id":2041291,"name":"Responsivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsivity?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=768757]'), work: {"id":768757,"title":"The importance of responsivity factors in predicting reductions in antisocial attitudes and cognitive distortions among adult male offenders","created_at":"2011-07-22T07:18:25.111-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/768757/The_importance_of_responsivity_factors_in_predicting_reductions_in_antisocial_attitudes_and_cognitive_distortions_among_adult_male_offenders?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_768757","summary":"The research has demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral treatment programs for offenders work to reduce recidivism. One reason these programs have been found to be effective is that they target one of the \"number one\" predictors of crime, antisocial attitudes and values. Unfortunately, these programs may not \"work\" for all offenders. The literature suggests that personal characteristics of offenders, although not directly related to recidivism, may in fact interfere or hinder the ability for the program to \"work.\" This is referred to in the liter ature as the \"responsivity principle.\" This study seeks to understand the role that personal or responsivity characteristics of offenders play in whether these attitudes and distortions were reduced. This study found that although individ ual responsivity characteristics alone were not related to whether the program was successful, individuals with a combination of the important responsivity characteristics (e.g., low intelligence, low self-esteem, and history of sexual abuse) were less likely to benefit from the program. In fact, their cognitive dis tortions were often made worse. Thus, it may be that responsivity should be seen as having a cumulative effect. The more \"issues\" an offender has, the less likely the treatment will accomplish what it is \"supposed to do\"-which in this case was to reduce antisocial or cognitive distortions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51245798,"asset_id":768757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":589307,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"Pealer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JenniferPealer","display_name":"Jennifer Pealer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferPealer?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/589307/208268/243110/s65_jennifer.pealer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2041291,"name":"Responsivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsivity?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79144470" data-work_id="79144470" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79144470/The_Administration_of_Criminal_Justice_Act_2015_as_a_harbinger_for_the_elimination_of_unlawful_detention_in_Nigeria">The Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 as a harbinger for the elimination of unlawful detention in Nigeria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">SUMMARY Sections 34, 35 and 41 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999 CFRN) guarantee the rights to dignity of the person, personal liberty and freedom of movement. These rights connote that no one shall be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79144470" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">SUMMARY Sections 34, 35 and 41 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999 CFRN) guarantee the rights to dignity of the person, personal liberty and freedom of movement. These rights connote that no one shall be arbitrarily arrested; anyone arrested shall be brought before a court of competent jurisdiction within a reasonable time, otherwise such detention is unlawful; where a person is lawfully detained, it shall be under humane conditions. Despite these constitutional safeguards, people continue to be detained in detention centres beyond the permissible periods without an order of court and in inhumane conditions. Thus, unlawful detention is one of the challenges confronting the administration of the criminal justice sector in Nigeria. In 2015 the National Assembly, in a bid to address the challenges in the sector, particularly unlawful and inhumane detention, enacted the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) which is generally perceived as revolution...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79144470" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dbd62cb2b2759b7b7759b5495daffd43" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85962710,"asset_id":79144470,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85962710/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17582881" href="https://ui-edu-ng.academia.edu/davideyongndi">david eyongndi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17582881" type="text/json">{"id":17582881,"first_name":"david","last_name":"eyongndi","domain_name":"ui-edu-ng","page_name":"davideyongndi","display_name":"david eyongndi","profile_url":"https://ui-edu-ng.academia.edu/davideyongndi?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17582881/4898226/5631950/s65_david.eyongndi.jpg_oh_99961735aef62dc45983c5f50f2aed2e_oe_54877dd6___gda___1421318121_f37e590243054562e7d4eb372533e37f"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79144470 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79144470"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79144470, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79144470", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79144470 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79144470; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79144470"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79144470 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79144470"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79144470; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79144470]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79144470").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79144470").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79144470"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="783147" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University_of_Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="783147" type="text/json">{"id":783147,"name":"University of Pretoria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University_of_Pretoria?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79144470]'), work: {"id":79144470,"title":"The Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015 as a harbinger for the elimination of unlawful detention in Nigeria","created_at":"2022-05-15T13:18:58.052-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79144470/The_Administration_of_Criminal_Justice_Act_2015_as_a_harbinger_for_the_elimination_of_unlawful_detention_in_Nigeria?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_79144470","summary":"SUMMARY Sections 34, 35 and 41 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999 CFRN) guarantee the rights to dignity of the person, personal liberty and freedom of movement. These rights connote that no one shall be arbitrarily arrested; anyone arrested shall be brought before a court of competent jurisdiction within a reasonable time, otherwise such detention is unlawful; where a person is lawfully detained, it shall be under humane conditions. Despite these constitutional safeguards, people continue to be detained in detention centres beyond the permissible periods without an order of court and in inhumane conditions. Thus, unlawful detention is one of the challenges confronting the administration of the criminal justice sector in Nigeria. In 2015 the National Assembly, in a bid to address the challenges in the sector, particularly unlawful and inhumane detention, enacted the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA) which is generally perceived as revolution...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85962710,"asset_id":79144470,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17582881,"first_name":"david","last_name":"eyongndi","domain_name":"ui-edu-ng","page_name":"davideyongndi","display_name":"david eyongndi","profile_url":"https://ui-edu-ng.academia.edu/davideyongndi?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17582881/4898226/5631950/s65_david.eyongndi.jpg_oh_99961735aef62dc45983c5f50f2aed2e_oe_54877dd6___gda___1421318121_f37e590243054562e7d4eb372533e37f"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":783147,"name":"University of Pretoria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University_of_Pretoria?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1291733,"name":"African Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22773958" data-work_id="22773958" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22773958/Studying_Civil_Suits_Against_the_Police_A_Serendipitous_Finding_of_Sample_Selection_Bias">Studying Civil Suits Against the Police: A Serendipitous Finding of Sample Selection Bias</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines the sources of municipal variation in the number of civil suits filed against police. Although a number of theoretical explanations are plausible, existing data and research are limited to a handful of rational/... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22773958" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines the sources of municipal variation in the number of civil suits filed against police. Although a number of theoretical explanations are plausible, existing data and research are limited to a handful of rational/ technical explanations. A secondary analysis of a national survey data set reveals a moderate but manageable problem with missing data among the predictors. However, the problem is more severe for the outcome variable, the ratio of civil suits per 1,000 field officers, which is missing for about 70% of respondents. The authors explore a number of potential remedies based on recent advances in the statistical treatment of incomplete multivariate data. Their analysis suggests that data on civil suits are not missing randomly: There are important and quantifiable differences between respondents and nonrespondents to this survey item. These findings suggest a modest case of sample selection bias, which cannot be corrected using even the most recent statistical advances. The remedy lies not in statistics but in the use of new and creative research methods that account for the sensitive nature of the topic.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22773958" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="293e96d71ee312e28426c3fade6396d0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43329602,"asset_id":22773958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43329602/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44412298" href="https://ndsu.academia.edu/CarolArchbold">Carol Archbold</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44412298" type="text/json">{"id":44412298,"first_name":"Carol","last_name":"Archbold","domain_name":"ndsu","page_name":"CarolArchbold","display_name":"Carol Archbold","profile_url":"https://ndsu.academia.edu/CarolArchbold?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44412298/17421565/123251621/s65_carol.archbold.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22773958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22773958"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22773958, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22773958", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22773958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22773958; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22773958"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22773958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22773958"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22773958; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22773958]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22773958").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22773958").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22773958"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86017" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Selection_Bias">Sample Selection Bias</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="86017" type="text/json">{"id":86017,"name":"Sample Selection Bias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Selection_Bias?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22773958]'), work: {"id":22773958,"title":"Studying Civil Suits Against the Police: A Serendipitous Finding of Sample Selection Bias","created_at":"2016-03-03T15:31:32.631-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22773958/Studying_Civil_Suits_Against_the_Police_A_Serendipitous_Finding_of_Sample_Selection_Bias?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_22773958","summary":"This article examines the sources of municipal variation in the number of civil suits filed against police. Although a number of theoretical explanations are plausible, existing data and research are limited to a handful of rational/ technical explanations. A secondary analysis of a national survey data set reveals a moderate but manageable problem with missing data among the predictors. However, the problem is more severe for the outcome variable, the ratio of civil suits per 1,000 field officers, which is missing for about 70% of respondents. The authors explore a number of potential remedies based on recent advances in the statistical treatment of incomplete multivariate data. Their analysis suggests that data on civil suits are not missing randomly: There are important and quantifiable differences between respondents and nonrespondents to this survey item. These findings suggest a modest case of sample selection bias, which cannot be corrected using even the most recent statistical advances. The remedy lies not in statistics but in the use of new and creative research methods that account for the sensitive nature of the topic.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43329602,"asset_id":22773958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44412298,"first_name":"Carol","last_name":"Archbold","domain_name":"ndsu","page_name":"CarolArchbold","display_name":"Carol Archbold","profile_url":"https://ndsu.academia.edu/CarolArchbold?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44412298/17421565/123251621/s65_carol.archbold.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":86017,"name":"Sample Selection Bias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Selection_Bias?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11579804 coauthored" data-work_id="11579804" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11579804/Predicting_adult_approval_of_corporal_punishment_from_childhood_parenting_experiences">Predicting adult approval of corporal punishment from childhood parenting experiences</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study explores the relationship between mothers" approval of corporal punishment and the degree to which they themselves were subjected to violence as children. Considered as additional contributing factors are: (1) whether the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11579804" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study explores the relationship between mothers" approval of corporal punishment and the degree to which they themselves were subjected to violence as children. Considered as additional contributing factors are: (1) whether the mothers as children were punished by their own parents, (2) whether they perceived such punishment as unfair, and (3) the degree of parental nurture they experienced as children. The sample consisted of 330 new mothers whose mother and father both lived in the home when they were 14 years of age. Respondents were interviewed at home one to two months following their infants" discharge from the hospital. After controlling for race and income, no relationship was found between approval of corporal punishment and the violence to which mothers were subjected as children. However, significant associations were found between such approval and: (1) whether mothers were punished by their parents, and (2) maternal (but not paternal) nurture. Perceptions that parental punishment was unfair failed to contribute to such approval. Altogether, parental factors in mothers" childhoods, excluding race and income, accounted for 8.9~o of the variance in approval of corporal punishment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11579804" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b687b1e74e05f1b790fd0a0408d04d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46622160,"asset_id":11579804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46622160/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28270985" href="https://unc.academia.edu/DorothyBrowne">Dorothy Browne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28270985" type="text/json">{"id":28270985,"first_name":"Dorothy","last_name":"Browne","domain_name":"unc","page_name":"DorothyBrowne","display_name":"Dorothy Browne","profile_url":"https://unc.academia.edu/DorothyBrowne?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28270985/15148590/15845579/s65_dorothy.browne.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-11579804">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-11579804"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopherRingwalt">Christopher Ringwalt</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-11579804'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-11579804').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11579804 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11579804"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11579804, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11579804", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11579804 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11579804; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11579804"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11579804 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11579804"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11579804; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11579804]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11579804").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11579804").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11579804"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6574" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family">Family</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6574" type="text/json">{"id":6574,"name":"Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78198" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Violence">Family Violence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78198" type="text/json">{"id":78198,"name":"Family Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11579804]'), work: {"id":11579804,"title":"Predicting adult approval of corporal punishment from childhood parenting experiences","created_at":"2015-03-22T00:39:26.772-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11579804/Predicting_adult_approval_of_corporal_punishment_from_childhood_parenting_experiences?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_11579804","summary":"This study explores the relationship between mothers\" approval of corporal punishment and the degree to which they themselves were subjected to violence as children. Considered as additional contributing factors are: (1) whether the mothers as children were punished by their own parents, (2) whether they perceived such punishment as unfair, and (3) the degree of parental nurture they experienced as children. The sample consisted of 330 new mothers whose mother and father both lived in the home when they were 14 years of age. Respondents were interviewed at home one to two months following their infants\" discharge from the hospital. After controlling for race and income, no relationship was found between approval of corporal punishment and the violence to which mothers were subjected as children. However, significant associations were found between such approval and: (1) whether mothers were punished by their parents, and (2) maternal (but not paternal) nurture. Perceptions that parental punishment was unfair failed to contribute to such approval. Altogether, parental factors in mothers\" childhoods, excluding race and income, accounted for 8.9~o of the variance in approval of corporal punishment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46622160,"asset_id":11579804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28270985,"first_name":"Dorothy","last_name":"Browne","domain_name":"unc","page_name":"DorothyBrowne","display_name":"Dorothy Browne","profile_url":"https://unc.academia.edu/DorothyBrowne?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28270985/15148590/15845579/s65_dorothy.browne.jpg"},{"id":28363068,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Ringwalt","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristopherRingwalt","display_name":"Christopher Ringwalt","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopherRingwalt?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":6574,"name":"Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":78198,"name":"Family Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":91079,"name":"Child Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Abuse?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28914204" data-work_id="28914204" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28914204/A_Test_of_a_Micro_Level_Application_of_Sharing_Theory">A Test of a Micro-Level Application of Sharing Theory</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Using self-projected measures of criminal behavior obtained from a telephone survey, we investigate the predictive ability of four variables central to individual-level application of Braithwaite's shaming theory: participation in gossip,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28914204" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Using self-projected measures of criminal behavior obtained from a telephone survey, we investigate the predictive ability of four variables central to individual-level application of Braithwaite's shaming theory: participation in gossip, having been reintegratively shamed, having been the object of gossip, and having been stigmatically shamed. The results are partially supportive of the theory. Contrary to expectations, the theoretical inhibitory shaming variables (participation in gossip and being reintegratively shamed) do not reduce projected misbehavior. Consistent with predictions, however, theorized crime-generative shaming variables (having been the object of gossip and having been stigmatically shamed) do appear to increase the chances of several forms of misbehavior. In addition, individuals' interdependency does not enhance the effects of the inhibitory shaming variables and has only limited and contradictory effects in enhancing the effects of crime-generative shaming variables. Results suggest that the theory needs clarification and that it may need further refinement to specify more carefully the conditions under which shaming processes inhibit or enhance criminal probabilities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28914204" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="367c2c42918c1e3723202315a476765a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49348336,"asset_id":28914204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49348336/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12256086" href="https://uc.academia.edu/SocialProblems">Social Problems</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12256086" type="text/json">{"id":12256086,"first_name":"Social","last_name":"Problems","domain_name":"uc","page_name":"SocialProblems","display_name":"Social Problems","profile_url":"https://uc.academia.edu/SocialProblems?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12256086/3625382/20485305/s65_social.problems.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28914204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28914204"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28914204, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28914204", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28914204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28914204; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28914204"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28914204 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28914204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28914204; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28914204]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28914204").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28914204").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28914204"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="209" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory">Social Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="209" type="text/json">{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28914204]'), work: {"id":28914204,"title":"A Test of a Micro-Level Application of Sharing Theory","created_at":"2016-10-04T09:05:31.405-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28914204/A_Test_of_a_Micro_Level_Application_of_Sharing_Theory?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_28914204","summary":"Using self-projected measures of criminal behavior obtained from a telephone survey, we investigate the predictive ability of four variables central to individual-level application of Braithwaite's shaming theory: participation in gossip, having been reintegratively shamed, having been the object of gossip, and having been stigmatically shamed. The results are partially supportive of the theory. Contrary to expectations, the theoretical inhibitory shaming variables (participation in gossip and being reintegratively shamed) do not reduce projected misbehavior. Consistent with predictions, however, theorized crime-generative shaming variables (having been the object of gossip and having been stigmatically shamed) do appear to increase the chances of several forms of misbehavior. In addition, individuals' interdependency does not enhance the effects of the inhibitory shaming variables and has only limited and contradictory effects in enhancing the effects of crime-generative shaming variables. Results suggest that the theory needs clarification and that it may need further refinement to specify more carefully the conditions under which shaming processes inhibit or enhance criminal probabilities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49348336,"asset_id":28914204,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12256086,"first_name":"Social","last_name":"Problems","domain_name":"uc","page_name":"SocialProblems","display_name":"Social Problems","profile_url":"https://uc.academia.edu/SocialProblems?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12256086/3625382/20485305/s65_social.problems.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25701059 coauthored" data-work_id="25701059" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25701059/Gender_Responsive_Drug_Court_Treatment_A_Randomized_Controlled_Trial">Gender-Responsive Drug Court Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">for their help with study coordination, data collection, data entry, and data building. We would also like to thank Kim Bond, president and CEO for Mental Health Systems; Alison Ordille; Patricia Lazalde; and the program directors and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25701059" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">for their help with study coordination, data collection, data entry, and data building. We would also like to thank Kim Bond, president and CEO for Mental Health Systems; Alison Ordille; Patricia Lazalde; and the program directors and counseling staff for their cooperation with training, implementation, recruitment, randomization, and support of program data collection. We are grateful to the San Diego County Drug Court System judges and staff for their support and assistance on this project. We are also grateful to Stephanie Covington for her many hours of training and program site visits and Penny Philpot for her on-site facilitation with implementation of the curricula and clinical supervision. Finally, we wish to thank the participants who volunteered to be interviewed and to share their life experiences with us. This pilot study compared outcomes for 94 women offenders in San Diego County, California, who participated in four drug court programs. Women were randomized to gender-responsive (GR) programs using Helping Women Recover and Beyond Trauma or standard mixed-gender treatment. Data were collected at program entry, during treatment, and approximately 22 months after treatment entry. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Results showed that GR participants had better in-treatment performance, more positive perceptions related to their treatment experience, and trends indicating reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Both groups improved in their self-reported psychological well-being and reported reductions in drug use (p < .06) and arrest (a diagnosis of PTSD was the primary predictor of reductions in rearrest, p < .04). Findings show some beneficial effects of adding treatment components oriented toward women's needs. Significant questions remain, particularly around PTSD and whether it should be targeted to improve substance use outcomes for women.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25701059" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87b974933719daf8b8bf64edbe94e74f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46045374,"asset_id":25701059,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46045374/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16878335" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NenaBarberisMessina">Nena Barberis-Messina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16878335" type="text/json">{"id":16878335,"first_name":"Nena","last_name":"Barberis-Messina","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NenaBarberisMessina","display_name":"Nena Barberis-Messina","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NenaBarberisMessina?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-25701059">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-25701059"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://semel-ucla.academia.edu/StacyCalhoun">Stacy Calhoun</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-25701059'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-25701059').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25701059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25701059"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25701059, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25701059", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25701059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25701059; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25701059"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25701059 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25701059"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25701059; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25701059]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25701059").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25701059").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25701059"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25701059]'), work: {"id":25701059,"title":"Gender-Responsive Drug Court Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial","created_at":"2016-05-29T09:43:17.705-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25701059/Gender_Responsive_Drug_Court_Treatment_A_Randomized_Controlled_Trial?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_25701059","summary":"for their help with study coordination, data collection, data entry, and data building. We would also like to thank Kim Bond, president and CEO for Mental Health Systems; Alison Ordille; Patricia Lazalde; and the program directors and counseling staff for their cooperation with training, implementation, recruitment, randomization, and support of program data collection. We are grateful to the San Diego County Drug Court System judges and staff for their support and assistance on this project. We are also grateful to Stephanie Covington for her many hours of training and program site visits and Penny Philpot for her on-site facilitation with implementation of the curricula and clinical supervision. Finally, we wish to thank the participants who volunteered to be interviewed and to share their life experiences with us. This pilot study compared outcomes for 94 women offenders in San Diego County, California, who participated in four drug court programs. Women were randomized to gender-responsive (GR) programs using Helping Women Recover and Beyond Trauma or standard mixed-gender treatment. Data were collected at program entry, during treatment, and approximately 22 months after treatment entry. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Results showed that GR participants had better in-treatment performance, more positive perceptions related to their treatment experience, and trends indicating reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomology. Both groups improved in their self-reported psychological well-being and reported reductions in drug use (p \u003c .06) and arrest (a diagnosis of PTSD was the primary predictor of reductions in rearrest, p \u003c .04). Findings show some beneficial effects of adding treatment components oriented toward women's needs. Significant questions remain, particularly around PTSD and whether it should be targeted to improve substance use outcomes for women.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46045374,"asset_id":25701059,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16878335,"first_name":"Nena","last_name":"Barberis-Messina","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NenaBarberisMessina","display_name":"Nena Barberis-Messina","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NenaBarberisMessina?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":49411731,"first_name":"Stacy","last_name":"Calhoun","domain_name":"semel-ucla","page_name":"StacyCalhoun","display_name":"Stacy Calhoun","profile_url":"https://semel-ucla.academia.edu/StacyCalhoun?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49411731/14696758/21693131/s65_stacy.calhoun.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34848031" data-work_id="34848031" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34848031/Drugs_are_not_the_problem_its_drug_policy_and_law_enforcement">Drugs are not the problem - it's drug policy and law enforcement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">When seeking drug reform we should avoid the deeply entrenched anti-drug narratives that have dominated drug policy debate. These narratives are often rooted in fallacy, distortion and sweeping generalisations, whereas, reform must... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34848031" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When seeking drug reform we should avoid the deeply entrenched anti-drug narratives that have dominated drug policy debate. These narratives are often rooted in fallacy, distortion and sweeping generalisations, whereas, reform must maintain integrity and stay firmly rooted in reason, rationale, science and evidence. We need to be clear, we don't have a global drug problem - we have a global drug policy problem, and the cause of the problem isn't gangsters - it's governments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34848031" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="36bc85aecd3120261d77f87a00cde824" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54706442,"asset_id":34848031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54706442/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14644" href="https://victoria.academia.edu/JulianBuchanan">Julian Buchanan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14644" type="text/json">{"id":14644,"first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Buchanan","domain_name":"victoria","page_name":"JulianBuchanan","display_name":"Julian Buchanan","profile_url":"https://victoria.academia.edu/JulianBuchanan?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14644/4896/116740/s65_julian.buchanan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34848031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34848031"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34848031, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34848031", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34848031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34848031; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34848031"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34848031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34848031"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34848031; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34848031]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34848031").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34848031").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34848031"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34848031]'), work: {"id":34848031,"title":"Drugs are not the problem - it's drug policy and law enforcement","created_at":"2017-10-13T00:36:12.371-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34848031/Drugs_are_not_the_problem_its_drug_policy_and_law_enforcement?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_34848031","summary":"When seeking drug reform we should avoid the deeply entrenched anti-drug narratives that have dominated drug policy debate. These narratives are often rooted in fallacy, distortion and sweeping generalisations, whereas, reform must maintain integrity and stay firmly rooted in reason, rationale, science and evidence. We need to be clear, we don't have a global drug problem - we have a global drug policy problem, and the cause of the problem isn't gangsters - it's governments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54706442,"asset_id":34848031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14644,"first_name":"Julian","last_name":"Buchanan","domain_name":"victoria","page_name":"JulianBuchanan","display_name":"Julian Buchanan","profile_url":"https://victoria.academia.edu/JulianBuchanan?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14644/4896/116740/s65_julian.buchanan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=189"},{"id":2483,"name":"Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Addiction?f_ri=189"},{"id":2484,"name":"Drugs And Addiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_And_Addiction?f_ri=189"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=189"},{"id":7989,"name":"Drugs and drug culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drugs_and_drug_culture?f_ri=189"},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=189"},{"id":238724,"name":"Cannabis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cannabis?f_ri=189"},{"id":399897,"name":"Marihuana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marihuana?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45129015" data-work_id="45129015" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45129015/Mutual_aid_as_abolitionist_praxis">Mutual aid as abolitionist praxis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Prisons, jails, and detention facilities, by definition, are designed to isolate and separate people from their communities. To challenge and upend carcerality requires not just dismantlement, but radical revisioning, a building – of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45129015" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Prisons, jails, and detention facilities, by definition, are designed to isolate and separate people from their communities. To challenge and upend carcerality requires not just dismantlement, but radical revisioning, a building – of flourishing, free and caring communities. Collectively developed responses and resources for people and ecosystems, led by those with lived experience of oppression, are the foundation for a world without prisons.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45129015" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7ad50540080e6e3a9b5a0c8a20ea00ae" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65698675,"asset_id":45129015,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65698675/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="71513599" href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/RachelFayter">Rachel A . L . Fayter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="71513599" type="text/json">{"id":71513599,"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Fayter","domain_name":"carleton-ca","page_name":"RachelFayter","display_name":"Rachel A . L . Fayter","profile_url":"https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/RachelFayter?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71513599/22457083/76163851/s65_rachel.fayter.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45129015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45129015"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45129015, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45129015", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45129015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45129015; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45129015"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45129015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45129015"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45129015; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45129015]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45129015").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45129015").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45129015"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18919" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_">Criminology (Social Sciences)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18919" type="text/json">{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25870" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Prison_Studies">Critical Prison Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25870" type="text/json">{"id":25870,"name":"Critical Prison Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Prison_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="100148" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition">Prison Abolition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="100148" type="text/json">{"id":100148,"name":"Prison Abolition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45129015]'), work: {"id":45129015,"title":"Mutual aid as abolitionist praxis","created_at":"2021-02-15T19:06:47.391-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45129015/Mutual_aid_as_abolitionist_praxis?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_45129015","summary":"Prisons, jails, and detention facilities, by definition, are designed to isolate and separate people from their communities. To challenge and upend carcerality requires not just dismantlement, but radical revisioning, a building – of flourishing, free and caring communities. Collectively developed responses and resources for people and ecosystems, led by those with lived experience of oppression, are the foundation for a world without prisons.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65698675,"asset_id":45129015,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":71513599,"first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Fayter","domain_name":"carleton-ca","page_name":"RachelFayter","display_name":"Rachel A . L . Fayter","profile_url":"https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/RachelFayter?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/71513599/22457083/76163851/s65_rachel.fayter.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":25870,"name":"Critical Prison Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Prison_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":100148,"name":"Prison Abolition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":279869,"name":"Peer Support","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peer_Support?f_ri=189"},{"id":358784,"name":"Mutual Aid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutual_Aid?f_ri=189"},{"id":508065,"name":"Carceral state","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carceral_state?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11941745" data-work_id="11941745" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11941745/Blokland_A_Wermink_H_Robert_L_and_Maes_E_Wederopsluiting_na_elektronische_detentie_en_reguliere_detentie_in_Belgi%C3%AB_Tijdschrift_voor_Criminologie_57_2015_nr_1_31_58">Blokland, A., Wermink, H., Robert, L. & Maes, E., “Wederopsluiting na elektronische detentie en reguliere detentie in België”, Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, 57 (2015), nr. 1, 31-58. </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Electronic monitoring is increasingly used as an alternative to imprisonment. Compared to imprisonment, electronic monitoring presumably is less costly. Furthermore, compared to imprisonment electronic monitoring may have less collateral... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11941745" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Electronic monitoring is increasingly used as an alternative to imprisonment. Compared to imprisonment, electronic monitoring presumably is less costly. Furthermore, compared to imprisonment electronic monitoring may have less collateral consequences, as detainees who are electronically monitored are able to keep their job, housing and social networks, which are in turn associated with reduced recidivism. On the other hand electronic monitoring may have less of a deterrent effect than imprisonment, and deviant networks also remain intact, which may increase the likelihood of future crime and with it the likelihood of re-imprisonment. Here we make use of data from the Belgian penitentiary register to compare re-imprisonment of those having served their sentence under electronic monitoring and those regularly imprisoned, and limit our analyses to offenders with a prison sentence between six months and three years. We use propensity score matching to control for pre-existing differences between these groups. Our findings show that detainees are less likely to be re-imprisoned after electronic monitoring than after regular imprisonment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11941745" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="92f12f32db8fd5ce5f0fda8172be21b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50774249,"asset_id":11941745,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50774249/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11211751" href="https://nicc.academia.edu/EricMaes">Eric Maes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11211751" type="text/json">{"id":11211751,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Maes","domain_name":"nicc","page_name":"EricMaes","display_name":"Eric Maes","profile_url":"https://nicc.academia.edu/EricMaes?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11211751/3299649/3882869/s65_eric.maes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11941745 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11941745"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11941745, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11941745", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11941745 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11941745; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11941745"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11941745 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11941745"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11941745; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11941745]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11941745").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11941745").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11941745"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="124045" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recidivism">Recidivism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="124045" type="text/json">{"id":124045,"name":"Recidivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recidivism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="445705" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EM_-_Electronic_Monitoring_of_Offenders">EM - Electronic Monitoring of Offenders</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="445705" type="text/json">{"id":445705,"name":"EM - Electronic Monitoring of Offenders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EM_-_Electronic_Monitoring_of_Offenders?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11941745]'), work: {"id":11941745,"title":"Blokland, A., Wermink, H., Robert, L. \u0026 Maes, E., “Wederopsluiting na elektronische detentie en reguliere detentie in België”, Tijdschrift voor Criminologie, 57 (2015), nr. 1, 31-58. ","created_at":"2015-04-14T06:56:49.191-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11941745/Blokland_A_Wermink_H_Robert_L_and_Maes_E_Wederopsluiting_na_elektronische_detentie_en_reguliere_detentie_in_Belgi%C3%AB_Tijdschrift_voor_Criminologie_57_2015_nr_1_31_58?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_11941745","summary":"Electronic monitoring is increasingly used as an alternative to imprisonment. Compared to imprisonment, electronic monitoring presumably is less costly. Furthermore, compared to imprisonment electronic monitoring may have less collateral consequences, as detainees who are electronically monitored are able to keep their job, housing and social networks, which are in turn associated with reduced recidivism. On the other hand electronic monitoring may have less of a deterrent effect than imprisonment, and deviant networks also remain intact, which may increase the likelihood of future crime and with it the likelihood of re-imprisonment. Here we make use of data from the Belgian penitentiary register to compare re-imprisonment of those having served their sentence under electronic monitoring and those regularly imprisoned, and limit our analyses to offenders with a prison sentence between six months and three years. We use propensity score matching to control for pre-existing differences between these groups. Our findings show that detainees are less likely to be re-imprisoned after electronic monitoring than after regular imprisonment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50774249,"asset_id":11941745,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11211751,"first_name":"Eric","last_name":"Maes","domain_name":"nicc","page_name":"EricMaes","display_name":"Eric Maes","profile_url":"https://nicc.academia.edu/EricMaes?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11211751/3299649/3882869/s65_eric.maes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":124045,"name":"Recidivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recidivism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":445705,"name":"EM - Electronic Monitoring of Offenders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EM_-_Electronic_Monitoring_of_Offenders?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25918355" data-work_id="25918355" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25918355/Implement_and_Use_Court_Performance_Measures">Implement and Use Court Performance Measures</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25918355" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1bacdb2253d73f1de8d58b25446baf18" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46279152,"asset_id":25918355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46279152/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49712317" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianOstrom">Brian Ostrom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49712317" type="text/json">{"id":49712317,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Ostrom","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrianOstrom","display_name":"Brian Ostrom","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrianOstrom?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25918355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25918355"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25918355, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25918355", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25918355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25918355; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25918355"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25918355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25918355"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25918355; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25918355]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25918355").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25918355").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25918355"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25918355]'), work: {"id":25918355,"title":"Implement and Use Court Performance Measures","created_at":"2016-06-06T06:51:46.927-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25918355/Implement_and_Use_Court_Performance_Measures?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_25918355","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46279152,"asset_id":25918355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49712317,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Ostrom","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BrianOstrom","display_name":"Brian Ostrom","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrianOstrom?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74372649" data-work_id="74372649" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/74372649/How_Rape_Myths_Are_Used_and_Challenged_in_Rape_and_Sexual_Assault_Trials">How Rape Myths Are Used and Challenged in Rape and Sexual Assault Trials</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Court responses to rape and sexual assault have been repeatedly criticized in England and Wales (Brown et al., 2010). In particular, research has identified prevalent stereotypes about rape in both the criminal justice system and wider... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74372649" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Court responses to rape and sexual assault have been repeatedly criticized in England and Wales (Brown et al., 2010). In particular, research has identified prevalent stereotypes about rape in both the criminal justice system and wider society, with these rape myths often being used as the predominant explanation for inadequate victim/survivor treatment (see Temkin and Krahé, 2008). The existing literature, though, tends to rely on interviews or is outdated by policy, so the present research uses court observations to explore what is actually happening in adult rape and sexual assault trials. The findings show that rape myths are still routinely used at trial, but that they are sometimes resisted using judicial directions or prosecution comments. In addition, the research highlights how rape myths are kept ‘relevant’ to trial through a focus on inconsistencies, a dichotomy of wholly truthful/untruthful witnesses, and conceptualisations of ‘rational’ behaviour as being the ‘normal’ w...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74372649" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3c95c7b3f12f430820de0e67ade6017" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82549029,"asset_id":74372649,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82549029/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="191320232" rel="nofollow" href="https://bath.academia.edu/TinaSkinner">Tina Skinner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="191320232" type="text/json">{"id":191320232,"first_name":"Tina","last_name":"Skinner","domain_name":"bath","page_name":"TinaSkinner","display_name":"Tina Skinner","profile_url":"https://bath.academia.edu/TinaSkinner?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74372649 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74372649"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74372649, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74372649", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74372649 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74372649; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74372649"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74372649 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74372649"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74372649; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74372649]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74372649").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74372649").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74372649"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74372649]'), work: {"id":74372649,"title":"How Rape Myths Are Used and Challenged in Rape and Sexual Assault Trials","created_at":"2022-03-23T04:39:12.352-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74372649/How_Rape_Myths_Are_Used_and_Challenged_in_Rape_and_Sexual_Assault_Trials?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_74372649","summary":"Court responses to rape and sexual assault have been repeatedly criticized in England and Wales (Brown et al., 2010). In particular, research has identified prevalent stereotypes about rape in both the criminal justice system and wider society, with these rape myths often being used as the predominant explanation for inadequate victim/survivor treatment (see Temkin and Krahé, 2008). The existing literature, though, tends to rely on interviews or is outdated by policy, so the present research uses court observations to explore what is actually happening in adult rape and sexual assault trials. The findings show that rape myths are still routinely used at trial, but that they are sometimes resisted using judicial directions or prosecution comments. In addition, the research highlights how rape myths are kept ‘relevant’ to trial through a focus on inconsistencies, a dichotomy of wholly truthful/untruthful witnesses, and conceptualisations of ‘rational’ behaviour as being the ‘normal’ w...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82549029,"asset_id":74372649,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":191320232,"first_name":"Tina","last_name":"Skinner","domain_name":"bath","page_name":"TinaSkinner","display_name":"Tina Skinner","profile_url":"https://bath.academia.edu/TinaSkinner?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1808961,"name":"Social legal studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_legal_studies?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7376175" data-work_id="7376175" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7376175/The_cognitive_interview_Inexperienced_police_officers_perceptions_of_their_witness_victim_interviewing_practices">The cognitive interview: Inexperienced police officers' perceptions of their witness/victim interviewing practices</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7376175" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8f7f38e91efe5699ce20a7d01c1b63f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48511049,"asset_id":7376175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48511049/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13021235" href="https://independent.academia.edu/coralDando">coral Dando</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13021235" type="text/json">{"id":13021235,"first_name":"coral","last_name":"Dando","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"coralDando","display_name":"coral Dando","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/coralDando?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13021235/20206744/19934516/s65_coral.dando.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7376175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7376175"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7376175, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7376175", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7376175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7376175; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7376175"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7376175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7376175"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7376175; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7376175]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7376175").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7376175").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7376175"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="401316" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_and_Criminological_Psychology">Legal and Criminological Psychology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="401316" type="text/json">{"id":401316,"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_and_Criminological_Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7376175]'), work: {"id":7376175,"title":"The cognitive interview: Inexperienced police officers' perceptions of their witness/victim interviewing practices","created_at":"2014-06-17T05:55:59.002-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7376175/The_cognitive_interview_Inexperienced_police_officers_perceptions_of_their_witness_victim_interviewing_practices?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_7376175","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48511049,"asset_id":7376175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13021235,"first_name":"coral","last_name":"Dando","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"coralDando","display_name":"coral Dando","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/coralDando?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13021235/20206744/19934516/s65_coral.dando.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":401316,"name":"Legal and Criminological Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_and_Criminological_Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15433595 coauthored" data-work_id="15433595" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15433595/How_Do_Police_Respond_to_Stalking_An_Examination_of_the_Risk_Management_Strategies_and_Tactics_Used_in_a_Specialized_Anti_Stalking_Law_Enforcement_Unit">How Do Police Respond to Stalking? An Examination of the Risk Management Strategies and Tactics Used in a Specialized Anti-Stalking Law Enforcement Unit</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How do police respond to and manage complaints of stalking? To answer this question, we conducted a 3-phase study. First, we reviewed the literature to identify risk management tactics used to combat stalking. Second, we asked a group of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15433595" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How do police respond to and manage complaints of stalking? To answer this question, we conducted a 3-phase study. First, we reviewed the literature to identify risk management tactics used to combat stalking. Second, we asked a group of police officers to review those tactics for completeness and group them into categories reflecting more general risk management strategies. The result was 22 categories of strategies. Finally, we used qualitative methods to evaluate the files of 32 cases referred to the specialized anti-stalking unit of a metropolitan police department. We coded specific risk management tactics and strategies used by police. Results indicated that a median number of 19 specific tactics from 7 general strategies were used to manage risk. Also, the implementation of strategies and tactics reflected specific characteristics of the cases (e.g., perpetrator risk factors, victim vulnerability factors), suggesting that the risk management decisions made by police were indeed strategic in nature. Qualitative analyses indicated that some of the strategies and tactics were more effective than others. We discuss how these findings can be used to understand and use stalking risk management more generally, as well as improve research on the efficacy of risk assessment and management for stalking.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15433595" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1bce695c79f0d8b3f5bdcf17a0334243" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43203410,"asset_id":15433595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43203410/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34690978" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JStorey1">J. Storey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34690978" type="text/json">{"id":34690978,"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Storey","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JStorey1","display_name":"J. Storey","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JStorey1?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15433595">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15433595"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sfu.academia.edu/StephenHart">Stephen D Hart</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15433595'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15433595').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15433595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15433595"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15433595, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15433595", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15433595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15433595; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15433595"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15433595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15433595"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15433595; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15433595]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15433595").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15433595").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15433595"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12061" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management">Risk Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12061" type="text/json">{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37778" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement">Law Enforcement</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37778" type="text/json">{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15433595]'), work: {"id":15433595,"title":"How Do Police Respond to Stalking? An Examination of the Risk Management Strategies and Tactics Used in a Specialized Anti-Stalking Law Enforcement Unit","created_at":"2015-09-05T20:05:42.868-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15433595/How_Do_Police_Respond_to_Stalking_An_Examination_of_the_Risk_Management_Strategies_and_Tactics_Used_in_a_Specialized_Anti_Stalking_Law_Enforcement_Unit?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_15433595","summary":"How do police respond to and manage complaints of stalking? To answer this question, we conducted a 3-phase study. First, we reviewed the literature to identify risk management tactics used to combat stalking. Second, we asked a group of police officers to review those tactics for completeness and group them into categories reflecting more general risk management strategies. The result was 22 categories of strategies. Finally, we used qualitative methods to evaluate the files of 32 cases referred to the specialized anti-stalking unit of a metropolitan police department. We coded specific risk management tactics and strategies used by police. Results indicated that a median number of 19 specific tactics from 7 general strategies were used to manage risk. Also, the implementation of strategies and tactics reflected specific characteristics of the cases (e.g., perpetrator risk factors, victim vulnerability factors), suggesting that the risk management decisions made by police were indeed strategic in nature. Qualitative analyses indicated that some of the strategies and tactics were more effective than others. We discuss how these findings can be used to understand and use stalking risk management more generally, as well as improve research on the efficacy of risk assessment and management for stalking.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43203410,"asset_id":15433595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34690978,"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Storey","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JStorey1","display_name":"J. Storey","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JStorey1?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":34574939,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Hart","domain_name":"sfu","page_name":"StephenHart","display_name":"Stephen D Hart","profile_url":"https://sfu.academia.edu/StephenHart?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34574939/17566627/17628863/s65_stephen.hart.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":12061,"name":"Risk Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Management?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=189"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=189"},{"id":675549,"name":"Qualitative Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Method?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31350644" data-work_id="31350644" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31350644/MS_13_A_Gang_Profile">MS-13: A Gang Profile</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this article is to shed some light into the characteristics and origins of the MS-13 by compiling what it is known about the group in a gang profile. In doing this, this article discusses MS-13’s origins, proliferation,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31350644" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this article is to shed some light into the characteristics and origins of the MS-13 by compiling what it is known about the group in a gang profile. In doing this, this article discusses MS-13’s origins, proliferation, characteristics, norms, and involvement in illegal enterprises. We also discuss recent policies used by law enforcement in an attempt to combat this gang.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31350644" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="15b4567bd4af76b9332066945bdeedc0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51732598,"asset_id":31350644,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51732598/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41492919" href="https://asu.academia.edu/JeseniaPizarro">Jesenia Pizarro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41492919" type="text/json">{"id":41492919,"first_name":"Jesenia","last_name":"Pizarro","domain_name":"asu","page_name":"JeseniaPizarro","display_name":"Jesenia Pizarro","profile_url":"https://asu.academia.edu/JeseniaPizarro?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41492919/14518329/15397692/s65_jesenia.pizarro.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31350644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31350644"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31350644, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31350644", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31350644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31350644; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31350644"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31350644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31350644"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31350644; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31350644]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31350644").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31350644").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31350644"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="342107" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gang">Gang</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="342107" type="text/json">{"id":342107,"name":"Gang","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gang?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31350644]'), work: {"id":31350644,"title":"MS-13: A Gang Profile","created_at":"2017-02-10T06:07:52.421-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31350644/MS_13_A_Gang_Profile?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_31350644","summary":"The purpose of this article is to shed some light into the characteristics and origins of the MS-13 by compiling what it is known about the group in a gang profile. In doing this, this article discusses MS-13’s origins, proliferation, characteristics, norms, and involvement in illegal enterprises. We also discuss recent policies used by law enforcement in an attempt to combat this gang.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51732598,"asset_id":31350644,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41492919,"first_name":"Jesenia","last_name":"Pizarro","domain_name":"asu","page_name":"JeseniaPizarro","display_name":"Jesenia Pizarro","profile_url":"https://asu.academia.edu/JeseniaPizarro?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41492919/14518329/15397692/s65_jesenia.pizarro.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":342107,"name":"Gang","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gang?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6031413 coauthored" data-work_id="6031413" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6031413/Missing_persons_the_processes_and_challenges_of_police_investigation">Missing persons: the processes and challenges of police investigation </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Responding to reports of missing persons represents one of the biggest demands on the resources of police organisations. In the UK, for example, it is estimated that over 300,000 missing persons incidents are recorded by the police each... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6031413" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Responding to reports of missing persons represents one of the biggest demands on the resources of police organisations. In the UK, for example, it is estimated that over 300,000 missing persons incidents are recorded by the police each year which means that a person in the UK is recorded missing by the police approximately every two minutes. However, there is a complex web of behaviours that surround the phenomenon of missing persons which can make it difficult to establish whether someone’s disappearance is ‘intentional’ or ‘unintentional’ or whether they might be at risk of harm from themselves or others. Drawing on a set of missing person case reconstructions and interviews with the officers involved with these cases, this paper provides insights into the different stages of the investigative process and some of the key influences which shape the trajectory of a missing person’s investigation. In particular, it highlights the complex interplay between actions which are ‘ordered and conditioned’ by a procedural discourse around how missing persons investigations <br />should be conducted, and the narratives that officers construct about how they approach investigations which are often shaped by a mix of police craft, ‘science’ and ‘reputational’ issues.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6031413" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e7395bcbd66925041f2085a8e5a506a5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32969122,"asset_id":6031413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32969122/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33483447" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NicholasFyfe">Nicholas Fyfe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33483447" type="text/json">{"id":33483447,"first_name":"Nicholas","last_name":"Fyfe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NicholasFyfe","display_name":"Nicholas Fyfe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NicholasFyfe?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-6031413">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-6031413"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucl.academia.edu/OliviaStevenson">Olivia Stevenson</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-6031413'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-6031413').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6031413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6031413"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6031413, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6031413", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6031413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6031413; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6031413"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6031413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6031413"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6031413; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6031413]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6031413").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6031413").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6031413"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography">Human Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="262" type="text/json">{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="538" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science">Police Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="538" type="text/json">{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7439" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability">Risk and Vulnerability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7439" type="text/json">{"id":7439,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6031413]'), work: {"id":6031413,"title":"Missing persons: the processes and challenges of police investigation ","created_at":"2014-02-11T03:01:23.148-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6031413/Missing_persons_the_processes_and_challenges_of_police_investigation?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_6031413","summary":"Responding to reports of missing persons represents one of the biggest demands on the resources of police organisations. In the UK, for example, it is estimated that over 300,000 missing persons incidents are recorded by the police each year which means that a person in the UK is recorded missing by the police approximately every two minutes. However, there is a complex web of behaviours that surround the phenomenon of missing persons which can make it difficult to establish whether someone’s disappearance is ‘intentional’ or ‘unintentional’ or whether they might be at risk of harm from themselves or others. Drawing on a set of missing person case reconstructions and interviews with the officers involved with these cases, this paper provides insights into the different stages of the investigative process and some of the key influences which shape the trajectory of a missing person’s investigation. In particular, it highlights the complex interplay between actions which are ‘ordered and conditioned’ by a procedural discourse around how missing persons investigations\r\nshould be conducted, and the narratives that officers construct about how they approach investigations which are often shaped by a mix of police craft, ‘science’ and ‘reputational’ issues.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32969122,"asset_id":6031413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33483447,"first_name":"Nicholas","last_name":"Fyfe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NicholasFyfe","display_name":"Nicholas Fyfe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NicholasFyfe?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":3427612,"first_name":"Olivia","last_name":"Stevenson","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"OliviaStevenson","display_name":"Olivia Stevenson","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/OliviaStevenson?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3427612/1417454/3634397/s65_olivia.stevenson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":538,"name":"Police Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":7439,"name":"Risk and Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_and_Vulnerability?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=189"},{"id":11294,"name":"Policing Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies?f_ri=189"},{"id":43633,"name":"Criminal Investigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Investigation?f_ri=189"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=189"},{"id":183962,"name":"Police Decision-making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_Decision-making?f_ri=189"},{"id":432643,"name":"Missing Persons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missing_Persons?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_432551" data-work_id="432551" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/432551/Criminal_Law_and_Criminology_Dictionary">Criminal Law and Criminology Dictionary</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/432551" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="210556" href="https://ggu.academia.edu/SanazAlasti">Sanaz Alasti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="210556" type="text/json">{"id":210556,"first_name":"Sanaz","last_name":"Alasti","domain_name":"ggu","page_name":"SanazAlasti","display_name":"Sanaz Alasti","profile_url":"https://ggu.academia.edu/SanazAlasti?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_432551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="432551"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 432551, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_432551", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_432551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 432551; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_432551"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_432551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="432551"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 432551; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=432551]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_432551").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_432551").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="432551"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=432551]'), work: {"id":432551,"title":"Criminal Law and Criminology Dictionary","created_at":"2011-02-06T02:22:04.464-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/432551/Criminal_Law_and_Criminology_Dictionary?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_432551","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":210556,"first_name":"Sanaz","last_name":"Alasti","domain_name":"ggu","page_name":"SanazAlasti","display_name":"Sanaz Alasti","profile_url":"https://ggu.academia.edu/SanazAlasti?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4644277" data-work_id="4644277" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4644277/A_methodology_for_reconviction_studies_using_Police_National_Computer_PNC_data_">A methodology for reconviction studies using Police National Computer [PNC] data *</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper gives an overview of measures commonly used in reconviction studies and outlines how to use Police National Computer [PNC] data to conduct a reconviction study. It highlights the need for standardisation in how reconviction... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4644277" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper gives an overview of measures commonly used in reconviction studies and outlines how to use Police National Computer [PNC] data to conduct a reconviction study. It highlights the need for standardisation in how reconviction studies are conducted and openess about limitations of working with o cial sources of data.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4644277" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0512ec3844a4af18dd7bbf9b60a80865" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32149754,"asset_id":4644277,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32149754/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="282225" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/SutherlandAlex">Alex Sutherland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="282225" type="text/json">{"id":282225,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Sutherland","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"SutherlandAlex","display_name":"Alex Sutherland","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/SutherlandAlex?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4644277 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4644277"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4644277, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4644277", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4644277 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4644277; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4644277"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4644277 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4644277"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4644277; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4644277]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4644277").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4644277").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4644277"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences">Social Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237" type="text/json">{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18919" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_">Criminology (Social Sciences)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18919" type="text/json">{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4644277]'), work: {"id":4644277,"title":"A methodology for reconviction studies using Police National Computer [PNC] data *","created_at":"2013-10-01T14:53:21.804-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4644277/A_methodology_for_reconviction_studies_using_Police_National_Computer_PNC_data_?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_4644277","summary":"This paper gives an overview of measures commonly used in reconviction studies and outlines how to use Police National Computer [PNC] data to conduct a reconviction study. It highlights the need for standardisation in how reconviction studies are conducted and openess about limitations of working with o cial sources of data.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32149754,"asset_id":4644277,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":282225,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Sutherland","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"SutherlandAlex","display_name":"Alex Sutherland","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/SutherlandAlex?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4631731" data-work_id="4631731" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4631731/The_Next_Generation_Criminology_Genocide_Studies_and_Settler_Colonialism">The Next Generation: Criminology, Genocide Studies, and Settler Colonialism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, I examine how the criminology of genocide suffers from problems characteristic of the first generation of genocide scholarship, such as sweeping comparison, narrow legalism, and inattention to genocidal processes. Moreover,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4631731" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, I examine how the criminology of genocide suffers from problems characteristic of the first generation of genocide scholarship, such as sweeping comparison, narrow legalism, and inattention to genocidal processes. Moreover, I highlight recent second generation work within genocide studies that has gone largely ignored by criminologists, and in particular North American criminologists, and which would allow the criminology of genocide to overcome some of its disciplinary limitations. In particular, I point to the growing areas of critical, colonial, and settler colonial genocide studies as offering vital lessons for the criminology of genocide, using the example of residential schools in Canada, and the Fort Alexander Indian Residential School in particular, to illustrate my arguments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4631731" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4dc2582b36808778450229944eec1b74" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31984539,"asset_id":4631731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31984539/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2145902" href="https://umanitoba.academia.edu/AndrewWoolford">Andrew Woolford</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2145902" type="text/json">{"id":2145902,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Woolford","domain_name":"umanitoba","page_name":"AndrewWoolford","display_name":"Andrew Woolford","profile_url":"https://umanitoba.academia.edu/AndrewWoolford?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2145902/694729/7975584/s65_andrew.woolford.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4631731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4631731"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4631731, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4631731", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4631731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4631731; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4631731"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4631731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4631731"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4631731; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4631731]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4631731").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4631731").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4631731"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3264" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_crime">State crime</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3264" type="text/json">{"id":3264,"name":"State crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_crime?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3972" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies">Genocide Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3972" type="text/json">{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6556" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism">Colonialism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6556" type="text/json">{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4631731]'), work: {"id":4631731,"title":"The Next Generation: Criminology, Genocide Studies, and Settler Colonialism","created_at":"2013-09-30T11:24:25.893-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4631731/The_Next_Generation_Criminology_Genocide_Studies_and_Settler_Colonialism?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_4631731","summary":"In this paper, I examine how the criminology of genocide suffers from problems characteristic of the first generation of genocide scholarship, such as sweeping comparison, narrow legalism, and inattention to genocidal processes. Moreover, I highlight recent second generation work within genocide studies that has gone largely ignored by criminologists, and in particular North American criminologists, and which would allow the criminology of genocide to overcome some of its disciplinary limitations. In particular, I point to the growing areas of critical, colonial, and settler colonial genocide studies as offering vital lessons for the criminology of genocide, using the example of residential schools in Canada, and the Fort Alexander Indian Residential School in particular, to illustrate my arguments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31984539,"asset_id":4631731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2145902,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Woolford","domain_name":"umanitoba","page_name":"AndrewWoolford","display_name":"Andrew Woolford","profile_url":"https://umanitoba.academia.edu/AndrewWoolford?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2145902/694729/7975584/s65_andrew.woolford.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":3264,"name":"State crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_crime?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":13629,"name":"Comparative genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_genocide?f_ri=189"},{"id":36393,"name":"Settler Colonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Settler_Colonial_Studies?f_ri=189"},{"id":728039,"name":"Criminology of international crimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_of_international_crimes?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48778700" data-work_id="48778700" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48778700/Lessons_from_the_prison_abolitionist_movement_in_Aotearoa_New_Zealand">Lessons from the prison abolitionist movement in Aotearoa New Zealand</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48778700" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a783d5a2c2b5978e58b4051cad3302fa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67217451,"asset_id":48778700,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67217451/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17765281" href="https://victoria.academia.edu/TiLamusse">Ti Lamusse</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17765281" type="text/json">{"id":17765281,"first_name":"Ti","last_name":"Lamusse","domain_name":"victoria","page_name":"TiLamusse","display_name":"Ti Lamusse","profile_url":"https://victoria.academia.edu/TiLamusse?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17765281/4961398/19475969/s65_ti.lamusse.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48778700 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48778700"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48778700, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48778700", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_48778700 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48778700; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_48778700"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_48778700 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48778700"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48778700; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48778700]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48778700").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48778700").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48778700"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7229" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology">Critical Criminology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7229" type="text/json">{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48778700]'), work: {"id":48778700,"title":"Lessons from the prison abolitionist movement in Aotearoa New Zealand","created_at":"2021-05-05T20:04:10.565-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48778700/Lessons_from_the_prison_abolitionist_movement_in_Aotearoa_New_Zealand?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_48778700","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67217451,"asset_id":48778700,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17765281,"first_name":"Ti","last_name":"Lamusse","domain_name":"victoria","page_name":"TiLamusse","display_name":"Ti Lamusse","profile_url":"https://victoria.academia.edu/TiLamusse?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17765281/4961398/19475969/s65_ti.lamusse.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":15309,"name":"Politics of New Zealand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_New_Zealand?f_ri=189"},{"id":50088,"name":"Punishment and Prisons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punishment_and_Prisons?f_ri=189"},{"id":86393,"name":"Abolitionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolitionism?f_ri=189"},{"id":100148,"name":"Prison Abolition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition?f_ri=189"},{"id":116108,"name":"New Zealand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Zealand?f_ri=189"},{"id":255791,"name":"Criminology and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189"},{"id":533836,"name":"LGBT politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LGBT_politics?f_ri=189"},{"id":656371,"name":"Penal Abolitionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Penal_Abolitionism?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1785912" data-work_id="1785912" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1785912/Violencia_contra_las_mujeres_An%C3%A1lisis_en_el_sistema_penitenciario">Violencia contra las mujeres. Análisis en el sistema penitenciario</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El estudio que presentamos en este informe es fruto de una necesidad que destacamos en el proyecto MIP. Nació como un proyecto que pretendía profundizar en una cuestión específica que se manifestó como un fenómeno de gran impacto entre la... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1785912" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El estudio que presentamos en este informe es fruto de una necesidad que destacamos en el proyecto MIP. Nació como un proyecto que pretendía profundizar en una cuestión específica que se manifestó como un fenómeno de gran impacto entre la población femenina reclusa: la violencia contra las mujeres. Este estudio, como el que lo ha precedido, parte de una posición consciente: la de no victimizar, no culpabilizar, no criminalizar, ni medicalizar al colectivo de mujeres presas. A su vez, se ofrece un análisis sobre las experiencias de violencia de género que han vivido estas mujeres y los factores que entran en juego.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1785912" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b77d982e9dd3b1825af9b38271e51e4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30867700,"asset_id":1785912,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30867700/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2118595" href="https://bsc-es.academia.edu/MartaCruells">Marta Cruells</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2118595" type="text/json">{"id":2118595,"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Cruells","domain_name":"bsc-es","page_name":"MartaCruells","display_name":"Marta Cruells","profile_url":"https://bsc-es.academia.edu/MartaCruells?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2118595/688179/3908236/s65_marta.cruells.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1785912 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1785912"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1785912, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1785912", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1785912 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1785912; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1785912"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1785912 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1785912"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1785912; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1785912]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1785912").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1785912").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1785912"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1785912]'), work: {"id":1785912,"title":"Violencia contra las mujeres. Análisis en el sistema penitenciario","created_at":"2012-07-13T20:59:39.440-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1785912/Violencia_contra_las_mujeres_An%C3%A1lisis_en_el_sistema_penitenciario?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_1785912","summary":"El estudio que presentamos en este informe es fruto de una necesidad que destacamos en el proyecto MIP. Nació como un proyecto que pretendía profundizar en una cuestión específica que se manifestó como un fenómeno de gran impacto entre la población femenina reclusa: la violencia contra las mujeres. Este estudio, como el que lo ha precedido, parte de una posición consciente: la de no victimizar, no culpabilizar, no criminalizar, ni medicalizar al colectivo de mujeres presas. A su vez, se ofrece un análisis sobre las experiencias de violencia de género que han vivido estas mujeres y los factores que entran en juego. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30867700,"asset_id":1785912,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2118595,"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Cruells","domain_name":"bsc-es","page_name":"MartaCruells","display_name":"Marta Cruells","profile_url":"https://bsc-es.academia.edu/MartaCruells?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2118595/688179/3908236/s65_marta.cruells.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18313171" data-work_id="18313171" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18313171/Narrative_and_Compulsory_Compassion_">Narrative and "Compulsory Compassion"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18313171" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d1da1c9c5036161f599db1f846479766" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39989067,"asset_id":18313171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39989067/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32414572" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/JohnBraithwaite">John Braithwaite</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32414572" type="text/json">{"id":32414572,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Braithwaite","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"JohnBraithwaite","display_name":"John Braithwaite","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/JohnBraithwaite?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32414572/10658421/11898605/s65_john.braithwaite.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18313171 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18313171"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18313171, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18313171", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18313171 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18313171; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18313171"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18313171 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18313171"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18313171; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18313171]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18313171").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18313171").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18313171"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18313171]'), work: {"id":18313171,"title":"Narrative and \"Compulsory Compassion\"","created_at":"2015-11-13T23:11:52.601-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18313171/Narrative_and_Compulsory_Compassion_?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_18313171","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39989067,"asset_id":18313171,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32414572,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Braithwaite","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"JohnBraithwaite","display_name":"John Braithwaite","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/JohnBraithwaite?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32414572/10658421/11898605/s65_john.braithwaite.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10485544" data-work_id="10485544" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10485544/Risk_assessment_in_offenders_with_intellectual_disability_a_comparison_across_three_levels_of_security">Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: a comparison across three levels of security</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In mainstream offender samples, several risk assessments have been evaluated for predictive validity. This study extends this work to male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Participants from high-, medium-, and low-security... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10485544" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In mainstream offender samples, several risk assessments have been evaluated for predictive validity. This study extends this work to male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Participants from high-, medium-, and low-security settings, as well as community settings, were compared on a range of risk assessments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, HCR-20-Historical Scale, the Risk Matrix 2000-C (combined risk), and the Emotional Problems Scales-Internalising discriminated between groups, with participants from high security having higher scores than those in medium security, who had higher scores than those in the community. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, all HCR-20 scales, the Short Dynamic Risk Scale, and the Emotional Problems Scales (Internalising and Externalising) showed significant areas under the curve for the prediction of violence. The Static-99 showed a significant area under the curve for the prediction of sexual incidents. The discussion reviews the value of these various scales to intellectual disability services. Lindsay et al. / Risk Assessment in Offenders With Intellectual Disability 91 F rom its early beginnings, when the variables relating to risk assessment were first outlined , the field of risk assessment has developed considerably in the last 15 years. A number of assessments have been produced for the prediction of violent and sexual incidents, and studies have compared the relative effectiveness of a range of instruments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG; and the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG; are perhaps the most widely researched actuarial assessments in existence. Of the several studies comparing the predictive accuracy of risk assessment instruments on a range of databases, most employ either the VRAG or the SORAG as a comparator.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10485544" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8f0964a75481deebff40f8d3f1e3cb44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47357000,"asset_id":10485544,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47357000/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8507495" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ToddHogue">Todd E Hogue</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8507495" type="text/json">{"id":8507495,"first_name":"Todd","last_name":"Hogue","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ToddHogue","display_name":"Todd E Hogue","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ToddHogue?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10485544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10485544"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10485544, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10485544", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10485544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10485544; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10485544"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10485544 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10485544"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10485544; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10485544]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10485544").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10485544").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10485544"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10485544]'), work: {"id":10485544,"title":"Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: a comparison across three levels of security","created_at":"2015-02-03T09:02:43.571-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10485544/Risk_assessment_in_offenders_with_intellectual_disability_a_comparison_across_three_levels_of_security?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_10485544","summary":"In mainstream offender samples, several risk assessments have been evaluated for predictive validity. This study extends this work to male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Participants from high-, medium-, and low-security settings, as well as community settings, were compared on a range of risk assessments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, HCR-20-Historical Scale, the Risk Matrix 2000-C (combined risk), and the Emotional Problems Scales-Internalising discriminated between groups, with participants from high security having higher scores than those in medium security, who had higher scores than those in the community. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, all HCR-20 scales, the Short Dynamic Risk Scale, and the Emotional Problems Scales (Internalising and Externalising) showed significant areas under the curve for the prediction of violence. The Static-99 showed a significant area under the curve for the prediction of sexual incidents. The discussion reviews the value of these various scales to intellectual disability services. Lindsay et al. / Risk Assessment in Offenders With Intellectual Disability 91 F rom its early beginnings, when the variables relating to risk assessment were first outlined , the field of risk assessment has developed considerably in the last 15 years. A number of assessments have been produced for the prediction of violent and sexual incidents, and studies have compared the relative effectiveness of a range of instruments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG; and the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG; are perhaps the most widely researched actuarial assessments in existence. Of the several studies comparing the predictive accuracy of risk assessment instruments on a range of databases, most employ either the VRAG or the SORAG as a comparator.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47357000,"asset_id":10485544,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8507495,"first_name":"Todd","last_name":"Hogue","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ToddHogue","display_name":"Todd E Hogue","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ToddHogue?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2599,"name":"Psychometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychometrics?f_ri=189"},{"id":4888,"name":"Personality Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Assessment?f_ri=189"},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=189"},{"id":23868,"name":"Intellectual Disability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Disability?f_ri=189"},{"id":28973,"name":"Comorbidity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comorbidity?f_ri=189"},{"id":80371,"name":"Offender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Offender?f_ri=189"},{"id":82732,"name":"Aggression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aggression?f_ri=189"},{"id":104433,"name":"Predictive Validity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predictive_Validity?f_ri=189"},{"id":171144,"name":"Mental Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Disorders?f_ri=189"},{"id":301567,"name":"Prisoners","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prisoners?f_ri=189"},{"id":325096,"name":"Security Measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Measures?f_ri=189"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=189"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=189"},{"id":1141485,"name":"Area Under the Curve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Under_the_Curve?f_ri=189"},{"id":1246554,"name":"SECONDARY PREVENTION","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SECONDARY_PREVENTION?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15604991" data-work_id="15604991" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15604991/Sense_making_and_secondary_victimization_among_unsolved_homicide_co_victims">Sense-making and secondary victimization among unsolved homicide co-victims</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sense-making is a form of meaning-making that focuses on understanding loss which then contributes to identity reconstruction. This qualitative study examines how perceived communication with the criminal justice system can inhibit... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15604991" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sense-making is a form of meaning-making that focuses on understanding loss which then contributes to identity reconstruction. This qualitative study examines how perceived communication with the criminal justice system can inhibit sense-making among unsolved homicide co-victims. One-time intensive interviews were conducted with 37 co-victims about their interactions with police and prosecutors. A grounded theory approach suggest that co-victims held negative views of the police and prosecutors because they perceived them as inhibiting their ability to adequately locate information needed to understand the crime and achieve justice. Results also suggest that race and ethnicity play a role in reducing sense-making because constructions of meaning were based on perceptions of discrimination. In the end, the intense desire for information, resolution, and justice led several co-victims to investigate their loved one's murder. Policies that law enforcement should adopt to promote better communication with co-victims and facilitate sensemaking are examined.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15604991" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="40b4ede66fbc0e598e37c6701e5e85c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43039519,"asset_id":15604991,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43039519/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34770632" href="https://colostate.academia.edu/TaraShelley">Tara Shelley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34770632" type="text/json">{"id":34770632,"first_name":"Tara","last_name":"Shelley","domain_name":"colostate","page_name":"TaraShelley","display_name":"Tara Shelley","profile_url":"https://colostate.academia.edu/TaraShelley?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15604991 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15604991"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15604991, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15604991", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15604991 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15604991; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15604991"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15604991 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15604991"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15604991; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15604991]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15604991").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15604991").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15604991"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grounded_Theory">Grounded Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13675" type="text/json">{"id":13675,"name":"Grounded Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grounded_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37778" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement">Law Enforcement</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37778" type="text/json">{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15604991]'), work: {"id":15604991,"title":"Sense-making and secondary victimization among unsolved homicide co-victims","created_at":"2015-09-11T04:44:06.168-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15604991/Sense_making_and_secondary_victimization_among_unsolved_homicide_co_victims?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_15604991","summary":"Sense-making is a form of meaning-making that focuses on understanding loss which then contributes to identity reconstruction. This qualitative study examines how perceived communication with the criminal justice system can inhibit sense-making among unsolved homicide co-victims. One-time intensive interviews were conducted with 37 co-victims about their interactions with police and prosecutors. A grounded theory approach suggest that co-victims held negative views of the police and prosecutors because they perceived them as inhibiting their ability to adequately locate information needed to understand the crime and achieve justice. Results also suggest that race and ethnicity play a role in reducing sense-making because constructions of meaning were based on perceptions of discrimination. In the end, the intense desire for information, resolution, and justice led several co-victims to investigate their loved one's murder. Policies that law enforcement should adopt to promote better communication with co-victims and facilitate sensemaking are examined.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43039519,"asset_id":15604991,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34770632,"first_name":"Tara","last_name":"Shelley","domain_name":"colostate","page_name":"TaraShelley","display_name":"Tara Shelley","profile_url":"https://colostate.academia.edu/TaraShelley?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":13675,"name":"Grounded Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grounded_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":37778,"name":"Law Enforcement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_Enforcement?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":99661,"name":"Criminal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal?f_ri=189"},{"id":165585,"name":"Qualitative Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Study?f_ri=189"},{"id":185127,"name":"Sense Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sense_Making?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33742977" data-work_id="33742977" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33742977/The_Importance_of_Rituals_in_Understanding_Mass_Homicide_A_Structural_Ritualization_Analysis_of_the_Ronald_Gene_Simmons_Murders">The Importance of Rituals in Understanding Mass Homicide: A Structural Ritualization Analysis of the Ronald Gene Simmons Murders</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This case study examines the importance of rituals in understanding illegal behavior. Particular attention is given to the impact of stress-based symbolically ritualized events on individuals which may lead to mass homicide. For a more... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33742977" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This case study examines the importance of rituals in understanding illegal behavior. Particular attention is given to the impact of stress-based symbolically ritualized events on individuals which may lead to mass homicide.<br /><br />For a more lengthy abstract see the paper, i.e., Chapter.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33742977" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="111238f9330740ca6d3d64e60172593e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53737694,"asset_id":33742977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53737694/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="256183" href="https://okstate.academia.edu/JDavidKnottnerus">John D Knottnerus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="256183" type="text/json">{"id":256183,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Knottnerus","domain_name":"okstate","page_name":"JDavidKnottnerus","display_name":"John D Knottnerus","profile_url":"https://okstate.academia.edu/JDavidKnottnerus?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/256183/98719/17399552/s65_john.knottnerus.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33742977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33742977"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33742977, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33742977", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33742977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33742977; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33742977"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33742977 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33742977"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33742977; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33742977]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33742977").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33742977").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33742977"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide">Homicide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3208" type="text/json">{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4058" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual">Ritual</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4058" type="text/json">{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24217" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory">Ritual Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24217" type="text/json">{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33742977]'), work: {"id":33742977,"title":"The Importance of Rituals in Understanding Mass Homicide: A Structural Ritualization Analysis of the Ronald Gene Simmons Murders","created_at":"2017-07-02T15:51:58.860-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33742977/The_Importance_of_Rituals_in_Understanding_Mass_Homicide_A_Structural_Ritualization_Analysis_of_the_Ronald_Gene_Simmons_Murders?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_33742977","summary":"This case study examines the importance of rituals in understanding illegal behavior. Particular attention is given to the impact of stress-based symbolically ritualized events on individuals which may lead to mass homicide.\n\nFor a more lengthy abstract see the paper, i.e., Chapter.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53737694,"asset_id":33742977,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":256183,"first_name":"John","last_name":"Knottnerus","domain_name":"okstate","page_name":"JDavidKnottnerus","display_name":"John D Knottnerus","profile_url":"https://okstate.academia.edu/JDavidKnottnerus?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/256183/98719/17399552/s65_john.knottnerus.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":3208,"name":"Homicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Homicide?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":4058,"name":"Ritual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":24217,"name":"Ritual Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":172404,"name":"Mass Murder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Murder?f_ri=189"},{"id":244961,"name":"Deviant Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deviant_Behavior?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28284071" data-work_id="28284071" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28284071/Filial_Therapy_with_Victims_of_Family_Violence_a_Phenomenological_Study">Filial Therapy with Victims of Family Violence: a Phenomenological Study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research study examined the perceptions of parents, and victims of domestic violence, after receiving filial therapy. Specifically, parents were trained in a 10week filial therapy model, Child-Parent Relationship Training. At the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28284071" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research study examined the perceptions of parents, and victims of domestic violence, after receiving filial therapy. Specifically, parents were trained in a 10week filial therapy model, Child-Parent Relationship Training. At the completion of the study, parents were given a semi-structured, open-ended style interview to gather information about their experiences. Themes emerged from the data participants provided, such as: experiencing increased warmth and trust in the child-parent relationship, changed parenting style, and decreased parental stress. Additionally, narratives reflect the positive influence the training had on parents' perceptions of violence. A summary of the essence of the parent's experiences is included.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28284071" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="424d9e642abd119f5884f43d40d71c48" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48613752,"asset_id":28284071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48613752/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53030447" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YvonneGarza2">Yvonne Garza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53030447" type="text/json">{"id":53030447,"first_name":"Yvonne","last_name":"Garza","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YvonneGarza2","display_name":"Yvonne Garza","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YvonneGarza2?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28284071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28284071"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28284071, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28284071", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28284071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28284071; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28284071"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28284071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28284071"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28284071; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28284071]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28284071").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28284071").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28284071"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1663" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_Violence">Domestic Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1663" type="text/json">{"id":1663,"name":"Domestic Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78198" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Violence">Family Violence</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78198" type="text/json">{"id":78198,"name":"Family Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28284071]'), work: {"id":28284071,"title":"Filial Therapy with Victims of Family Violence: a Phenomenological Study","created_at":"2016-09-06T06:51:44.398-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28284071/Filial_Therapy_with_Victims_of_Family_Violence_a_Phenomenological_Study?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_28284071","summary":"This research study examined the perceptions of parents, and victims of domestic violence, after receiving filial therapy. Specifically, parents were trained in a 10week filial therapy model, Child-Parent Relationship Training. At the completion of the study, parents were given a semi-structured, open-ended style interview to gather information about their experiences. Themes emerged from the data participants provided, such as: experiencing increased warmth and trust in the child-parent relationship, changed parenting style, and decreased parental stress. Additionally, narratives reflect the positive influence the training had on parents' perceptions of violence. A summary of the essence of the parent's experiences is included.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48613752,"asset_id":28284071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53030447,"first_name":"Yvonne","last_name":"Garza","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YvonneGarza2","display_name":"Yvonne Garza","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YvonneGarza2?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1663,"name":"Domestic Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Domestic_Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":78198,"name":"Family Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":553003,"name":"Parenting Style","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parenting_Style?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13076216" data-work_id="13076216" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13076216/The_Conjunction_of_Terrorist_Opportunity_A_Framework_for_Diagnosing_and_Preventing_Acts_of_Terrorism">The Conjunction of Terrorist Opportunity: A Framework for Diagnosing and Preventing Acts of Terrorism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13076216" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb1b5cf3b70f875c604744e5d13001bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37978722,"asset_id":13076216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37978722/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32320358" href="https://huddersfield.academia.edu/JasonRoach">Jason Roach</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32320358" type="text/json">{"id":32320358,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Roach","domain_name":"huddersfield","page_name":"JasonRoach","display_name":"Jason Roach","profile_url":"https://huddersfield.academia.edu/JasonRoach?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13076216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13076216"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13076216, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13076216", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13076216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13076216; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13076216"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13076216 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13076216"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13076216; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13076216]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13076216").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13076216").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13076216"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4370" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security">Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4370" type="text/json">{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26669" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism">Counter terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26669" type="text/json">{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13076216]'), work: {"id":13076216,"title":"The Conjunction of Terrorist Opportunity: A Framework for Diagnosing and Preventing Acts of Terrorism","created_at":"2015-06-18T07:25:13.908-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13076216/The_Conjunction_of_Terrorist_Opportunity_A_Framework_for_Diagnosing_and_Preventing_Acts_of_Terrorism?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_13076216","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37978722,"asset_id":13076216,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32320358,"first_name":"Jason","last_name":"Roach","domain_name":"huddersfield","page_name":"JasonRoach","display_name":"Jason Roach","profile_url":"https://huddersfield.academia.edu/JasonRoach?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18652746" data-work_id="18652746" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18652746/Language_Culture_and_Behavior_in_Prison_The_Israeli_Case">Language, Culture, and Behavior in Prison: The Israeli Case</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The current study describes the everyday life of Israeli prisoners and analyzes the actions they perform and the language they use as a reflection of their constraints, distresses, worldviews, beliefs, and attitudes. Data were subjected... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18652746" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The current study describes the everyday life of Israeli prisoners and analyzes the actions they perform and the language they use as a reflection of their constraints, distresses, worldviews, beliefs, and attitudes. Data were subjected to a content analysis, and the salience of the values, norms and argot terms were assessed using two measures, attention and intensity. The inmates’ values</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18652746" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2fe0438b38a6449f8b84d3d526bbe343" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42148671,"asset_id":18652746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42148671/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38727604" href="https://biu.academia.edu/TomerEinat">Tomer Einat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38727604" type="text/json">{"id":38727604,"first_name":"Tomer","last_name":"Einat","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"TomerEinat","display_name":"Tomer Einat","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/TomerEinat?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18652746 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18652746"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18652746, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18652746", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18652746 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18652746; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18652746"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18652746 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18652746"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18652746; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18652746]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18652746").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18652746").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18652746"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6426" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis">Content Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6426" type="text/json">{"id":6426,"name":"Content Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41286" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Everyday_Life">Everyday Life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41286" type="text/json">{"id":41286,"name":"Everyday Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Everyday_Life?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111921" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Behavior">Sexual Behavior</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="111921" type="text/json">{"id":111921,"name":"Sexual Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Behavior?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18652746]'), work: {"id":18652746,"title":"Language, Culture, and Behavior in Prison: The Israeli Case","created_at":"2015-11-19T14:31:36.624-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18652746/Language_Culture_and_Behavior_in_Prison_The_Israeli_Case?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_18652746","summary":"The current study describes the everyday life of Israeli prisoners and analyzes the actions they perform and the language they use as a reflection of their constraints, distresses, worldviews, beliefs, and attitudes. Data were subjected to a content analysis, and the salience of the values, norms and argot terms were assessed using two measures, attention and intensity. The inmates’ values","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42148671,"asset_id":18652746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38727604,"first_name":"Tomer","last_name":"Einat","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"TomerEinat","display_name":"Tomer Einat","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/TomerEinat?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":6426,"name":"Content Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Content_Analysis?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":41286,"name":"Everyday Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Everyday_Life?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":111921,"name":"Sexual Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Behavior?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55301993" data-work_id="55301993" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55301993/Male_Perpetrators_of_Intimate_Partner_Violence">Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_55301993" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com".</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55301993" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f3891ea6b2026e912a6c297a4b8a52c4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71236173,"asset_id":55301993,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71236173/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67296243" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdvaitaNigudkar">Advaita Nigudkar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67296243" type="text/json">{"id":67296243,"first_name":"Advaita","last_name":"Nigudkar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdvaitaNigudkar","display_name":"Advaita Nigudkar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdvaitaNigudkar?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55301993 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55301993"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55301993, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55301993", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_55301993 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55301993; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_55301993"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_55301993 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55301993"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55301993; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55301993]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55301993").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55301993").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55301993"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55301993]'), work: {"id":55301993,"title":"Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence","created_at":"2021-10-03T21:37:51.971-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55301993/Male_Perpetrators_of_Intimate_Partner_Violence?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_55301993","summary":"Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science +Business Media New York. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: \"The final publication is available at link.springer.com\".","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71236173,"asset_id":55301993,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67296243,"first_name":"Advaita","last_name":"Nigudkar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AdvaitaNigudkar","display_name":"Advaita Nigudkar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AdvaitaNigudkar?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1139,"name":"Publishing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Publishing?f_ri=189"},{"id":4441,"name":"Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care?f_ri=189"},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=189"},{"id":46811,"name":"Intimate Partner Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intimate_Partner_Violence?f_ri=189"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=189"},{"id":90962,"name":"Academic research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_research?f_ri=189"},{"id":101797,"name":"Cognitive Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Therapy?f_ri=189"},{"id":132495,"name":"Commissioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Commissioning?f_ri=189"},{"id":213676,"name":"Behaviour change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behaviour_change?f_ri=189"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7759186 coauthored" data-work_id="7759186" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7759186/Unintended_Consequences_Three_Strikes_Laws_and_the_Murders_of_Police_Officers">Unintended Consequences: Three-Strikes Laws and the Murders of Police Officers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Several states have enacted "three-strikes" laws which call for extremely long sentences if a person is convicted of a third serious crime. Criminals faced with such severe penalties might take additional steps to avoid capture. One such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7759186" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Several states have enacted "three-strikes" laws which call for extremely long sentences if a person is convicted of a third serious crime. Criminals faced with such severe penalties might take additional steps to avoid capture. One such step is murdering arresting officers. Even if this rarely occurs it can have a proportionally large impact on police murders. We estimate fixed-effects Poison models of police murders based on panel data for 1973-1998. We find that the laws increase police murders by more than 40 percent. We use the same model to evaluate the impact of the death penalty, imprisonment rates, "shall issue" concealed weapons permit laws, and laws requiring longer sentences for crimes committed with firearms. Only the latter has a significant impact, reducing police murders by roughly 18 percent Boorstein, Michelle. Five years later, 'three strikes' laws go mostly unused. Associated Press (December 12, 1998).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7759186" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="83e92216cebcd23512e92cb2b7bd76fe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34274252,"asset_id":7759186,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34274252/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33961946" href="https://wm.academia.edu/CarlisleMoody">Carlisle Moody</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33961946" type="text/json">{"id":33961946,"first_name":"Carlisle","last_name":"Moody","domain_name":"wm","page_name":"CarlisleMoody","display_name":"Carlisle Moody","profile_url":"https://wm.academia.edu/CarlisleMoody?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-7759186">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-7759186"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski">Robert J Kaminski</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-7759186'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-7759186').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7759186 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7759186"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7759186, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7759186", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7759186 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7759186; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7759186"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7759186 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7759186"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7759186; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7759186]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7759186").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7759186").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7759186"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="747" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics">Econometrics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="747" type="text/json">{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7759186]'), work: {"id":7759186,"title":"Unintended Consequences: Three-Strikes Laws and the Murders of Police Officers","created_at":"2014-07-23T07:23:13.464-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7759186/Unintended_Consequences_Three_Strikes_Laws_and_the_Murders_of_Police_Officers?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_7759186","summary":"Several states have enacted \"three-strikes\" laws which call for extremely long sentences if a person is convicted of a third serious crime. Criminals faced with such severe penalties might take additional steps to avoid capture. One such step is murdering arresting officers. Even if this rarely occurs it can have a proportionally large impact on police murders. We estimate fixed-effects Poison models of police murders based on panel data for 1973-1998. We find that the laws increase police murders by more than 40 percent. We use the same model to evaluate the impact of the death penalty, imprisonment rates, \"shall issue\" concealed weapons permit laws, and laws requiring longer sentences for crimes committed with firearms. Only the latter has a significant impact, reducing police murders by roughly 18 percent Boorstein, Michelle. Five years later, 'three strikes' laws go mostly unused. Associated Press (December 12, 1998).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34274252,"asset_id":7759186,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33961946,"first_name":"Carlisle","last_name":"Moody","domain_name":"wm","page_name":"CarlisleMoody","display_name":"Carlisle Moody","profile_url":"https://wm.academia.edu/CarlisleMoody?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":14243092,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Kaminski","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"RobertKaminski","display_name":"Robert J Kaminski","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/RobertKaminski?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14243092/3905728/4567249/s65_robert.kaminski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23933590" data-work_id="23933590" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23933590/A_Genealogy_of_Public_Security_The_Theory_and_History_of_Modern_Police_Powers">A Genealogy of Public Security. The Theory and History of Modern Police Powers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There are many histories of the police as a law-enforcement institution, but no genealogy of the police as a form of power. This book provides a genealogy of the modern police by tracing the evolution of ‘police science’ and of police... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23933590" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There are many histories of the police as a law-enforcement institution, but no genealogy of the police as a form of power. This book provides a genealogy of the modern police by tracing the evolution of ‘police science’ and of police institutions in Europe, from the ancien régime to the early 19th century. Drawing on the theoretical path outlined by Michel Foucault at the crossroads between historical sociology, critical legal theory and critical criminology, it shows how the development of police power was an integral part of the birth of the modern state’s governmental rationalities and how police institutions were conceived as political technologies for the government and social disciplining of populations. Understanding modern police not as an institution at the service of the judiciary and the law, but as a complex political technology for governing the economic and social processes typical of modern capitalist societies, this book shows how the police have played an active role in actually shaping order, rather than merely preserving it.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23933590" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="657eee8db13f9bc98c5e7c6c390b5e59" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57012265,"asset_id":23933590,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57012265/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="889682" href="https://uniba-it.academia.edu/GiuseppeCampesi">Giuseppe Campesi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="889682" type="text/json">{"id":889682,"first_name":"Giuseppe","last_name":"Campesi","domain_name":"uniba-it","page_name":"GiuseppeCampesi","display_name":"Giuseppe Campesi","profile_url":"https://uniba-it.academia.edu/GiuseppeCampesi?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/889682/326021/147753313/s65_giuseppe.campesi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23933590 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23933590"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23933590, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23933590", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23933590 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23933590; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23933590"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23933590 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23933590"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23933590; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23933590]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23933590").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23933590").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23933590"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="948" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sociology">Historical Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="948" type="text/json">{"id":948,"name":"Historical Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3231" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality">Governmentality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3231" type="text/json">{"id":3231,"name":"Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23933590]'), work: {"id":23933590,"title":"A Genealogy of Public Security. The Theory and History of Modern Police Powers","created_at":"2016-04-02T01:41:12.440-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23933590/A_Genealogy_of_Public_Security_The_Theory_and_History_of_Modern_Police_Powers?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_23933590","summary":"There are many histories of the police as a law-enforcement institution, but no genealogy of the police as a form of power. This book provides a genealogy of the modern police by tracing the evolution of ‘police science’ and of police institutions in Europe, from the ancien régime to the early 19th century. Drawing on the theoretical path outlined by Michel Foucault at the crossroads between historical sociology, critical legal theory and critical criminology, it shows how the development of police power was an integral part of the birth of the modern state’s governmental rationalities and how police institutions were conceived as political technologies for the government and social disciplining of populations. Understanding modern police not as an institution at the service of the judiciary and the law, but as a complex political technology for governing the economic and social processes typical of modern capitalist societies, this book shows how the police have played an active role in actually shaping order, rather than merely preserving it.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57012265,"asset_id":23933590,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":889682,"first_name":"Giuseppe","last_name":"Campesi","domain_name":"uniba-it","page_name":"GiuseppeCampesi","display_name":"Giuseppe Campesi","profile_url":"https://uniba-it.academia.edu/GiuseppeCampesi?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/889682/326021/147753313/s65_giuseppe.campesi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":948,"name":"Historical Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":3231,"name":"Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=189"},{"id":4370,"name":"Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security?f_ri=189"},{"id":4823,"name":"Critical Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Legal_Theory?f_ri=189"},{"id":5293,"name":"State Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Formation?f_ri=189"},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189"},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=189"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=189"},{"id":22773,"name":"HISTORY OF CRIME AND LAW","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HISTORY_OF_CRIME_AND_LAW?f_ri=189"},{"id":38704,"name":"Police History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_History?f_ri=189"},{"id":52690,"name":"History of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":53848,"name":"Social Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Control?f_ri=189"},{"id":60903,"name":"Critical Legal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Legal_Studies?f_ri=189"},{"id":80016,"name":"Police and Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing?f_ri=189"},{"id":100320,"name":"Criminal Law, History, Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law_History_Theory?f_ri=189"},{"id":687787,"name":"History of Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Criminal_Law?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_323954" data-work_id="323954" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/323954/Cheliotis_L_K_2006_Penal_Managerialism_from_within_Implications_for_Theory_and_Research_International_Journal_of_Law_and_Psychiatry_special_issue_on_Prisons_edited_by_N_Konrad_29_5_397_404">Cheliotis, L. K. (2006) ‘Penal Managerialism from within: Implications for Theory and Research’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry (special issue on ‘Prisons’, edited by N. Konrad) 29(5): 397-404.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Unlike the bulk of penological scholarship dealing with managerialist reforms, this article calls for greater theoretical and research attention to the often pernicious impact of managerialism on criminal justice professionals. Much in an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_323954" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Unlike the bulk of penological scholarship dealing with managerialist reforms, this article calls for greater theoretical and research attention to the often pernicious impact of managerialism on criminal justice professionals. Much in an ideal-typical fashion, light is shed on: the reasons why contemporary penal bureaucracies endeavor systematically to strip criminal justice work of its inherently affective nature; the structural forces that ensure control over officials; the processes by which those forces come into effect; and the human consequences of submission to totalitarian bureaucratic milieus. It is suggested that the heavy preoccupation of present-day penality with the predictability and calculability of outcomes entails the atomization of professionals and the dehumanization of their work. This is achieved through a kaleidoscope of direct and indirect mechanisms that naturalize and/or legitimate acquiescence.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/323954" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="47a35e2d21c29f4104dbb75b937668b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":24874194,"asset_id":323954,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/24874194/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="245754" href="https://lse.academia.edu/LeonidasCheliotis">Leonidas Cheliotis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="245754" type="text/json">{"id":245754,"first_name":"Leonidas","last_name":"Cheliotis","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"LeonidasCheliotis","display_name":"Leonidas Cheliotis","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/LeonidasCheliotis?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/245754/334703/15254715/s65_leonidas.cheliotis.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_323954 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="323954"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 323954, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_323954", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_323954 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 323954; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_323954"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_323954 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="323954"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 323954; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=323954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_323954").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_323954").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="323954"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior">Organizational Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32" type="text/json">{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=323954]'), work: {"id":323954,"title":"Cheliotis, L. K. (2006) ‘Penal Managerialism from within: Implications for Theory and Research’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry (special issue on ‘Prisons’, edited by N. Konrad) 29(5): 397-404.","created_at":"2010-09-11T23:03:59.254-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/323954/Cheliotis_L_K_2006_Penal_Managerialism_from_within_Implications_for_Theory_and_Research_International_Journal_of_Law_and_Psychiatry_special_issue_on_Prisons_edited_by_N_Konrad_29_5_397_404?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_323954","summary":"Unlike the bulk of penological scholarship dealing with managerialist reforms, this article calls for greater theoretical and research attention to the often pernicious impact of managerialism on criminal justice professionals. Much in an ideal-typical fashion, light is shed on: the reasons why contemporary penal bureaucracies endeavor systematically to strip criminal justice work of its inherently affective nature; the structural forces that ensure control over officials; the processes by which those forces come into effect; and the human consequences of submission to totalitarian bureaucratic milieus. It is suggested that the heavy preoccupation of present-day penality with the predictability and calculability of outcomes entails the atomization of professionals and the dehumanization of their work. This is achieved through a kaleidoscope of direct and indirect mechanisms that naturalize and/or legitimate acquiescence.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":24874194,"asset_id":323954,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":245754,"first_name":"Leonidas","last_name":"Cheliotis","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"LeonidasCheliotis","display_name":"Leonidas Cheliotis","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/LeonidasCheliotis?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/245754/334703/15254715/s65_leonidas.cheliotis.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=189"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=189"},{"id":1324,"name":"Organizational Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Change?f_ri=189"},{"id":1562,"name":"Sociology of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":3768,"name":"Legal Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Anthropology?f_ri=189"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=189"},{"id":8230,"name":"Socio-legal studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-legal_studies?f_ri=189"},{"id":51618,"name":"Prisons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prisons?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76618147" data-work_id="76618147" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76618147/Sosyoloji_Kriminoloji_ve_Foto%C4%9Fraf_Sociology_Criminology_and_the_Photograph">Sosyoloji, Kriminoloji ve Fotoğraf/Sociology, Criminology and the Photograph</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ÖZ Suç sosyolojisi bağlamında yapılan çalışmaların kriminolojinin ortaya çıkışındaki katkıları yadsınamaz. Suç ve suçlu davranışının meydana gelmesinde psikolojik faktörler olduğu kadar sosyolojik faktörler de bulunmaktadır. Sosyolojinin... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76618147" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ÖZ<br />Suç sosyolojisi bağlamında yapılan çalışmaların kriminolojinin ortaya çıkışındaki katkıları yadsınamaz. Suç ve suçlu davranışının meydana gelmesinde psikolojik faktörler olduğu kadar sosyolojik faktörler de bulunmaktadır. Sosyolojinin çalışma alanlarının birçoğu, suç ve suçlu davranışının, sebebi veya sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkmakta ve öncül toplumsal sorunlardan biri olması nedeniyle, sosyolojik açıdan ele alınması önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada ise bir sosyolog bakış açısıyla görsel kriminoloji ele alınıp görsellik fotoğraf ile sınırlandırılarak incelenmiştir. Görsel kriminolojide fotoğraf ölçeğinde, el ilanları, reklamlar, uyarı niteliğindeki görseller (sigara içilmez vb.) değerlendirme dışı bırakılmıştır. Görsel verilerden faydalanarak, suç ve suçlu davranışının açıklanması, sosyolojik faktörlerin önemini daha da arttırmaktadır. Bu durum bize suç ve suçlu davranışının sadece psikolojiyle alakalı olmadığı yönündeki fikri güçlü bir şekilde desteklemeye avantaj sağlar. Çalışmanın yöntemi, literatür taramasına dayalı olarak betimsel analizdir. Suç teorileri kısaca özetlenip görsel kriminoloji başlığı altında, öncelikle sosyoloji ve kriminoloji ilişkisine değinilmiştir. Görsel kriminoloji informal başka bir deyişle yazılı olmayan kurallarla ilgilidir. Bu doğrultuda fotoğrafların suç ve suçlu davranışı açısından bir sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu sınıflandırma neticesinde fotoğrafın görsel kriminoloji içerisindeki yeri, önemi ve katkıları gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu açıdan yapılan bu sınıflandırma çalışmanın özgün yanını oluşturmaktadır.<br />ABSTRACT<br />The contributions of studies conducted in the context of the sociology of crime to the emergence of criminology cannot be denied. There are sociological and psychological factors in the emergence of crime and criminal behaviour. Many fields of study of sociology confront us as a cause or a result of crime and criminal behaviour, and it is essential to consider it sociologically since it is one of the primary social problems. In this study, visual criminology was discussed from a sociologist's point of view, and visuality was examined by limiting it to photography. Flyers, advertisements, and warning images (No Smoking, etc.) are excluded from the photo limitation in visual criminology. The disclosure of crime and criminal behaviour further increases the importance of sociological factors by using optical data. I am explaining crime and criminal behaviour by using visible data further increases the volume of sociological factors. This gives us the advantage of strongly supporting the idea that crime and criminal behaviour are not just about psychology. The study method is a descriptive analysis based on a literature review. The theories of crime are summarised, and the relationship between sociology and criminology is mentioned first under visual criminology. Visual criminology is informal, in other words, about unwritten rules. Accordingly, a classification of the photographs is made in terms of crime and criminal behaviour. As a result of this classification, it is aimed to show the place, importance and contributions of photography in visual criminology. This classification constitutes the original aspect of the study.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76618147" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e606d455829cf55a5a3d225472ada2c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84267333,"asset_id":76618147,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84267333/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="183934073" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SosyolojikBa%C4%9FlamDergisi">Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="183934073" type="text/json">{"id":183934073,"first_name":"Sosyolojik Bağlam","last_name":"Dergisi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SosyolojikBağlamDergisi","display_name":"Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SosyolojikBa%C4%9FlamDergisi?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/183934073/50942705/67420958/s65_sosyolojik_ba_lam.dergisi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76618147 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76618147"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76618147, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76618147", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76618147 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76618147; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76618147"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76618147 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76618147"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76618147; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76618147]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76618147").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76618147").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76618147"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72905" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sosyoloji">Sosyoloji</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="72905" type="text/json">{"id":72905,"name":"Sosyoloji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sosyoloji?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="497225" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kriminology">Kriminology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="497225" type="text/json">{"id":497225,"name":"Kriminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kriminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76618147]'), work: {"id":76618147,"title":"Sosyoloji, Kriminoloji ve Fotoğraf/Sociology, Criminology and the Photograph","created_at":"2022-04-16T07:35:32.507-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/76618147/Sosyoloji_Kriminoloji_ve_Foto%C4%9Fraf_Sociology_Criminology_and_the_Photograph?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_76618147","summary":"ÖZ\nSuç sosyolojisi bağlamında yapılan çalışmaların kriminolojinin ortaya çıkışındaki katkıları yadsınamaz. Suç ve suçlu davranışının meydana gelmesinde psikolojik faktörler olduğu kadar sosyolojik faktörler de bulunmaktadır. Sosyolojinin çalışma alanlarının birçoğu, suç ve suçlu davranışının, sebebi veya sonucu olarak karşımıza çıkmakta ve öncül toplumsal sorunlardan biri olması nedeniyle, sosyolojik açıdan ele alınması önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada ise bir sosyolog bakış açısıyla görsel kriminoloji ele alınıp görsellik fotoğraf ile sınırlandırılarak incelenmiştir. Görsel kriminolojide fotoğraf ölçeğinde, el ilanları, reklamlar, uyarı niteliğindeki görseller (sigara içilmez vb.) değerlendirme dışı bırakılmıştır. Görsel verilerden faydalanarak, suç ve suçlu davranışının açıklanması, sosyolojik faktörlerin önemini daha da arttırmaktadır. Bu durum bize suç ve suçlu davranışının sadece psikolojiyle alakalı olmadığı yönündeki fikri güçlü bir şekilde desteklemeye avantaj sağlar. Çalışmanın yöntemi, literatür taramasına dayalı olarak betimsel analizdir. Suç teorileri kısaca özetlenip görsel kriminoloji başlığı altında, öncelikle sosyoloji ve kriminoloji ilişkisine değinilmiştir. Görsel kriminoloji informal başka bir deyişle yazılı olmayan kurallarla ilgilidir. Bu doğrultuda fotoğrafların suç ve suçlu davranışı açısından bir sınıflandırılması yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu sınıflandırma neticesinde fotoğrafın görsel kriminoloji içerisindeki yeri, önemi ve katkıları gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu açıdan yapılan bu sınıflandırma çalışmanın özgün yanını oluşturmaktadır.\nABSTRACT\nThe contributions of studies conducted in the context of the sociology of crime to the emergence of criminology cannot be denied. There are sociological and psychological factors in the emergence of crime and criminal behaviour. Many fields of study of sociology confront us as a cause or a result of crime and criminal behaviour, and it is essential to consider it sociologically since it is one of the primary social problems. In this study, visual criminology was discussed from a sociologist's point of view, and visuality was examined by limiting it to photography. Flyers, advertisements, and warning images (No Smoking, etc.) are excluded from the photo limitation in visual criminology. The disclosure of crime and criminal behaviour further increases the importance of sociological factors by using optical data. I am explaining crime and criminal behaviour by using visible data further increases the volume of sociological factors. This gives us the advantage of strongly supporting the idea that crime and criminal behaviour are not just about psychology. The study method is a descriptive analysis based on a literature review. The theories of crime are summarised, and the relationship between sociology and criminology is mentioned first under visual criminology. Visual criminology is informal, in other words, about unwritten rules. Accordingly, a classification of the photographs is made in terms of crime and criminal behaviour. As a result of this classification, it is aimed to show the place, importance and contributions of photography in visual criminology. This classification constitutes the original aspect of the study.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84267333,"asset_id":76618147,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":183934073,"first_name":"Sosyolojik Bağlam","last_name":"Dergisi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SosyolojikBağlamDergisi","display_name":"Sosyolojik Bağlam Dergisi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SosyolojikBa%C4%9FlamDergisi?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/183934073/50942705/67420958/s65_sosyolojik_ba_lam.dergisi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":72905,"name":"Sosyoloji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sosyoloji?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":497225,"name":"Kriminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kriminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7765564" data-work_id="7765564" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7765564/A_National_Overview_of_Prostitution_and_Sex_Trafficking_Demand_Reduction_Efforts_Final_Report_A_National_Overview_of_Sex_Trafficking_and_Prostitution_Demand_Reduction_Efforts_Table_of_Contents">A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts Final Report A National Overview of Sex Trafficking and Prostitution Demand Reduction Efforts Table of Contents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7765564" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="55483fac2a40399e2d845d428bde14fa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34279451,"asset_id":7765564,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34279451/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14271036" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelShively">Michael Shively</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14271036" type="text/json">{"id":14271036,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Shively","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelShively","display_name":"Michael Shively","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelShively?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14271036/26370562/24944862/s65_michael.shively.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7765564 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7765564"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7765564, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7765564", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7765564 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7765564; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7765564"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7765564 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7765564"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7765564; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7765564]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7765564").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7765564").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7765564"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7765564]'), work: {"id":7765564,"title":"A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts Final Report A National Overview of Sex Trafficking and Prostitution Demand Reduction Efforts Table of Contents","created_at":"2014-07-23T21:26:42.237-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7765564/A_National_Overview_of_Prostitution_and_Sex_Trafficking_Demand_Reduction_Efforts_Final_Report_A_National_Overview_of_Sex_Trafficking_and_Prostitution_Demand_Reduction_Efforts_Table_of_Contents?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_7765564","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34279451,"asset_id":7765564,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14271036,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Shively","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelShively","display_name":"Michael Shively","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelShively?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14271036/26370562/24944862/s65_michael.shively.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14328758" data-work_id="14328758" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14328758/Last_update_on_5_5_2006_The_Hidden_Evil">Last update on 5/5/2006 The Hidden Evil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14328758" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="13d2a2ca5db8340daa9f9bb23e86ef89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38269502,"asset_id":14328758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38269502/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33279827" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZaoualiYoucef">Zaouali Youcef</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33279827" type="text/json">{"id":33279827,"first_name":"Zaouali","last_name":"Youcef","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZaoualiYoucef","display_name":"Zaouali Youcef","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZaoualiYoucef?f_ri=189","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/aed7c89ec9d2a324b8795800314211ba?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14328758 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14328758"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14328758, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14328758", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14328758 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14328758; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14328758"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14328758 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14328758"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14328758; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14328758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14328758").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14328758").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14328758"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14328758]'), work: {"id":14328758,"title":"Last update on 5/5/2006 The Hidden Evil","created_at":"2015-07-23T05:16:54.996-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14328758/Last_update_on_5_5_2006_The_Hidden_Evil?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_14328758","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38269502,"asset_id":14328758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33279827,"first_name":"Zaouali","last_name":"Youcef","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZaoualiYoucef","display_name":"Zaouali Youcef","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZaoualiYoucef?f_ri=189","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/aed7c89ec9d2a324b8795800314211ba?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36014606" data-work_id="36014606" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36014606/Finding_a_new_narrative_Meaningful_responses_to_false_memory_disinformation">Finding a new narrative: Meaningful responses to 'false memory' disinformation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter draws from George Monbiot’s (2017) thoughts on the political power of storytelling. He emphasizes that stories function as schema through which people organize information and develop a sense of order and purpose. It is a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36014606" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter draws from George Monbiot’s (2017) thoughts on the political power of storytelling. He emphasizes that stories function as schema through which people organize information and develop a sense of order and purpose. It is a mistake, he warns, to try to rely on data to challenging a misleading story since ‘[t]he only thing that can displace a story is a story’ (Monbiot, 2017, p 3). In short, information is not sufficient to challenge disinformation: we must also supply a meaningful framework in which that information makes sense. In this chapter, I suggest that the success of ‘false memory’ was due, largely, to its compelling narrative features. False memory advocates were skilled at retelling the story of child abuse as a drama with heroes (people falsely accused of abuse and their allies) and villains (therapists, social workers, feminists) locked in a battle of good (science, reason, rationality) against the forces of darkness (dogma, fantasy, hysteria). Attempts by experts in trauma and dissociation to counter this story with data have, at times, struggled for purchase, since they have not challenged the affective foundations of the ‘false memory’ narrative. <br /><br />In this chapter, I argue that we have the opportunity to tell a new, and more hopeful, story about abuse and trauma. While the ‘false memory’ story persists, it has been destabilized by revelations of widespread clergy and institutional abuse, and its valorization of staunch individualism and devaluing of health and welfare services has lost much of its sheen. At the same time, the conceptual apparatus of trauma has taken on increasing social and political as well as psychological significance as a descriptor for the violation of human relationality and the restorative power of care and support. Increased public interest and understanding of trauma provides much of the material for counter-narratives that oppose the alienating individualism and cynicism promoted by ‘false memory’ advocates. As public and professional interest in trauma grows, ‘storifying’ trauma in principled and solutions-focused ways offers a genuine alternative to the outmoded narratives of the past.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36014606" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="578867e841c673c91a5aa5dd24882421" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72304820,"asset_id":36014606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72304820/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2667830" href="https://unsw.academia.edu/MichaelSalter">Michael Salter</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2667830" type="text/json">{"id":2667830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Salter","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"MichaelSalter","display_name":"Michael Salter","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/MichaelSalter?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2667830/851924/93418092/s65_michael.salter.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36014606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36014606"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36014606, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36014606", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36014606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36014606; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36014606"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36014606 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36014606"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36014606; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36014606]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36014606").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36014606").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36014606"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health">Mental Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2827" type="text/json">{"id":2827,"name":"Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3279" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling">Psychotherapy and Counseling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3279" type="text/json">{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36014606]'), work: {"id":36014606,"title":"Finding a new narrative: Meaningful responses to 'false memory' disinformation","created_at":"2018-02-25T18:41:39.665-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36014606/Finding_a_new_narrative_Meaningful_responses_to_false_memory_disinformation?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_36014606","summary":"\nThis chapter draws from George Monbiot’s (2017) thoughts on the political power of storytelling. He emphasizes that stories function as schema through which people organize information and develop a sense of order and purpose. It is a mistake, he warns, to try to rely on data to challenging a misleading story since ‘[t]he only thing that can displace a story is a story’ (Monbiot, 2017, p 3). In short, information is not sufficient to challenge disinformation: we must also supply a meaningful framework in which that information makes sense. In this chapter, I suggest that the success of ‘false memory’ was due, largely, to its compelling narrative features. False memory advocates were skilled at retelling the story of child abuse as a drama with heroes (people falsely accused of abuse and their allies) and villains (therapists, social workers, feminists) locked in a battle of good (science, reason, rationality) against the forces of darkness (dogma, fantasy, hysteria). Attempts by experts in trauma and dissociation to counter this story with data have, at times, struggled for purchase, since they have not challenged the affective foundations of the ‘false memory’ narrative. \n\nIn this chapter, I argue that we have the opportunity to tell a new, and more hopeful, story about abuse and trauma. While the ‘false memory’ story persists, it has been destabilized by revelations of widespread clergy and institutional abuse, and its valorization of staunch individualism and devaluing of health and welfare services has lost much of its sheen. At the same time, the conceptual apparatus of trauma has taken on increasing social and political as well as psychological significance as a descriptor for the violation of human relationality and the restorative power of care and support. Increased public interest and understanding of trauma provides much of the material for counter-narratives that oppose the alienating individualism and cynicism promoted by ‘false memory’ advocates. As public and professional interest in trauma grows, ‘storifying’ trauma in principled and solutions-focused ways offers a genuine alternative to the outmoded narratives of the past. \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72304820,"asset_id":36014606,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2667830,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Salter","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"MichaelSalter","display_name":"Michael Salter","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/MichaelSalter?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2667830/851924/93418092/s65_michael.salter.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2827,"name":"Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":6106,"name":"Trauma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trauma_Studies?f_ri=189"},{"id":11452,"name":"Memory Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Studies?f_ri=189"},{"id":42695,"name":"Post traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder?f_ri=189"},{"id":73740,"name":"Child Sexual Abuse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Sexual_Abuse?f_ri=189"},{"id":550316,"name":"Dissociative Identity Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissociative_Identity_Disorder?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6798104" data-work_id="6798104" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6798104/DOES_DROPPING_OUT_OF_SCHOOL_MEAN_DROPPING_INTO_DELINQUENCY">DOES DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOL MEAN DROPPING INTO DELINQUENCY?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Approximately one third of U.S. high-school freshmen do not earn their high-school diploma on time. For African-American and Hispanic students, this figure nearly reaches one half. The long-term economic consequences of dropping out of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6798104" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Approximately one third of U.S. high-school freshmen do not earn their high-school diploma on time. For African-American and Hispanic students, this figure nearly reaches one half. The long-term economic consequences of dropping out of school for both the student and the larger community have been well documented. It has also been argued that school dropouts put themselves at a higher risk for delinquent and criminal behavior when they leave school. Although it seems plausible that dropping out might increase the potential for delinquent conduct, another view states that dropping out is simply the final event in a long, gradual process of disenchantment and disengagement from school. Dropouts show evidence of school failure and developmental problems years in advance. It has been argued, therefore, that the actual event of finally leaving school has no causal effect on criminal or delinquent behavior because it has been so long in coming. In this article, we examine the effect of leaving school early, and the reason for dropping out, on delinquent behavior with the use of panel data models from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY97). Through an appeal to identity theory, we hypothesize that the effect of dropping out is not uniform but varies by the reason for leaving school, gender, and time. This conjecture receives only partial empirical support. Implications for future work in the area are discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6798104" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7c92fca47e6293bb640043256908c8aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48718619,"asset_id":6798104,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48718619/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4011208" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RayPaternoster">Ray Paternoster</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4011208" type="text/json">{"id":4011208,"first_name":"Ray","last_name":"Paternoster","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RayPaternoster","display_name":"Ray Paternoster","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RayPaternoster?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6798104 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6798104"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6798104, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6798104", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6798104 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6798104; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6798104"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6798104 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6798104"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6798104; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6798104]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6798104").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6798104").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6798104"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="906" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics">Applied Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="906" type="text/json">{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22503" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delinquency">Delinquency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22503" type="text/json">{"id":22503,"name":"Delinquency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delinquency?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6798104]'), work: {"id":6798104,"title":"DOES DROPPING OUT OF SCHOOL MEAN DROPPING INTO DELINQUENCY?","created_at":"2014-04-18T06:32:06.277-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6798104/DOES_DROPPING_OUT_OF_SCHOOL_MEAN_DROPPING_INTO_DELINQUENCY?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_6798104","summary":"Approximately one third of U.S. high-school freshmen do not earn their high-school diploma on time. For African-American and Hispanic students, this figure nearly reaches one half. The long-term economic consequences of dropping out of school for both the student and the larger community have been well documented. It has also been argued that school dropouts put themselves at a higher risk for delinquent and criminal behavior when they leave school. Although it seems plausible that dropping out might increase the potential for delinquent conduct, another view states that dropping out is simply the final event in a long, gradual process of disenchantment and disengagement from school. Dropouts show evidence of school failure and developmental problems years in advance. It has been argued, therefore, that the actual event of finally leaving school has no causal effect on criminal or delinquent behavior because it has been so long in coming. In this article, we examine the effect of leaving school early, and the reason for dropping out, on delinquent behavior with the use of panel data models from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY97). Through an appeal to identity theory, we hypothesize that the effect of dropping out is not uniform but varies by the reason for leaving school, gender, and time. This conjecture receives only partial empirical support. Implications for future work in the area are discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48718619,"asset_id":6798104,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4011208,"first_name":"Ray","last_name":"Paternoster","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RayPaternoster","display_name":"Ray Paternoster","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RayPaternoster?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":22503,"name":"Delinquency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delinquency?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":28148,"name":"Identity theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_theory?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45126545 coauthored" data-work_id="45126545" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45126545/A_perman%C3%AAncia_do_autoritarismo_no_Processo_Penal_brasileiro">A permanência do autoritarismo no Processo Penal brasileiro.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present work intends to analyze if the advent of the Federal Constitution of 1988 was sufficient to eliminate the inquisitorial and authoritarian traits arising from the Penal Procedure Code of 1941. Some reforms carried out in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45126545" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present work intends to analyze if the advent of the Federal Constitution of 1988 was sufficient to eliminate the inquisitorial and authoritarian traits arising from the Penal Procedure Code of 1941. Some reforms carried out in the post-constitution period will be analyzed, for this, the research to be carried out in this work will be developed from a descriptive qualitative perspective, using existing bibliographic materials, making consultations to doctrines, jurisprudence and scientific articles</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45126545" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c5718a32c7e87a1d5bff945bbd95ff61" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65695534,"asset_id":45126545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65695534/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8174379" href="https://ufal.academia.edu/RobertoBarbosadeMoura">Roberto Barbosa de Moura</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8174379" type="text/json">{"id":8174379,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Barbosa de Moura","domain_name":"ufal","page_name":"RobertoBarbosadeMoura","display_name":"Roberto Barbosa de Moura","profile_url":"https://ufal.academia.edu/RobertoBarbosadeMoura?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8174379/3110051/21467444/s65_roberto.barbosa_de_moura.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-45126545">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-45126545"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/L%C3%ADviaSalvador">Lívia Salvador</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-45126545'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-45126545').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45126545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45126545"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45126545, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45126545", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45126545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45126545; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45126545"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45126545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45126545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45126545; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45126545]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45126545").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45126545").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45126545"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="536" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Procedure">Criminal Procedure</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="536" type="text/json">{"id":536,"name":"Criminal Procedure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Procedure?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18521" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito">Direito</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18521" type="text/json">{"id":18521,"name":"Direito","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law_Criminal_Procedure_Law">Criminal Law Criminal Procedure Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="18724" type="text/json">{"id":18724,"name":"Criminal Law Criminal Procedure Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law_Criminal_Procedure_Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45126545]'), work: {"id":45126545,"title":"A permanência do autoritarismo no Processo Penal brasileiro.","created_at":"2021-02-15T08:29:01.990-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45126545/A_perman%C3%AAncia_do_autoritarismo_no_Processo_Penal_brasileiro?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_45126545","summary":"The present work intends to analyze if the advent of the Federal Constitution of 1988 was sufficient to eliminate the inquisitorial and authoritarian traits arising from the Penal Procedure Code of 1941. Some reforms carried out in the post-constitution period will be analyzed, for this, the research to be carried out in this work will be developed from a descriptive qualitative perspective, using existing bibliographic materials, making consultations to doctrines, jurisprudence and scientific articles","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65695534,"asset_id":45126545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8174379,"first_name":"Roberto","last_name":"Barbosa de Moura","domain_name":"ufal","page_name":"RobertoBarbosadeMoura","display_name":"Roberto Barbosa de Moura","profile_url":"https://ufal.academia.edu/RobertoBarbosadeMoura?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8174379/3110051/21467444/s65_roberto.barbosa_de_moura.jpg"},{"id":64096691,"first_name":"Lívia","last_name":"Salvador","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LíviaSalvador","display_name":"Lívia Salvador","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/L%C3%ADviaSalvador?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64096691/22662229/21841805/s65_l_via.salvador.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":536,"name":"Criminal Procedure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Procedure?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":18521,"name":"Direito","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":18724,"name":"Criminal Law Criminal Procedure Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law_Criminal_Procedure_Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":51907,"name":"Direito Constitucional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Constitucional?f_ri=189"},{"id":86071,"name":"Processo Penal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Processo_Penal?f_ri=189"},{"id":337159,"name":"Criminología Crítica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminolog%C3%ADa_Cr%C3%ADtica?f_ri=189"},{"id":580457,"name":"Due Process of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Due_Process_of_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":1394883,"name":"Direito Processo Penal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Processo_Penal?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21575578 coauthored" data-work_id="21575578" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21575578/Rethinking_Five_Eyes_Security_Intelligence_Collection_Policies_and_Practice_Post_Snowden">Rethinking 'Five Eyes' Security Intelligence Collection Policies and Practice Post Snowden</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Edward Snowden leaks challenge policy makers and the public's understanding and perspectives on the role of security intelligence in liberal democratic states. This article explores the challenges confronting security intelligence... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21575578" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Edward Snowden leaks challenge policy makers and the public's understanding and perspectives on the role of security intelligence in liberal democratic states. This article explores the challenges confronting security intelligence collection by the 'Five Eyes' countries -particularly those most affected by the leaks. We argue that the debate now needs to move beyond simplistic notions of privacy vs. security to a more detailed understanding of the policy and ethical dilemmas confronting policy makers and intelligence agencies. To that end, we provide a schematic framework (methods, context and target) to promote a better understanding of the practical, policy and ethical problems for security intelligence collection emerging post Snowden. The framework is a first step in identifying common principles that could be used develop an ethically informed set of policy guidelines to help decision makers better navigate between citizen's two basic rights: security and privacy.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21575578" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed9faaba2a5615c5d641a20f6fcc3d45" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42114401,"asset_id":21575578,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42114401/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42703643" href="https://csu-au.academia.edu/AssociateProfessorPatrickWalsh">Professor Patrick F Walsh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42703643" type="text/json">{"id":42703643,"first_name":"Professor Patrick","last_name":"Walsh","domain_name":"csu-au","page_name":"AssociateProfessorPatrickWalsh","display_name":"Professor Patrick F Walsh","profile_url":"https://csu-au.academia.edu/AssociateProfessorPatrickWalsh?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42703643/16564322/16887611/s65_associate_professor_patrick.walsh.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-21575578">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-21575578"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://csu-au.academia.edu/SeumasMiller">Seumas Miller</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-21575578'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-21575578').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21575578 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21575578"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21575578, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21575578", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21575578 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21575578; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21575578"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21575578 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21575578"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21575578; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21575578]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21575578").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21575578").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21575578"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21575578]'), work: {"id":21575578,"title":"Rethinking 'Five Eyes' Security Intelligence Collection Policies and Practice Post Snowden","created_at":"2016-02-04T22:10:25.647-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21575578/Rethinking_Five_Eyes_Security_Intelligence_Collection_Policies_and_Practice_Post_Snowden?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_21575578","summary":"The Edward Snowden leaks challenge policy makers and the public's understanding and perspectives on the role of security intelligence in liberal democratic states. This article explores the challenges confronting security intelligence collection by the 'Five Eyes' countries -particularly those most affected by the leaks. We argue that the debate now needs to move beyond simplistic notions of privacy vs. security to a more detailed understanding of the policy and ethical dilemmas confronting policy makers and intelligence agencies. To that end, we provide a schematic framework (methods, context and target) to promote a better understanding of the practical, policy and ethical problems for security intelligence collection emerging post Snowden. The framework is a first step in identifying common principles that could be used develop an ethically informed set of policy guidelines to help decision makers better navigate between citizen's two basic rights: security and privacy.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42114401,"asset_id":21575578,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42703643,"first_name":"Professor Patrick","last_name":"Walsh","domain_name":"csu-au","page_name":"AssociateProfessorPatrickWalsh","display_name":"Professor Patrick F Walsh","profile_url":"https://csu-au.academia.edu/AssociateProfessorPatrickWalsh?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42703643/16564322/16887611/s65_associate_professor_patrick.walsh.jpg"},{"id":6289482,"first_name":"Seumas","last_name":"Miller","domain_name":"csu-au","page_name":"SeumasMiller","display_name":"Seumas Miller","profile_url":"https://csu-au.academia.edu/SeumasMiller?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18578369" data-work_id="18578369" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18578369/Gender_Symmetry_Sexism_and_Intimate_Partner_Violence">Gender Symmetry, Sexism, and Intimate Partner Violence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study of a predominantly Hispanic sample of 92 male and 140 female college students examines both gender symmetry in intimate partner violence (IPV) and inconsistent relationships found in previous studies between sexist attitudes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18578369" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study of a predominantly Hispanic sample of 92 male and 140 female college students examines both gender symmetry in intimate partner violence (IPV) and inconsistent relationships found in previous studies between sexist attitudes and IPV. Results indicate that although comparable numbers of men and women perpetrate and are victimized in their relationships with intimate partners, the path models suggest that women's violence tends to be in reaction to male violence, whereas men tend to initiate violence and then their partners respond with violence. Benevolent sexism was shown to have a protective effect against men's violence toward partners. Findings highlight the importance of studying women's violence not only in the context of men's violence but also within a broader sociocultural context. C onsiderable debate continues regarding the prevalence, direction, and meaning of violence between men and women in intimate relationships (e.g., Frieze, 2005;. Studies examining men's and women's use of physical violence have indicated that the number of women using physical aggression is either comparable to that of men</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18578369" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7b672c95039201c34f57286721b3ce40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40138780,"asset_id":18578369,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40138780/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38524694" href="https://uml.academia.edu/ChristopherAllen">Christopher T Allen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38524694" type="text/json">{"id":38524694,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Allen","domain_name":"uml","page_name":"ChristopherAllen","display_name":"Christopher T Allen","profile_url":"https://uml.academia.edu/ChristopherAllen?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38524694/60113247/48368849/s65_christopher.allen.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18578369 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18578369"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18578369, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18578369", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18578369 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18578369; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18578369"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18578369 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18578369"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18578369; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18578369]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18578369").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18578369").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18578369"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence">Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1697" type="text/json">{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18578369]'), work: {"id":18578369,"title":"Gender Symmetry, Sexism, and Intimate Partner Violence","created_at":"2015-11-18T05:30:34.491-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18578369/Gender_Symmetry_Sexism_and_Intimate_Partner_Violence?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_18578369","summary":"This study of a predominantly Hispanic sample of 92 male and 140 female college students examines both gender symmetry in intimate partner violence (IPV) and inconsistent relationships found in previous studies between sexist attitudes and IPV. Results indicate that although comparable numbers of men and women perpetrate and are victimized in their relationships with intimate partners, the path models suggest that women's violence tends to be in reaction to male violence, whereas men tend to initiate violence and then their partners respond with violence. Benevolent sexism was shown to have a protective effect against men's violence toward partners. Findings highlight the importance of studying women's violence not only in the context of men's violence but also within a broader sociocultural context. C onsiderable debate continues regarding the prevalence, direction, and meaning of violence between men and women in intimate relationships (e.g., Frieze, 2005;. Studies examining men's and women's use of physical violence have indicated that the number of women using physical aggression is either comparable to that of men","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40138780,"asset_id":18578369,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38524694,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Allen","domain_name":"uml","page_name":"ChristopherAllen","display_name":"Christopher T Allen","profile_url":"https://uml.academia.edu/ChristopherAllen?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38524694/60113247/48368849/s65_christopher.allen.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":5906,"name":"Prejudice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prejudice?f_ri=189"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=189"},{"id":30181,"name":"Gender Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Identity?f_ri=189"},{"id":46811,"name":"Intimate Partner Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intimate_Partner_Violence?f_ri=189"},{"id":56132,"name":"Students","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Students?f_ri=189"},{"id":82732,"name":"Aggression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aggression?f_ri=189"},{"id":102674,"name":"College Students","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/College_Students?f_ri=189"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=189"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=189"},{"id":219083,"name":"Interpersonal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal?f_ri=189"},{"id":474927,"name":"Interpersonal Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Violence?f_ri=189"},{"id":494463,"name":"Dating Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dating_Violence?f_ri=189"},{"id":557260,"name":"Health surveys","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_surveys?f_ri=189"},{"id":582257,"name":"Hostility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hostility?f_ri=189"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=189"},{"id":1031658,"name":"Wounds and Injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wounds_and_Injuries?f_ri=189"},{"id":1034181,"name":"Cross Sectional Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Sectional_Studies?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36384256" data-work_id="36384256" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36384256/The_Homosexual_Subculture">The Homosexual Subculture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">(The Georgian Underworld: Criminal Subcultures in Eighteenth-Century England; Chapter 16) One of the most interesting subjects in the history of sexuality is the sudden appearance, three hundred years ago, of a well organized gay... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36384256" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">(The Georgian Underworld: Criminal Subcultures in Eighteenth-Century England; Chapter 16) One of the most interesting subjects in the history of sexuality is the sudden appearance, three hundred years ago, of a well organized gay subculture in the city of London. This was patronized by homosexual men who used gay slang, who frequented gay cruising areas, and who engaged in camp or effeminate behaviour amongst themselves. Even from the very beginning of the century, sodomites frequented a network of gay pubs, where they socialized with one another, singing and dancing together, and otherwise behaving in a disorderly fashion. The legal records cover a wide range of circumstantial details beyond sexual activity, and often give us an interesting glimpse into the social life of the sodomite.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36384256" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bbf68e9eae093bed81ce64db92eb772a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56294191,"asset_id":36384256,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56294191/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="216572" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RictorNorton">Rictor Norton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="216572" type="text/json">{"id":216572,"first_name":"Rictor","last_name":"Norton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RictorNorton","display_name":"Rictor Norton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RictorNorton?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/216572/2723532/31963891/s65_rictor.norton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36384256 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36384256"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36384256, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36384256", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36384256 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36384256; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36384256"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36384256 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36384256"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36384256; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36384256]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36384256").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36384256").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36384256"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="699" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies">Queer Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="699" type="text/json">{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4917" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality">Gender and Sexuality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4917" type="text/json">{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7721" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eighteenth-Century_British_History_and_Culture">Eighteenth-Century British History and Culture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7721" type="text/json">{"id":7721,"name":"Eighteenth-Century British History and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eighteenth-Century_British_History_and_Culture?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36384256]'), work: {"id":36384256,"title":"The Homosexual Subculture","created_at":"2018-04-11T05:49:17.597-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36384256/The_Homosexual_Subculture?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_36384256","summary":"(The Georgian Underworld: Criminal Subcultures in Eighteenth-Century England; Chapter 16) One of the most interesting subjects in the history of sexuality is the sudden appearance, three hundred years ago, of a well organized gay subculture in the city of London. This was patronized by homosexual men who used gay slang, who frequented gay cruising areas, and who engaged in camp or effeminate behaviour amongst themselves. Even from the very beginning of the century, sodomites frequented a network of gay pubs, where they socialized with one another, singing and dancing together, and otherwise behaving in a disorderly fashion. The legal records cover a wide range of circumstantial details beyond sexual activity, and often give us an interesting glimpse into the social life of the sodomite.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56294191,"asset_id":36384256,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":216572,"first_name":"Rictor","last_name":"Norton","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RictorNorton","display_name":"Rictor Norton","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RictorNorton?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/216572/2723532/31963891/s65_rictor.norton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":7721,"name":"Eighteenth-Century British History and Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eighteenth-Century_British_History_and_Culture?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":22773,"name":"HISTORY OF CRIME AND LAW","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HISTORY_OF_CRIME_AND_LAW?f_ri=189"},{"id":128448,"name":"History of Crime and Punishment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Crime_and_Punishment?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29530545" data-work_id="29530545" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29530545/Criminologia_medi%C3%A1tica_e_direitos_humanos">Criminologia mediática e direitos humanos</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">O presente estudo sobre criminologia mediática e direitos humanos pretende analisar a evolução da relação entre estes objetos, com o objetivo de compreender como os discursos mediáticos foram capazes de influenciar tantas pessoas,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29530545" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">O presente estudo sobre criminologia mediática e direitos humanos pretende analisar a evolução da relação entre estes objetos, com o objetivo de compreender como os discursos mediáticos foram capazes de influenciar tantas pessoas, particularmente em dois momentos da história, durante o caso Dreyfus, na França; e o nazismo, na Alemanha. Para tanto, será utilizado a metodologia indutiva, com emprego da técnica de análise documental e bibliográfica. Através de revisão bibliográfica, busca-se compreender os discursos da criminologia mediática, notadamente aqueles introduzidos nos fait divers e nas propagandas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29530545" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ac4d301d1406731295f4772f7d0a442" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50085855,"asset_id":29530545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50085855/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2813209" href="https://unesp.academia.edu/HilbertReis">Hilbert Reis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2813209" type="text/json">{"id":2813209,"first_name":"Hilbert","last_name":"Reis","domain_name":"unesp","page_name":"HilbertReis","display_name":"Hilbert Reis","profile_url":"https://unesp.academia.edu/HilbertReis?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2813209/918215/29083640/s65_hilbert.reis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29530545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29530545"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29530545, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29530545", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29530545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29530545; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29530545"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29530545 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29530545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29530545; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29530545]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29530545").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29530545").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29530545"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="928" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies">Media Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="928" type="text/json">{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7229" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology">Critical Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7229" type="text/json">{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13958" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media">Media</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13958" type="text/json">{"id":13958,"name":"Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29530545]'), work: {"id":29530545,"title":"Criminologia mediática e direitos humanos","created_at":"2016-10-29T19:23:11.089-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29530545/Criminologia_medi%C3%A1tica_e_direitos_humanos?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_29530545","summary":"O presente estudo sobre criminologia mediática e direitos humanos pretende analisar a evolução da relação entre estes objetos, com o objetivo de compreender como os discursos mediáticos foram capazes de influenciar tantas pessoas, particularmente em dois momentos da história, durante o caso Dreyfus, na França; e o nazismo, na Alemanha. Para tanto, será utilizado a metodologia indutiva, com emprego da técnica de análise documental e bibliográfica. Através de revisão bibliográfica, busca-se compreender os discursos da criminologia mediática, notadamente aqueles introduzidos nos fait divers e nas propagandas. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50085855,"asset_id":29530545,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2813209,"first_name":"Hilbert","last_name":"Reis","domain_name":"unesp","page_name":"HilbertReis","display_name":"Hilbert Reis","profile_url":"https://unesp.academia.edu/HilbertReis?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2813209/918215/29083640/s65_hilbert.reis.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":928,"name":"Media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":13958,"name":"Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":60995,"name":"Criminologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminologia?f_ri=189"},{"id":2559073,"name":"Criminología Mediática","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminolog%C3%ADa_Medi%C3%A1tica?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30312690" data-work_id="30312690" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30312690/2008_XV_WORLD_CONGRESS_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_SOCIETY_FOR_CRIMINOLOGY_full_program_Andreu_Ginestet">2008 - XV WORLD CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR CRIMINOLOGY - full program - Andreu Ginestet</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Program contents</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30312690" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="63cabe780fb00e71d6001008c1ad03f6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50769153,"asset_id":30312690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50769153/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="856103" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreuGinestet">Andreu Ginestet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="856103" type="text/json">{"id":856103,"first_name":"Andreu","last_name":"Ginestet","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreuGinestet","display_name":"Andreu Ginestet","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreuGinestet?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/856103/11847120/55037457/s65_andreu.ginestet.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30312690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30312690"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30312690, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30312690", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30312690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30312690; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30312690"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30312690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30312690"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30312690; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30312690]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30312690").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30312690").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30312690"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">22</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30312690]'), work: {"id":30312690,"title":"2008 - XV WORLD CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR CRIMINOLOGY - full program - Andreu Ginestet","created_at":"2016-12-07T09:14:55.272-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30312690/2008_XV_WORLD_CONGRESS_OF_THE_INTERNATIONAL_SOCIETY_FOR_CRIMINOLOGY_full_program_Andreu_Ginestet?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_30312690","summary":"Program contents","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50769153,"asset_id":30312690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":856103,"first_name":"Andreu","last_name":"Ginestet","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreuGinestet","display_name":"Andreu Ginestet","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreuGinestet?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/856103/11847120/55037457/s65_andreu.ginestet.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189"},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=189"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=189"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=189"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=189"},{"id":1601,"name":"Teacher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teacher_Education?f_ri=189"},{"id":3155,"name":"Complexity Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complexity_Theory?f_ri=189"},{"id":3692,"name":"International Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Criminal_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189"},{"id":11162,"name":"Philosophy of Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Criminal_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=189"},{"id":22221,"name":"Criminal Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Psychology?f_ri=189"},{"id":60995,"name":"Criminologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminologia?f_ri=189"},{"id":121014,"name":"Criminología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminolog%C3%ADa?f_ri=189"},{"id":136928,"name":"Criminal profiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_profiling?f_ri=189"},{"id":205632,"name":"Pensamiento Complejo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pensamiento_Complejo?f_ri=189"},{"id":337159,"name":"Criminología Crítica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminolog%C3%ADa_Cr%C3%ADtica?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22193281 coauthored" data-work_id="22193281" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22193281/Peacemaking_through_dialogue_Effects_of_intergroup_dialogue_on_perceptions_regarding_the_resolution_of_the_Israeli_Palestinian_conflict">Peacemaking through dialogue? Effects of intergroup dialogue on perceptions regarding the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study examines the effect of continued participation in conflict management dialogue workshops on perceptions regarding the management and the resolution of the protracted conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22193281" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study examines the effect of continued participation in conflict management dialogue workshops on perceptions regarding the management and the resolution of the protracted conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. The analysis is based on a unique set of data, which includes in-depth interviews with Israeli Jews who have been involved in Israeli -Palestinian conflict management workshops for extended periods of time, as well as full transcripts of the discussions in such workshops. Our findings indicate that continuous involvement in conflict management workshops with Palestinians increases Israeli Jews' awareness of the different and often contrasting perspectives, issues and considerations that relate to the resolution of the conflict. Extended participation in these workshops provides Israeli Jews with a new awareness of the depth and complexity of the conflict, and of the needs and perspectives of the Palestinians. Moreover, the repeated encounter with Palestinians brings Israeli Jews to recognize the serious limitations of commonly discussed proposals for solving the conflict, and the need to continue searching for additional solutions. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of both the potential and limitations of bottom-up grassroots conflict management interventions, alongside top-down political processes of conflict resolution and peace negotiations, in promoting peacemaking and reconciliation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22193281" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de18a18ac6f73d850581304fc2fafdd0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53123101,"asset_id":22193281,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53123101/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37260969" href="https://huji.academia.edu/IMaoz">Ifat Maoz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37260969" type="text/json">{"id":37260969,"first_name":"Ifat","last_name":"Maoz","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"IMaoz","display_name":"Ifat Maoz","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/IMaoz?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37260969/11644639/12984425/s65_ifat.maoz.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-22193281">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-22193281"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://huji.academia.edu/YiftachRon">Yiftach Ron</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-22193281'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-22193281').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22193281 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22193281"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22193281, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22193281", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22193281 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22193281; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22193281"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22193281 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22193281"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22193281; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22193281]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22193281").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22193281").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22193281"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13614" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution">Conflict Resolution</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13614" type="text/json">{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22193281]'), work: {"id":22193281,"title":"Peacemaking through dialogue? Effects of intergroup dialogue on perceptions regarding the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict","created_at":"2016-02-19T13:47:05.757-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22193281/Peacemaking_through_dialogue_Effects_of_intergroup_dialogue_on_perceptions_regarding_the_resolution_of_the_Israeli_Palestinian_conflict?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_22193281","summary":"This study examines the effect of continued participation in conflict management dialogue workshops on perceptions regarding the management and the resolution of the protracted conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. The analysis is based on a unique set of data, which includes in-depth interviews with Israeli Jews who have been involved in Israeli -Palestinian conflict management workshops for extended periods of time, as well as full transcripts of the discussions in such workshops. Our findings indicate that continuous involvement in conflict management workshops with Palestinians increases Israeli Jews' awareness of the different and often contrasting perspectives, issues and considerations that relate to the resolution of the conflict. Extended participation in these workshops provides Israeli Jews with a new awareness of the depth and complexity of the conflict, and of the needs and perspectives of the Palestinians. Moreover, the repeated encounter with Palestinians brings Israeli Jews to recognize the serious limitations of commonly discussed proposals for solving the conflict, and the need to continue searching for additional solutions. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of both the potential and limitations of bottom-up grassroots conflict management interventions, alongside top-down political processes of conflict resolution and peace negotiations, in promoting peacemaking and reconciliation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53123101,"asset_id":22193281,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37260969,"first_name":"Ifat","last_name":"Maoz","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"IMaoz","display_name":"Ifat Maoz","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/IMaoz?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37260969/11644639/12984425/s65_ifat.maoz.jpg"},{"id":43550340,"first_name":"Yiftach","last_name":"Ron","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"YiftachRon","display_name":"Yiftach Ron","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/YiftachRon?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":13614,"name":"Conflict Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Resolution?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35716022 coauthored" data-work_id="35716022" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35716022/Zemiology_Reconnecting_Crime_and_Social_Harm">Zemiology: Reconnecting Crime and Social Harm</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book challenges the given dichotomies between crime and harm, and criminology and zemiology. The main aim of the volume is to highlight the inexorable interconnectedness between systemically induced social harm and the corrosive... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35716022" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book challenges the given dichotomies between crime and harm, and criminology and zemiology. The main aim of the volume is to highlight the inexorable interconnectedness between systemically induced social harm and the corrosive flows of everyday crime both perpetrated and endured by those victimised by the capitalist system and its hegemonic vicissitudes. Drawing attention not only to various structurally imbedded harms, the chapters also outline the wider consequences of such harms, as they extend beyond immediate victims and contribute towards the further perpetuation of criminogenic and zemiogenic conditions. <br /> <br />Comprising two parts, the first explores the relationship between crime and harm and criminology and zemiology, and the second explores the intersections of crime and harm through various lenses, including those trained on probation; global mobility; sexuality and gender; war and gendered violence; fashion counterfeiting; and the harms of the service economy. An exciting and wide-reaching volume written by world-renowned scholars, this collection is a must-read for students, academics, and policy makers in the fields of law, criminology, sociology, social policy, criminal justice, and social justice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35716022" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b25b824752e594129db835c61ca1f3b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55589178,"asset_id":35716022,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55589178/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1582652" href="https://soton.academia.edu/AviBoukli">Avi Boukli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1582652" type="text/json">{"id":1582652,"first_name":"Avi","last_name":"Boukli","domain_name":"soton","page_name":"AviBoukli","display_name":"Avi Boukli","profile_url":"https://soton.academia.edu/AviBoukli?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1582652/817934/19963160/s65_avi.boukli.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35716022">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35716022"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://northumbria.academia.edu/JustinKotz%C3%A9">Justin Kotzé</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35716022'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35716022').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35716022 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35716022"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35716022, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35716022", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35716022 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35716022; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35716022"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35716022 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35716022"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35716022; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35716022]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35716022").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35716022").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35716022"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35716022]'), work: {"id":35716022,"title":"Zemiology: Reconnecting Crime and Social Harm","created_at":"2018-01-20T05:47:55.233-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35716022/Zemiology_Reconnecting_Crime_and_Social_Harm?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_35716022","summary":"This book challenges the given dichotomies between crime and harm, and criminology and zemiology. The main aim of the volume is to highlight the inexorable interconnectedness between systemically induced social harm and the corrosive flows of everyday crime both perpetrated and endured by those victimised by the capitalist system and its hegemonic vicissitudes. Drawing attention not only to various structurally imbedded harms, the chapters also outline the wider consequences of such harms, as they extend beyond immediate victims and contribute towards the further perpetuation of criminogenic and zemiogenic conditions. \n \nComprising two parts, the first explores the relationship between crime and harm and criminology and zemiology, and the second explores the intersections of crime and harm through various lenses, including those trained on probation; global mobility; sexuality and gender; war and gendered violence; fashion counterfeiting; and the harms of the service economy. An exciting and wide-reaching volume written by world-renowned scholars, this collection is a must-read for students, academics, and policy makers in the fields of law, criminology, sociology, social policy, criminal justice, and social justice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55589178,"asset_id":35716022,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1582652,"first_name":"Avi","last_name":"Boukli","domain_name":"soton","page_name":"AviBoukli","display_name":"Avi Boukli","profile_url":"https://soton.academia.edu/AviBoukli?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1582652/817934/19963160/s65_avi.boukli.jpg"},{"id":32554042,"first_name":"Justin","last_name":"Kotzé","domain_name":"northumbria","page_name":"JustinKotzé","display_name":"Justin Kotzé","profile_url":"https://northumbria.academia.edu/JustinKotz%C3%A9?f_ri=189","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":3114,"name":"Queer Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Theory?f_ri=189"},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189"},{"id":86391,"name":"Zemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zemiology?f_ri=189"},{"id":457747,"name":"Queer Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Criminology?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35322071" data-work_id="35322071" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35322071/Quatro_diferen%C3%A7as_cient%C3%ADficas_fundamentais_entre_a_criminologia_e_o_direito_penal_RBCCrim_2017_pdf">Quatro diferenças científicas fundamentais entre a criminologia e o direito penal, RBCCrim, 2017.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As ciências criminais - criminologia, direito penal e política criminal - têm assumido distintas configurações desde a proposta de Franz von Liszt no início do séc. XX. O direito penal já foi a principal ciência que contava com o auxílio... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35322071" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As ciências criminais - criminologia, direito penal e política criminal - têm assumido distintas configurações desde a proposta de Franz von Liszt no início do séc. XX. O direito penal já foi a principal ciência que contava com o auxílio de ciências assessórias. Mais adiante, transformou-se no instrumento jurídico da política-criminal. Atualmente, existe a tendência a ver as disciplinas numa condição de igualdade com autonomia científica. As qualidades científicas próprias da criminologia e do direito penal constam insuficientemente sublinhadas, impedindo o melhor funcionamento complementar no entendimento e no tratamento do fenômeno desviante. O presente estudo busca descrever quatro diferenças essenciais entre a criminologia e o direito penal.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35322071" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1fbcde524c26c175184bfff77422c2b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55184618,"asset_id":35322071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55184618/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61018479" href="https://pucrs.academia.edu/MarceloAlmeidaRuivo">Marcelo Almeida Ruivo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61018479" type="text/json">{"id":61018479,"first_name":"Marcelo","last_name":"Almeida Ruivo","domain_name":"pucrs","page_name":"MarceloAlmeidaRuivo","display_name":"Marcelo Almeida Ruivo","profile_url":"https://pucrs.academia.edu/MarceloAlmeidaRuivo?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61018479/17082230/32216407/s65_marcelo.almeida_ruivo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35322071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35322071"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35322071, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35322071", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35322071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35322071; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35322071"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35322071 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35322071"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35322071; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35322071]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35322071").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35322071").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35322071"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">36</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7229" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology">Critical Criminology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7229" type="text/json">{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35322071]'), work: {"id":35322071,"title":"Quatro diferenças científicas fundamentais entre a criminologia e o direito penal, RBCCrim, 2017.pdf","created_at":"2017-12-03T03:37:13.208-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35322071/Quatro_diferen%C3%A7as_cient%C3%ADficas_fundamentais_entre_a_criminologia_e_o_direito_penal_RBCCrim_2017_pdf?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_35322071","summary":"As ciências criminais - criminologia, direito penal e política criminal - têm assumido distintas configurações desde a proposta de Franz von Liszt no início do séc. XX. O direito penal já foi a principal ciência que contava com o auxílio de ciências assessórias. Mais adiante, transformou-se no instrumento jurídico da política-criminal. Atualmente, existe a tendência a ver as disciplinas numa condição de igualdade com autonomia científica. As qualidades científicas próprias da criminologia e do direito penal constam insuficientemente sublinhadas, impedindo o melhor funcionamento complementar no entendimento e no tratamento do fenômeno desviante. O presente estudo busca descrever quatro diferenças essenciais entre a criminologia e o direito penal. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55184618,"asset_id":35322071,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61018479,"first_name":"Marcelo","last_name":"Almeida Ruivo","domain_name":"pucrs","page_name":"MarceloAlmeidaRuivo","display_name":"Marcelo Almeida Ruivo","profile_url":"https://pucrs.academia.edu/MarceloAlmeidaRuivo?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61018479/17082230/32216407/s65_marcelo.almeida_ruivo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":7229,"name":"Critical Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":11162,"name":"Philosophy of Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Criminal_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":18521,"name":"Direito","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito?f_ri=189"},{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=189"},{"id":32181,"name":"Criminological Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminological_Theory?f_ri=189"},{"id":60995,"name":"Criminologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminologia?f_ri=189"},{"id":65233,"name":"Ciências Sociais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ci%C3%AAncias_Sociais?f_ri=189"},{"id":68254,"name":"Direito Penal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direito_Penal?f_ri=189"},{"id":68297,"name":"Metodología y Teoría de la Investigación Social","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metodolog%C3%ADa_y_Teor%C3%ADa_de_la_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Social?f_ri=189"},{"id":77102,"name":"Filosofia do Direito","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filosofia_do_Direito?f_ri=189"},{"id":92776,"name":"Ciencias Sociales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencias_Sociales?f_ri=189"},{"id":110797,"name":"Metodologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metodologia?f_ri=189"},{"id":121014,"name":"Criminología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminolog%C3%ADa?f_ri=189"},{"id":136284,"name":"Strafrecht","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strafrecht?f_ri=189"},{"id":187180,"name":"Criminal Justice System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice_System?f_ri=189"},{"id":200993,"name":"Metodología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metodolog%C3%ADa?f_ri=189"},{"id":255791,"name":"Criminology and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189"},{"id":337159,"name":"Criminología Crítica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminolog%C3%ADa_Cr%C3%ADtica?f_ri=189"},{"id":346750,"name":"Kriminologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kriminologie?f_ri=189"},{"id":397833,"name":"Ciências Juridico Criminais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencias_Juridico_Criminais?f_ri=189"},{"id":447231,"name":"Criminologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminologie?f_ri=189"},{"id":497225,"name":"Kriminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kriminology?f_ri=189"},{"id":514659,"name":"Metodologias de Pesquisa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metodologias_de_Pesquisa?f_ri=189"},{"id":639476,"name":"Criminology and Penology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Penology?f_ri=189"},{"id":641206,"name":"Materieel Strafrecht","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materieel_Strafrecht?f_ri=189"},{"id":667090,"name":"Sociology and criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_and_criminology?f_ri=189"},{"id":749998,"name":"Kriminológia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kriminologia?f_ri=189"},{"id":935735,"name":"Criminologia Y Criminalistica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminologia_Y_Criminalistica?f_ri=189"},{"id":1109750,"name":"Ciencias Sociales Y Humanidades","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencias_Sociales_Y_Humanidades?f_ri=189"},{"id":1126838,"name":"Criminologia Crítica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminologia_Cr%C3%ADtica?f_ri=189"},{"id":1280337,"name":"Ciências Criminais","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencias_Criminais?f_ri=189"},{"id":1351520,"name":"Introduccion a La Criminologia.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Introduccion_a_La_Criminologia?f_ri=189"},{"id":1771698,"name":"Kriminoloji","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kriminoloji?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31660435 coauthored" data-work_id="31660435" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31660435/The_Tenth_Men_rule_in_Reality_the_final_version_2023_EN_and_DE_">The Tenth Men (rule) in Reality- the final version (2023 / EN & DE)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many people worldwide ask if "The Tenth Man Rule" introduced in the Hollywood Blockbuster "World War Z" is only fiction or basing on facts. This research answers it. The 2023 update is presumably the last one. It has an enhanced... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31660435" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many people worldwide ask if "The Tenth Man Rule" introduced in the Hollywood Blockbuster "World War Z" is only fiction or basing on facts. <br /> <br />This research answers it. <br /> <br />The 2023 update is presumably the last one. It has an enhanced structure and better visability regarding the primary language - in this case English. <br /> <br />From its content, there was only a slightly upgrade: we included an "about us" section and brought some reference to the RAND Corporation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31660435" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c844f69a1adb0af3043226a72f8ea05b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":99599016,"asset_id":31660435,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/99599016/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22471126" href="https://greifswald.academia.edu/WalterLeonhardt">Walter Leonhardt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22471126" type="text/json">{"id":22471126,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Leonhardt","domain_name":"greifswald","page_name":"WalterLeonhardt","display_name":"Walter Leonhardt","profile_url":"https://greifswald.academia.edu/WalterLeonhardt?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22471126/9987481/41718422/s65_walter.leonhardt.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-31660435">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-31660435"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://greifswald.academia.edu/BorAnkhbaatar">Bor Ankhbaatar</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-31660435'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-31660435').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31660435 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31660435"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31660435, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31660435", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31660435 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31660435; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31660435"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31660435 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31660435"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31660435; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31660435]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31660435").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31660435").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31660435"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="821" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="821" type="text/json">{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31660435]'), work: {"id":31660435,"title":"The Tenth Men (rule) in Reality- the final version (2023 / EN \u0026 DE)","created_at":"2017-03-01T04:47:27.342-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31660435/The_Tenth_Men_rule_in_Reality_the_final_version_2023_EN_and_DE_?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_31660435","summary":"Many people worldwide ask if \"The Tenth Man Rule\" introduced in the Hollywood Blockbuster \"World War Z\" is only fiction or basing on facts.\r\n\r\nThis research answers it.\r\n\r\nThe 2023 update is presumably the last one. It has an enhanced structure and better visability regarding the primary language - in this case English.\r\n\r\nFrom its content, there was only a slightly upgrade: we included an \"about us\" section and brought some reference to the RAND Corporation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":99599016,"asset_id":31660435,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":22471126,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Leonhardt","domain_name":"greifswald","page_name":"WalterLeonhardt","display_name":"Walter Leonhardt","profile_url":"https://greifswald.academia.edu/WalterLeonhardt?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22471126/9987481/41718422/s65_walter.leonhardt.jpeg"},{"id":44671116,"first_name":"Bor","last_name":"Ankhbaatar","domain_name":"greifswald","page_name":"BorAnkhbaatar","display_name":"Bor Ankhbaatar","profile_url":"https://greifswald.academia.edu/BorAnkhbaatar?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44671116/15529602/20364436/s65_bor.ankhbaatar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=189"},{"id":5815,"name":"Identity politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_politics?f_ri=189"},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=189"},{"id":16097,"name":"Decision Making Under Uncertainty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making_Under_Uncertainty?f_ri=189"},{"id":46989,"name":"Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine?f_ri=189"},{"id":47990,"name":"Communication sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_sciences?f_ri=189"},{"id":78651,"name":"Communication Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_Science?f_ri=189"},{"id":316988,"name":"Economic Sanctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sanctions?f_ri=189"},{"id":2060243,"name":"Dien Bien Phu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dien_Bien_Phu?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36811447" data-work_id="36811447" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36811447/Policing_Black_Lives_State_violence_in_Canada_from_slavery_to_the_present">Policing Black Lives: State violence in Canada from slavery to the present</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Delving behind Canada’s veneer of multiculturalism and tolerance, Policing Black Lives traces the violent realities of anti-blackness from the slave ships to prisons, classrooms and beyond. Robyn Maynard provides readers with the first... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36811447" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Delving behind Canada’s veneer of multiculturalism and tolerance, Policing Black Lives traces the violent realities of anti-blackness from the slave ships to prisons, classrooms and beyond. Robyn Maynard provides readers with the first comprehensive account of nearly four hundred years of state-sanctioned surveillance, criminalization and punishment of Black lives in Canada.<br /><br />While highlighting the ubiquity of Black resistance, Policing Black Lives traces the still-living legacy of slavery across multiple institutions, shedding light on the state’s role in perpetuating contemporary Black poverty and unemployment, racial profiling, law enforcement violence, incarceration, immigration detention, deportation, exploitative migrant labour practices, disproportionate child removal and low graduation rates.<br /><br />Emerging from a critical race feminist framework that insists that all Black lives matter, Maynard’s intersectional approach to anti-Black racism addresses the unique and understudied impacts of state violence as it is experienced by Black women, Black people with disabilities, as well as queer, trans, and undocumented Black communities.<br /><br />A call-to-action, Policing Black Lives urges readers to work toward dismantling structures of racial domination and re-imagining a more just society.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36811447" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbd4c6ac5ee9dc53661ea93194487e1e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58203931,"asset_id":36811447,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58203931/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29202754" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/RobynMaynard">Robyn Maynard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29202754" type="text/json">{"id":29202754,"first_name":"Robyn","last_name":"Maynard","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"RobynMaynard","display_name":"Robyn Maynard","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/RobynMaynard?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29202754/13519943/21186907/s65_robyn.maynard.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36811447 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36811447"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36811447, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36811447", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36811447 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36811447; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36811447"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36811447 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36811447"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36811447; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36811447]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36811447").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36811447").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36811447"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="381" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_Studies">Canadian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="381" type="text/json">{"id":381,"name":"Canadian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="537" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="537" type="text/json">{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36811447]'), work: {"id":36811447,"title":"Policing Black Lives: State violence in Canada from slavery to the present","created_at":"2018-06-09T04:59:05.570-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36811447/Policing_Black_Lives_State_violence_in_Canada_from_slavery_to_the_present?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_36811447","summary":"Delving behind Canada’s veneer of multiculturalism and tolerance, Policing Black Lives traces the violent realities of anti-blackness from the slave ships to prisons, classrooms and beyond. Robyn Maynard provides readers with the first comprehensive account of nearly four hundred years of state-sanctioned surveillance, criminalization and punishment of Black lives in Canada.\n\nWhile highlighting the ubiquity of Black resistance, Policing Black Lives traces the still-living legacy of slavery across multiple institutions, shedding light on the state’s role in perpetuating contemporary Black poverty and unemployment, racial profiling, law enforcement violence, incarceration, immigration detention, deportation, exploitative migrant labour practices, disproportionate child removal and low graduation rates.\n\nEmerging from a critical race feminist framework that insists that all Black lives matter, Maynard’s intersectional approach to anti-Black racism addresses the unique and understudied impacts of state violence as it is experienced by Black women, Black people with disabilities, as well as queer, trans, and undocumented Black communities.\n\nA call-to-action, Policing Black Lives urges readers to work toward dismantling structures of racial domination and re-imagining a more just society.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58203931,"asset_id":36811447,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29202754,"first_name":"Robyn","last_name":"Maynard","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"RobynMaynard","display_name":"Robyn Maynard","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/RobynMaynard?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29202754/13519943/21186907/s65_robyn.maynard.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":381,"name":"Canadian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_Studies?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":537,"name":"Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2412,"name":"Canadian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_History?f_ri=189"},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=189"},{"id":6116,"name":"Child Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare?f_ri=189"},{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=189"},{"id":7480,"name":"Surveillance Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surveillance_Studies?f_ri=189"},{"id":14412,"name":"Black feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism?f_ri=189"},{"id":15642,"name":"Black Canadian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Canadian_History?f_ri=189"},{"id":18677,"name":"Race and Schooling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Schooling?f_ri=189"},{"id":27510,"name":"Black Atlantic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Atlantic?f_ri=189"},{"id":54342,"name":"Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing?f_ri=189"},{"id":100148,"name":"Prison Abolition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Abolition?f_ri=189"},{"id":178610,"name":"Child Welfare, social justice, Anti-Opression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Welfare_social_justice_Anti-Opression?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66040448" data-work_id="66040448" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/66040448/Identifikation_von_Mustern_in_Covid_neu_aktuell">Identifikation von Mustern in Covid - neu - aktuell</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aktuelle Informationen über Befunde in Impfstoffen zur angeblichen Coronabekämpfung. Gesunde Menschen, die in der guten Resonanz und in der Balance aller Kräfte sind, dürfen sich entspannt zurück lehnen und das Leben weiter, als ein... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66040448" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aktuelle Informationen über Befunde in Impfstoffen zur angeblichen Coronabekämpfung. <br /> <br />Gesunde Menschen, die in der guten Resonanz und in der Balance aller Kräfte sind, dürfen sich entspannt zurück lehnen und das Leben weiter, als ein Wächter am Leben und als ein Mit-Schöpfer weiter geniessen. <br />Es gibt Möglichkeiten der natürlichen Heilung auch für Geimpfte zur Entgiftung. <br /> <br />Auf Grund der 500% Steigerung von Sportlern die plötzlich im Kampfsport , bewusstlos umfallen, wird von jeder weiteren Giftaufnahme in den direkten Leib und Blutkreislauf abgeraten. <br /> <br />Die Anmerkungen vom Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde zu Infektion und hochgradiger Ansteckung bei Lachen und Freude. <br />Es ist der selbe Effekt mit der Resonanz, was Heilung und Gesundheit regeneriert, bewirken Dissonanzen das Gegenteil. <br /> <br />Bitte informiert euch und gebt diese wichtigen Informationen weiter.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66040448" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f5abba2f3c14dfef665d7addca02d745" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77655232,"asset_id":66040448,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77655232/download_file?st=MTc0MDYwMTE0Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59986441" rel="nofollow" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BotschafterHenning">Henning Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde Gaia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59986441" type="text/json">{"id":59986441,"first_name":"Henning","last_name":"Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde Gaia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BotschafterHenning","display_name":"Henning Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde Gaia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BotschafterHenning?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/59986441/16202303/49332273/s65_henning.papendorf.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66040448 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66040448"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66040448, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66040448", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_66040448 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66040448; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_66040448"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66040448 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66040448"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66040448; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66040448]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66040448").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66040448").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66040448"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="189" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology">Criminology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="189" type="text/json">{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="536" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Procedure">Criminal Procedure</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="536" type="text/json">{"id":536,"name":"Criminal Procedure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Procedure?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2965" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance">Sociology of Crime and Deviance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2965" type="text/json">{"id":2965,"name":"Sociology of Crime and Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance?f_ri=189","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66040448]'), work: {"id":66040448,"title":"Identifikation von Mustern in Covid - neu - aktuell","created_at":"2021-12-26T12:38:15.310-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66040448/Identifikation_von_Mustern_in_Covid_neu_aktuell?f_ri=189","dom_id":"work_66040448","summary":"Aktuelle Informationen über Befunde in Impfstoffen zur angeblichen Coronabekämpfung.\r\n\r\nGesunde Menschen, die in der guten Resonanz und in der Balance aller Kräfte sind, dürfen sich entspannt zurück lehnen und das Leben weiter, als ein Wächter am Leben und als ein Mit-Schöpfer weiter geniessen.\r\nEs gibt Möglichkeiten der natürlichen Heilung auch für Geimpfte zur Entgiftung.\r\n\r\nAuf Grund der 500% Steigerung von Sportlern die plötzlich im Kampfsport , bewusstlos umfallen, wird von jeder weiteren Giftaufnahme in den direkten Leib und Blutkreislauf abgeraten.\r\n\r\nDie Anmerkungen vom Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde zu Infektion und hochgradiger Ansteckung bei Lachen und Freude.\r\nEs ist der selbe Effekt mit der Resonanz, was Heilung und Gesundheit regeneriert, bewirken Dissonanzen das Gegenteil.\r\n\r\nBitte informiert euch und gebt diese wichtigen Informationen weiter.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77655232,"asset_id":66040448,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59986441,"first_name":"Henning","last_name":"Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde Gaia","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BotschafterHenning","display_name":"Henning Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde Gaia","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BotschafterHenning?f_ri=189","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/59986441/16202303/49332273/s65_henning.papendorf.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":536,"name":"Criminal Procedure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Procedure?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":2965,"name":"Sociology of Crime and Deviance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance?f_ri=189","nofollow":true},{"id":18724,"name":"Criminal Law Criminal Procedure Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law_Criminal_Procedure_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":18729,"name":"Comparative Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Criminal_Law?f_ri=189"},{"id":18919,"name":"Criminology (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=189"},{"id":20594,"name":"Cyber crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyber_crime?f_ri=189"},{"id":121014,"name":"Criminología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminolog%C3%ADa?f_ri=189"},{"id":255791,"name":"Criminology and Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice?f_ri=189"},{"id":659211,"name":"Criminalistica Y Ciencias Forenses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminalistica_Y_Ciencias_Forenses?f_ri=189"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Criminology?after=50%2C66040448" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Criminology?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Justice">Criminal Justice</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="537">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="537">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Criminology">Critical Criminology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="7229">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="7229">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Crime_and_Deviance">Sociology of Crime and Deviance</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2965">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2965">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology_Social_Sciences_">Criminology (Social Sciences)</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="18919">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="18919">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policing_Studies">Policing Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="11294">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="11294">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Criminology">Cultural Criminology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="15363">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="15363">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punishment_and_Prisons">Punishment and Prisons</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="50088">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="50088">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police_and_Policing">Police and Policing</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="80016">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="80016">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="535">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="535">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime">Crime</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="67360">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="67360">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "39c3fde72d84e8ca5e0b3d7e80f981627850a99f377642e7a85c692b9a051141", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="l7D3M-ud0sSfbSZg99fVCgC6RadBF4OxQEQbVsXnWdSmn2HJxxbrCf_qsel0q3rw2cFh2ORATbb1R7OEocECBg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="AxsaNez9juiu1quBBu1uPyBEnrIjkfJiFWZqAYHSMhEyNIzPwHa3Jc5RPAiFkcHF-T-6zYbGPGWgZcLT5fRpww" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>