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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_coastal_polities:_5th_century_BCE_–_5th_century_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_coastal_polities:_5th_century_BCE_–_5th_century_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early coastal polities: 5th century BCE – 5th century CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_coastal_polities:_5th_century_BCE_–_5th_century_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_mandalas:_5th_–_10th_centuries_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_mandalas:_5th_–_10th_centuries_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early mandalas: 5th – 10th centuries CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mandalas:_5th_–_10th_centuries_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age:_10th_–_mid_13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age:_10th_–_mid_13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Golden age: 10th – mid 13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age:_10th_–_mid_13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_expansion:_10th_–_11th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_expansion:_10th_–_11th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>North expansion: 10th – 11th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_expansion:_10th_–_11th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism_dominant:_11th–13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism_dominant:_11th–13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Buddhism dominant: 11th–13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism_dominant:_11th–13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline:_late_13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline:_late_13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Decline: late 13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline:_late_13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Warfares</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warfares-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Warfares subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warfares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-925–927_Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#925–927_Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-925–927_Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1002–1010_Tambralinga–Ankorian–Lavo_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1002–1010_Tambralinga–Ankorian–Lavo_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1002–1010 Tambralinga–Ankorian–Lavo Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1002–1010_Tambralinga–Ankorian–Lavo_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1247–1270_Tambralinga–Sri_Lanka_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1247–1270_Tambralinga–Sri_Lanka_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1247–1270 Tambralinga–Sri Lanka Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1247–1270_Tambralinga–Sri_Lanka_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_mandalas_era:_5th_–_11th_centuries_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_mandalas_era:_5th_–_11th_centuries_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early mandalas era: 5th – 11th centuries CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mandalas_era:_5th_–_11th_centuries_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Padmavamsa_clan:_12th_–_mid_13th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Padmavamsa_clan:_12th_–_mid_13th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Padmavamsa clan: 12th – mid 13th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Padmavamsa_clan:_12th_–_mid_13th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_era:_late_13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_era:_late_13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transitional era: late 13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_era:_late_13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heritage and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тамбралінга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамбралінга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tambralinga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tambralinga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%90%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%81%EA%B0%80" title="탐브라링가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탐브라링가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Tambralingga" title="Kerajaan Tambralingga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Tambralingga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tambralinga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tambralinga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tambralinga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tambralinga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тамбралинга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамбралинга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தாமரலிங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமரலிங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="อาณาจักรตามพรลิงค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักรตามพรลิงค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тамбралінга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамбралінга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E9%A9%AC%E4%BB%A4" title="单马令 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="单马令" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2509414#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Tambralinga</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tāmbraliṅga</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">c. 2nd century CE–1277</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambralinga_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tambralinga at their largest extent in 1244 after the Jaffna conquest"><img alt="Tambralinga at their largest extent in 1244 after the Jaffna conquest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tambralinga_map.jpg/250px-Tambralinga_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tambralinga_map.jpg/375px-Tambralinga_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tambralinga_map.jpg/500px-Tambralinga_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="875" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Tambralinga at their largest extent in 1244 after the Jaffna conquest</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay language">Old Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Khmer language">Old Khmer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1230–1262 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1263–1277 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Savakanmaindan" title="Savakanmaindan">Savakanmaindan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Niddesa" title="Niddesa">Mahaniddesa</a><sup id="cite_ref-esta_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 2nd century CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Tambralinga conquered <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a><sup id="cite_ref-monwar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monwar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">927</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First mentioned in medieval Chinese sources </div></th><td class="infobox-data">970</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Vassal State of the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> Empire<sup id="cite_ref-A_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">775–969</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Late Independent </div></th><td class="infobox-data">970–1277</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Tambralinga conquered the <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a><sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1003</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a> attacked Tambralinga<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1025</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Tambralinga invaded <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Sri Lanka</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1247</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Fall of Tambralinga </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1277</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Refounded and became <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1278</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)"><span class="nowrap">Pan Pan</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Thailand" title="Category:History of Thailand">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History of <span class="fn org label">Thailand</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1686 Map of the Kingdom of Siam"><img alt="1686 Map of the Kingdom of Siam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg/150px-Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg/225px-Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg/300px-Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="3912" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Thailand">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_(Thailand)" title="Spirit Cave (Thailand)">Spirit Cave</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 9000 BCE–5500 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Ban Chiang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2,100 BCE–200 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> Legendary</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 691 BCE–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Raktamaritika</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 200 BCE–700 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chin_Lin" title="Chin Lin">Chin Lin</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 9 CE – 200 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tun_Sun" title="Tun Sun">Tun Sun</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 52 CE–600 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tambralinga</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 100 CE–1277 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 100 CE–1500 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300 CE–700 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 468 CE–1388 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500 CE–1200 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tou_Yuan" title="Tou Yuan">Tou Yuan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600 CE – 647 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Wen_Dan" title="Wen Dan">Wen Dan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600 CE–800 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 629 CE–1292 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 638 CE–1292 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 671 CE–1025 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Canasapura" title="Canasapura">Canasapura</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 790 CE–974 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ny_Wang" title="Ny Wang">Ny Wang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800 CE – 1289 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Regional kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi%C4%81n" title="Xiān">Xiān</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000 – 1438</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Phayao_Kingdom" title="Phayao Kingdom">Phayao</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1094–1338</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Suphannabhum" title="Suphannabhum">Suphannabhum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1150 – 1438</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1278–1782</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1292–1775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1457–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singora" title="Sultanate of Singora">Singora</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1605–1680</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Satun</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1810–1902</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1238–1438</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1351–1767</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1767–1782</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Rattanakosin Kingdom</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1782–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">1782–1932</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Thailand (2001–present)">2001–present</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Thailand">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Isan" title="History of Isan">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Phitsanulok_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Phitsanulok Province">Phitsanulok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/16px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/24px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Thailand" title="Template:History of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:History of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_entities_in_Peninsular_Siam_in_the_first_millennium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Political_entities_in_Peninsular_Siam_in_the_first_millennium.svg/220px-Political_entities_in_Peninsular_Siam_in_the_first_millennium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Political_entities_in_Peninsular_Siam_in_the_first_millennium.svg/330px-Political_entities_in_Peninsular_Siam_in_the_first_millennium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Political_entities_in_Peninsular_Siam_in_the_first_millennium.svg/440px-Political_entities_in_Peninsular_Siam_in_the_first_millennium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Political entities in Peninsular Siam in early first millennium.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tambralinga</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianised</a> kingdom located on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>), existing at least from the 2nd to 13th centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-esta_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> It possibly was under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> for some time,<sup id="cite_ref-A_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later became independent from it or were generally allies rather than conqueror and vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> The name had been forgotten until scholars recognized Tambralinga as <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> (Nagara Sri Dharmaraja). In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <i>tām(b)ra</i> means "<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>", "copper-coloured" or "red" and <i><a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a></i> means "symbol" or "creation", typically representing the divine energy of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tambralinga first sent an embassy to China under the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in 1001. In the 12th century it may or may not have been under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> and a kingdom of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height in the mid-13th century, under King <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a>, Tambralinga was independent, regrouping and consolidating its power and even invading Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 13th century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history as <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, under the suzerainty of the Tai <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 13th-century work <i><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Zhu Fan Zhi</a></i>, Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rugua" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Rugua">Zhao Rugua</a> mentions the state <i>Danmaling</i> (<i>Tan-ma-ling</i>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">單馬令</span></span>), describing it as a vassal of Srivijaya.<sup id="cite_ref-A_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether <i>Danmaling</i> can be identified with Tambralinga is dubious;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sinologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderich_Ptak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderich Ptak (page does not exist)">Roderich Ptak</a> proposes instead to locate it in the <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Tembeling" title="Kuala Tembeling">Tembeling region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(book)" title="History of Song (book)">Sung shih</a> gives an account of Tambralinga under the name of <i>Tan-mei-liu</i>, and says Tambralinga seems to have been a dependency of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> during all the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> (r.1181–1218).<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 291">: 291 </span></sup> </p><p>An indigenous source of Tambralinga history is an inscription dating to 1183, written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a>, engraved on the base of a bronze Buddha statue found at Wat Hua Wiang in <a href="/wiki/Chaiya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaiya District">Chaiya District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Thani Province">Surat Thani Province</a>. It gives an impression of the political situation of Tambralinga in the late-twelfth century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important source is a Sanskrit inscription ascribed to King <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a> of Tambralinga, dated 1230. It gives the king the epithet "Śrī Dharmarāja", which is an evidence for the identification of Tambralinga with Nakhon Si Thammarat (<i>Nagara Śrī Dharmarāja</i> in Sanskrit).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_coastal_polities:_5th_century_BCE_–_5th_century_CE"><span id="Early_coastal_polities:_5th_century_BCE_.E2.80.93_5th_century_CE"></span>Early coastal polities: 5th century BCE – 5th century CE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early coastal polities: 5th century BCE – 5th century CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Present-peninsular Thailand has long been considered an important area in social interaction as the gateway between the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/India_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="India Ocean">India Ocean</a> since the protohistoric period (c. 500 BCE–500 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Hermann Kulke</a> (1990) suggests that complex pre-Indianized <a href="/wiki/Political_entities" class="mw-redirect" title="Political entities">political entities</a> in present-day peninsular Thailand existed before the first millennium CE and developed to the centralized polities around the mid-first millennium CE through the <a href="/wiki/Indianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization">Indianization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7, 71">: 7, 71 </span></sup> by adopting Indic ideologies to extent the power as well as institutionalizing god-king statuses and dynamic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-w1975_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w1975-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 238–240">: 238–240 </span></sup> Tambralinga was one of the significant centralized polities in the area that was mentioned in the India literature in the 2nd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> Previous scholars assume that Tambralingawas situated near modern <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> or Ligor, based on text given in the inscription No. 28 found in Phra Maha That temple at the center of modern Nakhon Si Thammarat, engraved with <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava scripts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit language</a> dated to the 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>However, based on Chinese chronicles and ignored local inscriptions, some academics are inclined to believe that the beginning of Tambralinga as an autonomous polity dates to the 10th or 11th century instead, and before that date, it was overshadowed by the northern neighbor <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a> centered at the area around the <a href="/wiki/Bandon_Bay" title="Bandon Bay">Bay of Bandon</a> in present-day Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_province" title="Surat Thani province">Surat Thani province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>The region was under the domination first of <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> and then of <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a> from the beginning of the 3rd century until it was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> in the latter part of the 8th.<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 284">: 284 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_mandalas:_5th_–_10th_centuries_CE"><span id="Early_mandalas:_5th_.E2.80.93_10th_centuries_CE"></span>Early mandalas: 5th – 10th centuries CE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early mandalas: 5th – 10th centuries CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese <i>Songhuiyaogao</i> chronicle mentions a country named <i>Danliumei</i> <i>(Tan-liu-mei)</i>, stating many details during the period from 970 to 1070. It gives the impression that the kingdom was an independent state at that time, sending embassies to the court of China under the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> in 1001, 1016 and 1070. <i>Danliumei</i> is assumed to be a Chinese rendering of <i>Tambralinga</i>, the location of that state however is not precisely described. The chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Duanlin" title="Ma Duanlin">Ma Duanlin</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Song_(Yuan_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Song (Yuan dynasty)">Songshi</a></i>, mention similarly named states, <i>Zhoumeiliu</i> <i>(Chou-mei-liu)</i> and <i>Danmeiliu</i> <i>(Tan-liu-mei)</i> respectively, that are also reported to have sent their first mission to China in 1001, which makes it likely that they refer to the same state.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this era, Tambralinga consisted of five main mandalas located on the bank of Khlong Tha Khwai, Khlong Tha Chieo – Tha Thon, Khlong Tha Lat, Maying River, and the largest one on the Haad Sai Keao dune, which was speculated to be the center of Tambralinga.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> Each of these mandalas formed by several communities in the surrounding area with the shrine of the most sacred site be the center and were connected with other mandalas by waterways and land paths.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> was the prominent belief system unlike <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korat_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Korat plateau">Korat plateau</a> where <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97–98">: 97–98 </span></sup> The kings of Tambralinga were institutionalized as Siva-king but the king's power was probably shared by administrative subordinates and his kinship groups.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131">: 131 </span></sup> </p><p>The region began receiving the immigrants of the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon people</a> around the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ketkong_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ketkong-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> According to the legend of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phraya Sri Thammasokaraj or Norabadi (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พญาธรรมาโศกราช</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-B_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; <span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พญานรบดี</span></span>) from the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Hanthawaddy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with his younger brother named Dharanont (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ธรนนท์</span></span>), brought their relatives and 30,000 soldiers, along with two Monks Phra Phutthakhamphien (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระพุทธคัมเภียร</span></span>) and Phra Phutthasakon (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระพุทธสาคร</span></span>), moved south to settle in Khao Chawa Prab (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เขาชวาปราบ</span></span>) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Krabi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi Province">Krabi Province</a> and later relocated to establish <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chan_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_age:_10th_–_mid_13th_centuries"><span id="Golden_age:_10th_.E2.80.93_mid_13th_centuries"></span>Golden age: 10th – mid 13th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Golden age: 10th – mid 13th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_expansion:_10th_–_11th_centuries"><span id="North_expansion:_10th_.E2.80.93_11th_centuries"></span>North expansion: 10th – 11th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North expansion: 10th – 11th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 10th–11th centuries, after gaining independence from <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> by the liberation of King Sujita,<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 295">: 295 </span></sup> Tambralinga was very strong politically and economically since it sent several missions to the Chinese court and even supported the troops to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-monwar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monwar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as seizing the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, two of the great <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">mandalas</a> in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>The origin of <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Sujita</a> (Jivakas) remains unclear. <a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">Cœdès</a> interprets the term “Jivakas” to mean Javanese (Javaka), indicating the king’s lineage as a native Javanese-Malay descended from the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> dynasty centered on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. Meanwhile, Pierre Dupont argues that Jivakas was likely of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkorian</a> descent, or at least his wife must have been an Angkor princess. Dupont additionally comments that to avoid the loss of Angkorian influences over Lavo in the <a href="#925–927_Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya_wars">925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars</a>, Sujita moved the troops north to occupy the <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> before it was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-week_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-week-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Dupont's theory is rebutted by an expert in <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> Studies, Pratum Chumphengphan, who defines that the wars happened before the Angkorians exercised political power to the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Menam Valley</a>. Therefore, the conflict between “<a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a>” at that time was not yet a fight between the “Angkorian and Mon,” but rather a struggle for power between “Mon of <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a>” in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">northern region</a>, who were relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-week_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-week-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism_dominant:_11th–13th_centuries"><span id="Buddhism_dominant:_11th.E2.80.9313th_centuries"></span>Buddhism dominant: 11th–13th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism dominant: 11th–13th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Sujita dynasty's losses in the <a href="#1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars">war against the Chola empire</a> in 1026, Tambralinga was revived by Padmavamsa (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ปัทมวงศ์</span></span>), a noble clan from the north (the exact location is still disputed, either from <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a><sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–39">: 38–39 </span></sup> or Inthapat Nakhon (possibly <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodharapura" title="Yaśodharapura">Yaśodharapura</a><sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Hanthawaddy</a><sup id="cite_ref-chan_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The influx of people and monks from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> was recorded, which made <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> the dominant belief in the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-lan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p>Thai academic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chanchirayuwat_Ratchanee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chanchirayuwat Ratchanee (page does not exist)">Chanchirayuwat Ratchanee</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:หม่อมเจ้าจันทร์จิรายุวัฒน์ รัชนี">th</a>]</span> proposes that after losing the war to the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> in 1026, the center of power in the eastern Siam peninsular was shifted from <a href="/wiki/Chaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaiya">Chaiya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> (Ligor) in 1077, according to the information given to the Chinese court by the diplomat sent in 1168. The previous king's son was enthroned as the new ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Luce" title="Gordon Luce">Gordon Luce</a> speculates that the region was possibly controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> from 1060 to 1200,<sup id="cite_ref-luce2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luce2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> as recorded in the Dhammarajaka inscription (Pl. I 19, 1198 C.E.), which gives the southern limits of the kingdom to <i>Takwā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Takua_Pa_district" title="Takua Pa district">Takua Pa</a>), <i>Salankre</i> (Junk Ceylon?, <a href="/wiki/Phuket" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket">Phuket</a>) and two other places hardly legible, ending with a city with the suffix <i>nakuiw'</i> (nagara). The conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyanzittha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyanzittha">Kyanzittha</a>'s grandson and <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Ceylon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu I</a> to have concerned rights of passage over the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Kra" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of Kra">Isthmus of Kra</a> was recorded in 1164.<sup id="cite_ref-luce2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luce2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> This quarrel would continue and be the cause of the <a href="#1247–1270_Tambralinga–Sri_Lanka_Wars">invasion of Sri Lanka</a> in 1247 by <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a>, whose lineage was believed to have moved from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184–85">: 184–85 </span></sup> </p><p>The relationships between Tambralinga and the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Tai</a> leaders in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Kra_Isthmus" title="Kra Isthmus">Kra Isthmus</a> was speculated to have begun during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a> I,<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 292">: 292 </span></sup> which was expected to be one of the reasons that Srivijaya lost influence over Tambralinga.<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 298">: 298 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1244, King Chandrabhanu <a href="/wiki/Malay_invasions_of_Sri_Lanka#:~:text=Malayan_invasions_of_Sri_Lanka,_by_the_Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya." title="Malay invasions of Sri Lanka">invaded Sri Lanka</a>, adopting the regnal name 'Srīdḥarmarāja' and installing himself as the king of Jaffna. This era ended with the losses of Tambralinga in the <a href="#1247–1270_Tambralinga–Sri_Lanka_Wars">1247–1270 Tambralinga–Sri Lanka Wars</a>. Several local legends said the Padmavamsa clan ended due to the plague.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline:_late_13th_century">Decline: late 13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline: late 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg/220px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg/330px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg/440px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Chedi_Phra_Baromathat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> <i>Chedi Phrae Boromadhatu</i> built by <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a> of the <i>Padmavamsa</i> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">lineage</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a> II (Sri Thammasokaraj III) died in the battle in Sri Lanka, his son became the successor and was crowned as Sri Thammasokaraj IV (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 4</span></span>). During his reign, the kingdom faced several circumstances, including the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a>'s king <a href="/wiki/Kertanagara" title="Kertanagara">Kertanagara</a> from 1268–69 and the plague in 1270, which led to the decline of Tambralinga.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42–43">: 42–43 </span></sup> Sri Thammasokaraj IV died with no heirs in 1272, marking the end of the Padmavamsa clan.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p>After that, Phanomwang (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระพนมวัง</span></span>), a prince in <a href="/wiki/Phetchaburi" title="Phetchaburi">Phetchaburi</a>–Ayodhya clan, with his wife Sadieng Thong (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">สะเดียงทอง</span></span>) and son Sri Racha (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เจ้าศรีราชา</span></span>), were assigned by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phip_Phli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phip Phli (page does not exist)">Phetchaburi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:อาณาจักรพริบพรี">th</a>]</span>'s king to revived <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> This led to the formation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Thammasokaraj_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Thammasokaraj clan (page does not exist)">Sri Thammasokaraj clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="th:ราชวงศ์ศรีธรรมาโศกราช">th</a>]</span> and the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a>'s influence to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Kra_Isthmus" title="Kra Isthmus">Kra Isthmus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> Even the enthronement was patrilineal succession but an appointment from the <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a> was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_stele" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramkhamhaeng stele">Ramkhamhaeng stele</a> of 1283 (or 1292), Tambralinga which was recognized as <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> became the southernmost tributary of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1365 <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Kingdom of Java recognized Nakorn Sri Dharmaraja as <i>Dharmanagari</i> written in <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a>. Despite its rapid rise to prominence in the 13th century, that is, by the following century Danmaling, or Tambralinga, the former member state of Sanfoshih – <a href="/wiki/Javaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Javaka">Javaka</a>, had become a part of Siam (<a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfares">Warfares</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Warfares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="925–927_Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya_wars"><span id="925.E2.80.93927_Tambralinga.E2.80.93Lavo.E2.80.93Haripu.C3.B1jaya_wars"></span>925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 10th century, battles between two <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>'s mandalas, <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a>, happened several times.<sup id="cite_ref-week_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-week-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a> moved south to attack the Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana (Tambralinga), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo.<sup id="cite_ref-monwar_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monwar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupy <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a>, but King Rathasatkara eventually lost the city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in <a href="/wiki/Sankhaburi_district" title="Sankhaburi district">Sankhaburi district</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-week_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-week-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle was also mentioned in several chronicles such as the <a href="/wiki/Jinakalamali" title="Jinakalamali">Jinakalamali</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C4%81madeviva%E1%B9%83sa" title="Cāmadevivaṃsa">Cāmadevivaṃsa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-monwar_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monwar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapür (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch or Kambojaraja (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attacked <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a> but lost.<sup id="cite_ref-week2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-week2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a> and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch was married to a <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> princess who had fled an <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkorian</a> dynastic bloodbath.<sup id="cite_ref-week2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-week2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 960, Lavapür was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siamese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Pre-Ayutthaya_cities" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayodhya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-siamlavo_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siamlavo-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ngr_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngr-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1002–1010_Tambralinga–Ankorian–Lavo_Wars"><span id="1002.E2.80.931010_Tambralinga.E2.80.93Ankorian.E2.80.93Lavo_Wars"></span>1002–1010 Tambralinga–Ankorian–Lavo Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1002–1010 Tambralinga–Ankorian–Lavo Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">Cœdès</a> suggests that Sujita, who was the king of Tambralinga, won over <a href="/wiki/Udayadityavarman_I" title="Udayadityavarman I">Udayadityavarman I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> in 1003 and enthroned as <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Jayavirahvarman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> This led to a nine-year Angkorian civil war in which <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> won the battle and became the successor of <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Jayavirahvarman</a> in 1010.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Achille_Dauphin-Meunier" title="Achille Dauphin-Meunier">Achille Dauphin-Meunier</a> proposes that <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Jayavirahvarman</a> was the rightful successor and brother of Udayadityavarman I.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suryavarman I was believed to be Kambojaraja, a son of <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Sujita</a> and an Angkorian princess.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> He was appointed the new ruler of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a> after it was taken over by his father in the <a href="#925–927_Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya_wars">925–927 Tambralinga–Lavo–Haripuñjaya wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monwar_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monwar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some academics cite <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a> was instead a Khmer opponent who evicted <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Jayavirahvarman</a> out of the Angkor.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>However, the most recent studies found that <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a> was actually from the easternmost regions with the strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Sambor_Prei_Kuk" title="Sambor Prei Kuk">Sambor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krati%C3%A9_province" title="Kratié province">Kratié</a>, but later span influence westward to <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Thom_province" title="Kampong Thom province">Kampong Thom</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Jayavirahvarman</a> controlled the western part but after losing the throne to <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a>, he evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Battambang" title="Battambang">Battambang</a> and then to his homeland, <a href="/wiki/Phimai" title="Phimai">Phimai</a>. This led to <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a>'s attacking campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya basin</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a> of Tambralinga's prince Kambojaraja. Suryavarman I's invading of Lavo is probably a cause of the <a href="#1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars">1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-new_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars"><span id="1025.E2.80.931026_Tambralinga.2FSrivijiya.E2.80.93Ankorian.2FChola_Wars"></span>1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chola_Empire_Map_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg/300px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg/450px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg/600px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola empire">Chola empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_I" title="Rajendra I">Rajendra I</a>'s South-east Asian campaign.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asia_campaign_of_Rajendra_I" title="South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I">South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">Chola invasion of Srivijaya</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Jayavirahvarmanfrom</a> the <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> throne in 1002.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> He was enthroned as the Angkor's <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_I" title="Suryavarman I">Suryavarman I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Three year later, he devastated the <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> which was ruled by Tambralinga's prince Kambojaraja. He then requested aid from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> against Tambralinga.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king, <a href="/wiki/Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman" title="Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman">Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with Srivijaya. The conflict ended with a victory for the Chola and heavy losses for Tambralinga and <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> with the capture of Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman in the Chola raid in 1025.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–143">: 142–143 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Srivijava, the Cholas continued a series of raids and conquests against parts of Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula for the next 20 years. The expedition of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> had such a lasting impression on the Malay people of the period that his name is even mentioned (as <i>Raja Chulan</i>) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhism,_Diplomacy_p.226_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhism,_Diplomacy_p.226-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Chola Empire did not establish its direct rule over South-East Asia though they might have levied a periodic tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-sastri219220_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri219220-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1247–1270_Tambralinga–Sri_Lanka_Wars"><span id="1247.E2.80.931270_Tambralinga.E2.80.93Sri_Lanka_Wars"></span>1247–1270 Tambralinga–Sri Lanka Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1247–1270 Tambralinga–Sri Lanka Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_invasions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Malay invasions of Sri Lanka">Malay invasions of Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>According to the inscription No. 24 found at Hua-wieng temple in <a href="/wiki/Chaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaiya">Chaiya</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, the ruler of Tambralinga named <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja</a> was the king of Padmavamsa (Lotus dynasty).<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184">: 184 </span></sup> He began to reign in 1230, he had the <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Mahathat" title="Wat Phra Mahathat">Phra Borommathat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">chedi</a> in Nakhon Si Thammarat, from Sanskrit dhatu - element, component, or relic + garbha - storehouse or repository) reparation and celebration in the same year. Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja brought Tambralinga to the pinnacle of its power in the mid-13th century. From the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> and Tamil materials, records, and sources, Chandrabhanu was a <a href="/wiki/Savakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Savakan">Savakan</a> king from Tambralinga who had invaded Sri Lanka in 1247. His navy launched an assault on the southern part of the island but was defeated by the Sri Lankan king. </p><p>However Chandrabhanu was able to establish an independent regime in the north of the island over the Jaffna kingdom, but in 1258 he was attacked and subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jatavarman_Sundara_Pandyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan">Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> He was compelled to pay a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan dynasty</a> of precious jewels and elephants. In 1262 Chandrabhanu launched another attack on the south of the island, his army strengthened this time by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Tamils_(Indian_origin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Tamils (Indian origin)">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> forces, only to be defeated when Pandya sided with the Sri Lankan side; this time Jatarvarman Sundara Pandyan's brother <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jatavarman_Veera_Pandyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jatavarman Veera Pandyan (page does not exist)">Jatavarman Veera Pandyan</a> intervened and Chandrabhanu himself was killed in the fighting. Chandrabhanu's son <a href="/wiki/Savakanmaindan" title="Savakanmaindan">Savakanmaindan</a> inherited the throne and submitted to Veera Pandyan's rule, received rewards and retained control over the northern kingdom. His regime too had disappeared following <a href="/wiki/Maravarman_Kulasekara_Pandyan_I" title="Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I">Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I</a>'s ascension to the Pandyan empire's throne and another invasion of the island by the army of the Pandyan dynasty in the late 1270s. Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I installed his minister in charge of the invasion, <a href="/wiki/Kulasekara_Cinkaiariyan" title="Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan">Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryachakravarti</a> as the new king of Jaffna. </p><p>In at least two senses, the rapid expansion of Tambralinga is exceptional in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">history of Southeast Asia</a>. In the first place, Candrabhanu's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and occupation of the Jaffna kingdom marks the only time that a Southeast Asian power has launched an overseas military expedition beyond the immediate Southeast Asian region. In the second place, in the historiography of Southeast Asia, southern Thailand has generally played a secondary role to that of places like <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a> region (Srivijaya in the seventh~eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> in the 15th century), <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. Tambralinga's sudden appearance on centre-stage in the 13th century was thus highly unusual.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_mandalas_era:_5th_–_11th_centuries_CE"><span id="Early_mandalas_era:_5th_.E2.80.93_11th_centuries_CE"></span>Early mandalas era: 5th – 11th centuries CE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early mandalas era: 5th – 11th centuries CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information regards Tambralinga's king during this era is scattered and largely based on local legends.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for Sujita who was mentioned in some chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-week_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-week-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monwar_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monwar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This era ended with heavy losses for Tambralinga in the <a href="#1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars">1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–143">: 142–143 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Rulers</th> <th rowspan="2">Reign</th> <th rowspan="2">Note</th> <th rowspan="2">Contemporary event </th></tr> <tr> <th>Romanized name</th> <th>Thai name </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"><i>Rulers before the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jayavirahvarman" title="Jayavirahvarman">Sujita</a> are still unknown.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sujita<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup>/Vararāja/Sīvaka/<i>To-hsi-chi</i></td> <td>พระเยาวรราช/ชีวกราช/สุชิตราช/สุรชิตราช/</td> <td>970?–1003</td> <td>Father of Kambojaraja, king of Lavo.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </td> <td rowspan="3">Fall of the <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> civilization (11th century) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Unknown</i></td> <td></td> <td><span class="nowrap">1004–1025</span></td> <td>The dynasty ended after losing in the wars against the <a href="#1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars">Chola Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–143">: 142–143 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">The Malay peninsular faced 20 years of being raided by the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> as the post-match of the <a href="#1025–1026_Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola_Wars">1025–1026 Tambralinga/Srivijiya–Ankorian/Chola Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–143">: 142–143 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Padmavamsa_clan:_12th_–_mid_13th_centuries"><span id="Padmavamsa_clan:_12th_.E2.80.93_mid_13th_centuries"></span>Padmavamsa clan: 12th – mid 13th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Padmavamsa clan: 12th – mid 13th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Rulers</th> <th rowspan="2">Reign</th> <th rowspan="2">Note</th> <th rowspan="2">Siamese era </th></tr> <tr> <th>Romanized name</th> <th>Thai name </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">From 1060–1200, Tambralinga was probably under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-luce2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luce2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Unknown</i></td> <td></td> <td>1077–?</td> <td>Son of the previous.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup></td> <td>Regent of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> (r.1069–1082) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Unknown</i></td> <td></td> <td>?–1157?</td> <td></td> <td>Sai Nam Peung of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a> (r.1111–1165) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Thammasokaraj" title="Sri Thammasokaraj">Sri Thammasokaraj</a> I<sup id="cite_ref-B_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> (Norabadi)</td> <td>ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 1/พญานรบดี</td> <td>1157?–1181/82<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"> <ul><li>Possibly from <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a><sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–39">: 38–39 </span></sup> or Inthapat Nakhon (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">อินทปัตถ์นคร</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Hanthawaddy</a><sup id="cite_ref-chan_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the local dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup></li> <li>Sent tribute to China in 1168.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup></li> <li>1179–80 territory wars with Phichaithep Chiang Saen. (Father of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a>'s king Uthong I)<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup></li></ul> </td> <td>Dhammikaraja (r.1165–1205) of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">Sri Thammasokaraj II<sup id="cite_ref-B_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="nowrap">(formerly Chandrabhanu<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup>)</span></td> <td>ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 2/ จันทรภาณุที่ 1</td> <td>1181/82–1227<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </td> <td>Uthong I (r.1205–1253) of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Thammasokaraj III,<br />known as <a href="/wiki/Chandrabhanu" title="Chandrabhanu">Chandrabhanu</a> II<br />(formerly Phongsasura)<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup></td> <td>ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 3/จันทรภาณุที่ 2/พงษาสุระ</td> <td><span class="nowrap">1227<sup id="cite_ref-D_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1244<sup id="cite_ref-E_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1262</span></td> <td>Territory expanded to <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Chaisen (r.1253–1289) of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Savakanmaindan" title="Savakanmaindan">Savakanmaindan</a>/<br />Sri Thammasokaraj IV?<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup></td> <td>ศรีธรรมาโศกราชที่ 4</td> <td>1263–1272<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> or 1277</td> <td>The last ruler of the Padmavamsa clan of Tambralinga </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">End of Padmavamsa clan </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_era:_late_13th_century">Transitional era: late 13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transitional era: late 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Rulers</th> <th rowspan="2">Reign</th> <th rowspan="2">Note</th> <th rowspan="2">Siamese era </th></tr> <tr> <th>Romanized name</th> <th>Thai name </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Saiyanarong/<br /><a href="/wiki/Phaya_Sai_Songkhram" title="Phaya Sai Songkhram">Sai Songkhram</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-F_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ศรีไสยณรงค์</td> <td>1274–1298?<sup id="cite_ref-sri_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sri-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> <ul><li>From <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Hanthawaddy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Possibly either brother or son of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a>?.<sup id="cite_ref-sri_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sri-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> (r.1279–1298) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">After the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> was possibly split into three independent kingdoms, including Sukhothai, <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suphannaphum_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Suphannaphum Kingdom">Suphannaphum Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-sri_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sri-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dharmakasat?</td> <td>ธรรมกษัตริย์</td> <td>1298?–?</td> <td> <ul><li>Younger brother of the previous.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lan_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup></li> <li>The dynasty ended due to the plague.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Loe_Thai" title="Loe Thai">Loe Thai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> (r.1298–1323) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">The seat was vacant after the reign of Dharmakasat.<sup id="cite_ref-lan_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57">: 57 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phanomwang</td> <td>พนมวัง</td> <td>1342–?</td> <td>Son of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phip_Phli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phip Phli (page does not exist)">Phetchaburi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:อาณาจักรพริบพรี">th</a>]</span>'s king Phanom Thale Sri (<span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พนมทะเลศรี</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uthong" title="Uthong">Ramathibodi I</a> (Uthong) of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom"> Ayutthaya</a> (r.1344–1369) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Thammasokaraj (formerly Sri Racha)</td> <td>ศรีธรรมาโศกราช/ศรีราชา</td> <td></td> <td>Son of the previous.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oo</td> <td>อู</td> <td rowspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2">Co-rulers; Oo was a grandson of the previous, while Yoo was the younger brother.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yoo</td> <td>อยู่ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Chomrat/Ram</td> <td>ศรีจอมรัตน์/ราม</td> <td></td> <td>Son of Oo,<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> Last ruler from the Sri Thammasokaraj clan.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83, 85">: 83, 85 </span></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Maharaja (formerly Intara)</td> <td>ศรีมหาราชา/อินทารา</td> <td></td> <td>From the local clan, Sri Maharaja, seat at <a href="/wiki/Lan_Saka_district" title="Lan Saka district">Lan Saka</a>. Became the ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat after married Ueay, a daughter of Sri Chomrat.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Thanu/Sri Tun/Sri Maharaja II</td> <td>ศรีทนู/ศรีทูน</td> <td></td> <td>Son of the previous.<sup id="cite_ref-fam_22-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fam-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">End of the Sri Maharaja clan, the next rulers were directly appointed by <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Ayodhya</a>.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage_and_restoration">Heritage and restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Heritage and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_city_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_city_wall.jpg/200px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_city_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_city_wall.jpg/300px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_city_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_city_wall.jpg/400px-Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_city_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Northern gate of the old walled town. The only gate that still exists.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city chronicle mentions a fortification when the town was refounded in 1278. The <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng inscription">Ram Khamhaeng inscription</a> of 1283 lists Nakhon Si Thammarat as one of the tributary kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a>. In the Old Javanese <i><a href="/wiki/Desawarnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Desawarnana">Desawarnana</a></i> document of 1365, the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom also recognised Nakhon Si Thammarat as belonging to <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Palatinate Law</i> of King <a href="/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat" title="Borommatrailokkanat">Trailok</a> dated 1468, Nakhon Si Thammarat was listed as one of eight great cities (<i>Phraya maha nakhon</i>) belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>. During the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a> (r. 1590–1605) it became a first class province <i>(<a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">Mueang</a> Ek)</i>. </p><p>Restorations were recorded at the time of King <a href="/wiki/Ramesuan_(king_of_Ayutthaya)" title="Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)">Ramesuan</a> (1388–1395), as well as King <a href="/wiki/Narai" title="Narai">Narai</a> (1656–1688) of Ayutthaya. The latter one was supported by the French engineer M. de la Mare. </p><p>The walls of the town spread 456 meters from east to west, and 2,238 meters north to south, thus enclosing an area of about one square kilometre. The northern wall had only one gate, called <i>Pratu Chai Nuea</i> or <i>Pratu Chai Sak</i>, while the southern wall also had only one gate. To the east there were three gates, which connected the town with the sea. To the west were five gates. Today only the northern gate still exists, together with a short stretch of the northern city wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tambralinga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_Tambralinga" title="Category:Monarchs of Tambralinga">Category:Monarchs of Tambralinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naksat_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Naksat cities">Naksat cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-A-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to the absence of conclusive evidence of long-term <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>'s control of Tambralinga, <a href="/wiki/O._W._Wolters" title="O. W. Wolters">O. W. Wolters</a> suggests that Tambralinga is largely an independent policy, which had close relationships to the <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Andaya" title="Leonard Andaya">Leonard Andaya</a> additionally proposes that the previous perception of Srivijaya as the dominant maritime Southeast Asian empire should be refined.<sup id="cite_ref-noonsuk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thammasokaraj, Thammasoka, and similar titles were usually used as honorary titles for kings who significantly promoted and sustained Buddhism<sup id="cite_ref-chan_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were later used as general titles for the Nakhon Si Thammarat rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Tambralinga king.<sup id="cite_ref-ori_24-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ori-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna</a> king.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly the same person with Sri Thammasokaraj I (Norabadi), founder of Padmavamsa clan.<sup id="cite_ref-sri_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sri-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (timeline disputed)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-esta-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esta_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esta_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFสืบพงศ์_ธรรมชาติ2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">สืบพงศ์ ธรรมชาติ (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240424151913/https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cjwu/article/view/95337">"อารยธรรมแดนใต้ ตามพรลิงค์ ลังกาสุกะ ศรีวิชัย และศรีธรรมราชมหานคร (เมืองสิบสองนักษัตร)"</a> [The Civilization of Tambralinga Langasuga Sivichai and Si Thammarat Mahanakhon (Muang 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cjwu/article/view/95337">the original</a> on 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Arts+and+Culture&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0+%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3+%28%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.au=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso06.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fcjwu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F95337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noonsuk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noonsuk_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWannasarn_Noonsuk2005" class="citation web cs1">Wannasarn Noonsuk (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240424154723/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4728545b-8038-464f-a61d-72689420fb7a/content">"The Significance of Peninsular Siam in the Southeast Asia Maritime World during 500 BC to AD 1000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4728545b-8038-464f-a61d-72689420fb7a/content">the original</a> on 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+Peninsular+Siam+in+the+Southeast+Asia+Maritime+World+during+500+BC+to+AD+1000&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Wannasarn+Noonsuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F4728545b-8038-464f-a61d-72689420fb7a%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monwar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monwar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monwar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monwar_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monwar_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monwar_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monwar_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231025205650/https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts">"๑ สหัสวรรษ แห่ง "พระนิยม"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Department" title="Fine Arts Department">Fine Arts Department</a></i> (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finearts.go.th/fad4/view/34507-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87--%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1-?fbclid=IwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts">the original</a> on 25 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fine+Arts+Department&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%91+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87+%22%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finearts.go.th%2Ffad4%2Fview%2F34507-%25E0%25B9%2591-%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A9-%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2587--%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25A1-%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0j9kuODrTD6Baej1RxJvG53o1IeTkjjJrvhLYebX-kYCJfL2vv0ZzD2ts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland_Braddell1980" class="citation book cs1">Roland Braddell (1980). <i>A Study of Ancient Times in the Malay Peninsula and the Straits of Malaccam and Notes on Ancient Times in Malaya</i>. 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White Lotus Press. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakhon+Sri+Thammarat%3A+The+Archaeology%2C+History+and+Legend+of+a+Southern+Thai+Town&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Stuart+Munro-Hay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). <i>The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BCE–1300 CE)</i>. 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Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049556">the original</a></span> on 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Far+Eastern+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Khmer+Empire+and+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=256-305&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2049556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049556%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Lawrence+Palmer+Briggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). <i>The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BCE–1300 CE)</i>. Brill. p. 421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Peninsula%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Maritime+Silk-Road+%28100+BCE%E2%80%931300+CE%29&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Michel+Jacq-Hergoualc%27h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). <i>The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BCE–1300 CE)</i>. Brill. pp. 242–243, 423–425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Peninsula%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Maritime+Silk-Road+%28100+BCE%E2%80%931300+CE%29&rft.pages=242-243%2C+423-425&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Michel+Jacq-Hergoualc%27h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Munro-Hay2001" class="citation book cs1">Stuart Munro-Hay (2001). <i>Nakhon Sri Thammarat: The Archaeology, History and Legend of a Southern Thai Town</i>. White Lotus Press. pp. 65–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nakhon+Sri+Thammarat%3A+The+Archaeology%2C+History+and+Legend+of+a+Southern+Thai+Town&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Stuart+Munro-Hay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w1975-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w1975_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Wheatley1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> (1975). "Satyanrta in Suvarnadvipa: from Reciprocity to Redistribution in Ancient Southeast Asia". In J. A. Sabloff; C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (eds.). <i>Ancient Civilization and Trade</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1934691984" title="Special:BookSources/1934691984"><bdi>1934691984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satyanrta+in+Suvarnadvipa%3A+from+Reciprocity+to+Redistribution+in+Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Ancient+Civilization+and+Trade&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=1934691984&rft.au=Paul+Wheatley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Wheatley1966" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725075434/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf">"The Golden Khersonese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Malaya Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1974/03/JSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Khersonese&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Paul+Wheatley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesiamsociety.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1974%2F03%2FJSS_062_1m_ChandChirayuRajani_ReviewArticleBackgroundToSriVijaya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). <i>The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BCE–1300 CE)</i>. Brill. pp. 351–352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Peninsula%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Maritime+Silk-Road+%28100+BCE%E2%80%931300+CE%29&rft.pages=351-352&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Michel+Jacq-Hergoualc%27h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ketkong-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ketkong_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThanutchaporn_KetkongSupat_Chaiwan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Thanutchaporn Ketkong; Supat Chaiwan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so18.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/gjwrc_2521/article/download/19/14/31">"Dvaravati Civilization Footprints, Its Maximus Creeds and Cultures in Siam Suvarnbhumi, Ancient Thailand"</a>. <i>Global Interactive Journal of World Religions and Cultures</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 28–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Interactive+Journal+of+World+Religions+and+Cultures&rft.atitle=Dvaravati+Civilization+Footprints%2C+Its+Maximus+Creeds+and+Cultures+in+Siam+Suvarnbhumi%2C+Ancient+Thailand&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-41&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Thanutchaporn+Ketkong&rft.au=Supat+Chaiwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso18.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fgjwrc_2521%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F19%2F14%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chan_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chan_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chan_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chan_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chan_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPensupa_Sukkata2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pensupa Sukkata (13 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241105003721/https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_335699">"ใครคือ "พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช" ในจารึก "ดงแม่นางเมือง"?"</a> [Who is “Phra Chao Sri Dharmasokarat” in the “Dong Mae Nang Muang” inscription?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Matichon" title="Matichon">Matichon</a></i> (in Thai).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matichon&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD+%22%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%22+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81+%22%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%22%3F&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft.au=Pensupa+Sukkata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20241105003721%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichonweekly.com%2Fcolumn%2Farticle_335699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fam-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fam_22-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104102438/https://www.tungsong.com/NakhonSri/tamnan_nakhon/5.pdf">"ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างราชวงศ์ศรีธรรมาโศกราชกับราชวงศ์ศรีมหาราชา (ศรีมหาราช)"</a> [The relationship between the Sri Dharmasokaraj dynasty and the Sri Maharaja (Sri Maharaj) dynasty] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tungsong Municipality</i> (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tungsong.com/NakhonSri/tamnan_nakhon/5.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tungsong+Municipality&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2+%28%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tungsong.com%2FNakhonSri%2Ftamnan_nakhon%2F5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-week-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-week_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-week_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-week_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-week_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-week_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFเพ็ญสุภา_สุขคตะ2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (28 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231225154450/https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113">"ปริศนาโบราณคดี l 'สงครามสามนคร' (1): กษัตริย์หริภุญไชยผู้พลัดถิ่นหนีไปแถบเมืองสรรคบุรี?"</a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Matichon" title="Matichon">Matichon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_459113">the original</a> on 25 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5+l+%27%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%27+%281%29%3A+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%3F&rft.pub=Matichon&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.au=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichonweekly.com%2Fculture%2Farticle_459113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ori-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ori_24-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatchai_Sukrakarn2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chatchai Sukrakarn (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240812062734/http://dspace.nstru.ac.th:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/337/1/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A.pdf">"พระเจ้าศรีธรรมาโศกราช"</a> [Sri Thammasokaraj] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A&rft.date=2005-10&rft.au=Chatchai+Sukrakarn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20240812062734%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nstru.ac.th%3A8080%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F337%2F1%2F%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lan-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lan_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lan_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lan_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614003655/https://www.tungsong.com/NakhonSri/tamnan_nakhon/4.pdf">"ตำนานและพุทธศาสนาจากลังกา"</a> [Legends and Buddhism from Sri Lanka] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20220614003655%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.tungsong.com%2FNakhonSri%2Ftamnan_nakhon%2F4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luce2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luce2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luce2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luce2_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuce,_G.H.1958" class="citation journal cs1">Luce, G.H. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210174732/https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1959/03/JSS_047_1c_Luce_EarlySyamInBurmasHistorySupplement.pdf">"The Early Syam in Burma's History: A Supplement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a></i>. <b>46</b>: 59–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=The+Early+Syam+in+Burma%27s+History%3A+A+Supplement&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=59-102&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Luce%2C+G.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20240210174732%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fthesiamsociety.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1959%2F03%2FJSS_047_1c_Luce_EarlySyamInBurmasHistorySupplement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1885/115188"><i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i></a>. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F115188">1885/115188</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F115188&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1885%2F115188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_K._Wyatt2004" class="citation book cs1">David K. Wyatt (2004). <i>Thailand: A Short History</i> (Second ed.). Silkworm Books. pp. 35, 43–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=35%2C+43-46&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Silkworm+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.au=David+K.+Wyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukami_Sumio2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fukami Sumio (2006). "The Rise of Tambralinga and the Southeast Asian Commercial Boom in the Thirteenth Century". <i>XIV International Economic History Congress</i> (72). Helsinki: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XIV+International+Economic+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Tambralinga+and+the+Southeast+Asian+Commercial+Boom+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Fukami+Sumio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-week2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-week2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-week2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFเพ็ญสุภา_สุขคตะ2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">เพ็ญสุภา สุขคตะ (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231225163500/https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_464051">"ปริศนาโบราณคดี : 'สงครามสามนคร' (จบ) : การปรากฏนามของพระเจ้ากัมโพชแห่งกรุงละโว้?"</a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Matichon" title="Matichon">Matichon</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matichonweekly.com/culture/article_464051">the original</a> on 25 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5+%3A+%27%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%27+%28%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9A%29+%3A+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%3F&rft.pub=Matichon&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.au=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichonweekly.com%2Fculture%2Farticle_464051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siamlavo-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siamlavo_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231223010628/http://www.usakanaenew.com/16733049/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%96-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%93-%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94">"รัชกาลที่ ๒๐ มหาจักรพรรดิพ่อศรีมงคลอาทิตย์ กรุงละโว้ ปี พ.ศ.๑๕๐๓-๑๕๐๔"</a>. <i>www.usakanaenew.com</i> (in Thai). 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usakanaenew.com/16733049/รัชกาลที่-๑๖-มหาจักรพรรดิพ่อศรีมงคลอาทิตย์-กรุงละโว้-ปี-พศ๑๕๐๓-๑๕๐๔">the original</a> on 23 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usakanaenew.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88+%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%90+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%93-%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usakanaenew.com%2F16733049%2F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%96-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%93-%E0%B9%91%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%90%E0%B9%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngr-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ngr_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231223012308/https://mgronline.com/daily/detail/9660000105649">"เส้นทางศรีวิชัย : เครือข่ายทางการค้าที่ยิ่งใหญ่ที่สุดในทะเลใต้ยุคโบราณ ตอน ราชวงศ์ไศเลนทร์ที่จัมบิ (ประมาณ พ.ศ.1395-1533) (ตอนจบ)"</a> (in Thai). <a href="/wiki/Manager_Daily" title="Manager Daily">Manager Daily</a>. 1 December 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgronline.com/daily/detail/9660000105649">the original</a> on 23 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2+%3A+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4+%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.1395-1533%29+%28%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9A%29&rft.pub=Manager+Daily&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgronline.com%2Fdaily%2Fdetail%2F9660000105649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Jacq-Hergoualc'h, Michel (2002). <i>The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk Road (100 BC – 1300 AD)</i>. Translated by Hobson, Victoria. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11973-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11973-6"><bdi>90-04-11973-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001035117">2001035117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Peninsula%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Maritime+Silk+Road+%28100+BC+%E2%80%93+1300+AD%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001035117&rft.isbn=90-04-11973-6&rft.aulast=Jacq-Hergoualc%27h&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-new_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUthan_Wongsathit2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uthan Wongsathit (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jongko-inscription-new-evidence-of-king-jayavirvarman">"Jongko Inscription: New Evidence of King Jayavirvarman"</a> (in Thai)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jongko+Inscription%3A+New+Evidence+of+King+Jayavirvarman&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft.au=Uthan+Wongsathit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjongko-inscription-new-evidence-of-king-jayavirvarman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_R._Hall_1975_pp._318-336_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C._Majumdar_1961_pp._338-342_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buddhism,_Diplomacy_p.226-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buddhism,_Diplomacy_p.226_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations by Tansen Sen p.226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800 by Geoffrey C. Gunn p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800 by <a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">John N. Miksic</a> p.147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sastri219220-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sastri219220_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta</a> (2000) [1935]. <i>The Cōlas</i>. Madras: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>. pp. 219–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%C5%8Dlas&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.+A.+Nilakanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sri-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sri_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sri_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sri_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sri_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTongjai_Hutangkur2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tongjai Hutangkur (17 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241105234239/https://www.sac.or.th/portal/th/article/detail/608">"ปาไซ-สยามยุทธ์: "พ่อขุนแดนใต้" รบ "แขกสุมาตรา"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Pasai-Siam Wars: "King of the South" fights "Indian"]. <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Maha_Chakri_Sirindhorn_Anthropology_Centre" title="Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre">Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre</a></i> (in Thai).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princess+Maha+Chakri+Sirindhorn+Anthropology+Centre&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%3A+%22%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%22+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A+%22%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%22&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.au=Tongjai+Hutangkur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20241105234239%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.sac.or.th%2Fportal%2Fth%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukami_Sumio2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fukami Sumio (2006). "The Rise of Tambralinga and the Southeast Asian Commercial Boom in the Thirteenth Century". <i>XIV International Economic History Congress</i> (72). Helsinki: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XIV+International+Economic+History+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Tambralinga+and+the+Southeast+Asian+Commercial+Boom+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Fukami+Sumio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tambralinga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumio_Fukami2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sumio Fukami (2004). "The Long 13th Century of Tambralinga: From Javaka to Siam". <i>The Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko</i>. <b>62</b>: 45–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Memoirs+of+the+Research+Department+of+the+Toyo+Bunko&rft.atitle=The+Long+13th+Century+of+Tambralinga%3A+From+Javaka+to+Siam&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=45-79&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Sumio+Fukami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Jacq-Hergoualc'h2002" class="citation book cs1">Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h (2002). "The Situation in the Malay Peninsula in the 10th and 11th Centuries" and "The Commercial Boom in the Malay Peninsula in the 12th and 13th Centuries". <i>The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC–1300 AD)</i>. Brill. pp. 339–442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Situation+in+the+Malay+Peninsula+in+the+10th+and+11th+Centuries%22+and+%22The+Commercial+Boom+in+the+Malay+Peninsula+in+the+12th+and+13th+Centuries&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Peninsula%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Maritime+Silk-Road+%28100+BC%E2%80%931300+AD%29&rft.pages=339-442&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Michel+Jacq-Hergoualc%27h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._W._Wolters1958" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/O._W._Wolters" title="O. W. Wolters">O. W. Wolters</a> (1958). "Tāmbraliṅga". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 587–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00060195">10.1017/S0041977X00060195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246638498">246638498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=T%C4%81mbrali%E1%B9%85ga&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=587-607&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00060195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246638498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=O.+W.+Wolters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span>; also printed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Braginsky2002" class="citation book cs1">Vladimir Braginsky, ed. (2002). <i>Classical Civilisations of South East Asia</i>. Routledge Curzon. pp. 84–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Civilisations+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=84-105&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATambralinga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Thailand_navbox" title="Template:History of Thailand navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Thailand_navbox" title="Template talk:History of Thailand navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Thailand_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Thailand navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History of Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling of Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%C4%81n" title="Xiān">Xiān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932 to 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973 to 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">Since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Lin" title="Chin Lin">Chin Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tou_Yuan" title="Tou Yuan">Tou Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Sun" title="Tun Sun">Tun Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeastern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canasapura" title="Canasapura">Canasapura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khottrabun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khottrabun (page does not exist)">Khottrabun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="th:อาณาจักรโคตรบูร">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_Wang" title="Ny Wang">Ny Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Dan" title="Wen Dan">Wen Dan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raktamaritika" class="mw-redirect" title="Raktamaritika">Raktamaritika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanling" title="Tanling">Tanling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tambralinga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phip_Phli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phip Phli (page does not exist)">Phip Phli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" class="extiw" title="th:อาณาจักรพริบพรี">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suphannabhum" title="Suphannabhum">Suphannabhum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai" title="Kingdom of Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Lampang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Lampang (page does not exist)">Lampang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" class="extiw" title="th:นครลำปาง">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Lamphun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Lamphun (page does not exist)">Lamphun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:นครลำพูน">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Nan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Nan (page does not exist)">Nan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" class="extiw" title="th:นครน่าน">th</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phayao_Kingdom" title="Phayao Kingdom">Phayao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Phrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Phrae (page does not exist)">Phrae</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" class="extiw" title="th:นครแพร่">th</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singora" title="Sultanate of Singora">Singora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Pattani">Pattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setul_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Setul Kingdom">Satun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reman Kingdom">Reman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Isan" title="History of Isan">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Phitsanulok_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Phitsanulok Province">Phitsanulok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/16px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/24px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, 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