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id="toc-Early_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 University studies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-University_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle University studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-University_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Lund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uppsala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uppsala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Uppsala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uppsala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_to_Lapland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_to_Lapland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Expedition to Lapland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_to_Lapland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_in_the_Dutch_Republic_(1735–38)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_in_the_Dutch_Republic_(1735–38)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Years in the Dutch Republic (1735–38) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Years_in_the_Dutch_Republic_(1735–38)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Years in the Dutch Republic (1735–38) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Years_in_the_Dutch_Republic_(1735–38)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Doctorate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_of_Systema_Naturae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_of_Systema_Naturae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Publishing of Systema Naturae </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_of_Systema_Naturae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_Clifford,_Philip_Miller,_and_Johann_Jacob_Dillenius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Clifford,_Philip_Miller,_and_Johann_Jacob_Dillenius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 George Clifford, Philip Miller, and Johann Jacob Dillenius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Clifford,_Philip_Miller,_and_Johann_Jacob_Dillenius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Return to Sweden </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Return_to_Sweden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Return to Sweden subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Öland_and_Gotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Öland_and_Gotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Öland and Gotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Öland_and_Gotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Västergötland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Västergötland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Västergötland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Västergötland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Scania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rector_of_Uppsala_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rector_of_Uppsala_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Rector of Uppsala University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rector_of_Uppsala_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophia_Botanica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophia_Botanica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Philosophia Botanica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophia_Botanica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrix_Noverca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrix_Noverca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Nutrix Noverca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrix_Noverca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_Plantarum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_Plantarum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Species Plantarum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_Plantarum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ennoblement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ennoblement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Ennoblement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ennoblement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Apostles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Apostles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Apostles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Apostles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Early expeditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cook_expeditions_and_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cook_expeditions_and_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cook expeditions and Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cook_expeditions_and_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Major publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systema_Naturae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systema_Naturae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Systema Naturae </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systema_Naturae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbis_eruditi_judicium_de_Caroli_Linnaei_MD_scriptis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbis_eruditi_judicium_de_Caroli_Linnaei_MD_scriptis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Orbis eruditi judicium de Caroli Linnaei MD scriptis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbis_eruditi_judicium_de_Caroli_Linnaei_MD_scriptis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_Plantarum_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_Plantarum_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Species Plantarum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_Plantarum_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genera_Plantarum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera_Plantarum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Genera Plantarum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera_Plantarum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophia_Botanica_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophia_Botanica_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Philosophia Botanica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophia_Botanica_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_of_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_of_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 System of taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_of_taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle System of taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-System_of_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Human taxonomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_and_economic_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_and_economic_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Influences and economic beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_and_economic_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Commentary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_author_abbreviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_author_abbreviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Standard author abbreviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_author_abbreviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications_by_Linnaeus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications_by_Linnaeus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Selected publications by Linnaeus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications_by_Linnaeus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Carl Linnaeus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" > 179 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A9%E1%88%B5" title="ካርል ሊኒዩስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርል ሊኒዩስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Линнеи, Карл – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Линнеи, Карл" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كارولوس لينيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارولوس لينيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B" title="কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্ল লিনিয়াছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Linney" title="Karl Linney – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Linney" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A6" title="کارل لینئ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل لینئ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কার্ল লিনিয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল লিনিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Ліней – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Ліней" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Карл Лінэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл Лінэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल लिन्नायस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्ल लिन्नायस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Линей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Линней Карл – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Линней Карл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl Linné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carl Linné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linneu" title="Linneu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linneu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κάρολος Λινναίος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Λινναίος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Linneo" title="Carlos Linneo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carlos Linneo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolo_Lineo" title="Karolo Lineo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karolo Lineo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineo" title="Lineo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lineo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="کارل لینه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل لینه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡爾·林奈 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="卡爾·林奈" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A6%B0%EB%84%A4" title="칼 폰 린네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼 폰 린네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Linnaeus" title="Karl Linnaeus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Կառլ Լիննեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառլ Լիննեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल लीनियस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्ल लीनियस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl Linné – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carl Linné" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Линней, Карл – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Линней, Карл" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linneo" title="Linneo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linneo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="קארולוס לינאוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קארולוס לינאוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linne" title="Carl von Linne – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Carl von Linne" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಲಿನೆಯಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಲಿನೆಯಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="კარლ ლინე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ ლინე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Linne%C3%B9sz" title="Karol Linneùsz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Karol Linneùsz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Linnejs" title="Kārlis Linnejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Linnejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linneo" title="Linneo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Linneo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Карл Линеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл Линеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കാൾ ലിനേയസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൾ ലിനേയസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कार्ल लिनेयस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्ल लिनेयस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="კარლ ლინე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ ლინე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="كارل لينينه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل لينينه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87" title="کارل لینه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارل لینه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကားလ် လင်းနီးယပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကားလ် လင်းနီးယပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="कारोलस लिनियस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कारोलस लिनियस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D" title="カール・フォン・リンネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・フォン・リンネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Линней, Карл – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Линней, Карл" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Линне Карыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Линне Карыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D" title="କାର୍ଲ୍ ଲିନିଅସ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାର୍ଲ୍ ଲିନିଅସ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕਾਰਲ ਲੀਨੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਲ ਲੀਨੀਅਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کارل لنیاس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارل لنیاس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کارل لینئوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کارل لینئوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Linneusz" title="Karol Linneusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karol Linneusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineu" title="Lineu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lineu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl Linné – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carl Linné" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Лінней – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карл Лінней" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Линней, Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линней, Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="केरोलस् लीनियस् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केरोलस् लीनियस्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱨᱞ ᱞᱤᱱᱮᱭᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lineu" title="Karl Lineu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karl Lineu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="කැරොලස් ලිනේයස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැරොලස් ලිනේයස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ڪارل لينئي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارل لينئي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl Linné – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Carl Linné" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaal_Liniyus" title="Kaal Liniyus – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaal Liniyus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B3" title="کارڵ لینایۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارڵ لینایۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Карл фон Лине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл фон Лине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Carolus Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carl von Linné" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="கரோலஸ் லின்னேயஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரோலஸ் லின்னேயஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl Von Linné – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Carl Von Linné" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్ల్ లిన్నేయస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్ల్ లిన్నేయస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="คอล ฟ็อน ลินเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอล ฟ็อน ลินเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карл Линней" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carl Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Linne%C3%BD" title="Karl Linneý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Karl Linneý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Лінней – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Лінней" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist (1707–1778)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"L.", "Linn.", and "Linnaeus" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/L_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="L (disambiguation)">L (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Linn (disambiguation)">Linn (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Linnaeus (disambiguation)">Linnaeus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carl Linnaeus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Linnaeus on a brown background with the word "Linne" in the top right corner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1775 portrait</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1707-05-23)23 May 1707<a href="#cite_note-birthdate-1">[note 1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 1778(1778-01-10) (aged 70) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27_Hammarby" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus' Hammarby">Hammarby</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carl_Linnaeus&params=59_51_29_N_17_38_00_E_region:SE-C_type:landmark">59°51′29″N 17°38′00″E / 59.85806°N 17.63333°E / 59.85806; 17.63333</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Harderwijk" title="University of Harderwijk">University of Harderwijk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_flower_clock" title="Linnaeus's flower clock">Linnaeus's flower clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Elisabeth_Mor%C3%A6a" title="Sara Elisabeth Moræa">Sara Elisabeth Moræa</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1739)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_J,_K,_L" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society J, K, L">ForMemRS</a> (1753); Golden Knight of the Pole Star (Sweden)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Uppsala University</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8NkAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover">Dissertatio medica inauguralis in qua exhibetur hypothesis nova de febrium intermittentium causa</a> (1735)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ascanius" title="Peter Ascanius">Peter Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Johann Friedrich Gmelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">L.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(zoology)" title="Author citation (zoology)">Author abbrev. (zoology)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Linnaeus</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Linne_autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Carl v. Linné" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Linne_autograph.svg/150px-Linne_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Linne_autograph.svg/225px-Linne_autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Linne_autograph.svg/300px-Linne_autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="85" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Carl Linnaeus<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> (23 May 1707<a href="#cite_note-birthdate-1">[note 1]</a> – 10 January 1778), also known after <a href="/wiki/Ennoblement" title="Ennoblement">ennoblement</a> in 1761 as Carl von Linné,<a href="#cite_note-Blunt171-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> was a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> who formalised <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus and, after his 1761 ennoblement, as Carolus a Linné. Linnaeus was the son of a <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> and was born in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a>, in the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. He received most of his higher education at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published the first edition of his <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, while publishing several volumes. By the time of his death in 1778, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on Earth."<a href="#cite_note-HaveSaid-9">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> wrote: "With the exception of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly."<a href="#cite_note-HaveSaid-9">[6]</a> Swedish author <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist."<a href="#cite_note-deceased-10">[7]</a> Linnaeus has been called Princeps botanicorum (Prince of Botanists) and "The <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> of the North".<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> He is also considered one of the founders of modern <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> In botany, the abbreviation L. is used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for a species' name.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> In zoology, the abbreviation Linnaeus is generally used; the abbreviations L., Linnæus, and Linné are also used.<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> In older publications, the abbreviation "Linn." is found. Linnaeus's remains constitute the <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)#Lectotype" title="Type (biology)">type specimen</a> for the species <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> following the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a>, since the sole specimen that he is known to have examined was himself.<a href="#cite_note-holotype-16">[note 2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Linné family</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LA2-Rashult-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LA2-Rashult-2.jpg/220px-LA2-Rashult-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LA2-Rashult-2.jpg/330px-LA2-Rashult-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LA2-Rashult-2.jpg/440px-LA2-Rashult-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a></figcaption></figure> Linnaeus was born in the village of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land" title="Småland">Småland</a>, Sweden, on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nicolaus (Nils) Ingemarsson (who later adopted the family name Linnaeus) and Christina Brodersonia. His siblings were Anna Maria Linnæa, Sofia Juliana Linnæa, Samuel Linnæus (who would eventually succeed their father as <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of Stenbrohult and write a manual on <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Blunt12-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a> and Emerentia Linnæa.<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> His father taught him Latin as a small child.<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> One of a long line of peasants and priests, Nils was an amateur <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> minister, and the <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a> of the small village of Stenbrohult in Småland. Christina was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult, Samuel Brodersonius.<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> A year after Linnaeus's birth, his grandfather Samuel Brodersonius died, and his father Nils became the rector of Stenbrohult. The family moved into the <a href="/wiki/Clergy_house" title="Clergy house">rectory</a> from the curate's house.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt13-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> Even in his early years, Linnaeus seemed to have a liking for plants, flowers in particular. Whenever he was upset, he was given a flower, which immediately calmed him. Nils spent much time in his garden and often showed flowers to Linnaeus and told him their names. Soon Linnaeus was given his own patch of earth where he could grow plants.<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Carl's father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent surname. Before that, ancestors had used the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> naming system of Scandinavian countries: his father was named Ingemarsson after his father Ingemar Bengtsson. When Nils was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>, he had to take on a family name. He adopted the Latinate name Linnæus after a giant <a href="/wiki/Linden_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden tree">linden tree</a> (or lime tree), lind in Swedish, that grew on the family homestead.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt12-17">[12]</a> This name was spelled with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a> <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligature</a>. When Carl was born, he was named Carl Linnæus, with his father's family name. The son also always spelled it with the æ ligature, both in handwritten documents and in publications.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt13-23">[18]</a> Carl's patronymic would have been Nilsson, as in Carl Nilsson Linnæus.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_education">Early education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus_-_%C3%96rtaboken,_early_manuscript,_1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Linnaeus_-_%C3%96rtaboken%2C_early_manuscript%2C_1725.jpg/220px-Linnaeus_-_%C3%96rtaboken%2C_early_manuscript%2C_1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Linnaeus_-_%C3%96rtaboken%2C_early_manuscript%2C_1725.jpg/330px-Linnaeus_-_%C3%96rtaboken%2C_early_manuscript%2C_1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Linnaeus_-_%C3%96rtaboken%2C_early_manuscript%2C_1725.jpg/440px-Linnaeus_-_%C3%96rtaboken%2C_early_manuscript%2C_1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5268" data-file-height="3717" /></a><figcaption>Örtaboken (Herb book), an early Linnaeus manuscript, 1725</figcaption></figure> Linnaeus's father began teaching him basic Latin, religion, and geography at an early age.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> When Linnaeus was seven, Nils decided to hire a tutor for him. The parents picked Johan Telander, a son of a local <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a>. Linnaeus did not like him, writing in his autobiography that Telander "was better calculated to extinguish a child's talents than develop them".<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> Two years after his tutoring had begun, he was sent to the Lower <a href="/wiki/Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar School">Grammar School</a> at <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Växjö">Växjö</a> in 1717.<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> Linnaeus rarely studied, often going to the countryside to look for plants. At some point, his father went to visit him and, after hearing critical assessments by his preceptors, he decided to put the youth as an apprentice to some honest cobbler.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> He reached the last year of the Lower School when he was fifteen, which was taught by the headmaster, Daniel Lannerus, who was interested in botany. Lannerus noticed Linnaeus's interest in botany and gave him the run of his garden. He also introduced him to Johan Rothman, the state doctor of Småland and a teacher at <a href="/wiki/Katedralskolan,_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6" title="Katedralskolan, Växjö">Katedralskolan</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasieskola" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasieskola">gymnasium</a>) in Växjö. Also a botanist, Rothman broadened Linnaeus's interest in botany and helped him develop an interest in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> By the age of 17, Linnaeus had become well acquainted with the existing botanical literature. He remarks in his journal that he "read day and night, knowing like the back of my hand, Arvidh Månsson's Rydaholm Book of Herbs, Tillandz's Flora Åboensis, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Palmberg" title="Johannes Palmberg">Palmberg's</a> Serta Florea Suecana, Bromelii's Chloros Gothica and Rudbeckii's Hortus Upsaliensis".<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> Linnaeus entered the Växjö Katedralskola in 1724, where he studied mainly <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, a curriculum designed for boys preparing for the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> In the last year at the gymnasium, Linnaeus's father visited to ask the professors how his son's studies were progressing; to his dismay, most said that the boy would never become a scholar. Rothman believed otherwise, suggesting Linnaeus could have a future in medicine. The doctor offered to have Linnaeus live with his family in Växjö and to teach him <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and botany. Nils accepted this offer.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt17-18-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_studies">University studies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lund">Lund</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg/170px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg/255px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg/340px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_i_Lund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Statue as a university student in <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ansgar_Almquist" title="Ansgar Almquist">Ansgar Almquist</a></figcaption></figure> Rothman showed Linnaeus that botany was a serious subject. He taught Linnaeus to classify plants according to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Tournefort's</a> system. Linnaeus was also taught about the sexual reproduction of plants, according to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Vaillant" title="Sébastien Vaillant">Sébastien Vaillant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt17-18-36">[31]</a> In 1727, Linnaeus, age 21, enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> He was registered as Carolus Linnæus, the Latin form of his full name, which he also used later for his Latin publications.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt171-5">[3]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Kilian_Stob%C3%A6us" title="Kilian Stobæus">Kilian Stobæus</a>, natural scientist, physician and historian, offered Linnaeus tutoring and lodging, as well as the use of his library, which included many books about botany. He also gave the student free admission to his lectures.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> In his spare time, Linnaeus explored the flora of Skåne, together with students sharing the same interests.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uppsala">Uppsala</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg/220px-Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg/330px-Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg/440px-Linn%C3%A9-Praeludia_Sponsaliorum_Plantarum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> depicted in Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plantarum (1729)</figcaption></figure> In August 1728, Linnaeus decided to attend <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> on the advice of Rothman, who believed it would be a better choice if Linnaeus wanted to study both medicine and botany. Rothman based this recommendation on the two professors who taught at the medical faculty at Uppsala: <a href="/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck_the_Younger" title="Olof Rudbeck the Younger">Olof Rudbeck the Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lars_Roberg" title="Lars Roberg">Lars Roberg</a>. Although Rudbeck and Roberg had undoubtedly been good professors, by then they were older and not so interested in teaching. Rudbeck no longer gave public lectures, and had others stand in for him. The botany, zoology, pharmacology and anatomy lectures were not in their best state.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> In Uppsala, Linnaeus met a new benefactor, <a href="/wiki/Olof_Celsius" title="Olof Celsius">Olof Celsius</a>, who was a professor of theology and an amateur botanist.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> He received Linnaeus into his home and allowed him use of his library, which was one of the richest botanical libraries in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> In 1729, Linnaeus wrote a thesis, Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plantarum on <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">plant sexual reproduction</a>. This attracted the attention of Rudbeck; in May 1730, he selected Linnaeus to give lectures at the University although the young man was only a second-year student. His lectures were popular, and Linnaeus often addressed an audience of 300 people.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> In June, Linnaeus moved from Celsius's house to Rudbeck's to become the tutor of the three youngest of his 24 children. His friendship with Celsius did not wane and they continued their botanical expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> Over that winter, Linnaeus began to doubt Tournefort's system of classification and decided to create one of his own. His plan was to divide the plants by the number of <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistils</a>. He began writing several books, which would later result in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a>. He also produced a book on the plants grown in the <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Uppsala Botanical Garden</a>, Adonis Uplandicus.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-36-37-48">[43]</a> Rudbeck's former assistant, <a href="/wiki/Nils_Ros%C3%A9n_von_Rosenstein" title="Nils Rosén von Rosenstein">Nils Rosén</a>, returned to the University in March 1731 with a degree in medicine. Rosén started giving anatomy lectures and tried to take over Linnaeus's botany lectures, but Rudbeck prevented that. Until December, Rosén tutored Linnaeus privately in medicine. In December, Linnaeus had a "disagreement" with Rudbeck's wife and had to move out of his mentor's house; his relationship with Rudbeck did not appear to suffer. That Christmas, Linnaeus returned home to Stenbrohult to visit his parents for the first time in about three years. His mother had disapproved of his failing to become a priest, but she was pleased to learn he was teaching at the University.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt2001-36-37-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition_to_Lapland">Expedition to Lapland</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Lapland" title="Expedition to Lapland">Expedition to Lapland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853-2.jpg/220px-Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853-2.jpg/330px-Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853-2.jpg/440px-Carolus_Linnaeus_by_Hendrik_Hollander_1853-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Carl Linnaeus in Laponian costume (1737)</figcaption></figure> During a visit with his parents, Linnaeus told them about his plan to travel to <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Sweden)" title="Lapland (Sweden)">Lapland</a>; Rudbeck had made the journey in 1695, but the detailed results of his exploration were lost in a fire seven years afterwards. Linnaeus's hope was to find new plants, animals and possibly valuable minerals. He was also curious about the customs of the native <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>, reindeer-herding nomads who wandered Scandinavia's vast tundras. In April 1732, Linnaeus was awarded a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsala" title="Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala">Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala</a> for his journey.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_(Linnaeus)_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg/170px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg/255px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg/340px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_Martin_Hoffman_-_Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_%28Linnaeus%29_in_his_Lapland_costume_-_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="5846" /></a><figcaption>Wearing the traditional dress of the <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland (region)">Lapland</a>, holding the <a href="/wiki/Twinflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Twinflower">twinflower</a>, later known as Linnaea borealis, that became his personal emblem. Martin Hoffman, 1737.</figcaption></figure> Linnaeus began his expedition from Uppsala on 12 May 1732, just before he turned 25.<a href="#cite_note-David_Black-52">[47]</a> He travelled on foot and horse, bringing with him his journal, botanical and <a href="/wiki/Ornithological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithological">ornithological</a> manuscripts and sheets of paper for pressing plants. Near <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4vle" title="Gävle">Gävle</a> he found great quantities of Campanula serpyllifolia, later known as <a href="/wiki/Linnaea_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaea borealis">Linnaea borealis</a>, the twinflower that would become his favourite.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> He sometimes dismounted on the way to examine a flower or rock<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> and was particularly interested in <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>, the latter a main part of the diet of the <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>, a common and economically important animal in Lapland.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> Linnaeus travelled clockwise around the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>, making major inland incursions from <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tornio" title="Tornio">Tornio</a>. He returned from his six-month-long, over 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) expedition in October, having gathered and observed many plants, birds and rocks.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broberg29-58">[53]</a> Although Lapland was a region with limited <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, Linnaeus described about 100 previously unidentified plants. These became the basis of his book <a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> However, on the expedition to Lapland, Linnaeus used Latin names to describe organisms because he had not yet developed the binomial system.<a href="#cite_note-David_Black-52">[47]</a> In Flora Lapponica Linnaeus's ideas about <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">classification</a> were first used in a practical way, making this the first proto-modern <a href="/wiki/Flora_(publication)" title="Flora (publication)">Flora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frodin_p27-61">[56]</a> The account covered 534 species, used the Linnaean classification system and included, for the described species, geographical distribution and taxonomic notes. It was <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">Augustin Pyramus de Candolle</a> who attributed Linnaeus with Flora Lapponica as the first example in the botanical genre of Flora writing. Botanical historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_Greene" title="Edward Lee Greene">E. L. Greene</a> described Flora Lapponica as "the most classic and delightful" of Linnaeus's works.<a href="#cite_note-Frodin_p27-61">[56]</a> It was during this expedition that Linnaeus had a <a href="/wiki/Eureka_effect" title="Eureka effect">flash of insight</a> regarding the classification of mammals. Upon observing the lower jawbone of a horse at the side of a road he was travelling, Linnaeus remarked: "If I only knew how many teeth and of what kind every animal had, how many teats and where they were placed, I should perhaps be able to work out a perfectly natural system for the arrangement of all quadrupeds."<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> In 1734, Linnaeus led a small group of students to <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>. Funded by the Governor of Dalarna, the expedition was to catalogue known natural resources and discover new ones, but also to gather intelligence on Norwegian mining activities at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_(town)" title="Røros (town)">Røros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broberg29-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_in_the_Dutch_Republic_(1735–38)">Years in the Dutch Republic (1735–38)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg/220px-Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg/330px-Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg/440px-Albertus_Seba_-_Hydra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>The Hamburg Hydra, from the Thesaurus (1734) of <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Seba" title="Albertus Seba">Albertus Seba</a>. Linnaeus identified the hydra specimen as a fake in 1735.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hartekamp-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hartekamp-2011.jpg/220px-Hartekamp-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hartekamp-2011.jpg/330px-Hartekamp-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hartekamp-2011.jpg/440px-Hartekamp-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Hartekamp" title="Hartekamp">Hartekamp</a>, where Carl von Linné lived and studied for three years, from 1735 until 1738</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musa_Cliffortiana_1736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Musa_Cliffortiana_1736.jpg/170px-Musa_Cliffortiana_1736.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Musa_Cliffortiana_1736.jpg/255px-Musa_Cliffortiana_1736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Musa_Cliffortiana_1736.jpg/340px-Musa_Cliffortiana_1736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a> (1736), Linnaeus's first botanical monograph</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Cliffortianus_1737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hortus_Cliffortianus_1737.jpg/170px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_1737.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hortus_Cliffortianus_1737.jpg/255px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_1737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hortus_Cliffortianus_1737.jpg/340px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_1737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a> (1737). The work was a collaboration between Linnaeus and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Dionysius_Ehret" title="Georg Dionysius Ehret">Georg Dionysius Ehret</a>, financed by <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a>, one of the directors of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctorate">Doctorate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Linne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Karte_Linne.png/220px-Karte_Linne.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Karte_Linne.png/330px-Karte_Linne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Karte_Linne.png/440px-Karte_Linne.png 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1471" /></a><figcaption>Cities where he worked; those outside Sweden were only visited during 1735–1738</figcaption></figure> His relations with Nils Rosén having worsened, Linnaeus accepted an invitation from Claes Sohlberg, son of a mining inspector, to spend the Christmas holiday in <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a>, where Linnaeus was permitted to visit the mines.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> In April 1735, at the suggestion of Sohlberg's father, Linnaeus and Sohlberg set out for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, where Linnaeus intended to study medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Harderwijk" title="University of Harderwijk">University of Harderwijk</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> while tutoring Sohlberg in exchange for an annual salary. At the time, it was common for Swedes to pursue doctoral degrees in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, then a highly revered place to study natural history.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> On the way, the pair stopped in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, where they met the mayor, who proudly showed them a supposed wonder of nature in his possession: the <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermied</a> remains of a seven-headed <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">hydra</a>. Linnaeus quickly discovered the specimen was a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">fake</a>, cobbled together from the jaws and paws of weasels and the skins of snakes. The provenance of the hydra suggested to Linnaeus that it had been manufactured by monks to represent the <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beast (Bible)">Beast of Revelation</a>. Even at the risk of incurring the mayor's wrath, Linnaeus made his observations public, dashing the mayor's dreams of selling the hydra for an enormous sum. Linnaeus and Sohlberg were forced to flee from Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson60-61-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> Linnaeus began working towards his degree as soon as he reached <a href="/wiki/Harderwijk" title="Harderwijk">Harderwijk</a>, a university known for awarding degrees in as little as a week.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt94-68">[63]</a> He submitted a dissertation, written back in Sweden, entitled Dissertatio medica inauguralis in qua exhibetur hypothesis nova de febrium intermittentium causa,<a href="#cite_note-dissertatio-69">[note 3]</a> in which he laid out his hypothesis that <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> arose only in areas with clay-rich soils.<a href="#cite_note-hempelmann-70">[64]</a> Although he failed to identify the true source of disease transmission, (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheles</a> <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a>),<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> he did correctly predict that <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_annua" title="Artemisia annua">Artemisia annua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artemisinins" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemisinins">wormwood</a>) would become a source of <a href="/wiki/Antimalarial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimalarial">antimalarial</a> medications.<a href="#cite_note-hempelmann-70">[64]</a> Within two weeks he had completed his oral and practical examinations and was awarded a doctoral degree.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson60-61-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blunt94-68">[63]</a> That summer Linnaeus reunited with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a>, a friend from Uppsala with whom he had once made a pact that should either of the two predecease the other, the survivor would finish the decedent's work. Ten weeks later, Artedi drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">canals of Amsterdam</a>, leaving behind an unfinished manuscript on the classification of fish.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_of_Systema_Naturae">Publishing of Systema Naturae</h3></div> One of the first scientists Linnaeus met in the Netherlands was <a href="/wiki/Jan_Frederik_Gronovius" title="Jan Frederik Gronovius">Johan Frederik Gronovius</a>, to whom Linnaeus showed one of the several manuscripts he had brought with him from Sweden. The manuscript described a new system for classifying plants. When Gronovius saw it, he was very impressed, and offered to help pay for the printing. With an additional monetary contribution by the Scottish doctor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Lawson" title="Isaac Lawson">Isaac Lawson</a>, the manuscript was published as <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (1735).<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Linnaeus became acquainted with one of the most respected physicians and botanists in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a>, who tried to convince Linnaeus to make a career there. Boerhaave offered him a journey to South Africa and America, but Linnaeus declined, stating he would not stand the heat. Instead, Boerhaave convinced Linnaeus that he should visit the botanist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a>. After his visit, Burman, impressed with his guest's knowledge, decided Linnaeus should stay with him during the winter. During his stay, Linnaeus helped Burman with his Thesaurus Zeylanicus. Burman also helped Linnaeus with the books on which he was working: Fundamenta Botanica and Bibliotheca Botanica.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt100-102-76">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_Clifford,_Philip_Miller,_and_Johann_Jacob_Dillenius">George Clifford, Philip Miller, and Johann Jacob Dillenius</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:221px;max-width:221px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_simpl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Folia Simplicia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_simpl.png/107px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_simpl.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_simpl.png/161px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_simpl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_simpl.png/214px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_simpl.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="589" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Folia Composita et Folia Determinata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png/106px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png/159px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png/212px-Hortus_Cliffortianus_folia_compos.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="592" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Leaf forms from <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></div></div></div></div> In August 1735, during Linnaeus's stay with Burman, he met <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a>, a director of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and the owner of a rich botanical garden at the estate of <a href="/wiki/Hartekamp" title="Hartekamp">Hartekamp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heemstede" title="Heemstede">Heemstede</a>. Clifford was very impressed with Linnaeus's ability to classify plants, and invited him to become his physician and superintendent of his garden. Linnaeus had already agreed to stay with Burman over the winter, and could thus not accept immediately. However, Clifford offered to compensate Burman by offering him a copy of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Sir Hans Sloane's</a> Natural History of Jamaica, a rare book, if he let Linnaeus stay with him, and Burman accepted.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> On 24 September 1735, Linnaeus moved to Hartekamp to become personal physician to Clifford, and curator of Clifford's herbarium. He was paid 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Florin" title="Florin">florins</a> a year, with free board and lodging. Though the agreement was only for a winter of that year, Linnaeus practically stayed there until 1738.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> It was here that he wrote a book Hortus Cliffortianus, in the preface of which he described his experience as "the happiest time of my life". (A portion of Hartekamp was declared as public garden in April 1956 by the Heemstede local authority, and was named "Linnaeushof".<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> It eventually became, as it is claimed, the biggest playground in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a>) In July 1736, Linnaeus travelled to England, at Clifford's expense.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> He went to London to visit Sir Hans Sloane, a collector of natural history, and to see his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> as well as to visit the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Physic_Garden" title="Chelsea Physic Garden">Chelsea Physic Garden</a> and its keeper, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Miller" title="Philip Miller">Philip Miller</a>. He taught Miller about his new system of subdividing plants, as described in Systema Naturae. At first, Miller was reluctant to use the new <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, preferring instead the classifications of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a>. Nevertheless, Linnaeus applauded Miller's Gardeners Dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> The conservative Miller actually retained in his dictionary a number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botanists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Gardeners_Dictionary" title="The Gardeners Dictionary">The Gardeners Dictionary</a> of 1768. Miller ultimately was impressed, and from then on started to arrange the garden according to Linnaeus's system.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> Linnaeus also travelled to Oxford University to visit the botanist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Dillenius" title="Johann Jacob Dillenius">Johann Jacob Dillenius</a>. He failed to make Dillenius publicly fully accept his new classification system, though the two men remained in correspondence for many years afterwards. Linnaeus dedicated his Critica Botanica to him, as "opus botanicum quo absolutius mundus non-vidit". Linnaeus would later name a genus of tropical tree Dillenia in his honour. He then returned to Hartekamp, bringing with him many specimens of rare plants.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> The next year, 1737, he published <a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a>, in which he described 935 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of plants, and shortly thereafter he supplemented it with Corollarium Generum Plantarum, with another sixty (sexaginta) genera.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> His work at Hartekamp led to another book, <a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a>, a catalogue of the botanical holdings in the herbarium and botanical garden of Hartekamp. He wrote it in nine months (completed in July 1737), but it was not published until 1738.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt100-102-76">[70]</a> It contains the first use of the name <a href="/wiki/Nepenthes" title="Nepenthes">Nepenthes</a>, which Linnaeus used to describe a genus of <a href="/wiki/Pitcher_plant" title="Pitcher plant">pitcher plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-nepenthes-89">[note 4]</a> Linnaeus stayed with Clifford at Hartekamp until 18 October 1737 (new style), when he left the house to return to Sweden. Illness and the kindness of Dutch friends obliged him to stay some months longer in Holland. In May 1738, he set out for Sweden again. On the way home, he stayed in Paris for about a month, visiting botanists such as <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine de Jussieu">Antoine de Jussieu</a>. After his return, Linnaeus never again left Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koerner56-91">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Sweden">Return to Sweden</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg/170px-LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg/255px-LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg/340px-LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Wedding portrait</figcaption></figure> When Linnaeus returned to Sweden on 28 June 1738, he went to <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a>, where he entered into an engagement to <a href="/wiki/Sara_Elisabeth_Mor%C3%A6a" title="Sara Elisabeth Moræa">Sara Elisabeth Moræa</a>. Three months later, he moved to Stockholm to find employment as a physician, and thus to make it possible to support a family.<a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> Once again, Linnaeus found a patron; he became acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Tessin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Tessin">Count Carl Gustav Tessin</a>, who helped him get work as a physician at the Admiralty.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> During this time in Stockholm, Linnaeus helped found the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Science">Royal Swedish Academy of Science</a>; he became the first <a href="/wiki/Praeses#Modern_uses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a> of the academy by drawing of lots.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> Because his finances had improved and were now sufficient to support a family, he received permission to marry his fiancée, Sara Elisabeth Moræa. Their wedding was held 26 June 1739. Seventeen months later, Sara gave birth to their first son, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl</a>. Two years later, a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina</a>, was born, and the subsequent year Sara gave birth to Sara Magdalena, who died when 15 days old. Sara and Linnaeus would later have four other children: Lovisa, Sara Christina, Johannes and Sophia.<a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlvonLinne_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CarlvonLinne_house.jpg/220px-CarlvonLinne_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CarlvonLinne_house.jpg/330px-CarlvonLinne_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CarlvonLinne_house.jpg/440px-CarlvonLinne_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>House in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a></figcaption></figure> In May 1741, Linnaeus was appointed Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University, first with responsibility for medicine-related matters. Soon, he changed place with the other Professor of Medicine, Nils Rosén, and thus was responsible for the Botanical Garden (which he would thoroughly reconstruct and expand), botany and <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, instead. In October that same year, his wife and nine-month-old son followed him to live in Uppsala.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Öland_and_Gotland">Öland and Gotland</h3></div> Ten days after he was appointed professor, he undertook an expedition to the island provinces of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> with six students from the university to look for plants useful in medicine. They stayed on Öland until 21 June, then sailed to <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a> in Gotland. Linnaeus and the students stayed on Gotland for about a month, and then returned to Uppsala. During this expedition, they found 100 previously unrecorded plants. The observations from the expedition were later published in Öländska och Gothländska Resa, written in Swedish. Like Flora Lapponica, it contained both zoological and botanical observations, as well as observations concerning the culture in Öland and Gotland.<a href="#cite_note-Koerner115-99">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> During the summer of 1745, Linnaeus published two more books: Flora Suecica and Fauna Suecica. Flora Suecica was a strictly botanical book, while Fauna Suecica was <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoological</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-92">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> had created the temperature scale <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">named after him</a> in 1742. Celsius's scale was originally inverted compared to the way it is used today, with water boiling at 0 °C and freezing at 100 °C. Linnaeus was the one who inverted the scale to its present usage, in 1745.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Västergötland">Västergötland</h3></div> In the summer of 1746, Linnaeus was once again commissioned by the Government to carry out an expedition, this time to the Swedish province of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>. He set out from Uppsala on 12 June and returned on 11 August. On the expedition his primary companion was Erik Gustaf Lidbeck, a student who had accompanied him on his previous journey. Linnaeus described his findings from the expedition in the book Wästgöta-Resa, published the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Koerner115-99">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> After he returned from the journey, the Government decided Linnaeus should take on another expedition to the southernmost province <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>. This journey was postponed, as Linnaeus felt too busy.<a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-92">[85]</a> In 1747, Linnaeus was given the title <a href="/wiki/Archiater" title="Archiater">archiater</a>, or chief physician, by the Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">Adolf Frederick</a>—a mark of great respect.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> The same year he was elected member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences in Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scania">Scania</h3></div> In the spring of 1749, Linnaeus could finally journey to <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, again commissioned by the government. With him he brought his student Olof Söderberg. On the way to Scania, he made his last visit to his brothers and sisters in Stenbrohult since his father had died the previous year. The expedition was similar to the previous journeys in most aspects, but this time he was also ordered to find the best place to grow <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorbus_intermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus intermedia">Swedish whitebeam</a> trees; these trees were used by the military to make rifles. While there, they also visited the <a href="/wiki/Raml%C3%B6sa_H%C3%A4lsobrunn" title="Ramlösa Hälsobrunn">Ramlösa mineral spa</a>, where he remarked on the quality of its ferruginous water.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> The journey was successful, and Linnaeus's observations were published the next year in Skånska Resa.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koerner116-108">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rector_of_Uppsala_University">Rector of Uppsala University</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg/390px-CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg/585px-CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg/780px-CarlvonLinne_Hammarby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Summer home at his Hammarby estate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg/220px-CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg/330px-CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg/440px-CarlvonLinne_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> in Uppsala</figcaption></figure> In 1750, Linnaeus became rector of Uppsala University, starting a period where natural sciences were esteemed.<a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-92">[85]</a> Perhaps the most important contribution he made during his time at Uppsala was to teach; many of his students travelled to various places in the world to collect botanical samples. Linnaeus called the best of these students his "apostles".<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> His lectures were normally very popular and were often held in the Botanical Garden. He tried to teach the students to think for themselves and not trust anybody, not even him. Even more popular than the lectures were the botanical excursions made every Saturday during summer, where Linnaeus and his students explored the flora and fauna in the vicinity of Uppsala.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophia_Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</h3></div> Linnaeus published <a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a> in 1751.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1751-111">[104]</a> The book contained a complete survey of the taxonomy system he had been using in his earlier works. It also contained information of how to keep a journal on travels and how to maintain a botanical garden.<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrix_Noverca">Nutrix Noverca</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nutrix_noverca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nutrix_noverca.jpg/170px-Nutrix_noverca.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nutrix_noverca.jpg/255px-Nutrix_noverca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nutrix_noverca.jpg/340px-Nutrix_noverca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Nutrix Noverca (1752)</figcaption></figure> During Linnaeus's time it was normal for upper class women to have <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurses</a> for their babies. Linnaeus joined an ongoing campaign to end this practice in Sweden and promote breast-feeding by mothers. In 1752 Linnaeus published a thesis along with Frederick Lindberg, a physician student,<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> based on their experiences.<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> In the tradition of the period, this dissertation was essentially an idea of the presiding reviewer (prases) expounded upon by the student. Linnaeus's dissertation was translated into French by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Emmanuel_Gilibert" title="Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert">J. E. Gilibert</a> in 1770 as La Nourrice marâtre, ou Dissertation sur les suites funestes du nourrisage mercénaire. Linnaeus suggested that children might absorb the personality of their wet nurse through the milk. He admired the child care practices of the Lapps<a href="#cite_note-Koerner,_Lisbet_2009_69–70-115">[108]</a> and pointed out how healthy their babies were compared to those of Europeans who employed wet nurses. He compared the behaviour of wild animals and pointed out how none of them denied their newborns their breastmilk.<a href="#cite_note-Koerner,_Lisbet_2009_69–70-115">[108]</a> It is thought that his activism played a role in his choice of the term Mammalia for the class of organisms.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_Plantarum">Species Plantarum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></div> Linnaeus published Species Plantarum, the work which is now internationally accepted as the starting point of modern <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a>, in 1753.<a href="#cite_note-Stace_p24-117">[110]</a> The first volume was issued on 24 May, the second volume followed on 16 August of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-119">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> The book contained 1,200 pages and was published in two volumes; it described over 7,300 species.<a href="#cite_note-Gribbin47-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> The same year the king dubbed him knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star" title="Order of the Polar Star">Order of the Polar Star</a>, the first civilian in Sweden to become a knight in this order. He was then seldom seen not wearing the order's insignia.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ennoblement">Ennoblement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linne_CoA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Linne_CoA.jpg/220px-Linne_CoA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Linne_CoA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>His <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a></figcaption></figure> Linnaeus felt Uppsala was too noisy and unhealthy, so he bought two farms in 1758: Hammarby and Sävja. The next year, he bought a neighbouring farm, Edeby. He spent the summers with his family at Hammarby; initially it only had a small one-storey house, but in 1762 a new, larger main building was added.<a href="#cite_note-Koerner116-108">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> In Hammarby, Linnaeus made a garden where he could grow plants that could not be grown in the Botanical Garden in Uppsala. He began constructing a museum on a hill behind Hammarby in 1766, where he moved his library and collection of plants. A fire that destroyed about one third of Uppsala and had threatened his residence there necessitated the move.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> Since the initial release of Systema Naturae in 1735, the book had been expanded and reprinted several times; the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> was released in 1758. This edition established itself as the starting point for <a href="/wiki/Zoological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological nomenclature">zoological nomenclature</a>, the equivalent of Species Plantarum.<a href="#cite_note-Gribbin47-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> The Swedish King Adolf Frederick granted Linnaeus <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> in 1757, but he was not <a href="/wiki/Ennobled" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennobled">ennobled</a> until 1761. With his ennoblement, he took the name Carl von Linné (Latinised as Carolus a Linné), 'Linné' being a shortened and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">gallicised</a> version of 'Linnæus', and the German <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a> '<a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a>' signifying his ennoblement.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt171-5">[3]</a> The noble family's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> prominently features a <a href="/wiki/Linnaea_borealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaea borealis">twinflower</a>, one of Linnaeus's favourite plants; it was given the scientific name Linnaea borealis in his honour by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Frederik_Gronovius" title="Jan Frederik Gronovius">Gronovius</a>. The shield in the coat of arms is divided into thirds: red, black and green for the three kingdoms of nature (animal, mineral and vegetable) in Linnaean classification; in the centre is an egg "to denote Nature, which is continued and perpetuated in ovo". At the bottom is a phrase in Latin, borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, which reads "Famam extendere factis": we extend our fame by our deeds.<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> Linnaeus inscribed this personal motto in books that were given to him by friends.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> After his ennoblement, Linnaeus continued teaching and writing. In total, he presided at 186 PhD ceremonies, with many of the dissertations written by himself.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> His reputation had spread over the world, and he corresponded with many different people. For example, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a> sent him seeds from her country.<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> He also corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli" title="Giovanni Antonio Scopoli">Giovanni Antonio Scopoli</a>, "the Linnaeus of the Austrian Empire", who was a doctor and a botanist in <a href="/wiki/Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a> (nowadays <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> Scopoli communicated all of his research, findings, and descriptions (for example of the <a href="/wiki/Olm" title="Olm">olm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dormouse" title="Dormouse">dormouse</a>, two little animals hitherto unknown to Linnaeus). Linnaeus greatly respected Scopoli and showed great interest in his work. He named a solanaceous genus, <a href="/wiki/Scopolia" title="Scopolia">Scopolia</a>, the source of <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">scopolamine</a>, after him, but because of the great distance between them, they never met.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_years">Final years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_grave_2007_Upsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_grave_2007_Upsala.jpg/190px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_grave_2007_Upsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_grave_2007_Upsala.jpg/285px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_grave_2007_Upsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_grave_2007_Upsala.jpg/380px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9_grave_2007_Upsala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">Headstone</a> of him and his son <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a></figcaption></figure> Linnaeus was relieved of his duties in the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1763, but continued his work there as usual for more than ten years after.<a href="#cite_note-nrm.se-92">[85]</a> In 1769 he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> for his work.<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> He stepped down as rector at Uppsala University in December 1772, mostly due to his declining health.<a href="#cite_note-Koerner56-91">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blunt245-137">[129]</a> Linnaeus's last years were troubled by illness. He had had a disease called the Uppsala fever in 1764, but survived due to the care of Rosén. He developed <a href="/wiki/Sciatica" title="Sciatica">sciatica</a> in 1773, and the next year, he had a stroke which partially paralysed him.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> He had a second stroke in 1776, losing the use of his right side and leaving him bereft of his memory; while still able to admire his own writings, he could not recognise himself as their author.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> In December 1777, he had another stroke which greatly weakened him, and eventually led to his death on 10 January 1778 in Hammarby.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blunt245-137">[129]</a> Despite his desire to be buried in Hammarby, he was buried in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a> on 22 January.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson104-106-143">[135]</a> His library and collections were left to his widow Sara and their children. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, an eminent botanist, wished to purchase the collection, but his son Carl refused the offer and instead moved the collection to Uppsala. In 1783 Carl died and Sara inherited the collection, having outlived both her husband and son. She tried to sell it to Banks, but he was no longer interested; instead an acquaintance of his agreed to buy the collection. The acquaintance was a 24-year-old medical student, <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist)" title="James Edward Smith (botanist)">James Edward Smith</a>, who bought the whole collection: 14,000 plants, 3,198 insects, 1,564 shells, about 3,000 letters and 1,600 books. Smith founded the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a> five years later.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson104-106-143">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> The von Linné name ended with his son Carl, who never married.<a href="#cite_note-deceased-10">[7]</a> His other son, Johannes, had died aged 3.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> There are over two hundred descendants of Linnaeus through two of his daughters.<a href="#cite_note-deceased-10">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apostles">Apostles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Peter_Thunberg_x_Jacob_Fredrik_Ek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Carl_Peter_Thunberg_x_Jacob_Fredrik_Ek.jpg/110px-Carl_Peter_Thunberg_x_Jacob_Fredrik_Ek.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Carl_Peter_Thunberg_x_Jacob_Fredrik_Ek.jpg/165px-Carl_Peter_Thunberg_x_Jacob_Fredrik_Ek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Carl_Peter_Thunberg_x_Jacob_Fredrik_Ek.jpg/220px-Carl_Peter_Thunberg_x_Jacob_Fredrik_Ek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> physician and an <a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">apostle of Linnaeus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l_portrait_(cropped_and_color_balanced).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l_portrait_%28cropped_and_color_balanced%29.png/110px-Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l_portrait_%28cropped_and_color_balanced%29.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l_portrait_%28cropped_and_color_balanced%29.png/165px-Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l_portrait_%28cropped_and_color_balanced%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l_portrait_%28cropped_and_color_balanced%29.png/220px-Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l_portrait_%28cropped_and_color_balanced%29.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a> was among the apostles who met a tragic fate abroad.</figcaption></figure> During Linnaeus's time as Professor and Rector of Uppsala University, he taught <a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">many devoted students</a>, 17 of whom he called "apostles". They were the most promising, most committed students, and all of them made botanical expeditions to various places in the world, often with his help. The amount of this help varied; sometimes he used his influence as Rector to grant his apostles a scholarship or a place on an expedition.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> To most of the apostles he gave instructions of what to look for on their journeys. Abroad, the apostles collected and organised new plants, animals and minerals according to Linnaeus's system. Most of them also gave some of their collection to Linnaeus when their journey was finished.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> Thanks to these students, the Linnaean system of taxonomy spread through the world without Linnaeus ever having to travel outside Sweden after his return from Holland.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> The British botanist <a href="/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">William T. Stearn</a> notes, without Linnaeus's new system, it would not have been possible for the apostles to collect and organise so many new specimens.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt184-185-149">[141]</a> Many of the apostles died during their expeditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_expeditions">Early expeditions</h3></div> Christopher Tärnström, the first apostle and a 43-year-old pastor with a wife and children, made his journey in 1746. He boarded a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a> ship headed for China. Tärnström never reached his destination, dying of a tropical fever on <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Côn Sơn Island</a> the same year. Tärnström's widow blamed Linnaeus for making her children fatherless, causing Linnaeus to prefer sending out younger, unmarried students after Tärnström.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> Six other apostles later died on their expeditions, including <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Forssk%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehr Forsskål">Pehr Forsskål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blunt184-185-149">[141]</a> Two years after Tärnström's expedition, Finnish-born <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a> set out as the second apostle to North America. There he spent two-and-a-half years studying the flora and fauna of Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Canada. Linnaeus was overjoyed when Kalm returned, bringing back with him many pressed flowers and seeds. At least 90 of the 700 North American species described in Species Plantarum had been brought back by Kalm.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cook_expeditions_and_Japan">Cook expeditions and Japan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mortimer_-_Captain_James_Cook,_Sir_Joseph_Banks,_Lord_Sandwich,_Dr_Daniel_Solander_and_Dr_John_Hawkesworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mortimer_-_Captain_James_Cook%2C_Sir_Joseph_Banks%2C_Lord_Sandwich%2C_Dr_Daniel_Solander_and_Dr_John_Hawkesworth.jpg/220px-Mortimer_-_Captain_James_Cook%2C_Sir_Joseph_Banks%2C_Lord_Sandwich%2C_Dr_Daniel_Solander_and_Dr_John_Hawkesworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mortimer_-_Captain_James_Cook%2C_Sir_Joseph_Banks%2C_Lord_Sandwich%2C_Dr_Daniel_Solander_and_Dr_John_Hawkesworth.jpg/330px-Mortimer_-_Captain_James_Cook%2C_Sir_Joseph_Banks%2C_Lord_Sandwich%2C_Dr_Daniel_Solander_and_Dr_John_Hawkesworth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mortimer_-_Captain_James_Cook%2C_Sir_Joseph_Banks%2C_Lord_Sandwich%2C_Dr_Daniel_Solander_and_Dr_John_Hawkesworth.jpg/440px-Mortimer_-_Captain_James_Cook%2C_Sir_Joseph_Banks%2C_Lord_Sandwich%2C_Dr_Daniel_Solander_and_Dr_John_Hawkesworth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Apostle <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a> (far left) with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (left, sitting) accompanied <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (centre) on his journey to Australia.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a> was living in Linnaeus's house during his time as a student in Uppsala. Linnaeus was very fond of him, promising Solander his eldest daughter's hand in marriage. On Linnaeus's recommendation, Solander travelled to England in 1760, where he met the English botanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>. With Banks, Solander joined <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> on his expedition to Oceania on the <a href="/wiki/HM_Bark_Endeavour" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Bark Endeavour">Endeavour</a> in 1768–71.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> Solander was not the only apostle to journey with James Cook; <a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a> followed on the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">Resolution</a> in 1772–75 bound for, among other places, Oceania and South America. Sparrman made many other expeditions, one of them to South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> Perhaps the most famous and successful apostle was <a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a>, who embarked on a nine-year expedition in 1770. He stayed in South Africa for three years, then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. All foreigners in Japan were forced to stay on the island of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, so it was thus hard for Thunberg to study the flora. He did, however, manage to persuade some of the translators to bring him different plants, and he also found plants in the gardens of Dejima. He returned to Sweden in 1779, one year after Linnaeus's death.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_publications">Major publications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Carl Linnaeus bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systema_Naturae">Systema Naturae</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg/170px-Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg/255px-Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg/340px-Linnaeus1758-title-page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition of Systema Naturæ</a> (1758)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></div> The first edition of Systema Naturae was printed in the Netherlands in 1735. It was a twelve-page work.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> By the time it reached its <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition</a> in 1758, it classified 4,400 species of animals and 7,700 species of plants. People from all over the world sent their specimens to Linnaeus to be included. By the time he started work on the 12th edition, Linnaeus needed a new invention—the <a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">index card</a>—to track classifications.<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> In Systema Naturae, the unwieldy names mostly used at the time, such as "Physalis annua ramosissima, ramis angulosis glabris, foliis dentato-serratis", were supplemented with concise and now familiar "binomials", composed of the generic name, followed by a specific epithet—in the case given, <a href="/wiki/Physalis_angulata" title="Physalis angulata">Physalis angulata</a>. These binomials could serve as a label to refer to the species. Higher taxa were constructed and arranged in a simple and orderly manner. Although the system, now known as <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, was partially developed by the Bauhin brothers (see <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a>) almost 200 years earlier,<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> Linnaeus was the first to use it consistently throughout the work, including in monospecific genera, and may be said to have popularised it within the scientific community. After the decline in Linnaeus's health in the early 1770s, publication of editions of Systema Naturae went in two different directions. Another Swedish scientist, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Andreas_Murray" title="Johan Andreas Murray">Johan Andreas Murray</a>, issued the Regnum Vegetabile section separately in 1774 as the Systema Vegetabilium, rather confusingly labelled the 13th edition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinné1774-159">[151]</a> Meanwhile, a 13th edition of the entire Systema appeared in parts between 1788 and 1793 under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin" title="Johann Friedrich Gmelin">Johann Friedrich Gmelin</a>. It was through the Systema Vegetabilium that Linnaeus's work became widely known in England, following its translation from the Latin by the <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Botanical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichfield Botanical Society">Lichfield Botanical Society</a> as A System of Vegetables (1783–1785).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinné1785-160">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbis_eruditi_judicium_de_Caroli_Linnaei_MD_scriptis">Orbis eruditi judicium de Caroli Linnaei MD scriptis</h3></div> ('Opinion of the learned world on the writings of Carl Linnaeus, Doctor') Published in 1740, this small octavo-sized pamphlet was presented to the State Library of New South Wales by the Linnean Society of NSW in 2018. This is considered among the rarest of all the writings of Linnaeus, and crucial to his career, securing him his appointment to a professorship of medicine at Uppsala University. From this position he laid the groundwork for his radical new theory of classifying and naming organisms for which he was considered the founder of modern taxonomy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_Plantarum_2">Species Plantarum</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></div> Species Plantarum (or, more fully, Species Plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas) was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work. Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">plant nomenclature</a> as it exists today.<a href="#cite_note-Stace_p24-117">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genera_Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></div> Genera plantarum: eorumque characteres naturales secundum numerum, figuram, situm, et proportionem omnium fructificationis partium was first published in 1737, delineating plant genera. Around 10 editions were published, not all of them by Linnaeus himself; the most important is the 1754 fifth edition.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> In it Linnaeus divided the plant Kingdom into 24 classes. One, <a href="/wiki/Cryptogamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptogamia">Cryptogamia</a>, included all the plants with concealed reproductive parts (algae, fungi, mosses and liverworts and ferns).<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophia_Botanica_2">Philosophia Botanica</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></div> Philosophia Botanica (1751)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1751-111">[104]</a> was a summary of Linnaeus's thinking on plant classification and nomenclature, and an elaboration of the work he had previously published in <a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a> (1736) and <a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a> (1737). Other publications forming part of his plan to reform the foundations of botany include his <a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a>: all were printed in Holland (as were <a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a> (1737) and <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (1735)), the Philosophia being simultaneously released in Stockholm.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:External_Statues,_Palm_House,_Sefton_Park_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg/170px-External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg/255px-External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg/340px-External_Statues%2C_Palm_House%2C_Sefton_Park_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Linnaeus marble by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on-Joseph_Chavalliaud" title="Léon-Joseph Chavalliaud">Léon-Joseph Chavalliaud</a> (1899), outside the Palm House at <a href="/wiki/Sefton_Park" title="Sefton Park">Sefton Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></figcaption></figure> At the end of his lifetime the Linnean collection in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> was considered one of the finest collections of natural history objects in Sweden. Next to his own collection he had also built up a museum for the university of Uppsala, which was supplied by material donated by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gyllenborg" title="Carl Gyllenborg">Carl Gyllenborg</a> (in 1744–1745), crown-prince <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick,_King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden">Adolf Fredrik</a> (in 1745), Erik Petreus (in 1746), <a href="/wiki/Claes_Grill" title="Claes Grill">Claes Grill</a> (in 1746), Magnus Lagerström (in 1748 and 1750) and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Alstr%C3%B6mer" title="Jonas Alströmer">Jonas Alströmer</a> (in 1749). The relation between the museum and the private collection was not formalised and the steady flow of material from Linnean pupils were incorporated to the private collection rather than to the museum.<a href="#cite_note-Wallin,_L._2001-164">[156]</a> Linnaeus felt his work was reflecting the harmony of nature and he said in 1754 "the earth is then nothing else but a museum of the all-wise creator's masterpieces, divided into three chambers". He had turned his own estate into a microcosm of that 'world museum'.<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a> In April 1766 parts of the town were destroyed by a fire and the Linnean private collection was subsequently moved to a barn outside the town, and shortly afterwards to a single-room stone building close to his <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">country house at Hammarby</a> near Uppsala. This resulted in a physical separation between the two collections; the museum collection remained in the botanical garden of the university. Some material which needed special care (alcohol specimens) or ample storage space was moved from the private collection to the museum. In Hammarby the Linnean private collections suffered seriously from damp and the depredations by mice and insects. Carl von Linné's son (Carl Linnaeus) inherited the collections in 1778 and retained them until his own death in 1783. Shortly after Carl von Linné's death his son confirmed that mice had caused "horrible damage" to the plants and that also moths and mould had caused considerable damage.<a href="#cite_note-Dance,_S.P._1967-166">[158]</a> He tried to rescue them from the neglect they had suffered during his father's later years, and also added further specimens. This last activity however reduced rather than augmented the scientific value of the original material. In 1784 the young medical student <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Smith_(botanist)" title="James Edward Smith (botanist)">James Edward Smith</a> purchased the entire specimen collection, library, manuscripts, and correspondence of Carl Linnaeus from his widow and daughter and transferred the collections to London.<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> Not all material in Linné's private collection was transported to England. Thirty-three fish specimens preserved in alcohol were not sent and were later lost.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> In London Smith tended to neglect the zoological parts of the collection; he added some specimens and also gave some specimens away.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> Over the following centuries the Linnean collection in London suffered enormously at the hands of scientists who studied the collection, and in the process disturbed the original arrangement and labels, added specimens that did not belong to the original series and withdrew precious original type material.<a href="#cite_note-Dance,_S.P._1967-166">[158]</a> Much material which had been intensively studied by Linné in his scientific career belonged to the collection of <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Ulrika_of_Prussia" title="Louisa Ulrika of Prussia">Queen Lovisa Ulrika</a> (1720–1782) (in the Linnean publications referred to as "Museum Ludovicae Ulricae" or "M. L. U."). This collection was donated by her grandson <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">King Gustav IV Adolf</a> (1778–1837) to the museum in Uppsala in 1804. Another important collection in this respect was that of her husband <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick,_King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden">King Adolf Fredrik</a> (1710–1771) (in the Linnean sources known as "Museum Adolphi Friderici" or "Mus. Ad. Fr."), the wet parts (alcohol collection) of which were later donated to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, and is today housed in the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Swedish Museum of Natural History">Swedish Museum of Natural History</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. The dry material was transferred to Uppsala.<a href="#cite_note-Wallin,_L._2001-164">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_of_taxonomy">System of taxonomy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/220px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/330px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/440px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>Table of the Animal Kingdom (Regnum Animale) from the 1st edition of <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturæ</a> (1735)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a></div> The establishment of universally accepted conventions for the naming of organisms was Linnaeus's main contribution to taxonomy—his work marks the starting point of consistent use of binomial nomenclature.<a href="#cite_note-Reveal_1993_p._160-161-171">[163]</a> During the 18th century expansion of natural history knowledge, Linnaeus also developed what became known as the Linnaean taxonomy; the system of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific classification">scientific classification</a> now widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological sciences</a>. A previous zoologist <a href="/wiki/Rumphius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumphius">Rumphius</a> (1627–1702) had more or less approximated the Linnaean system and his material contributed to the later development of the binomial scientific classification by Linnaeus.<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> The Linnaean system classified nature within a <a href="/wiki/Nested_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nested hierarchy">nested hierarchy</a>, starting with three <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a>. Kingdoms were divided into classes and they, in turn, into orders, and thence into genera (singular: genus), which were divided into species (singular: species).<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> Below the rank of species he sometimes recognised taxa of a lower (unnamed) <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">rank</a>; these have since acquired standardised names such as variety in botany and subspecies in zoology. Modern taxonomy includes a rank of <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> between order and genus and a rank of <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> between kingdom and class that were not present in Linnaeus's original system.<a href="#cite_note-Davis_1973_p._17-174">[166]</a> Linnaeus's groupings were based upon shared physical characteristics, and not based upon differences.<a href="#cite_note-Davis_1973_p._17-174">[166]</a> Of his higher groupings, only those for animals are still in use, and the groupings themselves have been significantly changed since their conception, as have the principles behind them. Nevertheless, Linnaeus is credited with establishing the idea of a hierarchical structure of classification which is based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Reveal_1993_p._160-161-171">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> While the underlying details concerning what are considered to be scientifically valid "observable characteristics" have changed with expanding knowledge (for example, <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, unavailable in Linnaeus's time, has proven to be a tool of considerable utility for classifying living organisms and establishing their <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">evolutionary relationships</a>), the fundamental principle remains sound. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_taxonomy">Human taxonomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#History" title="Human taxonomy">Human taxonomy § History</a></div> Linnaeus's system of taxonomy was especially noted as the first to include humans (<a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>) taxonomically grouped with apes (<a href="/wiki/Simia" title="Simia">Simia</a>), under the header of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorpha" title="Anthropomorpha">Anthropomorpha</a>. German biologist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> speaking in 1907 noted this as the "most important sign of Linnaeus's genius".<a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> Linnaeus classified humans among the <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> beginning with the first edition of Systema Naturae.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> During his time at Hartekamp, he had the opportunity to examine several <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a> and noted similarities between them and man.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> He pointed out both species basically have the same anatomy; except for speech, he found no other differences.<a href="#cite_note-179">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[note 6]</a> Thus he placed man and monkeys under the same category, Anthropomorpha, meaning "manlike".<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a> This classification received criticism from other biologists such as <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gottschalk_Wallerius" title="Johan Gottschalk Wallerius">Johan Gottschalk Wallerius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Theodor_Klein" title="Jacob Theodor Klein">Jacob Theodor Klein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gmelin" title="Johann Georg Gmelin">Johann Georg Gmelin</a> on the ground that it is illogical to describe man as human-like.<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> In a letter to Gmelin from 1747, Linnaeus replied:<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[note 7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It does not please [you] that I've placed Man among the Anthropomorpha, perhaps because of the term 'with human form',<a href="#cite_note-185">[note 8]</a> but man learns to know himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name we apply. But I seek from you and from the whole world a generic difference between man and simian that [follows] from the principles of Natural History.<a href="#cite_note-186">[note 9]</a> I absolutely know of none. If only someone might tell me a single one! If I would have called man a simian or vice versa, I would have brought together all the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to have by virtue of the law of the discipline.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antropomorpha12c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Antropomorpha12c.png/220px-Antropomorpha12c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Antropomorpha12c.png/330px-Antropomorpha12c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Antropomorpha12c.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the sixth edition of Systema Naturae (1748) describing <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorpha" title="Anthropomorpha">Ant[h]ropomorpha</a> with a division between Homo and Simia</figcaption></figure> The theological concerns were twofold: first, putting man at the same level as monkeys or apes would lower the spiritually higher position that man was assumed to have in the <a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">great chain of being</a>, and second, because the Bible says man was created in the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">image of God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theomorphism" title="Theomorphism">theomorphism</a>), if monkeys/apes and humans were not distinctly and separately designed, that would mean monkeys and apes were created in the image of God as well. This was something many could not accept.<a href="#cite_note-187">[175]</a> The conflict between <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world views</a> that was caused by asserting man was a type of animal would simmer for a century until the much greater, and still ongoing, <a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">creation–evolution controversy</a> began in earnest with the publication of <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in 1859. After such criticism, Linnaeus felt he needed to explain himself more clearly. The 10th edition of Systema Naturae introduced new terms, including Mammalia and Primates, the latter of which would replace Anthropomorpha<a href="#cite_note-188">[176]</a> as well as giving humans the full binomial Homo sapiens.<a href="#cite_note-189">[177]</a> The new classification received less criticism, but many natural historians still believed he had demoted humans from their former place of ruling over nature and not being a part of it. Linnaeus believed that man biologically belongs to the animal kingdom and had to be included in it.<a href="#cite_note-190">[178]</a> In his book Dieta Naturalis, he said, "One should not vent one's wrath on animals, Theology decree that man has a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> and that the animals are mere 'automata mechanica', but I believe they would be better advised that animals have a soul and that the difference is of nobility."<a href="#cite_note-191">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png/220px-Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png/330px-Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png/440px-Hoppius_Anthropomorpha.png 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Anthropomorpha, from the 1760 dissertation by C. E. Hoppius<a href="#cite_note-192">[180]</a> 1. Troglodyta Bontii, 2. Lucifer Aldrovandi, 3. Satyrus Tulpii, 4. Pygmaeus Edwardi</figcaption></figure> Linnaeus added a second species to the genus Homo in Systema Naturae based on a figure and description by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Bontius" title="Jacobus Bontius">Jacobus Bontius</a> from a 1658 publication: Homo troglodytes ("caveman")<a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[182]</a> and published a third in 1771: Homo lar.<a href="#cite_note-195">[183]</a> Swedish historian <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Gunnar Broberg</a> states that the new human species Linnaeus described were actually simians or native people clad in skins to frighten colonial settlers, whose appearance had been exaggerated in accounts to Linnaeus.<a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a> For Homo troglodytes Linnaeus asked the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a> to search for one, but they did not find any signs of its existence.<a href="#cite_note-197">[185]</a> Homo lar has since been reclassified as Hylobates lar, the <a href="/wiki/Lar_gibbon" title="Lar gibbon">lar gibbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></div> In the first edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus subdivided the human species into four <a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">varieties</a>: "Europæus albesc[ens]" (whitish European), "Americanus rubesc[ens]" (reddish American), "Asiaticus fuscus" (tawny Asian) and "Africanus nigr[iculus]" (blackish African).<a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a> In the tenth edition of Systema Naturae he further detailed phenotypical characteristics for each variety, based on the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Four_temperaments" title="Four temperaments">four temperaments</a> from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[189]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Carl_Linnaeus#Dubious" title="Talk:Carl Linnaeus">discuss</a>] and changed the description of Asians' skin tone to "luridus" (yellow).<a href="#cite_note-202">[190]</a> While Linnaeus believed that these varieties resulted from environmental differences between the four known <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[191]</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Linnean_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society</a> acknowledges that his categorization's focus on <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin color</a> and later inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> and behavioral traits cemented <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> stereotypes and provided the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[192]</a> Additionally, Linnaeus created a <a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">wastebasket taxon</a> "monstrosus" for "wild and monstrous humans, unknown groups, and more or less abnormal people".<a href="#cite_note-205">[193]</a> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/W._T._Stearn" class="mw-redirect" title="W. T. Stearn">W. T. Stearn</a> designated Linnaeus to be the <a href="/wiki/Lectotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Lectotype">lectotype</a> of H. sapiens.<a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_and_economic_beliefs">Influences and economic beliefs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LinneStatueMidway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LinneStatueMidway.jpg/170px-LinneStatueMidway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LinneStatueMidway.jpg/255px-LinneStatueMidway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LinneStatueMidway.jpg/340px-LinneStatueMidway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Statue on University of Chicago campus</figcaption></figure> Linnaeus's applied science was inspired not only by the instrumental utilitarianism general to the early Enlightenment, but also by his adherence to the older economic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">Cameralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[197]</a> Additionally, Linnaeus was a state interventionist. He supported tariffs, levies, export bounties, quotas, embargoes, navigation acts, subsidised investment capital, ceilings on wages, cash grants, state-licensed producer monopolies, and cartels.<a href="#cite_note-210">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg/220px-R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg/330px-R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg/440px-R%C3%A5shult_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>1907 celebration in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5shult" title="Råshult">Råshult</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus</a></div> Anniversaries of Linnaeus's birth, especially in centennial years, have been marked by major celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-Östholm-211">[199]</a> Linnaeus has appeared on numerous Swedish postage stamps and <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Östholm-211">[199]</a> There are numerous statues of Linnaeus in countries around the world. The <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a> has awarded the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a> for excellence in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> since 1888. Following approval by the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksdag of Sweden">Riksdag of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Växjö University">Växjö University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmar College">Kalmar College</a> merged on 1 January 2010 to become <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[200]</a> Other things named after Linnaeus include the twinflower genus <a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linnaeosicyos" title="Linnaeosicyos">Linnaeosicyos</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic genus">monotypic genus</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a>),<a href="#cite_note-213">[201]</a> the crater <a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné</a> on the Earth's moon, a street in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, and the cobalt sulfide mineral <a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a>. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary">Commentary</h2></div> Linnaeus wrote a description of himself in his autobiography Egenhändiga anteckningar af Carl Linnæus om sig sjelf: med anmärkningar och tillägg, which was published by his student <a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a> in 1823: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Linnaeus was not big, not small, thin, brown-eyed, light, hasty, walked quickly, did everything promptly, could not stand lateness; was quickly moved, sensitive, worked continuously; could not spare himself. He enjoyed good food, drank good drinks; but was never inebriated by them. He cared little for appearance, believed that the man should embellish the clothes and not vice versa. He was certainly not argumentative, so he never answered those who wrote against him, and said: If I am wrong, I will not win and if I am right, I will be shown to be right as long as Nature exists.<a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Warfare_of_Science_with_Theology_in_Christendom" title="A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom">A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom</a> (1896): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Linnaeus ... was the most eminent naturalist of his time, a wide observer, a close thinker; but the atmosphere in which he lived and moved and had his being was saturated with biblical theology, and this permeated all his thinking. ... Toward the end of his life he timidly advanced the hypothesis that all the species of one genus constituted at the creation one species; and from the last edition of his Systema Naturæ he quietly left out the strongly orthodox statement of the fixity of each species, which he had insisted upon in his earlier works. ... warnings came speedily both from the Catholic and Protestant sides.<a href="#cite_note-215">[203]</a></blockquote> The mathematical <a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> algorithm, applied to 24 multilingual Wikipedia editions in 2014, published in <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a> in 2015, placed Carl Linnaeus at the top historical figure, above <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (in that order).<a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a> In the 21st century, Linnæus's taxonomy of human "races" has been criticized. Some claim that Linnæus was one of the forebears of the modern pseudoscientific notion of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, while others hold the view that while his classification was stereotyped, it did not imply that certain human "races" were superior to others.<a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism#Carl_Linnaeus" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism § Carl Linnaeus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_author_abbreviation">Standard author abbreviation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> L. is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[211]</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications_by_Linnaeus">Selected publications by Linnaeus</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Carl Linnaeus bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="L1735" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus, Carl (1735). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373">Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species</a>. Leiden: Haak. pp. 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214150/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae+systematice+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+%26+species&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Haak&rft.date=1735&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F15373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Engel" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus, Carl; Hendrik Engel; Maria Sara Johanna Engel-Ledeboer (1964) [1735]. <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (facsimile of the 1st ed.). Nieuwkoop, Netherlands: B. de Graaf. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460298195">460298195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae&rft.place=Nieuwkoop%2C+Netherlands&rft.edition=facsimile+of+the+1st&rft.pub=B.+de+Graaf&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460298195&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Hendrik+Engel&rft.au=Maria+Sara+Johanna+Engel-Ledeboer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="L1735" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus, Carl (1735). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373">Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species</a>. Leiden: Haak. pp. 1–12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214150/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae+systematice+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+%26+species&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Haak&rft.date=1735&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F15373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Linnaeus, Carl 1846 Fauna svecica. Sistens Animalia Sveciae Regni: Quadrupedia, Aves, Amphibia, Pisces, Insecta, Vermes, distributae per classes & ordines, genera & species. C. Wishoff & G.J. Wishoff, Lugdnuni Batavorum.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1751" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1755) [1751]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophiabotan00linn">Philosophia botanica: in qua explicantur fundamenta botanica cum definitionibus partium, exemplis terminorum, observationibus rariorum, adiectis figuris aeneis</a>. originally published simultaneously by R. Kiesewetter (Stockholm) and Z. Chatelain (Amsterdam). Vienna: Joannis Thomae Trattner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophia+botanica%3A+in+qua+explicantur+fundamenta+botanica+cum+definitionibus+partium%2C+exemplis+terminorum%2C+observationibus+rariorum%2C+adiectis+figuris+aeneis&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Joannis+Thomae+Trattner&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophiabotan00linn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary">Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</a>. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821070612/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F669%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> see also <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="L1758" class="citation book cs1">Linnaeus, Carl (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN362053006">Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</a>. Vol. 1 (<a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th</a> ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. pp. [1–4], 1–824. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306222436/http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN362053006">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+natur%C3%A6+per+regna+tria+natur%C3%A6%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=1-4%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E824&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3FPPN362053006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinné1774" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linné, Carl von</a> (1774). Murray, Johann Andreas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-MVAAAAYAAJ">Systema vegetabilium (13th edition of Systema Naturae)</a> (2 vols.). <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>: Typis et impensis Jo. Christ. Dieterich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+vegetabilium+%2813th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae%29&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Typis+et+impensis+Jo.+Christ.+Dieterich&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-MVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinné1785" class="citation book cs1">Linné, Carl von (1785) [1774]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/systemofvegeta01linn">Systema vegetabilium (13th edition of Systema Naturae)</a> [A System of Vegetables 2 vols. 1783–1785]. Lichfield: Lichfield Botanical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+vegetabilium+%2813th+edition+of+Systema+Naturae%29&rft.place=Lichfield&rft.pub=Lichfield+Botanical+Society&rft.date=1785&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsystemofvegeta01linn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="L1771" class="citation book cs1">Linné, Carl von (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150525/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947">Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II</a>. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. pp. [1–7], 144–588. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947">the original</a> on 30 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mantissa+plantarum+altera+generum+editionis+VI+et+specierum+editionis+II&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=1-7%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E588&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.date=1771&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Carl+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibdigital.rjb.csic.es%2Fspa%2FLibro.php%3FLibro%3D947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1792" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1792). <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dietrich_Giseke" title="Paul Dietrich Giseke">Giseke, Paul Dietrich</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/145062">Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum</a>. Hamburg: Benj. Gottl. Hoffmanni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praelectiones+in+ordines+naturales+plantarum&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Benj.+Gottl.+Hoffmanni&rft.date=1792&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F145062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_flower_clock" title="Linnaeus's flower clock">Linnaeus's flower clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bartsch" title="Johann Bartsch">Johann Bartsch</a>, colleague</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/lɪˈniəs, lɪˈneɪəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">lin-EE-əs, lin-AY-əs</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> Swedish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈkɑːɭ lɪˈněːɵs]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Swedish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg\/Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-Carl von Linn\u00e9.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg/Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.ogg" title="File:Sv-Carl von Linné.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Examples of uses of the <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(zoology)" title="Author citation (zoology)">author citation</a> for the taxon name <a href="/wiki/Cerambyx_cerdo" title="Cerambyx cerdo">Cerambyx cerdo</a>: Linnaeus <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5820507">[1]</a> (GBIF); L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/11838/">[2]</a> (2017 publication); Linnæus <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/speciestaxon?id=731">[3]</a> (AnimalBase); Linné <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://titan.gbif.fr/sel_genann1.php?numero=9569">[4]</a> (Titan database). </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_1-1">b</a> Carl Linnaeus was born in 1707 on 13 May (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish calendar</a>) or 23 May according to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> he was born on 12 May. (Blunt 2004, p. 12) </li> <li id="cite_note-holotype-16"><a href="#cite_ref-holotype_16-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/">ICZN Chapter 16, Article 72.4.1.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608184753/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/">Archived</a> 8 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – "For a nominal species or subspecies established before 2000, any evidence, published or unpublished, may be taken into account to determine what specimens constitute the type series." and Article 73.1.2 – "If the nominal species-group taxon is based on a single specimen, either so stated or implied in the original publication, that specimen is the holotype fixed by monotypy (see Recommendation 73F). If the taxon was established before 2000 evidence derived from outside the work itself may be taken into account [Art. 72.4.1.1] to help identify the specimen." </li> <li id="cite_note-dissertatio-69"><a href="#cite_ref-dissertatio_69-0">^</a> That is, Inaugural thesis in medicine, in which a new hypothesis on the cause of intermittent fevers is presented </li> <li id="cite_note-nepenthes-89"><a href="#cite_ref-nepenthes_89-0">^</a> "If this is not Helen's <a href="/wiki/Nepenthe" title="Nepenthe">Nepenthes</a>, it certainly will be for all botanists. What botanist would not be filled with admiration if, after a long journey, he should find this wonderful plant. In his astonishment past ills would be forgotten when beholding this admirable work of the Creator!" (translated from Latin by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Veitch" title="Harry Veitch">Harry Veitch</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The date of issue of both volumes was later, for practical purposes, arbitrarily set on 1 May, see Stearn, W. T. (1957), The preparation of the Species Plantarum and the introduction of binomial nomenclature, in: Species Plantarum, A Facsimile of the first edition, London, Ray Society: 72 and ICN (Melbourne Code)<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> Art. 13.4 Note 1: "The two volumes of Linnaeus' Species plantarum, ed. 1 (1753), which appeared in May and August, 1753, respectively, are treated as having been published simultaneously on 1 May 1753." </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, p. 167, quotes Linnaeus explaining the real difference would necessarily be absent from his classification system, as it was not a <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> characteristic: "I well know what a splendidly great difference there is [between] a man and a bestia [literally, "beast"; that is, a non-human animal] when I look at them from a point of view of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>. Man is the animal which the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity#Christianity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a> has seen fit to honor with such a magnificent <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and has condescended to adopt as his favorite and for which he has prepared a nobler life". See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA179">books.google.com</a> in which Linnaeus cites the significant capacity to reason as the distinguishing characteristic of humans. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Discussion of translation was originally made in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/talk.origins/browse_thread/thread/39a07ac72ab23aed/">this thread</a> on <a href="/wiki/Talk.origins" title="Talk.origins">talk.origins</a> in 2005. For an alternative translation, see <a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, p. 56, or <a href="#Slotkin">Slotkin (1965)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA180">p. 180</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> "antropomorphon" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Others who followed were more inclined to give humans a special place in classification; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> in the first edition of his Manual of Natural History (1779), proposed that the primates be divided into the <a href="/wiki/Quadrumana" title="Quadrumana">Quadrumana</a> (four-handed, i.e. apes and monkeys) and <a href="/wiki/Bimana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimana">Bimana</a> (two-handed, i.e. humans). This distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>. Some elevated the distinction to the level of <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a>. However, the many affinities between humans and other primates—and especially the great apes—made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> wrote, in <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man</a> in 1871: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have followed <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Blumenbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Ludwig_Wilhelm_Bischoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm Bischoff">Bischoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Theodor_Aeby" title="Christoph Theodor Aeby">Aeby</a>, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the position of his head.</blockquote> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Linnaeus">"Linnaeus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linnaeus&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FLinnaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413115534/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Linnaeus-Carolus">"Linnaeus, Carolus"</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries Online">Oxford Dictionaries Online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt171-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt171_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt171_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt171_5-2">c</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalisher2007" class="citation journal cs1">Calisher, CH (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2080517">"Taxonomy: what's in a name? Doesn't a rose by any other name smell as sweet?"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Type+Specimens%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Fexplore%2Fnews-blogs%2Ffrom-the-collections-posts%2Fjust-our-types-a-short-guide-to-type-specimens%23%3A~%3Atext%3DInterestingly%252C%2520the%2520lectotype%2520for%2520Homo%2Cbut%2520in%2520Sweden%2527s%2520Uppsala%2520Cathedral.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt12-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt12_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt12_17-1">b</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#Broberg">Broberg (2006)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geni.com/people/Nicolaus-Linn%C3%A6us/6000000006836790143">"Nicolaus Linnæus"</a>. Geni. July 1674. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203132030/http://www.geni.com/people/Nicolaus-Linn%C3%A6us/6000000006836790143">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geni&rft.atitle=Nicolaus+Linn%C3%A6us&rft.date=1674-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geni.com%2Fpeople%2FNicolaus-Linn%25C3%25A6us%2F6000000006836790143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/carolus-linnaeus/">"Carolus Linnaeus – Biography, Facts and Pictures"</a>. FamousScientists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406164711/https://www.famousscientists.org/carolus-linnaeus/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamousScientists.org&rft.atitle=Carolus+Linnaeus+%E2%80%93+Biography%2C+Facts+and+Pictures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousscientists.org%2Fcarolus-linnaeus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Fries">Fries (2011)</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt13-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt13_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt13_23-1">b</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#Quammen">Quammen (2007)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Gribbin, M., & Gribbin, J. (2008). Flower hunters. Oxford University Press, US. Pg. 29. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199561826" title="Special:BookSources/0199561826">0199561826</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Thomas (2011) [1812]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUlt0htkZZgC">History of the Royal Society From Its Institution to the End of the Eighteenth Century</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02815-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02815-8"><bdi>978-1-108-02815-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Society+From+Its+Institution+to+the+End+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-02815-8&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUlt0htkZZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaddy1887" class="citation book cs1">Caddy, Florence (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHFkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA43">Through the Fields with Linnaeus: A Chapter in Swedish History</a>. Little, Brown, and Company. p. 43. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Fields+with+Linnaeus%3A+A+Chapter+in+Swedish+History&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Caddy&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHFkAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Carl von Linnés betydelse såsom naturforskare och läkare : skildringar utgifna af Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien i anledning af tvåhundraårsdagen af Linnés födelse (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/linne200ar/linnebotan/0007.html">source</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224084253/https://runeberg.org/linne200ar/linnebotan/0007.html">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt17-18-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt17-18_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt17-18_36-1">b</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 8–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 32–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 34–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt2001-36-37-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-36-37_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt2001-36-37_48-1">b</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Black-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Black_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Black_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1979" class="citation book cs1">Black, David, ed. 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Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-15976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-15976-8"><bdi>978-0-684-15976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Linnaeus+Travels&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-684-15976-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 63–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 39–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Broberg29-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broberg29_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broberg29_58-1">b</a> <a href="#Broberg">Broberg (2006)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#Quammen">Quammen (2007)</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Frodin_p27-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frodin_p27_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frodin_p27_61-1">b</a> <a href="#Frodin">Frodin (2001)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson60-61-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson60-61_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson60-61_66-1">b</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt94-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt94_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt94_68-1">b</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-hempelmann-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hempelmann_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hempelmann_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempelmannKrafts2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hempelmann, Ernst; Krafts, Kristine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3723432">"Bad air, amulets and mosquitoes: 2,000 years of changing perspectives on malaria"</a>. Malaria Journal. 12 (1): 232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2875-12-232">10.1186/1475-2875-12-232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3723432">3723432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23835014">23835014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaria+Journal&rft.atitle=Bad+air%2C+amulets+and+mosquitoes%3A+2%2C000+years+of+changing+perspectives+on+malaria&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=232&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3723432%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23835014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2875-12-232&rft.aulast=Hempelmann&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Krafts%2C+Kristine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3723432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/animal/4_1.html">Linnaeus's thesis on the ague (malaria)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812174203/http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/animal/4_1.html">Archived</a> 12 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2008, Uppsala University. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 98–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt100-102-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt100-102_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blunt100-102_76-1">b</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 100–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#Anderson">Anderson (1997)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurtleffAoyagi2015" class="citation book cs1">Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0gtpCgAAQBAJ">History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland (1735–2015): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook</a>. California: Soyinfo Center. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-80-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928914-80-8"><bdi>978-1-928914-80-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Soybeans+and+Soyfoods+in+Sweden%2C+Norway%2C+Denmark+and+Finland+%281735%E2%80%932015%29%3A+Extensively+Annotated+Bibliography+and+Sourcebook&rft.place=California&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Soyinfo+Center&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-928914-80-8&rft.aulast=Shurtleff&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Aoyagi%2C+Akiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0gtpCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1959" class="citation journal cs1">Tanner, Vasco M. 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Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Great+Basin+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Carl+Linnaeus+contributions+and+collections&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Vasco+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.byu.edu%2Fspc%2Findex.php%2Fwnan%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F30161%2F28624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202033807/http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/article/linnaeushof-1.htm">"Linnaeushof"</a>. Hollan.com. 17 January 2013. 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Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollan.com&rft.atitle=Linnaeushof&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holland.com%2Fglobal%2Ftourism%2Farticle%2Flinnaeushof-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Non erit Lexicon Hortulanorum, sed etiam Botanicorum, that the book will be, not just a lexicon of gardeners, but of botanists."; noted in Paterson 1986:40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 90–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#Veitch">Veitch (1897)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#Blunt2001">Blunt (2001)</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koerner56-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner56_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner56_91-1">b</a> <a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-nrm.se-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrm.se_92-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouise_Petrusson" class="citation web cs1">Louise Petrusson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrm.se/researchandcollections/botany/phanerogamicbotany/botanicalhistory/carlvonlinne.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80007524.html">"Carl Linnaeus"</a>. Swedish Museum of Natural History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503175018/http://www.nrm.se/researchandcollections/botany/phanerogamicbotany/botanicalhistory/carlvonlinne.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80007524.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+Linnaeus&rft.pub=Swedish+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.au=Louise+Petrusson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrm.se%2Fresearchandcollections%2Fbotany%2Fphanerogamicbotany%2Fbotanicalhistory%2Fcarlvonlinne.4.5fdc727f10d795b1c6e80007524.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, pp. 103–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koerner115-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner115_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koerner115_99-1">b</a> <a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, pp. 137–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#Koerner">Koerner (1999)</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#Stöver">Stöver (1794)</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linnaeus, Carl (1751). <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9s_resa_till_Sk%C3%A5ne_1749:_11_juni">"Carl von Linnés resa till Skåne 1749: 11 juni"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9s_resa_till_Sk%C3%A5ne_1749:_11_juni">Carl von Linnés resa till Skåne 1749</a> (in Swedish). Stockholm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125231554/https://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9s_resa_till_Sk%C3%A5ne_1749:_11_juni">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021. 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Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Information+Overload&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Everts&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Finformation-overload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#Windelspecht">Windelspecht (2002)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinné1774-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinné1774_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinné1774">Linné 1774</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinné1785-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinné1785_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinné1785">Linné 1785</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#Stace">Stace (1991)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA22">p. 22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#Hoek">Van den Hoek et al. (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#Stafleu">Stafleu (1971)</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallin,_L._2001-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin,_L._2001_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallin,_L._2001_164-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolutionsmuseet.uu.se/samling/UUZM04_Linnaeus.pdf">Wallin, L. 2001.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027143836/http://www.evolutionsmuseet.uu.se/samling/UUZM04_Linnaeus.pdf">Archived</a> 27 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Catalogue of type specimens. 4. Linnaean specimens. – pp. [1], 1–128. Uppsala. (Uppsala University, Museum of Evolution, Zoology Section). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Lisbet Koerner, "Carl Linnaeus in his Time and Place", in Cultures of Natural History, ed. Nicholas Jardine, <a href="/wiki/James_A._Secord" title="James A. Secord">James A. Secord</a>, and Emma C. Spary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 145–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dance,_S.P._1967-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dance,_S.P._1967_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dance,_S.P._1967_166-1">b</a> Dance, S.P. 1967. Report on the Linnaean shell collection. – Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 178 (1): 1–24, Pl. 1–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1999" class="citation journal cs1">White, Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813113652/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi916/week5/white_the_purchase_of_knowledge.pdf">"The purchase of knowledge: James Edward Smith and the Linnean collections"</a> (PDF). Endeavour. 23 (3): 126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0160-9327%2899%2901212-0">10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01212-0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi916/week5/white_the_purchase_of_knowledge.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endeavour&rft.atitle=The+purchase+of+knowledge%3A+James+Edward+Smith+and+the+Linnean+collections&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=126&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0160-9327%2899%2901212-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Farts%2Fhistory%2Fstudents%2Fmodules%2Fhi916%2Fweek5%2Fwhite_the_purchase_of_knowledge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#Fries">Fries (2011)</a>, pp. 342–357. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wallin, Lars (14 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027143836/http://www.evolutionsmuseet.uu.se/samling/UUZM04_Linnaeus.pdf">"Catalogue of type specimens. 4"</a> (PDF). Uppsala University Museum of Evolution Zoology Section (6): 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evolutionsmuseet.uu.se/samling/UUZM04_Linnaeus.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uppsala+University+Museum+of+Evolution+Zoology+Section&rft.atitle=Catalogue+of+type+specimens.+4.&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2001-02-14&rft.aulast=Wallin&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evolutionsmuseet.uu.se%2Fsamling%2FUUZM04_Linnaeus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Examples are evident in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN603451020">Portland catalogue p. 76 Lot 1715 and p. 188 Lot 3997.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018045955/https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN603451020">Archived</a> 18 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "A catalogue of the Portland Museum, lately the property of the Duchess Dowager of Portland, deceased: Which will be sold by auction by Mr. Skinner and Co. On Monday the 24th of April, 1786, and the thirty-seven following days (...) at her late dwelling-house, in Privy-Garden, Whitehall, by order of the Acting Executrix." – pp. i–viii [= 1–8], 3–194, pl. [1]. [London]. (Skinner). </li> <li id="cite_note-Reveal_1993_p._160-161-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reveal_1993_p._160-161_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reveal_1993_p._160-161_171-1">b</a> <a href="#Reveal">Reveal & Pringle (1993)</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonkFretes,_Y.Reksodiharjo-Lilley,_G.1996" class="citation book cs1">Monk, K.A.; Fretes, Y.; Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1996). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-076-3"><bdi>978-962-593-076-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Nusa+Tenggara+and+Maluku&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-962-593-076-3&rft.aulast=Monk&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft.au=Fretes%2C+Y.&rft.au=Reksodiharjo-Lilley%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#Simpson">Simpson (1961)</a>, pp. 16–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_1973_p._17-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1973_p._17_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1973_p._17_174-1">b</a> <a href="#Davis">Davis & Heywood (1973)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#Simpson">Simpson (1961)</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Sven Horstadius, Linnaeus, animals and man, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 6 (December 1974), 269–275 (p. 273). </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNtjfh57ipsC&q=primate+carl+linnaeus+highest">The Book of Popular Science</a>. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Popular+Science&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqNtjfh57ipsC%26q%3Dprimate%2Bcarl%2Blinnaeus%2Bhighest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#Gribbin">Gribbin & Gribbin (2008)</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Georg_Gmelin1746" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gmelin" title="Johann Georg Gmelin">Johann Georg Gmelin</a> (30 December 1746). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_txt.php?id_letter=L0759">"Letter to Carl Linnaeus"</a>. The Linnean Correspondence. St. Petersburg, Russia. L0759. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927135303/http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_txt.php?id_letter=L0759">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Correspondence&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Carl+Linnaeus&rft.date=1746-12-30&rft.au=Johann+Georg+Gmelin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinnaeus.c18.net%2FLetters%2Fdisplay_txt.php%3Fid_letter%3DL0759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Linnaeus1747" class="citation web cs1">Carl Linnaeus (25 February 1747). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_txt.php?id_letter=L0783">"Letter to Johann Georg Gmelin"</a>. The Linnean Correspondence. Uppsala, Sweden. L0783. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227174240/http://linnaeus.c18.net/Letters/display_txt.php?id_letter=L0783">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Correspondence&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Johann+Georg+Gmelin&rft.date=1747-02-25&rft.au=Carl+Linnaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinnaeus.c18.net%2FLetters%2Fdisplay_txt.php%3Fid_letter%3DL0783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> Also available as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/mss_combine/UUB/L-GmelinJG/L0783-a-150-02.jpg">JPG</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704203749/http://linnaeus.c18.net/mss_combine/UUB/L-GmelinJG/L0783-a-150-02.jpg">Archived</a> 4 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#Blunt">Blunt (2004)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> C. E. Hoppius, "Anthropomorpha", <a href="/wiki/Amoenitates_Academicae" title="Amoenitates Academicae">Amoenitates Academicae</a> vol. 6 (1763). </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#L1758">Linnaeus (1758)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#Bontius">Bontius (1658)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39776#page/106/mode/1up">p. 84</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721224311/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39776#page/106/mode/1up">Archived</a> 21 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#L1771">Linnaeus (1771)</a>, p. 521. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#Frängsmyr">Frängsmyr et al. (1983)</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#Wilson">Wilson & Reeder (2005)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfxoYz23lj4C&pg=PA179">p. 179</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> In later editions the naming was changed from whitish, reddish, tawny, blackish to white (albus), red (rufus), pale yellow (luridus), and black (niger). Staffan Müller-Wille "Linnaeus and the Four Corners of the World", in The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500–1900, ed. Ralph Bauer, Kim Coles, Zit Nines, and Carla Peterson, 191–209 (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave, 2015 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/11935913/Linnaeus_and_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624025947/https://www.academia.edu/11935913/Linnaeus_and_the_Four_Corners_of_the_World">Archived</a> 24 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#Braziel">Braziel (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hm9et5BiVJgC&pg=PA43">pp. 43–44</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <a href="#Loring">Loring Brace (2005)</a>, p. 27. <a href="#Slotkin">Slotkin (1965)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA176">pp. 176–178</a>. <a href="#Marks">Marks (2010)</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#Keevak">Keevak (2011)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmHNk38OgDEC&pg=PA3">pp. 3–4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Wille2014" class="citation journal cs1">Müller-Wille, Staffan (2014). "Linnaeus and the Four Corners of the World". The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500–1900: 191–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137338211_10">10.1057/9781137338211_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F16833">10871/16833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-46395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-46395-4"><bdi>978-1-349-46395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cultural+Politics+of+Blood%2C+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.atitle=Linnaeus+and+the+Four+Corners+of+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F16833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137338211_10&rft.isbn=978-1-349-46395-4&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Wille&rft.aufirst=Staffan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmantier2020" class="citation web cs1">Charmantier, Isabelle (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race">"Linnaeus and Race"</a>. The Linnean Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604225406/https://www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. 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Mercer University Press. pp. 35–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-076-6"><bdi>978-0-88146-076-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genre%2C+race%2C+erasure%3A+a+genealogical+critique+of+%22American%22+autobiography&rft.btitle=Erasing+Public+Memory%3A+Race%2C+Aesthetics%2C+and+Cultural+Amnesia+in+the+Americas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-076-6&rft.aulast=Braziel&rft.aufirst=Jana+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Broberg1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Broberg, G.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosapienslstud0000brob/">Homo sapiens L. studien: Carl von Linné naturuppfattning och människolära</a>. Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85286-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/91-85286-05-2"><bdi>91-85286-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+sapiens+L.+studien%3A+Carl+von+Linn%C3%A9+naturuppfattning+och+m%C3%A4nniskol%C3%A4ra&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Almquist+and+Wiksell&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=91-85286-05-2&rft.aulast=Broberg&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomosapienslstud0000brob%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Broberg2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Broberg, Gunnar</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112063158/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03">"The Dragonslayer"</a>. 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Cambridge: Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-444-3"><bdi>978-1-84046-444-3</bdi></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87948-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87948-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ten+facts+about+human+variation&rft.btitle=Human+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87948-4&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NRf_8gwmO8C%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Östholm" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Östholm, Hanna (2007). Mary J. Morris and Leonie Berwick (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717202527/http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf">"The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his Birth"</a> (PDF). The Linnean. Special Issue No. 8: 35–44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean&rft.atitle=The+Linnaean+Legacy%3A+Three+Centuries+after+his+Birth&rft.volume=Special+Issue+No.+8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%C3%96stholm&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fimages%2FLinnean%2FSpecial_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quammen" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Quammen" title="David Quammen">Quammen, David</a> (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415180613/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1">"The Name Giver"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1">the original</a> on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Name+Giver&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Quammen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2007%2F06%2Flinnaeus-name-giver%2Fdavid-quammen-text%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reveal" class="citation book cs1">Reveal, James L.; Pringle, James S. (1993). "7. Taxonomic Botany and Floristics". Flora of North America. Vol. 1. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505713-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505713-3"><bdi>978-0-19-505713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Taxonomic+Botany+and+Floristics&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505713-3&rft.aulast=Reveal&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft.au=Pringle%2C+James+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Simpson" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, George Gaylord (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanim0000simp">Principles of Animal Taxonomy</a>. New York and London: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231024273" title="Special:BookSources/9780231024273"><bdi>9780231024273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Animal+Taxonomy&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780231024273&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=George+Gaylord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofanim0000simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Slotkin" class="citation book cs1">Slotkin, J.S. (1965). "The Eighteenth Century". Readings in early Anthropology. Methuen Publishing. pp. 175–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Eighteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Readings+in+early+Anthropology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Slotkin&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sprague" class="citation journal cs1">Sprague, T. A. (1953). "Linnaeus as a nomenclaturist". Taxon. 2 (3): 40–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1217339">10.2307/1217339</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217339">1217339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=Linnaeus+as+a+nomenclaturist&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1217339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stace" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_A._Stace" title="Clive A. Stace">Stace, Clive A.</a> (1991). Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2"><bdi>978-0-521-42785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Taxonomy+and+Biosystematics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42785-2&rft.aulast=Stace&rft.aufirst=Clive+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stafleu" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frans_Stafleu" title="Frans Stafleu">Stafleu, Frans A.</a> (1971). Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: the Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735–1789. Utrecht: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6046-064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6046-064-1"><bdi>978-90-6046-064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linnaeus+and+the+Linnaeans%3A+the+Spreading+of+their+Ideas+in+Systematic+Botany%2C+1735%E2%80%931789&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-90-6046-064-1&rft.aulast=Stafleu&rft.aufirst=Frans+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stöver" class="citation book cs1">Stöver, Dietrich Johann Heinrich (1794). Joseph Trapp (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwXAAAAYAAJ">The life of Sir Charles Linnæus</a>. London: Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5660395">5660395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Sir+Charles+Linn%C3%A6us&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1794&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5660395&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6ver&rft.aufirst=Dietrich+Johann+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DogwXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hoek" class="citation book cs1">Van den Hoek, C.; D.G. Mann & H.M. Jahns (2005). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30419-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30419-1"><bdi>978-0-521-30419-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algae%3A+An+Introduction+to+Phycology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30419-1&rft.au=Van+den+Hoek%2C+C.&rft.au=D.G.+Mann&rft.au=H.M.+Jahns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Veitch" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Veitch" title="Harry Veitch">Veitch, H.J.</a> (1897). "Nepenthes". Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 21 (2): 226–262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.atitle=Nepenthes&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E262&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Veitch&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Willoughby" class="citation book cs1">Willoughby, Pamela (2007). The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: a Comprehensive Guide. AltaMira Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0119-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0119-7"><bdi>978-0-7591-0119-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Modern+Humans+in+Africa%3A+a+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0119-7&rft.aulast=Willoughby&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Don E.; DeeAnn M. Reeder (2005). <a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</a>. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rft.au=DeeAnn+M.+Reeder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Windelspecht" class="citation book cs1">Windelspecht, Michael (2002). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 17th century. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31501-5"><bdi>978-0-313-31501-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+17th+century&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31501-5&rft.au=Windelspecht%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroberg2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Broberg" title="Gunnar Broberg">Broberg, Gunnar</a> (2023). The Man Who Organized Nature: The Life of Linnaeus. Translated by Paterson, Anna. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691213422" title="Special:BookSources/9780691213422"><bdi>9780691213422</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1346293437">1346293437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Organized+Nature%3A+The+Life+of+Linnaeus&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%2C+USA&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1346293437&rft.isbn=9780691213422&rft.aulast=Broberg&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> 512 pages. Original book: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroberg2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Broberg, Gunnar (2019). Mannen som ordnade naturen: En biografi över Carl von Linné (in Swedish). Stockholm: Natur & Kultur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789127153882" title="Special:BookSources/9789127153882"><bdi>9789127153882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mannen+som+ordnade+naturen%3A+En+biografi+%C3%B6ver+Carl+von+Linn%C3%A9&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789127153882&rft.aulast=Broberg&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"> 516 pages. Review: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2024" class="citation web cs1">Roman, Hanna (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122190722/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59854">"Gunnar Broberg. The Man Who Organized Nature: The Life of Linnaeus. Trans. Anna Paterson. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2023. Illustrations. 512 pp. $39.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-691-21342-2"</a>. h-net.org. H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. Digital Humanities. Michigan State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=59854">the original</a> on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=h-net.org&rft.atitle=Gunnar+Broberg.+The+Man+Who+Organized+Nature%3A+The+Life+of+Linnaeus.+Trans.+Anna+Paterson.+Princeton%3A+Princeton+University+Press%2C+2023.+Illustrations.+512+pp.+%2439.95+%28cloth%29%2C+ISBN+978-0-691-21342-2.&rft.date=2024-01&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D59854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrightwell,_C.L.1858" class="citation book cs1">Brightwell, C.L. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeoflinnaeus00brigiala">A Life of Linnaeus</a>. London: J. Van Voorst.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Linnaeus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Van+Voorst&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Brightwell%2C+C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeoflinnaeus00brigiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Lee_Greene1912" class="citation book cs1">Edward Lee Greene (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/60093#page/9/mode/1up">Carolus Linnaeus</a>. Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708144855/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/60093#page/9/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carolus+Linnaeus&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Christopher+Sower+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Edward+Lee+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F60093%23page%2F9%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLys_de_Bray2001" class="citation book cs1">Lys de Bray (2001). The Art of Botanical Illustration: A history of classic illustrators and their achievements. London: Quantum Publishing Ltd. pp. 62–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86160-425-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86160-425-5"><bdi>978-1-86160-425-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Botanical+Illustration%3A+A+history+of+classic+illustrators+and+their+achievements&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Quantum+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86160-425-5&rft.au=Lys+de+Bray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Otis_Hovey1908" class="citation book cs1">Edmund Otis Hovey (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bicentenaryofbir00hoveiala">The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus</a>. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bicentenary+of+the+Birth+of+Carolus+Linnaeus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Edmund+Otis+Hovey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbicentenaryofbir00hoveiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_George" title="Samantha George">George, Sam</a> (June 2005). "'Not Strictly Proper for a Female Pen': Eighteenth-Century Poetry and the Sexuality of Botany". Comparative Critical Studies. 2 (2): 191–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fccs.2005.2.2.191">10.3366/ccs.2005.2.2.191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Critical+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Not+Strictly+Proper+for+a+Female+Pen%27%3A+Eighteenth-Century+Poetry+and+the+Sexuality+of+Botany&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fccs.2005.2.2.191&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_George" title="Samantha George">George, Sam</a> (30 January 2014). "Carl Linnaeus, Erasmus Darwin and Anna Seward: Botanical Poetry and Female Education". Science & Education. 23 (3): 673–694. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sc&Ed..23..673G">2014Sc&Ed..23..673G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11191-014-9677-y">10.1007/s11191-014-9677-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142994653">142994653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Education&rft.atitle=Carl+Linnaeus%2C+Erasmus+Darwin+and+Anna+Seward%3A+Botanical+Poetry+and+Female+Education&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E673-%3C%2Fspan%3E694&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142994653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11191-014-9677-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sc%26Ed..23..673G&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSverker_SörlinOtto_Fagerstedt2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sverker Sörlin; Otto Fagerstedt (2004). Linné och hans apostlar (in Swedish). Stockholm: Natur & Kultur/Fakta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-35590-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-35590-3"><bdi>978-91-27-35590-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linn%C3%A9+och+hans+apostlar&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur%2FFakta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-91-27-35590-3&rft.au=Sverker+S%C3%B6rlin&rft.au=Otto+Fagerstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbers1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albers, Lucia (1982). "Linnaeus' verblijf op de Hartekamp". Het Landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede (in Dutch). Heemstede: Vereniging Oud-Heemstede-Bennebroek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-70712-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-70712-01-3"><bdi>978-90-70712-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linnaeus%27+verblijf+op+de+Hartekamp&rft.btitle=Het+Landgoed+de+Hartekamp+in+Heemstede&rft.place=Heemstede&rft.pub=Vereniging+Oud-Heemstede-Bennebroek&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-90-70712-01-3&rft.aulast=Albers&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Hansen2007–2011" class="citation book cs1">Lars Hansen, ed. (2007–2011). The Linnaeus Apostles – Global Science & Adventure. 8 vols. 11 books. London & Whitby: The IK Foundation & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904145-26-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904145-26-4"><bdi>978-1-904145-26-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linnaeus+Apostles+%E2%80%93+Global+Science+%26+Adventure&rft.place=London+%26+Whitby&rft.series=8+vols.+11+books&rft.pub=The+IK+Foundation+%26+Company&rft.date=2007%2F2011&rft.isbn=978-1-904145-26-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Linnaeus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_tourism#Q1043" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Carl Linnaeus tourism">Carl Linnaeus tourism</a>.</div></div> </div> Biographies <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/index-en.html">Biography</a> at the Department of Systematic Botany, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">University of Uppsala</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnean.org/index.php?id=47">Biography</a> at The Linnean Society of London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html">Biography</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a></li> <li>A four-minute <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gb_IO-SzLgk">biographical video</a> from the London <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> on YouTube</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3#page/87">Biography</a> from Taxonomic Literature, 2nd Edition. 1976–2009.</li></ul> Resources <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/9516">Works by Carl von Linné</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Linnaeus%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Linnaeus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Linnaeus%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Linnaeus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Linnaeus%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Linnaeus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Linnaeus%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Linnaeus%22%29%20OR%20%28%221707-1778%22%20AND%20Linnaeus%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Carl Linnaeus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnean.org/">The Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174247/http://www.linnaeus.info/">The Linnaeus Apostles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403064506/http://www.linnean-online.org/">The Linnean Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.c18.net/">The Linnean Correspondence</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goran.waldeck.se/Ento3E.htm">Linnaeus's Disciples and Apostles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616073944/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml">The Linnaean Dissertations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome.html.en">Linnean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912071812/http://www.linnaeus2007.se/">The Linnaeus Tercentenary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825">Works by Carl von Linné</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-32889">Digital edition: "Critica Botanica"</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="University and State Library Düsseldorf">University and State Library Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-32631">Digital edition: "Classes plantarum seu systemata plantarum"</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="University and State Library Düsseldorf">University and State Library Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/19512">Oratio de telluris habitabilis incremento</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104640/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/earththeory/id/19512">Archived</a> 29 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1744) – full digital facsimile from <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7133/index.html">15 March 2007 issue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> featured a picture of Linnaeus on the cover with the heading "Linnaeus's Legacy" and devoted a substantial portion to items related to Linnaeus and Linnaean taxonomy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carl_Linnaeus378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template talk:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Linnaeus378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Linnaeus bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> (1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a> (1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a> (1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a> (1746)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a> (1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantissa_Plantarum_Altera" title="Mantissa Plantarum Altera">Mantissa Plantarum Altera</a> (1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium" title="Systema Vegetabilium">Systema Vegetabilium</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-135px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a> (Linnaean classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Berlin" title="Andreas Berlin">Andreas Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Falk" title="Johan Peter Falk">Johan Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Pehr Osbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rolander" title="Daniel Rolander">Daniel Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman" title="Göran Rothman">Göran Rothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina von Linné</a> (daughter))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">Students of Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Recognitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Linn%C3%A9" title="Expedition Linné">Expedition Linné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> (including the Linnaeus Museum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemya" title="Linnaemya">Linnaemya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemyini" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaemyini">Linnaemyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7412_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="7412 Linnaeus">7412 Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus Arboretum">Linnaeus Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">Linnaeus's Hammarby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9a" title="Linnéa">Linnéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Linnaeus_Society" title="Swedish Linnaeus Society">Swedish Linnaeus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Linnean Society of New South Wales">Linnean Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Maine" title="Linneus, Maine">Linneus, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" title="Linneus, Missouri">Linneus, Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Carl Linnaeus">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Linnaeus" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Carl Linnaeus">Wikiquote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systema_Naturae_by_Carl_Linnaeus100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linnaeus1758" title="Template:Linnaeus1758"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linnaeus1758" title="Template talk:Linnaeus1758"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linnaeus1758" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linnaeus1758"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systema_Naturae_by_Carl_Linnaeus100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammalia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Mammalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aves_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Amphibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Pisces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Coleoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Coleoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Hemiptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Hemiptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Lepidoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Neuroptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Neuroptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Hymenoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Hymenoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Diptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Diptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptera_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aptera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermes_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Vermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="12th edition of Systema Naturae">12th edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalia_Paradoxa" title="Animalia Paradoxa">Animalia Paradoxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_history50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_history" title="Template:Natural history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_history" title="Template talk:Natural history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_history50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering naturalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (De Natura Animalium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (Pinax theatri botanici)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (Avium Praecipuarum, New Herball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (The Naturalist's Library)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (The Royal Natural History)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (The Study of Instinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (The Dancing Bees)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (Shearwaters)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Obsolete_definitions_of_race279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template talk:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Obsolete_definitions_of_race279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Obsolete definitions of race</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">Color terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_skin" title="Olive skin">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoid">Capoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabid_race" title="Arabid race">Arabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenoid_race" title="Armenoid race">Armenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantid_race" title="Atlantid race">Atlantid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_race" title="Caspian race">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_race" title="Dinaric race">Dinaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_race" title="East Baltic race">East Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopid_race" title="Ethiopid race">Ethiopid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indid_race" title="Indid race">Indid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irano-Afghan_race" title="Irano-Afghan race">Iranid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semites" class="mw-redirect" title="Semites">Semites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongoloid" title="Proto-Mongoloid">Proto-Mongoloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinodonty_and_Sundadonty" title="Sinodonty and Sundadonty">Sinodonty and Sundadonty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India" title="Historical definitions of races in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Racial stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorism">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(biologist)" title="John Baker (biologist)">John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Baur" title="Erwin Baur">Erwin Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beddoe" title="John Beddoe">John Beddoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennett_Bean" title="Robert Bennett Bean">Robert Bennett Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Biasutti" title="Renato Biasutti">Renato Biasutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mossie_Brues" title="Alice Mossie Brues">Alice Mossie Brues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Bryn" title="Halfdan Bryn">Halfdan Bryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_(physician)" title="Charles Caldwell (physician)">Charles Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Mary_Cole" title="Sonia Mary Cole">Sonia Mary Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_S._Coon" title="Carleton S. Coon">Carleton S. Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Czekanowski" title="Jan Czekanowski">Jan Czekanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt" title="Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt">Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Eugen Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Marion_Garn" title="Stanley Marion Garn">Stanley Marion Garn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Reginald Ruggles Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gliddon" title="George Gliddon">George Gliddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grattan_(naturalist)" title="John Grattan (naturalist)">John Grattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earnest_Hooton" title="Earnest Hooton">Earnest Hooton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ira_Kephart" title="Calvin Ira Kephart">Calvin Ira Kephart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)" title="Robert Knox (surgeon)">Robert Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kuttner" title="Robert E. Kuttner">Robert E. Kuttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Fritz Lenz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Bertil Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Luschan" title="Felix von Luschan">Felix von Luschan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominick_McCausland" title="Dominick McCausland">Dominick McCausland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott">Josiah C. Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peschel" title="Oscar Peschel">Oscar Peschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re" title="Isaac La Peyrère">Isaac La Peyrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pickering_(naturalist)" title="Charles Pickering (naturalist)">Charles Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hermann_Plate" title="Ludwig Hermann Plate">Ludwig Hermann Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Reche" title="Otto Reche">Otto Reche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Retzius" title="Gustaf Retzius">Gustaf Retzius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henric_Sanielevici" title="Henric Sanielevici">Henric Sanielevici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Heinrich Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilse_Schwidetzky" title="Ilse Schwidetzky">Ilse Schwidetzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Steggerda" title="Morris Steggerda">Morris Steggerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" title="Thomas Griffith Taylor">Thomas Griffith Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Topinard" title="Paul Topinard">Paul Topinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Evrie" title="John H. Van Evrie">John H. Van Evrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Woltmann" title="Ludwig Woltmann">Ludwig Woltmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates (1744)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners">The Outline of History of Mankind (1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" title="Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question">Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races">An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley_book)" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley book)">The Races of Europe (Ripley, 1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Life_of_the_Aryan_Peoples" title="Race Life of the Aryan Peoples">Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castes_in_India:_Their_Mechanism,_Genesis_and_Development" title="Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development">Castes in India (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Tide_of_Color_Against_White_World-Supremacy" title="The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy">The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annihilation_of_Caste" title="Annihilation of Caste">Annihilation of Caste (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">The Race Question (1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropometry" title="History of anthropometry">History of anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">Monogenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">Polygenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoology332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoology" title="Template:Zoology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoology" title="Template talk:Zoology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoology332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_zoology" title="Outline of zoology">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropodology" title="Arthropodology">Arthropodology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arachnology" title="Arachnology">Arachnology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acarology" title="Acarology">Acarology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinology" title="Carcinology">Carcinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">Entomology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coleopterology" title="Coleopterology">Coleopterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidopterology" title="Lepidopterology">Lepidopterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittology" title="Melittology">Melittology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmecology" title="Myrmecology">Myrmecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopterology" title="Orthopterology">Orthopterology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapodology" title="Myriapodology">Myriapodology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoology" title="Bryozoology">Bryozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidariology">Cnidariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helminthology" title="Helminthology">Helminthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batrachology" title="Batrachology">Batrachology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiology">Ophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testudinology" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudinology">Testudinology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacology" title="Malacology">Malacology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conchology" title="Conchology">Conchology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthology" title="Teuthology">Teuthology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cetology" title="Cetology">Cetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynology" title="Cynology">Cynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felinology" title="Felinology">Felinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippology" title="Hippology">Hippology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematology" title="Nematology">Nematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleozoology" title="Paleozoology">Paleozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">Planktology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Porifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aschelminthes">Aschelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Animal anatomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Animal morphology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)#Animal_tissue" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Nervous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralized_tissues" title="Mineralized tissues">Mineralized tissues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anatomy" title="Molecular anatomy">Molecular anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Anatomy and morphology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal#Anatomy" title="Mammal">Mammalian anatomy and morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" title="Human anatomy">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant#Anatomy_and_morphology" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy" title="Cat anatomy">Cat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Fish anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_anatomy" title="Shark anatomy">Shark anatomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Spider anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology#Animals" title="Physiology">Animal physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">Gas exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_pigment" title="Respiratory pigment">Respiratory pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular system">Vascular system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">Blood vessels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">Arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">Capillaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vascular_system" title="Water vascular system">Water vascular system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_physiology" title="Insect physiology">Insect physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">Fish physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of zoologists">Zoologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kirby_(entomologist)" title="William Kirby (entomologist)">William Kirby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Say" title="Thomas Say">Thomas Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Pre-Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_(1859%E2%80%93present)" title="History of zoology (1859–present)">Post-Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoology" title="Timeline of zoology">Timeline of zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5020" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1043#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000085460&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX847999">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/179406">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068905297">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052213">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059941&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000034016&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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