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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Predator defenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predator_defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sport fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_goldfish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_goldfish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relation to goldfish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_goldfish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crucian carp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="دوع أحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوع أحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1_daban_bal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Qızılı daban balığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qızılı daban balığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="قیزیلی دابان بالیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیزیلی دابان بالیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit-%C3%A1" title="Chit-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chit-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Карась звычайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карась звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Златиста каракуда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Златиста каракуда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp%C3%AD_(peix)" title="Carpí (peix) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carpí (peix)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ахаль карас – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахаль карас" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" title="Carassius carassius – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Carassius carassius" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas_obecn%C3%BD" title="Karas obecný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karas obecný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karusse" title="Karusse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karusse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karausche" title="Karausche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karausche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koger" title="Koger – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koger" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" title="Carassius carassius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carassius carassius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaso" title="Karaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamo_txiki" title="Zamo txiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zamo txiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="کاراس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاراس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" title="Carassius carassius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carassius carassius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EC%96%B4" title="붕어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="붕어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas" title="Karas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karasino" title="Karasino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karasino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nkarpi" title="Grænkarpi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grænkarpi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" title="Carassius carassius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carassius carassius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%95%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF_%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%88" title="گٕنٛگ گاڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گٕنٛگ گاڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Мөңке балық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мөңке балық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Шӧртньӹ карас – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шӧртньӹ карас" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%ABsa" title="Karūsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karūsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppege_Kaarp" title="Koppege Kaarp – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koppege Kaarp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_karosas" title="Paprastasis karosas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis karosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karassu" title="Karassu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Karassu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9les_k%C3%A1r%C3%A1sz" title="Széles kárász – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Széles kárász" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7" title="الشبوط – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الشبوط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Алтлаг хэлтэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алтлаг хэлтэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroeskarper" title="Kroeskarper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kroeskarper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%8A_(%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E)" title="ヨーロッパブナ (魚類) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーロッパブナ (魚類)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuss" title="Karuss – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karuss" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C5%9B_pospolity" title="Karaś pospolity – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karaś pospolity" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" title="Carassius carassius – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carassius carassius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracud%C4%83" title="Caracudă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caracudă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Карась – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карась" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Золотой карась – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Золотой карась" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karas_oby%C4%8Dajn%C3%BD" title="Karas obyčajný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karas obyčajný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadni_koreselj" title="Navadni koreselj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadni koreselj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karach" title="Karach – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Karach" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Караш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Караш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%C5%A1" title="Karaš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karaš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruutana" title="Ruutana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruutana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fish</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crucian carp" is also used for the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Carassius" title="Carassius">Carassius</a></i> as a whole.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Crucian carp </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CarassiusCarassius8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CarassiusCarassius8.JPG/220px-CarassiusCarassius8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CarassiusCarassius8.JPG/330px-CarassiusCarassius8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/CarassiusCarassius8.JPG/440px-CarassiusCarassius8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Carassius" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprininae" title="Cyprininae">Cyprininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carassius" title="Carassius"><i>Carassius</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. carassius</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Carassius carassius</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-FBS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Carassius moles</i> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Aggasiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Aggasiz (page does not exist)">Agassiz</a>, 1835)</small></li> <li><i>Cyprinus carassius</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small></li> <li><i>Cyprinus moles</i> <small>Agassiz, 1835</small></li> <li><i>Carassius humilis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Heckel" title="Johann Jakob Heckel">Heckel</a>, 1837</small></li> <li><i>Cyprinus charax</i> <small>Lesniewski, 1837</small></li> <li><i>Carassius charax</i> <small>(Lesniewski, 1837)</small></li> <li><i>Carassius vulgaris</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Nordmann" title="Alexander von Nordmann">Nordmann, 1840</a></small></li> <li><i>Carassius linnaei</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1845</small></li> <li><i>Carassius oblongus</i> <small>Heckel & <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kner" title="Rudolf Kner">Kner</a>, 1858</small></li> <li><i>Carassius linnei</i> <small><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Malm" title="August Wilhelm Malm">Malm</a>, 1877</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>crucian carp</b> (<i><b>Carassius carassius</b></i>) is a medium-sized member of the <a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common carp</a> family <a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinidae</a>. It occurs widely in northern European regions. Its name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <i>karusse</i> or <i>karutze</i>, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> <i>coracinus</i> (a kind of river fish). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crucian carp is a widely distributed European species, its range spanning from England to Russia; it is found as far north as the Arctic Circle in the Scandinavian countries, and as far south as central France and the region of the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its habitat includes lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers. It has been established that the fish is native to England and not introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crucian carp is a medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Cyprinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid">cyprinid</a>, typically 15 centimetres (5.9 in) in body length, and rarely exceeds in weight over 2 kilograms (4.4 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a maximum total length of 64 centimetres (25 in) has been reported for a male,<sup id="cite_ref-koli_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koli-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the heaviest published weighed 3 kilograms (6.6 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-muus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are broadly described as having a body of "golden-green shining color",<sup id="cite_ref-kottelat&freyhof2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kottelat&freyhof2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a more precise source states that young fish are golden-bronze<sup id="cite_ref-wellby_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellby-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but darken with maturity,<sup id="cite_ref-wellby_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellby-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until they gain a dark green back, deep bronze upper flanks, and gold on the lower flanks and belly,<sup id="cite_ref-wellby_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellby-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reddish<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unreferenced contrib. by 01:08, 10 May 2005 user:Ralphael (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or orange<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fins,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other colour variations exist. One distinguishing characteristic is a convexly rounded fin, as opposed to goldfish (or <i>C. gibelio</i>) hybrids which have concave fins.<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fas_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crucian carp is also the <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> for the genus, which has led to confusion in the taxonomy of species native to East Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are reports of hybridisation between the crucian and domestic or feral <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been verified by production of viable hybrids in laboratory conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the hybrids thus produced were sterile or nearly so, genetic contamination of the native population has been raised as a concern;<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even if the hybrids cannot continue to propagate, the <a href="/wiki/F1_hybrids" class="mw-redirect" title="F1 hybrids">F1 hybrids</a> exhibit hybrid vigour or <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a>, being much more adept at finding food and evading predators than either of their parents, which has been proposed to constitute a possible threat to the native crucian carp population.<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucian_carp-scale_microscope_prPNr%C2%B019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scale"><img alt="Scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Crucian_carp-scale_microscope_prPNr%C2%B019.jpg/120px-Crucian_carp-scale_microscope_prPNr%C2%B019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Crucian_carp-scale_microscope_prPNr%C2%B019.jpg/180px-Crucian_carp-scale_microscope_prPNr%C2%B019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Crucian_carp-scale_microscope_prPNr%C2%B019.jpg/240px-Crucian_carp-scale_microscope_prPNr%C2%B019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scale</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucian_carp-brain_microscope_prPNr%C2%B025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brain"><img alt="Brain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crucian_carp-brain_microscope_prPNr%C2%B025.jpg/120px-Crucian_carp-brain_microscope_prPNr%C2%B025.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crucian_carp-brain_microscope_prPNr%C2%B025.jpg/180px-Crucian_carp-brain_microscope_prPNr%C2%B025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Crucian_carp-brain_microscope_prPNr%C2%B025.jpg/240px-Crucian_carp-brain_microscope_prPNr%C2%B025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucian_carp-eye_microscope_prPNr%C2%B022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eye"><img alt="Eye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crucian_carp-eye_microscope_prPNr%C2%B022.jpg/120px-Crucian_carp-eye_microscope_prPNr%C2%B022.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crucian_carp-eye_microscope_prPNr%C2%B022.jpg/180px-Crucian_carp-eye_microscope_prPNr%C2%B022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Crucian_carp-eye_microscope_prPNr%C2%B022.jpg/240px-Crucian_carp-eye_microscope_prPNr%C2%B022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eye</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucian_carp-gills_microscope_prPNr%C2%B020.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gills"><img alt="Gills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crucian_carp-gills_microscope_prPNr%C2%B020.jpg/120px-Crucian_carp-gills_microscope_prPNr%C2%B020.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crucian_carp-gills_microscope_prPNr%C2%B020.jpg/180px-Crucian_carp-gills_microscope_prPNr%C2%B020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Crucian_carp-gills_microscope_prPNr%C2%B020.jpg/240px-Crucian_carp-gills_microscope_prPNr%C2%B020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gills</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucian_carp-eye_prPNr%C2%B024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eggs"><img alt="Eggs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crucian_carp-eye_prPNr%C2%B024.jpg/120px-Crucian_carp-eye_prPNr%C2%B024.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crucian_carp-eye_prPNr%C2%B024.jpg/180px-Crucian_carp-eye_prPNr%C2%B024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Crucian_carp-eye_prPNr%C2%B024.jpg/240px-Crucian_carp-eye_prPNr%C2%B024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eggs</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predator_defenses">Predator defenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predator defenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The variation in shape of a crucian carp can be very high. When cohabiting waters where predatory fish are present, there occurs an induced change in the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> of the population from a sleek-bodied form to a deep-bodied form, which makes it difficult for predator fish to fit the crucian carp within its jaws.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because the deep-bodied morph is not permanent, it is expected that the trait might have some survivability trade-offs in the absence of predators.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the deep-bodied morph is associated with compromised immune function and resource allocation. Specifically, deep-bodied crucian carp have a lower level of baseline natural <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> relative to the sleeker-bodied morphs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, crucian carp with the deep-bodied morphology exhibit reduced growth rates when compared to their sleeker-bodied counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Carassius</i> species exhibit some remarkable physiological adaptations to their environment. For example, in entirely <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> conditions during winter <i>Carassius carassius</i> can survive for considerable periods by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> as the major <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> end product; a facility that is highly unusual among <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. During summer the fish also may survive anaerobic conditions by this metabolic expedient, though only to a far more limited extent; the winter phenotype can sustain <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermentation</a> as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a> for several weeks on end. Experimentally the fish have been maintained under anoxic conditions for 140 days. Anoxia can be tolerated longest in the coldest water, even down to 0 °C, because colder conditions lower the metabolic rate. Alcohol production occurs mainly in the muscle tissues, but also in the liver, where the process is thought to have originated. Similarly goldfish can produce alcohol in muscle tissues, but to a much more limited extent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experimentally it has been demonstrated that the metabolic process involves the production of <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">pyruvate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">decarboxylation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a> which then is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenated</a> to ethanol as the major metabolic end product. In turn the fish largely excretes the ethanol into the water rather than accumulating it to toxic levels in the tissues. Excretion of lactate in significant quantities is not a common nor a desirable metabolic facility, but the excretion of ethanol presents no serious metabolic challenges. This metabolic expedient avoids the fatal accumulation of acid end-products of anaerobic <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-J&B_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J&B-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport_fishing">Sport fishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sport fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain, leisurely or competitive catching of this fish by rod and tackle belongs in the <a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">coarse fishing</a> category. The British rod-caught record for largest crucian is four pounds, nine ounces, (2.085 kg) landed by Martin Bowler in 2003, tied by Joshua Blavins in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been various bids for a breakage of this record since, but they were rejected as not "true" crucians" but rather, e.g. a "brown <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> variant"<sup id="cite_ref-fas_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (i.e., hybrid born between the non-native goldfish or <i>gibelo</i> species and the British crucian). In the Netherlands, a typical crucian specimen of 54 cm, weighing 3 kg has been caught and photographed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_goldfish">Relation to goldfish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relation to goldfish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarassiusGiebelioOhe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CarassiusGiebelioOhe.jpg/300px-CarassiusGiebelioOhe.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CarassiusGiebelioOhe.jpg/450px-CarassiusGiebelioOhe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CarassiusGiebelioOhe.jpg/600px-CarassiusGiebelioOhe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption> Prussian carp <i>Carassius gibelio</i> as comparison</figcaption></figure> <p>Some sources state that the <a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> (<i>Carassius auratus</i>) is a cultivated breed of crucian carp taken from the wild. </p><p>Aside from confusion in nomenclature, there is the practical issue of distinguishing true crucian carp from goldfish hybrids in, e.g., competitive <a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">coarse fishing</a>. The following is based on a similar table of guidelines constructed by the Farnham Angling Society:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="30%">Crucian carp (<i>C. carassius</i>) </th> <th width="30%">Goldfish (<i>C. auratus</i>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>a) snout well rounded </td> <td>a) more pointed snout </td></tr> <tr> <td>b) Always golden bronze </td> <td>b) often has a grey/greenish colour </td></tr> <tr> <td>c) 33 + scales along lateral line (33;<sup id="cite_ref-wellby_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellby-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 31–36 scales<sup id="cite_ref-kottelat&freyhof2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kottelat&freyhof2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td> <td>c) 31 or fewer scales on lateral line (27–31<sup id="cite_ref-wellby_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellby-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>d) Juveniles have a black spot at the base of the tail, which disappears with age. ("transient dark marking on the caudal peduncle"<sup id="cite_ref-smartt_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smartt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td> <td>d) This tail spot is never present. </td></tr> <tr> <td>e) The leading ray of the dorsal fin is weak </td> <td>e) The leading ray of the dorsal fin is strong </td></tr> <tr> <td>f) The dorsal fin is higher for longer and convex in shape<sup id="cite_ref-kottelat&freyhof2007_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kottelat&freyhof2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>f) The dorsal fin is concave in shape </td></tr> <tr> <td>g) caudal fin bluntly lobed<sup id="cite_ref-wellby_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellby-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>g) caudal fin deeply forked and sharp<sup id="cite_ref-wellby_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wellby-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See under <a href="/wiki/Carassius#Use" title="Carassius">Carassius</a> (genus) for survey of use of other Asian species designated crucian carps.</div> <p>These carp are also occasionally kept as freshwater aquarium fish, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">water gardens</a>, although they are not commonly available commercially, mainly because they are not in particularly high demand due to the presence of more colourful fish such as the <a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">koi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orfe" class="mw-redirect" title="Orfe">orfe</a>. Crucian carp are considered a vital part of the pond <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> as they possess an ability to clean up the excrement of other organisms, thus preventing nitric overload. </p><p>It has been suggested that this is a heavily farmed fish worldwide; FAO's newest statistics from 2008 (pub. 2011) show total production <i>C. crassius</i> at 1,957,337 tonnes, worth US$2,135,857,000, ranked 9th in worldwide in aquaculture, including marine fish and crustaceans,<sup id="cite_ref-uminosachinokai_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uminosachinokai-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however these statistics treat the Asian <i><a href="/wiki/Carassius_gibelio" class="mw-redirect" title="Carassius gibelio">C. gibelio</a></i> carp as a subspecies of the European crucian carp,<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is evident that the greater bulk of this number is from the Asian fish farmed in China.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of freshwater catches of <i>C. crassius</i> (read <i>Carassius</i> spp.), FAO's 2006 statistics show 5.53 thousand tons harvested, which ranked 13th worldwide among freshwater fishes caught. The breakdown was <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> 2.2, Japan 1.12, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> 0.84, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> 0.19, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> 0.19, Poland 0.13.<sup id="cite_ref-uminosachinokai_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uminosachinokai-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these figures, the tonnage from European countries may represent <i>C. crassius</i> in some part. </p><p>In Poland, crucian carp (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">karaś</i>) is considered the best-tasting pan fish, and traditionally served with sour cream (<i>karasie w śmietanie</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King's carp (previously Galician carp as in Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire) is the breed of carp created in Poland; the "hump" is bigger than average and the scales are larger than average. Carp is included amongst the holiday foods in Poland. The tradition might have Jewish origins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Russia, this particular species is called Золотой карась meaning "golden crucian", and is one of the fish used in a <a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">borscht</a> recipe called <i>borshch s karasei</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Борщ с карасе́й) or <i>borshch s karasyami</i> (Борщ с карася́ми). Another classic Russian recipe is fried crucians in <a href="/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)" title="Smetana (dairy product)">sour cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variety of lake <a href="/wiki/Nedzheli" title="Nedzheli">Nedzheli</a> is highly appreciated in Yakutia and has been introduced to other lakes in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-WR_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreyhof,_J.Kottelat,_M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/3849/10117321">"<i>Carassius carassius</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2008</b>: e.T3849A10117321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3849A10117321.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3849A10117321.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Carassius+carassius&rft.volume=2008&rft.pages=e.T3849A10117321&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3849A10117321.en&rft.au=Freyhof%2C+J.&rft.au=Kottelat%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F3849%2F10117321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.se/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=270&SynCode=22855&GenusName=Carassius&SpeciesName=carassius">"Synonyms of <i>Carassius carassius</i> Linnaeus, 1758"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fishbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishbase">Fishbase</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synonyms+of+Carassius+carassius+Linnaeus%2C+1758&rft.pub=Fishbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.se%2FNomenclature%2FSynonymsList.php%3FID%3D270%26SynCode%3D22855%26GenusName%3DCarassius%26SpeciesName%3Dcarassius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holopaien et al., 1997b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmartt2007">Smartt 2007</a>, citing Wheeler 1972, 2000, Copp etal. 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Carassius&speciesname=carassius">"<i>Carassius carassius</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. February 2014 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Carassius+carassius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DCarassius%26speciesname%3Dcarassius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koli-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koli_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koli, L. 1990 Suomen kalat. [Fishes of Finland]. Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. Helsinki. 357 p. (in Finnish). Fishbase Ref. 6114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muus_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström 1968 Süßwasserfische. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 224 p. 224. Fishbase Ref.556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kottelat&freyhof2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kottelat&freyhof2007_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kottelat&freyhof2007_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kottelat&freyhof2007_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof 2007 Handbook of European freshwater fishes. 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(1992-11-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5086.1348">"Predator-Induced Phenotypical Change in Body Morphology in Crucian Carp"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>258</b> (5086): 1348–1350. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Sci...258.1348B">1992Sci...258.1348B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.258.5086.1348">10.1126/science.258.5086.1348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17778362">17778362</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36624154">36624154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Predator-Induced+Phenotypical+Change+in+Body+Morphology+in+Crucian+Carp&rft.volume=258&rft.issue=5086&rft.pages=1348-1350&rft.date=1992-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36624154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Sci...258.1348B&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.258.5086.1348&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17778362&rft.aulast=Br%C3%B6nmark&rft.aufirst=Christer&rft.au=Miner%2C+Jeffrey+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.258.5086.1348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2656.13047">"Defence versus defence: Are crucian carp trading off immune function against predator‐induced morphology?".</a> Vinterstare, Hegemann, Nilsson, Hulthén & Brönmark, citing Dewitt, Sih, & Wilson, 1998; Tollrian & Harvell, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vinterstare, Jerker; Hegemann, Arne; Nilsson, Per. Anders; Hulthén, Kaj; Brönmark, Christer (2019). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2656.13047">Defence versus defence: Are crucian carp trading off immune function against predator‐induced morphology?".</a> Journal of Animal Ecology. <b>88</b> (10): 1510–1521. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:10.1111/1365-2656.13047. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> 0021-8790.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetterssonBrönmark1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pettersson, Lars B.; Brönmark, Christer (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078%5b1805:ddcoai%5d2.0.co;2">"Density-Dependent Costs of an Inducible Morphological Defense in Crucian Carp"</a>. <i>Ecology</i>. <b>78</b> (6): 1805–1815. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1805%3Addcoai%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1805:ddcoai]2.0.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9658">0012-9658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Density-Dependent+Costs+of+an+Inducible+Morphological+Defense+in+Crucian+Carp&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1805-1815&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1805%3Addcoai%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft.issn=0012-9658&rft.aulast=Pettersson&rft.aufirst=Lars+B.&rft.au=Br%C3%B6nmark%2C+Christer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1890%2F0012-9658%281997%29078%5B1805%3Addcoai%5D2.0.co%3B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoubridge, E. A. & Hochachka, P. W. (1980). Ethanol end product of vertebrate anaerobic metabolism. Science, N.Y. 209,307-308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J&B-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J&B_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, Ian A. & Bernard, Lynne M. Utilization of the Ethanol Pathway in Carp Following Exposure to Anoxia. J. exp. exp. Biol. 104, 73–78 (1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritish_Records_(rod-caught)_Fish_Committee2011">British Records (rod-caught) Fish Committee 2011</a>(website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426085159/http://www.visserslatijn.nl/specimenhunting/index.html">"Visserslatijn® Nederland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visserslatijn.nl/specimenhunting/index.html">the original</a> on 2009-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visserslatijn%C2%AE+Nederland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visserslatijn.nl%2Fspecimenhunting%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFAS2010">FAS 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uminosachinokai-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uminosachinokai_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uminosachinokai_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF海の幸の会2012">海の幸の会 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fao_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFAO2012">FAO 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrybelStrybel2005">Strybel & Strybel 2005</a>, p.384</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolokhovet︠s︡1998">Molokhovet︠s︡ 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolokh1983" class="citation book cs1">Volokh, Anne (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJssAAAAYAAJ&q=fried+Crucian+russian"><i>The Art of Russian Cuisine</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780026220903" title="Special:BookSources/9780026220903"><bdi>9780026220903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Russian+Cuisine&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780026220903&rft.aulast=Volokh&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJssAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dfried%2BCrucian%2Brussian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolokhovets1992" class="citation book cs1">Molokhovets, Elena (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttlCGJxfLRUC&pg=PA601"><i>Classic Russian Cooking: Elena Molokhovets' A Gift to Young Housewives</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253212103" title="Special:BookSources/0253212103"><bdi>0253212103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Russian+Cooking%3A+Elena+Molokhovets%27+A+Gift+to+Young+Housewives&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0253212103&rft.aulast=Molokhovets&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttlCGJxfLRUC%26pg%3DPA601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFeupFM7g8Q">Fried crucians in sour cream</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WR-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WR_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water-rf.ru/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B/1191/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8">"Water of Russia - Nidzhili (in Russian)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080877990" title="Special:BookSources/9780080877990"><bdi>9780080877990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypoxia&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780080877990&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Anthony+Peter&rft.au=Brauner%2C+Colin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcVZ92lXwNu4C%26pg%3DPA398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmartt2007" class="citation cs2">Smartt, Joseph (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquaticinvasions.net/2007/AI_2007_2_1_Smartt.pdf">"A possible genetic basis for species replacement: preliminary results of interspecific hybridisation between native crucian carp <i>Carassius carassius</i> (L.) and introduced goldfish <i>Carassius auratus</i> (L.)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Aquatic Invasions</i>, <b>2</b> (1): 59–62, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3391%2Fai.2007.2.1.7">10.3391/ai.2007.2.1.7</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Invasions&rft.atitle=A+possible+genetic+basis+for+species+replacement%3A+preliminary+results+of+interspecific+hybridisation+between+native+crucian+carp+Carassius+carassius+%28L.%29+and+introduced+goldfish+Carassius+auratus+%28L.%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-62&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3391%2Fai.2007.2.1.7&rft.aulast=Smartt&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquaticinvasions.net%2F2007%2FAI_2007_2_1_Smartt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellbyGirdlerWelcomme2010" class="citation book cs1">Wellby, Ian; Girdler, Ash; Welcomme, Robin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rREiT0TYTi8C&pg=PA49"><i>Fisheries Management: A Manual for Still-Water Coarse Fisheries</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3332-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-3332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fisheries+Management%3A+A+Manual+for+Still-Water+Coarse+Fisheries&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3332-6&rft.aulast=Wellby&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Girdler%2C+Ash&rft.au=Welcomme%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrREiT0TYTi8C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>(Fishing industry)</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF海の幸の会2012" class="citation web cs1">海の幸の会 (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members2.jcom.home.ne.jp/uminosati/tokeigk.htm">"B 世界の漁業生産・製品流通統計"</a>. 下崎、高杉、関、上條. 海の幸<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B+%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%81%AE%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3%E3%83%BB%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81%E6%B5%81%E9%80%9A%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88&rft.pub=%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%B8&rft.date=2012&rft.au=%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%B9%B8%E3%81%AE%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers2.jcom.home.ne.jp%2Fuminosati%2Ftokeigk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAO2012" class="citation web cs1">FAO (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Carassius_carassius/en">"Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme:Carassius carassius"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultured+Aquatic+Species+Information+Programme%3ACarassius+carassius&rft.date=2012&rft.au=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fculturedspecies%2FCarassius_carassius%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>(angling)</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Records_(rod-caught)_Fish_Committee2011" class="citation web cs1">British Records (rod-caught) Fish Committee (2011-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.advnture.com/features/world-carp-record-goes-over-100-lb">"British Record Coarse Fish List"</a>. Angler's Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418215856/http://www.anglersmail.co.uk/uncategorized/british-record-coarse-fish-list/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Record+Coarse+Fish+List&rft.pub=Angler%27s+Mail&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.au=British+Records+%28rod-caught%29+Fish+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.advnture.com%2Ffeatures%2Fworld-carp-record-goes-over-100-lb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span>: says as of Dec 2011, Bowler, Yateley lake, Surrey 2003 and to Blavins, Verulam AC club lake, Herts, 2011, ties at 4 lb. 4 oz., 0dr. But on the same site, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglingtrust.net/page.asp?section=41">British Records (rod-caught) Fish Committee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112041206/http://www.anglingtrust.net/page.asp?section=41">Archived</a> 2016-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page, BRFC Coarse Fish Record Listings(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglingtrust.net/core/core_picker/download.asp?id=302&filetitle=BRFC+Coarse+Fish+Record+Listings">PDF (as of 05/12/2011)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506080147/http://www.anglingtrust.net/core/core_picker/download.asp?id=302&filetitle=BRFC+Coarse+Fish+Record+Listings">Archived</a> 2014-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>): gives a slightly different weight: Bowles 4 lb. 4 oz. 9 dr., 2.085 kg record.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAS2010" class="citation web cs1">FAS (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222131846/https://www.farnhamanglingsociety.com/species/carp-crucian.php">"Crucian Carp"</a>. Farnham Angling Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farnhamanglingsociety.com/species/carp-crucian.php">the original</a> on December 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crucian+Carp&rft.pub=Farnham+Angling+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.au=FAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farnhamanglingsociety.com%2Fspecies%2Fcarp-crucian.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span> A catch at "5 lb 14oz .. was.. likely.. not a true Crucian as the same angler later submitted an even larger fish.. as a National Record, but it was dismissed as a Brown Goldfish variant. (The comparison chart seems to have flipped the correct usage of convex/concave)</li></ul> <dl><dt>(culinary)</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrybelStrybel2005" class="citation book cs1">Strybel, Robert; Strybel, Maria (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtA6-pyGJmMC&pg=PA384"><i>Polish Heritage Cookery</i></a>. Hippocrene Books. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1124-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1124-8"><bdi>978-0-7818-1124-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Heritage+Cookery&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1124-8&rft.aulast=Strybel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Strybel%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtA6-pyGJmMC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolokhovet︠s︡1998" class="citation book cs1">Molokhovet︠s︡, Elena (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttlCGJxfLRUC&pg=PA674"><i>Classic Russian Cooking: Elena Molokhovets' a Gift to Young Housewives</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21210-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21210-8"><bdi>978-0-253-21210-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Russian+Cooking%3A+Elena+Molokhovets%27+a+Gift+to+Young+Housewives&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21210-8&rft.aulast=Molokhovet%EF%B8%A0s%EF%B8%A1&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttlCGJxfLRUC%26pg%3DPA674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crucian_carp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Carassius carassius">Carassius carassius</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" class="extiw" title="commons:Carassius carassius"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Carassius carassius</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930030402/http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/C/Carassius_carassius.asp">Fact sheet, taxonomic details, distribution maps, slideshow, and images of <i>Carassius carassius</i> at ZipcodeZoo.com.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=163352">"<i>Carassius carassius</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carassius+carassius&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D163352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrucian+carp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/060407_anoxic_fish.html">Fish Holds Breath for Months</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn9848">How carp 'hold their breath' through winter</a> - New Scientist</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carp" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carp" title="Template:Carp"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carp" title="Template talk:Carp"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carp" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carp"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carp" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carp groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" title="Cyprinidae">Cyprinidae</a> (the carp family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_carp" title="Asian carp">Asian carp</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carassius_carassius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucian carp"><img alt="Crucian carp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Carassius_carassius.jpg/140px-Carassius_carassius.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Carassius_carassius.jpg/210px-Carassius_carassius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Carassius_carassius.jpg/280px-Carassius_carassius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="262" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True carp species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labeo_coubie" title="Labeo coubie">African carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">Bighead carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_carp" title="Black carp">Black carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catla" title="Catla">Catla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic carp">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mud_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mud carp">Chinese mud carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common carp</a> (European carp)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crucian carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_white_carp" title="Deccan white carp">Deccan white carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringed-lipped_peninsula_carp" title="Fringed-lipped peninsula carp">Fringed-lipped peninsula carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_salmon_carp" title="Giant salmon carp">Giant salmon carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">Goldfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">Grass carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora_white_carp" title="Hora white carp">Hora white carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_crucian_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese crucian carp">Japanese crucian carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">Koi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_carp" title="Krishna carp">Krishna carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror carp">Mirror carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrigal_carp" title="Mrigal carp">Mrigal carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud carp">Mud carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_carp" title="Nile carp">Nile carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmouth_carp" title="Pigmouth carp">Pigmouth carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_carp" title="Predatory carp">Predatory carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_carp" title="Prussian carp">Prussian carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabre_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabre carp">Sabre carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_giant_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese giant carp">Siamese giant carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_mud_carp" title="Siamese mud carp">Siamese mud carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">Silver carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallscale_mud_carp" title="Smallscale mud carp">Smallscale mud carp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other carp species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea carp">Sea carp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Carp lice">Carp lice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_herpes_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Koi herpes virus">Koi herpes virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_viraemia_of_carp" title="Spring viraemia of carp">Spring viraemia of carp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp_fishing" title="Carp fishing">Carp fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmire_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Redmire pool">Redmire pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chod_rig" title="Chod rig">Chod rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_rig" title="Hair rig">Hair rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yateley_Complex" title="Yateley Complex">Yateley Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilie" title="Boilie">Boilie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliburn_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliburn Reservoir">Eliburn Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carp anglers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walker_(angler)" title="Richard Walker (angler)">Richard Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Yates_(fisherman)" title="Chris Yates (fisherman)">Chris Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_soup" title="Fisherman's soup">Fisherman's soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuai_(dish)" title="Kuai (dish)">Kuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taramosalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Taramosalata">Taramosalata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benson_(fish)" title="Benson (fish)">Benson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Total_Carp" title="Total Carp">Total Carp</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp_streamers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carp streamers">Carp streamers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Little_Carp" title="The Adventures of Little Carp">The Adventures of Little Carp</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughterless_Carp_Project" title="Daughterless Carp Project">Daughterless Carp Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Fishery_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences">Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_pond" title="Koi pond">Koi pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish#In_ponds" title="Goldfish">Goldfish pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Carassius carassius</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194031" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q194031">Q194031</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carassius_carassius" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Carassius carassius">Carassius carassius</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Carassius_carassius/">Carassius_carassius</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15559">15559</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=27794">27794</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/R32J">R32J</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/205155">205155</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CRSSCA">CRSSCA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:304428">304428</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/fe1926a2-6edf-4541-a65e-62f5771c1915">fe1926a2-6edf-4541-a65e-62f5771c1915</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/270">270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2366645">2366645</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/96744">96744</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10153223">10153223</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/90564">90564</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=163352">163352</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/3849">3849</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NAS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=509">509</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000544635">NHMSYS0000544635</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=217509">217509</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/2116/">2116</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/154297">154297</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1010092">1010092</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0927599F-2D24-86C3-4EA9-C991B1A2BEEE">0927599F-2D24-86C3-4EA9-C991B1A2BEEE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154297">154297</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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