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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_to_15th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_to_15th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>13th to 15th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_to_15th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_to_17th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_to_17th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>16th to 17th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_to_17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_to_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_to_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>18th to 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_to_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_to_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_to_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>19th to 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_to_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floral_umbrellas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floral_umbrellas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Floral umbrellas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floral_umbrellas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Traditional dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Cuisines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Folk games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mon people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="المون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monlar" title="Monlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Моны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Моны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(poble)" title="Mon (poble) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mon (poble)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon" title="Mon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monid" title="Monid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Monid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1)" title="Μον (εθνότητα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μον (εθνότητα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnia_mon" title="Etnia mon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnia mon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(herria)" title="Mon (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mon (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ns" title="Môns – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Môns" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="몬족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몬족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="मोन लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोन लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Mon" title="Suku Mon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Mon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(gruppo_etnico)" title="Mon (gruppo etnico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mon (gruppo etnico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мондар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мондар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ຄົນມອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄົນມອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monai_(tauta)" title="Monai (tauta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Monai (tauta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="മോൻ ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോൻ ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="المون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂကူမန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂကူမန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="پگوئان‌ئون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پگوئان‌ئون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="မွန်လူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွန်လူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(volk)" title="Mon (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mon (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%97%8F_(Mon)" title="モン族 (Mon) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モン族 (Mon)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(etnisk_gruppe)" title="Mon (etnisk gruppe) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mon (etnisk gruppe)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monlar" title="Monlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Monlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%EA%A9%BB" title="မဲင်ꩻလိုꩻခွိုꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မဲင်ꩻလိုꩻခွိုꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93" title="ជនជាតិមន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជនជាតិមន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monowie" title="Monowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_(povo)" title="Mons (povo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mons (povo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Моны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mon people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86" title="خەڵکی مۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵکی مۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Мони (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мони (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moni" title="Moni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monit" title="Monit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Monit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_(folk)" title="Mon (folk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mon (folk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D" title="ชาวมอญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวมอญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monlar" title="Monlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Monlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of Southeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muong_people" title="Muong people">Muong people</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mon<br /><span title="Mon-language text"><span lang="mnw"><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>:ဂကူမန်</span></span><span title="Mon-language text"><span lang="mnw"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>:မွန်</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mon_State_(2018).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of Mon people</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:20200206_150859_Mon_Girls_in_Mawlamyaing_Myanmar_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/20200206_150859_Mon_Girls_in_Mawlamyaing_Myanmar_anagoria.JPG/220px-20200206_150859_Mon_Girls_in_Mawlamyaing_Myanmar_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/20200206_150859_Mon_Girls_in_Mawlamyaing_Myanmar_anagoria.JPG/330px-20200206_150859_Mon_Girls_in_Mawlamyaing_Myanmar_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/20200206_150859_Mon_Girls_in_Mawlamyaing_Myanmar_anagoria.JPG/440px-20200206_150859_Mon_Girls_in_Mawlamyaing_Myanmar_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3879" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mon girls wearing traditional dress in <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Mawlamyine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2.6million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.8 million<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA_geos_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_geos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<sup id="cite_ref-burmese_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burmese-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9000<sup id="cite_ref-burmese_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burmese-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Lanna</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, Mon folk religion, Mon Christian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Other <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> groups</li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_people" title="Nyah Kur people">Nyah Kur</a>)</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mon</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>: <span lang="mnw">ဂကူမန်</span><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1d\/LL-Q13349_%28mnw%29-%E5%92%BD%E9%A0%AD%E3%81%B9%E3%81%95-%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA.wav\/LL-Q13349_%28mnw%29-%E5%92%BD%E9%A0%AD%E3%81%B9%E3%81%95-%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q13349 (mnw)-\u54bd\u982d\u3079\u3055-\u1002\u1000\u1030\u1019\u1014\u103a.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/LL-Q13349_%28mnw%29-%E5%92%BD%E9%A0%AD%E3%81%B9%E3%81%95-%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA.wav/LL-Q13349_%28mnw%29-%E5%92%BD%E9%A0%AD%E3%81%B9%E3%81%95-%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q13349_(mnw)-%E5%92%BD%E9%A0%AD%E3%81%B9%E3%81%95-%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA.wav" title="File:LL-Q13349 (mnw)-咽頭べさ-ဂကူမန်.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; Thai Mon: ဂကူမည်; <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">မွန်လူမျိုး‌</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[mʊ̀ɰ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>lù<span class="wrap"> </span>mjó]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:มอญ">มอญ</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[mɔ̄ːn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/Mon_%28TH%29.opus\/Mon_%28TH%29.opus.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mon (TH).opus"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Mon_%28TH%29.opus/Mon_%28TH%29.opus.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_(TH).opus" title="File:Mon (TH).opus">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> who inhabit <a href="/wiki/Lower_Myanmar" title="Lower Myanmar">Lower Myanmar</a>'s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer199014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer199014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayah_State" title="Kayah State">Kayah State</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bago_Region" title="Bago Region">Bago Region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a>, and several areas in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani_province" title="Pathum Thani province">Pathum Thani province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phra_Pradaeng_district" title="Phra Pradaeng district">Phra Pradaeng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nong_Ya_Plong_district" title="Nong Ya Plong district">Nong Ya Plong</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1973204_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1973204-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer199019–23_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer199019–23-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-efe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native language is <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> language family and shares a common origin with the <a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur language</a>, which is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_people" title="Nyah Kur people">people of the same name</a> that live in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Thailand">Northeastern Thailand</a>. A number of languages in Mainland Southeast Asia are influenced by the Mon language, which is also in turn influenced by those languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatisoff1991482_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatisoff1991482-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormickJenny201386_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormickJenny201386-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenny2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenny2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mon were one of the earliest to reside in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and were responsible for the spread of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwearer2002130–131_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwearer2002130–131-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khinmay_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khinmay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civilizations founded by the Mon were some of the earliest in Thailand <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar#Pre-Pagan_period" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">as well as Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. The Mon are regarded as a large exporter of Southeast Asian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, many cities in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> today, including <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani_province" title="Pathum Thani province">Pathum Thani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> were founded either by the Mon people or Mon rulers. </p><p>Nowadays, the Mon are a major <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">ethnic group in Myanmar</a> and a minor <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">ethnic group in Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-efe_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mons from Myanmar are called Burmese Mon or Myanmar Mon. The Mons from Thailand are referred as Thai Raman or Thai Mon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1973211_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1973211-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENgamyingKeeratiburanaThidpad2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENgamyingKeeratiburanaThidpad2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mon dialects of Thailand and Myanmar are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer199034_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer199034-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonyms">Ethnonyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mon have been referred to by different names by different groups throughout history. During the pre-colonial era, the Burmese called them <i>Talaing</i> (တလိုင်း), which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> during the colonial era. The term "Peguan" was also used by Europeans when <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Pegu</a> was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Myanmar" title="Lower Myanmar">Lower Myanmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer199016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer199016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of "Talaing" has been found on inscriptions dating back to the 11th century,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is now considered a pejorative term and is no longer widely used, except in the context of specific historical terms, such as the eponymous song genre in the <a href="/wiki/Mahagita" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahagita">Mahagita</a>, the corpus of Burmese classical songs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of Talaing is debated; it may be derived from Mon, or is a reference to <a href="/wiki/Telinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Telinga">Telinga</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>, a geographic region in southeast India.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 12th century, the term acquired a derogatory connotation within the Mon community, when it became used by the Mon as a disparaging epithet for the mixed offspring of Mon women and foreign men.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Mon" (spelt <span title="Mon-language text"><span lang="mnw">မန်</span></span>in Mon and <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မွန်</span></span> in Burmese), which is synonymous with the Burmese word for 'noble,'<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was likely derived from Old Mon "rmeñ" by way of Middle Mon "rman" (ရာမန်).<sup id="cite_ref-mistoflower_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mistoflower-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth2002_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnonym "rmeñ" was first recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Kyanzittha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyanzittha">Kyanzittha’s</a> New Palace Inscription of AD 1102 in Myanmar. Derivatives of this ethnonym have been found in 6th to 10th-century Old Khmer and 11th-century Javanese inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-mistoflower_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mistoflower-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–58">: 44–58 </span></sup> The geographic term <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1adesa" title="Rāmaññadesa">Rāmaññadesa</a>, which now refers to the Mon heartland on the Burmese coast, was coined by King <a href="/wiki/Dhammazedi" title="Dhammazedi">Dhammazedi</a> in 1479.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mon of Myanmar are divided into three sub-groups based on their ancestral region in Lower Myanmar, including <i>Mon Nya</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မန်ည</span></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mòn<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲaˀ)</span> from <a href="/wiki/Pathein" title="Pathein">Pathein</a> (the Irrawaddy Delta) in the west, <i>Mon Tang</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မန်ဒိုင်</span></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mòn<span class="wrap"> </span>tàŋ/</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Bago</a> in the central region, and <i>Mon Teh</i> (<span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မန်ဒ</span></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mòn<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛ̀ˀ/</span>) at <a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Mottama</a> in the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1937_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1937-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mon people, who descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austroasiatic">Proto-Austroasiatic</a> people, are believed to have migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze Kiang</a> valley in Southern China to Southeast Asia between 3,000 and 2,000 BCE, along the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sittaung_River" title="Sittaung River">Sittaung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ping_River" title="Ping River">Ping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phaya</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETopichLeitich201314–15_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopichLeitich201314–15-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-khinmay_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khinmay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roler_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roler-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196">: 196 </span></sup> They eventually settled in locations including as far south as <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khinmay_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khinmay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndaya2001319_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndaya2001319-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the way, they brought with them the practice of riverine agriculture, including the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Wet_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet rice">wet rice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPan_Hla1991_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPan_Hla1991-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench2018174–193_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench2018174–193-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern linguistic research by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidwell" title="Paul Sidwell">Sidwell</a> (2021) suggests that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic people was in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>, around 4,000-4,500 years before present.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidwell2021_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidwell2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban-talat-Mon-inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ban-talat-Mon-inscription.jpg/180px-Ban-talat-Mon-inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ban-talat-Mon-inscription.jpg/270px-Ban-talat-Mon-inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ban-talat-Mon-inscription.jpg/360px-Ban-talat-Mon-inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>The Ban Tha Lat Mon inscription, dated 9th century CE, was discovered in 1968 in an area where other archaeological evidence confirmed the presence of the ancient Mon people. It is now located at the Ho Phra Kaeo Museum in Vientiane, Laos<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_political_entities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mon_political_entities.png/180px-Mon_political_entities.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mon_political_entities.png/270px-Mon_political_entities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Mon_political_entities.png/360px-Mon_political_entities.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Political entities of the Mon people around the 6th-7th centuries.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DvaravatiMapThailand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DvaravatiMapThailand.png/180px-DvaravatiMapThailand.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DvaravatiMapThailand.png/270px-DvaravatiMapThailand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DvaravatiMapThailand.png/360px-DvaravatiMapThailand.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Spread of <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati_art" title="Dvaravati art">Dvaravati Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Mon Dvaravati</a> sites.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png/180px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png/270px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png/360px-Map-of-southeast-asia_900_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>Map of Southeast Asia c. 900 CE, showing the <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a> in light green.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/177px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/265px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/354px-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4592" /></a><figcaption>Queen regnant <a href="/wiki/Camadevi" title="Camadevi">Camadevi</a> Monument in <a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mon are believed to have been one of the earliest peoples of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPan_Hla199115_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPan_Hla199115-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They established some of the earliest civilizations in the region, including <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> in Central Thailand, which spread its culture into Northeastern Thailand, Sri Gotapura in Central Laos (modern Sikhottabong, Vientiane Prefecture),<sup id="cite_ref-l1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6, 7">: 6, 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-l4_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai Kingdom</a> in Northern Thailand, and the <a href="/wiki/Thaton_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaton Kingdom">Thaton Kingdom</a> in Lower Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63, 76–77">: 63, 76–77 </span></sup>The Mon were the first to receive <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhist">Theravada Buddhist</a> missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, in contrast to their <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> contemporaries such as Cham peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153">: 153 </span></sup> They adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, and the oldest form of the <a href="/wiki/Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon script">Mon script</a> was discovered in a cave in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Saraburi" title="Saraburi">Saraburi</a>, dating back to around 550 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no remains have been found from the Thaton Kingdom, it is widely mentioned in Bamar and Lanna chronicles. </p><p>According to the Northern Thai Chronicles, the city of <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a> (modern Lopburi) was founded by Phaya Kalavarnadishraj in 648 CE. He reportedly came from Takkasila, which is assumed to be the city of <a href="/wiki/Tak_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tak Province">Tak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhon Pathom Province">Nakhon Chai Si</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another historical figure, Phaya Kakabatr, is believed to have also come from Takkasila and established the <a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Chula Sakarat</a> era in 638 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> which was used by the Siamese and Burmese until the 19th century. Phaya Kalavarnadishraj, the son of Phaya Kakabatr, founded Lavo a decade later. By the late 7th century, Lavo had expanded to the north. The legendary Queen <a href="/wiki/Camadevi" title="Camadevi">Camadevi</a>, who was said to be a daughter of a Lavo king, according to the Northern Thai Chronicle <a href="/wiki/C%C4%81madeviva%E1%B9%83sa" title="Cāmadevivaṃsa">Cāmadevivaṃsa</a>, came to rule as the first queen of <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a> (modern Lamphun) around 750-800 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, her son Prince Anantayot founded Khelang Nakhon (modern <a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a>), playing a significant role in the history of the Hariphunchai Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>After the year 1000 CE, the Dvaravati Mon people faced constant pressure from <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> migrations from the north and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> invasions from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75, 76">: 75, 76 </span></sup> Many Dvaravati Mons fled to join other Mon civilizations in the present-day Lower Myanmar, while their descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_people" title="Nyah Kur people">Nyah Kur people</a>, still reside in Northeastern Thailand. Despite the pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Northern Thai people</a>, the Hariphunchai kingdom managed to survive as a Mon outpost in Northern Thailand. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myazedi-Inscription-Mon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Myazedi-Inscription-Mon.JPG/175px-Myazedi-Inscription-Mon.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Myazedi-Inscription-Mon.JPG/263px-Myazedi-Inscription-Mon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Myazedi-Inscription-Mon.JPG/351px-Myazedi-Inscription-Mon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myazedi_inscription" title="Myazedi inscription">Myazedi Inscription (AD 1113)</a> in Mon language in <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>. One of the oldest surviving stone inscriptions in Myanmar.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1057 CE, King <a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> conquered the <a href="/wiki/Thaton_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaton Kingdom">Thaton Kingdom</a> of the Mon people in Lower Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mon culture and script had a significant influence on the <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar</a>, bringing the Mons under Bamar control for the first time. Despite this, the Mon remained a majority in Lower Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925307_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925307-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32, 33">: 32, 33 </span></sup> </p><p>On one hand, the Hariphunchai Kingdom of the Mon prospered during the reign of King Aditayaraj in the early twelfth century. He is said to have fought wars with <a href="/wiki/Suryavarman_II" title="Suryavarman II">Suryavarman II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> between 1113 and 1150 CE<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161, 195">: 161, 195 </span></sup> and constructed the <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai" title="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai stupa</a> </p><p>In 1289, <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a> also known as <i>Mengrai</i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was visited by merchants from the Mon kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Haripunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Haripunchai">Haripunchai</a>. Hearing of the wealth of that kingdom, he determined to conquer it, against the advice of his counselors.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-Thailand_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-Thailand-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was thought impossible to take the city by force, Mangrai sent a merchant named Ai Fa as a <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a> to gain the confidence of its Phaya Yi Ba. In time, Ai Fa became the Chief Minister and managed to undermine the King's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1292, taking advantage of discontent among the people, Mangrai defeated the Mon kingdom of Haripunchai and added it to his <a href="/wiki/Lanna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna Kingdom">kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roler_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roler-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196">: 196 </span></sup> Phaya Yi Ba, the last king of Hariphunchai, was forced to flee south to <a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208–209">: 208–209 </span></sup> A few years later, Phaya Yi Ba's son, King Boek of <a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> with a large army. King Mangrai and his second son, Prince Khram, led the defence against the Lampang army. Prince Khram defeated King Boek in personal combat on elephant-back at Khua Mung, a village near Lamphun. King Boek fled by way of the Doi Khun Tan mountain range between Lamphun and Lampang, but he was caught and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-Thailand_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-Thailand-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Mangrai's troops occupied the city of Lampang, and Phaya Yi Ba was made to flee further south, this time to <a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a>. The Mon culture was integrated into <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na culture</a>. The Lan Na adopted the Mon script and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29, 30">: 29, 30 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dv1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dv1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lpw_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpw-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_to_15th_centuries">13th to 15th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 13th to 15th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajadhirat-kamarwet-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rajadhirat-kamarwet-2.jpg/175px-Rajadhirat-kamarwet-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rajadhirat-kamarwet-2.jpg/263px-Rajadhirat-kamarwet-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rajadhirat-kamarwet-2.jpg/350px-Rajadhirat-kamarwet-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Statue of King <a href="/wiki/Razadarit" title="Razadarit">Razadarit</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy</a> from 1384 to 1421 and successfully unified his Mon-speaking kingdom. He also successfully defended it against <a href="/wiki/Ava_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ava Kingdom">Ava Kingdom</a>'s attacks during the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Years%27_War" title="Forty Years' War">Forty Years' War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1287, the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84">: 84 </span></sup> created a power vacuum. <a href="/wiki/Wareru" title="Wareru">Wareru</a>, who was born to a Mon mother and a <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> father in <a href="/wiki/Donwun" title="Donwun">Donwun</a> Village in the Thaton District,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> went to <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> for trade and later eloped with the daughter of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200269_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200269-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established himself as king of the Mon in <a href="/wiki/Martaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Martaban">Martaban</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Mottama</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200269_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200269-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a>, which existed from 1287 to 1539, was a period of prosperity and power for the Mon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200273_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200273-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-14th century, King <a href="/wiki/Binnya_U" title="Binnya U">Binnya U</a> ruled over the Mon kingdom and successfully defended against an invasion by Lan Na. Despite losing control over the <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tenasserim region</a>, he was able to re-establish his capital at Pegu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200271_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200271-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death in 1384, King <a href="/wiki/Razadarit" title="Razadarit">Razadarit</a>, Binnya U's son, took over and formed an alliance with the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200271_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200271-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Razadarit was known for his administration skills and successfully repelling invasions from the <a href="/wiki/Ava_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ava Kingdom">Ava Kingdom</a> during his reign. He made significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200272-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered one of the most celebrated Mon kings in history,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200272-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his reign lasting from 1384 to 1421. </p><p>After King Razadarit's death, there were brief disputes over the succession in Pegu. Eventually, King Razadarit was succeeded by his daughter, Queen <a href="/wiki/Shin_Sawbu" title="Shin Sawbu">Shin Sawbu</a>, in 1453. Queen Shin Sawbu, was a skilled politician and maintained harmony between rival kingdoms. She is remembered for her good nature, renovation of the Shwedagon Pagoda, and construction of important monasteries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kyaikmaraw" title="Kyaikmaraw">Kyaikmaraw</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moulmein" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulmein">Moulmein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200272-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Dhammazedi" title="Dhammazedi">Dhammazedi</a>, who succeeded Queen Shin Sawbu in 1470, was a just and wise ruler. He is remembered for his generosity, having donated a significant amount of gold to the Shwedagon Pagoda, as well as for building important temples in the vicinity of Pegu, including the Shwegugyi Pagoda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200272-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_to_17th_centuries">16th to 17th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 16th to 17th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early sixteenth century, the Bamar regained their momentum at <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Taungoo</a>, leading to the fall of Hanthawaddy to King <a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a> in 1539. This was after a devastating attack on Lower Burma, in which the northern army overran the Irrawaddy Delta and captured Pegu. The siege of Pegu lasted four years and involved <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> mercenaries fighting on both sides. The History of Kings attributes Tabinshwehti's success, in part, to the decadence of the Mon king, Dhammazedi's heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200273_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200273-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the fall of Pegu, large numbers of Mon refugees fled to <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>, where the Mon aristocracy joined the court and exercised considerable influence. Meanwhile, back in Burma, the fall of Martaban in 1541 was accompanied by massacre and pillage on a large scale, as was the capture of the old Pyu capital of Prome the following year. This marked the first time, since before the Mongol invasions, that most of Lower and Central Burma was under the control of a Bamar monarch. King Tabinshwehti, founder of the new Toungoo dynasty, celebrated by decorating the Shwedagon and other pagodas with huge amounts of plundered gold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200273_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200273-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Tabinshwehti's made efforts to win over the Mon people, the Bamar monarch consistently emphasized his claim to Bamar nationality and sovereignty. Nevertheless, Tabinshwehti was relatively more tolerant than later Toungoo kings who outlawed the Mon language and persecuted the Mon people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200274_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200274-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Tabinshwehti's coronation in 1546, Ayutthaya launched several raids on Lower Burma, including the successful capture of <a href="/wiki/Tavoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavoy">Tavoy</a> in 1548. With the Toungoo dynasty in disarray after Tabinshwehti's death in 1550, the Mon launched another bid for independence under the leadership of the legendary Mon rebel, the <a href="/wiki/Smim_Htaw" title="Smim Htaw">Smim Htaw</a>. The Smim Htaw managed to capture the ancient settlement of Dagon and drive the Burmese from Pegu, but a series of intra-Mon disputes allowed Tabinshwehti's general, <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>, to recapture the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200274_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200274-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Bayinnaung allowing the Mon people to rule over townships and villages and accept them into the military, he did not grant them the right of national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and therefore the Mon became subservient to the Bamar. Significant Mon uprisings took place during Bayinnaung's reign, including in 1551 and 1564 when the royal palace at Pegu was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200275_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200275-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of King Bayinnaung, his successor King <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Bayin" title="Nanda Bayin">Nanda</a> instituted oppressive policies against the Mon people, leading to the Mon chiefs Phaya Kiat and Phaya Ram attempting to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a> in 1584. However, they learned that Naresuan was not responsible for the policies and instead joined his campaigns against the Toungoo court. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajanubhab200185–87_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajanubhab200185–87-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, the Bamar king <a href="/wiki/Anaukpetlun" title="Anaukpetlun">Anaukpetlun</a> launched a counter-attack against the Mon rebels and captured their stronghold at Syriam. Eventually, the Mon lands were retaken, and the capital was moved to Pegu. An unsuccessful Mon uprising occurred in Martaban in 1661, which led to the pursuit of fleeing Mon refugees into Ayutthaya via the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas_Pass" title="Three Pagodas Pass">Three Pagodas Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200277_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200277-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_to_19th_centuries">18th to 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th to 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early eighteenth century, the power of the Bamar declined rapidly. The Mon rebels joined forces with the Gwe <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> to restore their former Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and in 1740, a monk with Taungoo royal lineage was made king of Pegu. <a href="/wiki/Binnya_Dala" title="Binnya Dala">Binnya Dala</a> succeeded him in 1747, and with <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> support, the Mon established an independent kingdom called the <a href="/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a>. However, the kingdom fell to Bamar King <a href="/wiki/Alaungpaya" title="Alaungpaya">Alaungpaya</a> in 1757, who invaded and devastated the kingdom, resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands of Mon civilians, including learned Mon <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a>, pregnant women, and children. The victorious Bamar soldiers massacred over 3,000 Mon monks in the capital city alone.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925369_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925369-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a> of Burma, the Mon people experienced harsh rule and massacres that led to a significant migration to Siam and Lanna. In addition to facing widespread violence and persecution, the Mon rebelled multiple times, including at <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hsinbyushin" title="Hsinbyushin">Hsinbyushin</a>, resulting in the destruction of the city. In 1814, the Mon rebelled again, but were harshly put down yet again. These uprisings played a major role in the large wave of Mon migration from Burma to Siam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925272_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925272-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg/157px-Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg/236px-Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg/314px-Buddha_Yodfa_Chulaloke_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> – founder of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On the one hand in Siam side, after the fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, two descendants of Mon aristocrats who moved to Siam in 1584; <a href="/wiki/Phraya_Phichai" title="Phraya Phichai">Phraya Pichai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_Chakri" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Phraya Chakri">Phraya Chakri</a> became the left and right-hand man of King <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> of Thonburi, and they largely helped Taksin's campaigns in the liberation of Siam from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burmese</a> occupation and reuniting Siam.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Taksin himself also was a <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Sino</a>-Mon descent and his maternal grandmother was a sister to chief of Siam's Mon community.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the collapse of Taksin's <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a>, Phraya Chakri founded the <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> and ascended the throne in 1782 as Rama I. Rama I was born to Thongdi, a leading Mon nobleman serving the royal court in Ayutthaya in 1737.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rama I's queen consort <a href="/wiki/Amarindra" title="Amarindra">Amarindra</a> was born to a wealthy Mon family who migrated to Siam in the earlier times. Rama I founded <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok City</a> and moved the capital from Thonburi to Bangkok. When a huge wave of Mon migrations from Burma (now Myanmar) to Siam (now Thailand) happened in 1814, his grandson, the Prince <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (later Rama IV) proceeded to welcome the Mon himself at the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas_Pass" title="Three Pagodas Pass">Siam-Burma border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mon in Thailand settled mainly in certain areas of <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central Thailand</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi Province">Nonthaburi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phra_Pradaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Pradaeng">Phra Pradaeng</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Samut Prakan Province">Samut Prakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ban_Pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Pong">Ban Pong</a>, among other minor Mon settlements. Mon communities built their own <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Mons were effectively integrated into Siamese society and culture, although maintaining some of their traditions and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_to_20th_centuries">19th to 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 19th to 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_woman,_1904.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mon_woman%2C_1904.gif/159px-Mon_woman%2C_1904.gif" decoding="async" width="159" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mon_woman%2C_1904.gif/239px-Mon_woman%2C_1904.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mon_woman%2C_1904.gif/318px-Mon_woman%2C_1904.gif 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>An ethnic Mon woman in Thailand, in 1904.</figcaption></figure> <p>Burma was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> in a series of wars. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> in 1852, the Mon territories in Burma were completely under the control of the British. The British aided the Mons to free themselves from the rule of the Bamar monarchy. Under Bamar rule, the Mon people had been massacred after they lost their kingdom and many sought asylum in the Thai Kingdom. The British conquest of Burma allowed the Mon people to survive in Southern Burma. </p><p>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Mon_National_Day" title="Mon National Day">Mon National Day</a> was established to commemorate the founding of <a href="/wiki/Hanthawady" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanthawady">Hanthawady</a>, the last Mon Kingdom which was centered in Pegu. The holiday is observed on the full moon of the 11th month of the Mon lunar calendar, except in <a href="/wiki/Phrapadaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrapadaeng">Phrapadaeng</a>, Thailand where it coincides with the <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> festival. </p><p>The Mon soon became anti-colonialists. Following the grant of independence to Burma in 1948, they sought self-determination. <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Burma">Prime Minister of Burma</a> refused the Mon self-determination. Mon separatist groups have risen in revolt against the central Burmese government on a number of occasions, initially under the Mon People's Front and from 1962 through the <a href="/wiki/New_Mon_State_Party" title="New Mon State Party">New Mon State Party</a> (NMSP). The <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Programme_Party" title="Burma Socialist Programme Party">BSSP</a>-led government established a partially autonomous <a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon State</a> in 1974 out of portions of <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenasserim Division">Tenasserim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> regions. Resistance continued until 1995 when NMSP and ruling <a href="/wiki/SLORC" class="mw-redirect" title="SLORC">SLORC</a> agreed a cease-fire and, in 1996, the Mon Unity League was founded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nowadays, the Mon are a major <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">ethnic group in Myanmar</a> and a minor <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">ethnic group in Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-efe_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mons from Myanmar are called Burmese Mon or Myanmar Mon. The Mons from Thailand are referred as Thai Raman or Thai Mon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1973211_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1973211-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study shows that there is a close genetic relationship between <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">central Thai</a> and Mon people in Thailand, who migrated from southern Myanmar.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the post-independence <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">internal conflict in Myanmar</a>, many ethnic Mon from conflict zones have migrated to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="First World countries">First World countries</a> via the refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar borders and in Malaysia. The Myanmar Mon refugee communities can be found in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (the largest community being in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a> and the second largest being <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai language</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myakan-inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Myakan-inscription.jpg/157px-Myakan-inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Myakan-inscription.jpg/236px-Myakan-inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Myakan-inscription.jpg/315px-Myakan-inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Mon script on the Myakan inscription (ca. 1084–1112 CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon language</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> (also known as Mon–Khmer language family), closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur language</a> and more distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. The writing system is based on <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family of scripts">Indic scripts</a>. The Mon language is one of the earliest documented vernacular languages of Mainland Southeast Asia. </p><p>Many languages in the region have been influenced by the Mon language. <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese alphabet</a> are adaptations of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mon_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Mon script">Mon script</a>. Tai Tham alphabet is primarily used for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Lao</a> Tham language. The Burmese alphabet is used for <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan language</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">S'gaw Karen language</a> and other languages. </p><p>Historically, the Tai adopted the Mon alphabet, which the Tai developed into their own writing systems as the <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham alphabet</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Yuan">Thai Yuan</a> people in the northern Thailand. </p><p>Although Thai adopted more features from the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Old Khmer alphabet</a> than from the Mon, plenty of vocabulary in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai language</a> today were derived from the Mon language.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burmese has derived and borrowed vocabulary from the Mon language, especially related to administration, architecture, cloth, cuisine and flowers. </p><p>Nowadays, the Mon language is recognised as an indigenous language in both <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thailand</a>. Due to the fall in number of Mon language speakers in the recent decades, Mon was classified as a "vulnerable" language in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s 2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%E2%80%99s_Languages_in_Danger" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language has an estimated 800,000 Thousand - 1,000,000 Million speakers<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol">Symbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shwedagon_Crown.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shwedagon_Crown.JPG/220px-Shwedagon_Crown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shwedagon_Crown.JPG/330px-Shwedagon_Crown.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shwedagon_Crown.JPG/440px-Shwedagon_Crown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial helmet of Queen regnant <a href="/wiki/Shin_Sawbu" title="Shin Sawbu">Shin Sawbu</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure><p>The symbol of the Mon people is the <a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">hongsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>: <span lang="mnw">ဟံသာ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mnw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[hɔŋsa]</a></span>), a mythological water bird that is often illustrated as a swan. It is commonly known by its Burmese name, <i>hintha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ဟင်္သာ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[hɪ́ɰ̃θà]</a></span>) or its <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> name: <i>hong</i> (หงส์). The hongsa is the state symbol of Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Bago_Region" title="Bago Region">Bago Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon State</a>, two historical Mon strongholds. Also, the hongsa is the city symbol of Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret City</a>, a historical Mon settlement area. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mon_State_(2018).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hongsa (the symbol of Mon people)"><img alt="Hongsa (the symbol of Mon people)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Mon_State_%282018%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hongsa</a> (the symbol of Mon people)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_Wat_Muen_Buddha_Mettakhunaram_Chiang_Rai_(October_2021)_-_img_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hongsa in Thai-Mon style"><img alt="Hongsa in Thai-Mon style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_Wat_Muen_Buddha_Mettakhunaram_Chiang_Rai_%28October_2021%29_-_img_04.jpg/120px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_Wat_Muen_Buddha_Mettakhunaram_Chiang_Rai_%28October_2021%29_-_img_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_Wat_Muen_Buddha_Mettakhunaram_Chiang_Rai_%28October_2021%29_-_img_04.jpg/180px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_Wat_Muen_Buddha_Mettakhunaram_Chiang_Rai_%28October_2021%29_-_img_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_Wat_Muen_Buddha_Mettakhunaram_Chiang_Rai_%28October_2021%29_-_img_04.jpg/240px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_Wat_Muen_Buddha_Mettakhunaram_Chiang_Rai_%28October_2021%29_-_img_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hongsa in Thai-Mon style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_Traditional_Flower-garlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon Traditional Flower-garlands"><img alt="Mon Traditional Flower-garlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mon_Traditional_Flower-garlands.jpg/90px-Mon_Traditional_Flower-garlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mon_Traditional_Flower-garlands.jpg/135px-Mon_Traditional_Flower-garlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mon_Traditional_Flower-garlands.jpg/180px-Mon_Traditional_Flower-garlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon Traditional Flower-garlands</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_mon_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93_or_Khong_mon_%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kong_mon_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93_or_Khong_mon_%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D.jpg/260px-Kong_mon_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93_or_Khong_mon_%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kong_mon_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93_or_Khong_mon_%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D.jpg/390px-Kong_mon_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93_or_Khong_mon_%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Kong_mon_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93_or_Khong_mon_%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D.jpg/520px-Kong_mon_%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93_or_Khong_mon_%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2190" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Khong_mon" class="mw-redirect" title="Khong mon">Khong mon</a></i> in Thai-Mon style</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakhe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chakhe.jpg/260px-Chakhe.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chakhe.jpg/390px-Chakhe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chakhe.jpg/520px-Chakhe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>The musical instrument known as 'Kyam' in Thai-Mon style is also called 'Chakhe'</figcaption></figure> <p>Mon culture and traditional heritages includes spiritual dances, musical instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Kyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyam">kyam</a> or "crocodile xylophone", the <a href="/wiki/La_gyan_hsaing" class="mw-redirect" title="La gyan hsaing">la gyan hsaing</a> gong chime, the <a href="/wiki/Saung" title="Saung">saung</a> harp and a flat stringed instrument. Mon dances are usually played in a formal theater or sometimes in an informal district of any village. The dances are followed by background music using a circular set of tuned drums and claps, crocodile xylophone, gongs, flute, flat guitar, harp, violin, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-td_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-td-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A theatrical performance of the Mon dance"><img alt="A theatrical performance of the Mon dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/81px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/122px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/162px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A theatrical performance of the Mon dance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorchestre_tha%C3%AFlandais_piphat_mon_(mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique)_(3771128467).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon musical instruments"><img alt="Mon musical instruments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lorchestre_tha%C3%AFlandais_piphat_mon_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%29_%283771128467%29.jpg/120px-Lorchestre_tha%C3%AFlandais_piphat_mon_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%29_%283771128467%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lorchestre_tha%C3%AFlandais_piphat_mon_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%29_%283771128467%29.jpg/180px-Lorchestre_tha%C3%AFlandais_piphat_mon_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%29_%283771128467%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Lorchestre_tha%C3%AFlandais_piphat_mon_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%29_%283771128467%29.jpg/240px-Lorchestre_tha%C3%AFlandais_piphat_mon_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_musique%29_%283771128467%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon musical instruments</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyam_at_Mon_Buddhist_Temple_Fort_Wayne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A kyam"><img alt="A kyam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kyam_at_Mon_Buddhist_Temple_Fort_Wayne.jpg/120px-Kyam_at_Mon_Buddhist_Temple_Fort_Wayne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kyam_at_Mon_Buddhist_Temple_Fort_Wayne.jpg/180px-Kyam_at_Mon_Buddhist_Temple_Fort_Wayne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kyam_at_Mon_Buddhist_Temple_Fort_Wayne.jpg/240px-Kyam_at_Mon_Buddhist_Temple_Fort_Wayne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i><a href="/wiki/Kyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyam">kyam</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pottery">Pottery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mon people in Thailand have been producing pottery for over 200 years. Their ancestors settled in <a href="/wiki/Ko_Kret" title="Ko Kret">Koh Kret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan" title="Nakhon Sawan">Nakhon Sawan</a>, using their pottery making skills to earn a living in both places. The area is known for its high-quality clay and the Mon pottery, including containers and decorative items, is a symbol of their heritage and expertise. The pottery is made of porous earthenware in light orange to red color and features unique designs inspired by nature. Despite technological advancements, the Mon continue to preserve this traditional handicraft.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floral_umbrellas">Floral umbrellas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Floral umbrellas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floral umbrellas have a long history in Mon culture, dating back to ancient times. In fact, inscriptions have been discovered in northern Thailand that mention the use of umbrellas and <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm-leaf manuscripts">palm-leaf manuscripts</a> in Mon religious ceremonies during the <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai Kingdom">Hariphunchai Kingdom</a>, which lasted from the 7th to the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, floral umbrellas are still used in various ceremonies and festivals throughout Mon communities, such as weddings, ordinations, and temple fairs, and remain an important part of Mon cultural heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mon literature is a rich collection of works created by the Mon people in Myanmar and Thailand, including chronicles, poems, songs, folktales, and religious texts. "<a href="/wiki/Lik_Amin_Asah" title="Lik Amin Asah">Lik Smin Asah</a>" is a legendary tale about the establishment of the city of Pegu, "Sangada" is a well-known Mon folktale that has been adapted into Thai and Laotian literature as "Sangsinchay", and "Rājādhirāj" or "Razadarit" is a chronicle of the Mon king translated into Burmese as "<a href="/wiki/Razadarit_Ayedawbon" title="Razadarit Ayedawbon">Razadarit Ayedawbon</a>" and into Thai as "Rachathirat." Mon literature is considered important cultural heritage in Myanmar and Thailand. These works are highly valued for their cultural and historical significance.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mon people have a mix of spiritual beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> as their religion, with a majority of them practicing the mixture. Before Buddhism, three traditional beliefs were followed in the Mon Kingdom, including belief in Kalok (spirits), Isi (holy hermits), and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. The Mon people traditionally believed in various types of Kaloks (spirits), including family/clan kalok, guardian kalok of the house, town, village, farms, forest, and mountain. Kalok is considered to be a spirit, demon, or immaterial being that can take on a visible form.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_National_Day_72_Bago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mon_National_Day_72_Bago.jpg/220px-Mon_National_Day_72_Bago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mon_National_Day_72_Bago.jpg/330px-Mon_National_Day_72_Bago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mon_National_Day_72_Bago.jpg/440px-Mon_National_Day_72_Bago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Mon National Day celebration in <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Bago, Myanmar</a> (2019)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_Youth_Day_by_Hein_Htet_Aung_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mon_Youth_Day_by_Hein_Htet_Aung_%288%29.jpg/220px-Mon_Youth_Day_by_Hein_Htet_Aung_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mon_Youth_Day_by_Hein_Htet_Aung_%288%29.jpg/330px-Mon_Youth_Day_by_Hein_Htet_Aung_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mon_Youth_Day_by_Hein_Htet_Aung_%288%29.jpg/440px-Mon_Youth_Day_by_Hein_Htet_Aung_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Mon Youth Day celebration</figcaption></figure> <p>Festivals celebrating Mon culture are an important part of the Mon community in Myanmar and Thailand. One such festival is the Loi Hamod Festival, which has its roots in the Hariphunchai era and is believed to be the precursor to the Loi Krathong Festival. While the festival is still observed in some Mon communities in <a href="/wiki/Lamphun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamphun Province">Lamphun Province</a>, it is now referred to as "Jong Gring", which is derived from other Mon cultural practices and means "Loi Krathong". However, the Jong Gring tradition of Mon people in Lamphun is different from the general Loi Krathong festival, as it resembles the ancient "Loi Hamod" tradition of Mon people in Hariphunchai, which involves offering food, both fresh and dried, and lighting some lanterns and small krathongs.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7, 8">: 7, 8 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lpw_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpw-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another traditional Mon festival is the Luknoo Festival, which marks the end of the monsoon season and the beginning of the new year. It involves the launch of homemade rockets, food offerings to spirits, and cultural activities such as music, dance, and games. The festival is an important part of Mon culture and helps to connect with the community, preserve traditions, and bring good luck for the coming year.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mon Floating Boat Festival is another traditional festival celebrated during the Mon New Year. It features boat races, music, dance, feasting, releasing lanterns, and gift exchanging. The festival brings the Mon community together to make offerings for peace and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hae Hang Hong Tong Ta Khab Festival, also known as the Tawai Tong Ta Khab Festival, is an important tradition of the Mon people in Thailand, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani" title="Pathum Thani">Pathum Thani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phra_Pradaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Pradaeng">Phra Pradaeng</a>. The festival is held during the Songkran festival and features a parade of flags that move towards the Hongsa Pole to offer tribute to the Buddha. Prior to the festival, the flags are prepared through the collective efforts of many individuals who come together to sew and decorate them.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> festival in Thailand, the Mon residents of <a href="/wiki/Phra_Pradaeng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Pradaeng District">Phra Pradaeng District</a> host unique Mon traditional ceremonies and folklore performances.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These festivals and traditions are a testament to the rich cultural heritage of the Mon people and serve as an important way to pass down their history and customs to future generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_dress">Traditional dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mon women wear traditional shawl-like <i><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></i>, known as <i>Yat Toot</i> in Mon language, diagonally over the chest covering one shoulder with one end dropping behind the back. This tradition distinguished Mon women from other 134 ethnic groups in Myanmar. Archaeological evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a> era portrays that Dvaravati ladies wearing what seems to be a piece of <i>Sbai</i> hanging from their shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mon people of Myanmar and Thailand today are the descendants of <i>Dvaravati.</i> </p><p>Mon men in Myanmar wear clothes similar to the Bamars. Those living in Thailand have adopted <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> style garments. It seems that Mon clothing has been shaped through its dynastic traditions as well as external influences. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thanaka" title="Thanaka">Thanaka</a> is a yellowish-white cosmetic paste made from ground bark that is widely used in Myanmar, particularly by the Mon people. It is applied to the face, arms and legs as a form of sun protection and to beautify the skin. Thanaka has been a part of Mon culture for centuries and remains an important part of traditional beauty and skincare practices in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisines">Cuisines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Htaman%C3%A8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Htaman%C3%A8.JPG/220px-Htaman%C3%A8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Htaman%C3%A8.JPG/330px-Htaman%C3%A8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Htaman%C3%A8.JPG/440px-Htaman%C3%A8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Htaman%C3%A8" title="Htamanè">Htamanè</a></i> glutinous rice</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KhaoChae.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/KhaoChae.JPG/220px-KhaoChae.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/KhaoChae.JPG/330px-KhaoChae.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/KhaoChae.JPG/440px-KhaoChae.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Mon inspired <i>Khao Chae</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mon cuisines and culinary traditions have had significant influences on the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine#Regional_cuisines_and_historical_influences" title="Thai cuisine">Central Thai cuisine</a> today. Some of dishes that are now popular in Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand were originally Mon dishes. For example, <a href="/wiki/Htaman%C3%A8" title="Htamanè">Htamanè</a> (ထမနဲ) in Myanmar, and <a href="/wiki/Khanom_chin" title="Khanom chin">Khanom chin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khao_chae" title="Khao chae">Khao chae</a> in Thailand. A traditional Mon dish served with rice soaked with cool candle-and-jasmine-scented water is consumed by the Mon people during the Thingyan (Songkran) Festival in the summer. In Thailand, the dish is known as Khao chae (ข้าวแช่) and was considered "royal cuisine".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dish is served during Thingyan as part of their <a href="/wiki/Merit-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Merit-making">merit-making</a>, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Thingyan_rice" title="Thingyan rice">Thingyan rice</a> (သင်္ကြန်ထမင်း) in Myanmar today.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Cambodian, Lao, Thai and Vietnamese cuisine, <a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">fermented fish seasoning</a> are used in Mon cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngapyawbaung.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon banana pudding"><img alt="Mon banana pudding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ngapyawbaung.jpg/120px-Ngapyawbaung.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ngapyawbaung.jpg/180px-Ngapyawbaung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ngapyawbaung.jpg/240px-Ngapyawbaung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon banana pudding</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_khluk_kapi,_Pathum_Thani,_2018-04-02_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon inspired Khao Khluk Kapi dish"><img alt="Mon inspired Khao Khluk Kapi dish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Khao_khluk_kapi%2C_Pathum_Thani%2C_2018-04-02_%283%29.jpg/120px-Khao_khluk_kapi%2C_Pathum_Thani%2C_2018-04-02_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Khao_khluk_kapi%2C_Pathum_Thani%2C_2018-04-02_%283%29.jpg/180px-Khao_khluk_kapi%2C_Pathum_Thani%2C_2018-04-02_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Khao_khluk_kapi%2C_Pathum_Thani%2C_2018-04-02_%283%29.jpg/240px-Khao_khluk_kapi%2C_Pathum_Thani%2C_2018-04-02_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon inspired <a href="/wiki/Khao_khluk_kapi" title="Khao khluk kapi">Khao Khluk Kapi</a> dish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom Chin rice noodles"><img alt="Khanom Chin rice noodles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/120px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/180px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/240px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Khanom Chin</i> rice noodles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nga_paong_thohk_with_a_spoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nga baung thohk (steamed fish dish wrapped in banana leaves)"><img alt="Nga baung thohk (steamed fish dish wrapped in banana leaves)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nga_paong_thohk_with_a_spoon.jpg/120px-Nga_paong_thohk_with_a_spoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nga_paong_thohk_with_a_spoon.jpg/180px-Nga_paong_thohk_with_a_spoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nga_paong_thohk_with_a_spoon.jpg/240px-Nga_paong_thohk_with_a_spoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Nga baung thohk</i> (steamed fish dish wrapped in banana leaves)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_games">Folk games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Folk games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many games in both Myanmar and Thailand were Mon origins. Among them, Len Saba (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">saba tossing game</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>: <span lang="mnw">ဝိုင်မ်ဟနဂ်</span>; <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ဂုံညင်းဒိုး</span>), Lor Kon Krok (Rolling a Mortar Bottom) and Mon Son Pa (Mon Hides a Cloth) are the most famous Mon traditional children games and are recognised as <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Arahan" title="Shin Arahan">Shin Arahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> who spread <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagan Kingdom">Bagan Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wareru" title="Wareru">Wareru</a> – founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wareru_Dhammathat" title="Wareru Dhammathat">Wareru Dhammathat</a></i>, the oldest extant <a href="/wiki/Legal_treatises" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal treatises">legal treatises</a> of Myanmar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Sawbu" title="Shin Sawbu">Shin Sawbu</a> – the only female ruler in the recorded history of Burma (now Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binnya_Dala_(minister-general)" title="Binnya Dala (minister-general)">Binnya Dala</a> – Chief Minister-General responsible for the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toungoo Empire">Toungoo Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osoet_Pegua" title="Osoet Pegua">Osoet Pegua</a> – an influential businesswoman in the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in the mid-17th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> – founder of the <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi dynasty</a> of Siam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> – founder of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarindra" title="Amarindra">Amarindra</a> – Queen consort of King Rama I and mother of King <a href="/wiki/Rama_II" title="Rama II">Rama II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (Rama V) – the fifth monarch of Chakri dynasty who modernised Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debsirindra" title="Debsirindra">Debsirindra</a> – Queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Rama IV</a> and mother of Chulalongkorn (Rama V)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_Loo" title="Shaw Loo">Shaw Loo</a> – the father of western medicine in Myanmar and the first Myanmar in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">the U.S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Augustus_Maung_Gyi" title="Joseph Augustus Maung Gyi">Sir J A Maung Gyi</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Burma" title="List of colonial governors of Burma">Governor of British Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Thu_Wun" title="Min Thu Wun">Min Thu Wun</a> – a pioneer of literary movement in the 1930s and father of President <a href="/wiki/Htin_Kyaw" title="Htin Kyaw">Htin Kyaw</a> (2016– 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htoo_Ein_Thin" title="Htoo Ein Thin">Htoo Ein Thin</a> – Myanmar pop singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmy" title="Palmy">Palmy</a> – Thai pop singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandar_Hlaing" title="Nandar Hlaing">Nandar Hlaing</a> – Myanmar film actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintara_Sukapatana" title="Chintara Sukapatana">Chintara Sukapatana</a> - Thai film actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natapohn_Tameeruks" title="Natapohn Tameeruks">Natapohn Tameeruks</a> - Thai film actress and model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirasmi_Suwadee" title="Srirasmi Suwadee">Srirasmi Suwadee</a> – the third <a href="/wiki/Princess_consort" title="Princess consort">princess consort</a> of then-<a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand" title="Crown Prince of Thailand">Crown Prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Maha_Vajiralongkorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Vajiralongkorn">Maha Vajiralongkorn</a> (now Rama X) of Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" title="Anand Panyarachun">Anand Panyarachun</a> – Prime Minister of Thailand<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myint_Swe_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myint Swe (general)">Myint Swe</a> – Vice-President of Myanmar</li> <li>Lily Pantila Win – Thai film actress and model</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamine_Pagoda_and_hermit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon people parade at Lamine Pagoda"><img alt="Mon people parade at Lamine Pagoda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lamine_Pagoda_and_hermit.jpg/120px-Lamine_Pagoda_and_hermit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lamine_Pagoda_and_hermit.jpg/180px-Lamine_Pagoda_and_hermit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lamine_Pagoda_and_hermit.jpg/240px-Lamine_Pagoda_and_hermit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon people parade at Lamine Pagoda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mon_Dhamma_School_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon Dharma School"><img alt="Mon Dharma School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mon_Dhamma_School_3.jpg/120px-Mon_Dhamma_School_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mon_Dhamma_School_3.jpg/180px-Mon_Dhamma_School_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mon_Dhamma_School_3.jpg/240px-Mon_Dhamma_School_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon Dharma School</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shwedagon_Pagoda_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shwedagon Pagoda, An ancient Mon-style Stupa located in Yangoon, Myanmar"><img alt="Shwedagon Pagoda, An ancient Mon-style Stupa located in Yangoon, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shwedagon_Pagoda_2017.jpg/120px-Shwedagon_Pagoda_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shwedagon_Pagoda_2017.jpg/180px-Shwedagon_Pagoda_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Shwedagon_Pagoda_2017.jpg/240px-Shwedagon_Pagoda_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a>, An ancient Mon-style <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangoon, Myanmar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Zingyaik_pagoda,_Paung_township,_Mon_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zinkyaik Pagoda, An ancient Mon-style Stupa on the top of Zinkyaik Mountain, Mon State, Myanmar"><img alt="Zinkyaik Pagoda, An ancient Mon-style Stupa on the top of Zinkyaik Mountain, Mon State, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Photo_of_Zingyaik_pagoda%2C_Paung_township%2C_Mon_State.jpg/120px-Photo_of_Zingyaik_pagoda%2C_Paung_township%2C_Mon_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Photo_of_Zingyaik_pagoda%2C_Paung_township%2C_Mon_State.jpg/180px-Photo_of_Zingyaik_pagoda%2C_Paung_township%2C_Mon_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Photo_of_Zingyaik_pagoda%2C_Paung_township%2C_Mon_State.jpg/240px-Photo_of_Zingyaik_pagoda%2C_Paung_township%2C_Mon_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zinkyaik_Pagoda" title="Zinkyaik Pagoda">Zinkyaik Pagoda</a>, An ancient Mon-style <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> on the top of Zinkyaik Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chompoo-Veth-(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon Rattanakosin-style Stupa located at Wat Chomphuwek, Nonthaburi, Thailand"><img alt="Mon Rattanakosin-style Stupa located at Wat Chomphuwek, Nonthaburi, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chompoo-Veth-%282%29.jpg/120px-Chompoo-Veth-%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chompoo-Veth-%282%29.jpg/180px-Chompoo-Veth-%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chompoo-Veth-%282%29.jpg/240px-Chompoo-Veth-%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin">Rattanakosin</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Chomphuwek" title="Wat Chomphuwek">Wat Chomphuwek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mueang_Nonthaburi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueang Nonthaburi District">Nonthaburi, Thailand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiang_Tha_Kan_Compound_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The remains of an ancient walled town of the Hariphunchai Kingdom, Wiang Tha Kan, founded approximately 1,000 years ago located in San Pa Tong District, Chiang Mai, Thailand."><img alt="The remains of an ancient walled town of the Hariphunchai Kingdom, Wiang Tha Kan, founded approximately 1,000 years ago located in San Pa Tong District, Chiang Mai, Thailand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wiang_Tha_Kan_Compound_9.jpg/120px-Wiang_Tha_Kan_Compound_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wiang_Tha_Kan_Compound_9.jpg/180px-Wiang_Tha_Kan_Compound_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wiang_Tha_Kan_Compound_9.jpg/240px-Wiang_Tha_Kan_Compound_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The remains of an ancient walled town of the <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai Kingdom</a>, Wiang Tha Kan, founded approximately 1,000 years ago located in <a href="/wiki/San_Pa_Tong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pa Tong District">San Pa Tong District, Chiang Mai, Thailand.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampangluang1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon Hariphunchai-style architecture located in Lampang, Thailand"><img alt="Mon Hariphunchai-style architecture located in Lampang, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lampangluang1.JPG/120px-Lampangluang1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lampangluang1.JPG/180px-Lampangluang1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lampangluang1.JPG/240px-Lampangluang1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a>-style architecture located in <a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang, Thailand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_JamaDevi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon Hariphunchai-style architecture located in Lamphun, Thailand"><img alt="Mon Hariphunchai-style architecture located in Lamphun, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wat_JamaDevi.jpg/120px-Wat_JamaDevi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wat_JamaDevi.jpg/180px-Wat_JamaDevi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wat_JamaDevi.jpg/240px-Wat_JamaDevi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a>-style architecture located in <a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun, Thailand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagan,_Myanmar,_Ananda_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ananda Temple, The fusion of Mon and Indian architecture located in Bagan, Myanmar"><img alt="Ananda Temple, The fusion of Mon and Indian architecture located in Bagan, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_Ananda_Temple.jpg/120px-Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_Ananda_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_Ananda_Temple.jpg/180px-Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_Ananda_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_Ananda_Temple.jpg/240px-Bagan%2C_Myanmar%2C_Ananda_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Temple" title="Ananda Temple">Ananda Temple</a>, The fusion of Mon and Indian architecture located in <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shwedagon_pagoda,_Yangon,_Myammar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon-style architecture located in Yangoon, Myanmar"><img alt="Mon-style architecture located in Yangoon, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Shwedagon_pagoda%2C_Yangon%2C_Myammar.jpg/120px-Shwedagon_pagoda%2C_Yangon%2C_Myammar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Shwedagon_pagoda%2C_Yangon%2C_Myammar.jpg/180px-Shwedagon_pagoda%2C_Yangon%2C_Myammar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Shwedagon_pagoda%2C_Yangon%2C_Myammar.jpg/240px-Shwedagon_pagoda%2C_Yangon%2C_Myammar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon-style architecture located in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangoon, Myanmar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Rock_(28249624117).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Golden Rock Stupa located in Mon State, Myanmar"><img alt="The Golden Rock Stupa located in Mon State, Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Golden_Rock_%2828249624117%29.jpg/120px-Golden_Rock_%2828249624117%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Golden_Rock_%2828249624117%29.jpg/180px-Golden_Rock_%2828249624117%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Golden_Rock_%2828249624117%29.jpg/240px-Golden_Rock_%2828249624117%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kyaiktiyo_Pagoda" title="Kyaiktiyo Pagoda">The Golden Rock Stupa</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Chiang_Yeun_chedi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hongsa pole with Centipede flag"><img alt="Hongsa pole with Centipede flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wat_Chiang_Yeun_chedi_2.jpg/90px-Wat_Chiang_Yeun_chedi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wat_Chiang_Yeun_chedi_2.jpg/135px-Wat_Chiang_Yeun_chedi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Wat_Chiang_Yeun_chedi_2.jpg/180px-Wat_Chiang_Yeun_chedi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hongsa</a> pole with Centipede flag </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_people" title="Nyah Kur people">Nyah Kur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_monarchs" title="List of Burmese monarchs">List of Mon monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">Prehistory of Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chana_Songkhram" title="Wat Chana Songkhram">Wat Chana Songkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Paramaiyikawat" title="Wat Paramaiyikawat">Wat Paramaiyikawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Kak_Phraya_Si" title="Si Kak Phraya Si">Si Kak Phraya Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Mon" title="Khlong Mon">Khlong Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_State_Cultural_Museum" title="Mon State Cultural Museum">Mon State Cultural Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA_geos-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_geos_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/">"The World Factbook"</a>. 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Thailand, A Short History, p. 35–38, Bangkok 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Education2002" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Education (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/1135">"Chiang Mai : Nop Buri Si Nakhon Ping"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chiang+Mai+%3A+Nop+Buri+Si+Nakhon+Ping&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.au=Ministry+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.kids-d.org%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanos_Jany2020" class="citation book cs1">Janos Jany (8 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RHcDwAAQBAJ&q=Hariphunchai+ai+fa&pg=PA288"><i>Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws</i></a>. Springer. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030437282" title="Special:BookSources/9783030437282"><bdi>9783030437282</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Traditions+in+Asia%3A+History%2C+Concepts+and+Laws&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft.isbn=9783030437282&rft.au=Janos+Jany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RHcDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHariphunchai%2Bai%2Bfa%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinai_Pongsripian" class="citation web cs1">Winai Pongsripian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34506710/544360.pdf">"Traditional Thai historiography and its nineteenth century decline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Thai+historiography+and+its+nineteenth+century+decline&rft.au=Winai+Pongsripian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F34506710%2F544360.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dv1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dv1_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2020" class="citation web cs1">Benjamin (4 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pathsunwritten.com/thailand-dvaravati-culture/">"Cultural Profile: Dvaravati, Ancient Thailand's Lost Civilization"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Profile%3A+Dvaravati%2C+Ancient+Thailand%27s+Lost+Civilization&rft.date=2020-08-04&rft.au=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpathsunwritten.com%2Fthailand-dvaravati-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpw-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpw_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpw_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamphun.go.th/en/information/aboutus/9/history-of-lamphun-province">"History of Lamphun Province"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Lamphun+Province&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamphun.go.th%2Fen%2Finformation%2Faboutus%2F9%2Fhistory-of-lamphun-province&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Th._Suresh_Singh2014" class="citation book cs1">Dr Th. Suresh Singh (2014). <i>The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India</i>. Quills Ink Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9384318000" title="Special:BookSources/978-9384318000"><bdi>978-9384318000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Endless+Kabaw+Valley%3A+British+Created+Visious+Cycle+of+Manipur%2C+Burma+and+India&rft.pub=Quills+Ink+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9384318000&rft.au=Dr+Th.+Suresh+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNō̜._Na_Pāknam1985" class="citation book cs1">Nō̜. Na Pāknam (1985). <i>The Relationship Between the Art and History of the Thai People</i>. Office of the National Cultural Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relationship+Between+the+Art+and+History+of+the+Thai+People&rft.pub=Office+of+the+National+Cultural+Commission&rft.date=1985&rft.au=N%C5%8D%CC%9C.+Na+P%C4%81knam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200269-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200269_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200269_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth2002">South 2002</a>, pp. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200273-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200273_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200273_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200273_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth2002">South 2002</a>, pp. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200271-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200271_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200271_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth2002">South 2002</a>, pp. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200272-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200272_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth2002">South 2002</a>, pp. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200274-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200274_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200274_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth2002">South 2002</a>, pp. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200275-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200275_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth2002">South 2002</a>, pp. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajanubhab200185–87-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajanubhab200185–87_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajanubhab2001">Rajanubhab 2001</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth200277-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth200277_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth2002">South 2002</a>, pp. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2008). <i>Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000</i>. Melbourne University. pp. 148–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522854770" title="Special:BookSources/9780522854770"><bdi>9780522854770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+Modern+Genocide+1500-2000&rft.pages=148-154&rft.pub=Melbourne+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780522854770&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2000" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, G E (2000). <i>History of Burma</i>. Asian Educational Services. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120613652" title="Special:BookSources/9788120613652"><bdi>9788120613652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788120613652&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=G+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Donald Eugene (2015). <i>Religion and Politics in Burma</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400878796" title="Special:BookSources/9781400878796"><bdi>9781400878796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+Burma&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400878796&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Donald+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925369-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925369_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1925">Harvey 1925</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925272-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925272_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1925">Harvey 1925</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2018" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Edward (2018). <i>Siamese Melting Pot</i>. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814762854" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814762854"><bdi>978-9814762854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siamese+Melting+Pot&rft.pub=Flipside+Digital+Content+Company+Inc&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9814762854&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/JSS_098_0i_VanRoy_ProminentMonLineages.pdf">"Prominent Mon Lineages from Late Ayutthaya to Early Bangkok"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>: 206. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Prominent+Mon+Lineages+from+Late+Ayutthaya+to+Early+Bangkok&rft.pages=206&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesiamsociety.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F03%2FJSS_098_0i_VanRoy_ProminentMonLineages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2014" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Baker (2014). <i>A history of Thailand</i>. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 26 and 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316007334" title="Special:BookSources/9781316007334"><bdi>9781316007334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Thailand&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Australia&rft.pages=26+and+309&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781316007334&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/JSS_010_3b_Halliday_ImmigrationOfMonsIntoSiam.pdf">"Immigration of the Mons into Siam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Journal of Letters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Burmese%2C+Mon%2C+Thai%2C+and+Pali%3A+The+Diversity+of+Rachathirat+Literatures+in+Thailand&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft.au=Jiaranai+Vithidkul&rft.au=Chanwit+Tudkeao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso03.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fjletters%2Farticle%2Fview%2F234530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng_Bunjoon2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ong Bunjoon (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethesisarchive.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/2016/TU_2016_5424300134_5308_5667.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ban Thung-Khen": The Contemporary Mon ethnic Community of Suphanburi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Thai): 88–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Ban+Thung-Khen%22%3A+The+Contemporary+Mon+ethnic+Community+of+Suphanburi&rft.pages=88-90&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Ong+Bunjoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethesisarchive.library.tu.ac.th%2Fthesis%2F2016%2FTU_2016_5424300134_5308_5667.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"An Analytical Trend in the Development of Buddhism in Mon Region of Myanmar in the next decade". 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May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Analytical+Trend+in+the+Development+of+Buddhism+in+Mon+Region+of+Myanmar+in+the+next+decade&rft.date=2020-05-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://konlanna.com/contents/read/1728">"ประเพณี "ลอยหะโม้ด" สายสัมพันธ์หงสาวดี-หริภุญไชย"</a>. <i>konlanna.com</i> (in Thai).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=konlanna.com&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5+%22%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%94%22+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkonlanna.com%2Fcontents%2Fread%2F1728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhrakhru_Sathitthammaphinan2018" class="citation cs2">Phrakhru Sathitthammaphinan (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lp.mcu.ac.th/userfiles/file/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2/2562/MCU62020258.pdf"><i>A Study of Buddhadhamma in Yi Peng Tradition of Lanna</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Buddhadhamma+in+Yi+Peng+Tradition+of+Lanna&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Phrakhru+Sathitthammaphinan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flp.mcu.ac.th%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2F%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B9%258C%2F%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2597%2F%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2%2F2562%2FMCU62020258.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_14572">"ปริศนาโบราณคดี : ประเพณี "ลอยหะมด" ของมอญหริภุญไชย คือต้นกำเนิด "ลอยกระทง" ในสยาม?"</a> (in Thai). 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5+%3A+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5+%22%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%22+%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94+%22%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%87%22+%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%3F&rft.date=2016-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matichonweekly.com%2Fcolumn%2Farticle_14572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.m-culture.go.th/lamphun/ewt_news.php?nid=540&fbclid=IwAR3MD1Wvj3ZxrIWMaLKtjK5FF_GSi8ZN5ZbXJ6ERh8bub8fgi-5aHxYe53Y">"ประเพณีลอยโขมดตำบลต้นธง ประจำปี 2559"</a> (in Thai). 10 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+2559&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-culture.go.th%2Flamphun%2Fewt_news.php%3Fnid%3D540%26fbclid%3DIwAR3MD1Wvj3ZxrIWMaLKtjK5FF_GSi8ZN5ZbXJ6ERh8bub8fgi-5aHxYe53Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thainews.prd.go.th/th/news/detail/TCATG201108073719199">"เทศบาลตำบลต้นธง จังหวัดลำพูน สืบทอดงานประเพณีลอยโขมดตำบลต้นธง ซึ่งครั้งนี้ได้จัดขึ้นเป็นครั้งที่ 6 อย่างยิ่งใหญ่ เพื่อเป็นการ อนุรักษ์ และสืบสานประเพณีวัฒนธรรมอันดีงามของท้องถิ่นให้คงอยู่สืบไป"</a> (in Thai). 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A%3A+Kao+Wao+News+Group&rft.date=2005-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaowao.org%2FPROUD%2520TO%2520BE%2520MON%2520SAYS%2520FORMER%2520THAI%2520PM.php%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan_Hla1991" class="citation journal cs1">Pan Hla, Nai (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/1991/03/JSS_079_1d_NaiPanHla_MajorRoleOfMonsInSEA.pdf">"The Major Role of the Mons in Southeast Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Siam Society</i>. <b>79</b> (1): 13–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=The+Major+Role+of+the+Mons+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Pan+Hla&rft.aufirst=Nai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesiamsociety.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F1991%2F03%2FJSS_079_1d_NaiPanHla_MajorRoleOfMonsInSEA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2018" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, Roger (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/52438/3/JSEALS_Special_Publication_3.pdf">"Waterworld: Lexical evidence for aquatic subsistence strategies in Austroasiatic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society</i>: 174–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Waterworld%3A+Lexical+evidence+for+aquatic+subsistence+strategies+in+Austroasiatic&rft.pages=174-193&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10524%2F52438%2F3%2FJSEALS_Special_Publication_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andaya, Leonard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf">"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=Some+thoughts+on+the+problem+of+the+Austro-Asiatic+homeland&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=101-113&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2011-060110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212688587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peiros&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jolr.ru%2Ffiles%2F%2868%29jlr2011-6%28101-114%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GSfNDgaDM_lzWrQxZ5w-Tas8aVKfT-Sj/view">"Austroasiatic Dispersal: the AA "Water-World" Extended"</a>. <i>JSEALS - the Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society</i>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QREB1UttWTI">Video</a>)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JSEALS+-+the+Journal+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Austroasiatic+Dispersal%3A+the+AA+%22Water-World%22+Extended&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1GSfNDgaDM_lzWrQxZ5w-Tas8aVKfT-Sj%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|postscript=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Huffman, Franklin (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/16-17:31-84.pdf">"Burmese Mon, Thai Mon, and Nyah Kur:a synchronic comparison"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. Vol. 16–17. Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 31–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824813437" title="Special:BookSources/9780824813437"><bdi>9780824813437</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burmese+Mon%2C+Thai+Mon%2C+and+Nyah+Kur%3Aa+synchronic+comparison&rft.btitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.pages=31-84&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780824813437&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fmks%2Fpdf%2F16-17%3A31-84.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopichLeitich2013" class="citation book cs1">Topich, William; Leitich, Keith (2013). <i>The History of Myanmar</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313357244" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313357244"><bdi>978-0313357244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Myanmar&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0313357244&rft.aulast=Topich&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Leitich%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1990a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bauer, Christian (1990a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/16-17:155-176.pdf">"Numismatics, dialectology, and the periodization of Old Mon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Numismatics%2C+dialectology%2C+and+the+periodization+of+Old+Mon&rft.btitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.pages=155-176&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780824813437&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fmks%2Fpdf%2F16-17%3A155-176.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Thomas, David (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/16-17:177-179.pdf">"On early Monic, Vietic and Bahnaric relations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+early+Monic%2C+Vietic+and+Bahnaric+relations&rft.btitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.pages=177-179&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780824813437&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fmks%2Fpdf%2F16-17%3A177-179.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwearer2002" class="citation book cs1">Swearer, Donald (September 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LSvkQvvmAMC&pg=PA130">"Buddhism in Southeast Asia"</a>. In Joseph Kitagawa (ed.). <i>The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Damrong+Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ban+Thung-Khen%3A+The+Contemporary+Mon+Ethnic+Community+of+Suphanburi&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-140&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft.aulast=Bunjoon&rft.aufirst=Ong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.damrong-journal.su.ac.th%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2F102_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajanubhab2001" class="citation book cs1">Rajanubhab, Damrong (2001). <i>Our Wars With the Burmese</i>. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747534584" title="Special:BookSources/9747534584"><bdi>9747534584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Wars+With+the+Burmese&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=White+Lotus+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9747534584&rft.aulast=Rajanubhab&rft.aufirst=Damrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1925" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, G. E. (1925). <i>History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824</i>. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+10+March+1824&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbesHenley,_David2012" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). "Historic Lamphun: Capital of the Mon Kingdom of Hariphunchai". <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i>. Vol. 4. Cognoscenti Books. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B006J541LE">B006J541LE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historic+Lamphun%3A+Capital+of+the+Mon+Kingdom+of+Hariphunchai&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chiang+Mai&rft.pub=Cognoscenti+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB006J541LE%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Henley%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth2013" class="citation book cs1">South, Ashley (2013). <i>Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136129629" title="Special:BookSources/9781136129629"><bdi>9781136129629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mon+Nationalism+and+Civil+War+in+Burma%3A+The+Golden+Sheldrake&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136129629&rft.aulast=South&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMon+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a>, the Mon make up 2% of the total population of Myanmar (55 million) or approximately 1.8million people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burmese-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burmese_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burmese_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact number of Mon living in other countries is unknown. They are usually counted as Burmese, <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Siamese</a> or other Asian in censuses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name "Mangrai" is the historical name used in most modern scholarly applications. "Mengrai," which was popularized by a 1907 publication, is more commonly found in popular usage. It is important to note that "Meng" is the Thai Yuan ethnonym for the Mon people</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_people&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mon_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mon people">Mon people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monnews.org/">Independent Mon News Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualmuseum.finearts.go.th/hariphunchai/index.php/en/">Hariphunchai National Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208093247/http://www.kaowao.org/">Kao Wao News Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/~gb661/">The Mon Information Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050408203116/http://www.eumon.org/inscriptions.php">Dating and Range of Mon Inscriptions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Myanmar">Ethnic groups in Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people" title="Burmese people">Burmese people</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_people" title="Kachin people">Kachin</a> (12)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalaung_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalaung people (page does not exist)">Dalaung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauri people (page does not exist)">Gauri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hkahku_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hkahku people (page does not exist)">Hkahku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duleng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duleng people (page does not exist)">Duleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Maru (Lawgore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_language" title="Hpon language">Hpon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachik" title="Lachik">Lashi (La Chit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Atsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_Rawang" title="Nung Rawang">Rawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taron_people" title="Taron people">Taron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Ngochang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kayah (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geba_Karen_language" title="Geba Karen language">Geba Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheko_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheko People (page does not exist)">Gheko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Karenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Myanmar)" title="Kayan people (Myanmar)">Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Manu Manaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pale_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pale people (page does not exist)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Baw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Baw (page does not exist)">Yin Baw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Talai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Talai (page does not exist)">Yin Talai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayein_people" title="Zayein people">Zayein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Kayin (Karen)</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa-Le-Chi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pa-Le-Chi (page does not exist)">Pa-Le-Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mon_Kayin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mon Kayin (page does not exist)">Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_people" title="S'gaw people">S'gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta-Hlay-Pwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta-Hlay-Pwa (page does not exist)">Ta-Hlay-Pwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paku_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paku people (page does not exist)">Paku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwe_people" title="Bwe people">Bwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monpwa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monpwa people (page does not exist)">Monpwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monnepwa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monnepwa people (page does not exist)">Monnepwa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu people (page does not exist)">Shu (Pwo)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a> (53)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anu people (page does not exist)">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anun people (page does not exist)">Anun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asho_Chin_people" title="Asho Chin people">Asho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayaw_language" title="Kayaw language">Bre (Ka-Yaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumtu_Chin_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumtu Chin People">Cumtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daai_Chin" title="Daai Chin">Dai (Yindu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_people" title="Zou people">Dim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eik-swair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eik-swair (page does not exist)">Eik-swair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunte_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunte people (page does not exist)">Gunte (Lyente)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guite_people" title="Guite people">Guite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people_in_Myanmar" title="Mizo people in Myanmar">Hualngo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaung_Saing_Chin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaung Saing Chin (page does not exist)">Kaung Saing Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaungso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaungso (page does not exist)">Kaungso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebar_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebar people (page does not exist)">Kebar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khawno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khawno (page does not exist)">Khawno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwangli_(Sim)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwangli (Sim) (page does not exist)">Kwangli (Sim)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwelshin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwelshin (page does not exist)">Kwelshin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwe_Myi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwe Myi (page does not exist)">Kwe Myi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_(Haka_Chin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai (Haka Chin) (page does not exist)">Lai (Haka Chin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laizao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laizao (page does not exist)">Laizao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautu_language" title="Lautu language">Lawhtu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laymyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laymyo (page does not exist)">Laymyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhinbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lhinbu (page does not exist)">Lhinbu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyente (page does not exist)">Lyente</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magun (page does not exist)">Magun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malin_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malin (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Malin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marma_people" title="Marma people">Marma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matu_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matu (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meithei (Kathe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaang_language" title="Kaang language">Mgan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi-er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mi-er (page does not exist)">Mi-er</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lushayy_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lushayy people (page does not exist)">Lusayy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mro-Khimi_people" title="Mro-Khimi people">Mro-Khimi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_people" title="Naga people">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngawn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngawn (page does not exist)">Ngawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%B6_language" title="Shö language">Oo-Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panun (page does not exist)">Panun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaung_language" title="Welaung language">Rongtu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saing_Zan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saing Zan (page does not exist)">Saing Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saline_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saline (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senthang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senthang (page does not exist)">Senthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_people" title="Tangkhul people">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapong" title="Tapong">Tapong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tay-Zan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tay-Zan (page does not exist)">Tay-Zan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Thado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedim_people" title="Tedim people">Tiddim (Hai-Dim)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torr_(Tawr)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torr (Tawr) (page does not exist)">Torr (Tawr)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yin_Gog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yin Gog (page does not exist)">Yin Gog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahau_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zahau people (page does not exist)">Zahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanniat" title="Zanniat">Zahnyet (Zanniat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizang_people" title="Sizang people">Sizang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyphe_language" title="Zyphe language">Zophei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotung_people" title="Zotung people">Zotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_people" title="Zou people">Zou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar (Burman)</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawei_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawei people (page does not exist)">Dawei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bey_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bey people (page does not exist)">Beik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_people" title="Yaw people">Yaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yabein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yabein (page does not exist)">Yabein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_people" title="Kadu people">Kadu (Kado)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganan people (page does not exist)">Ganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hpon_people" title="Hpon people">Hpon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mon (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine <br />(Arakanese)</a> (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamein" title="Kamein">Kamein</a> (Kaman)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khami_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khami people (page does not exist)">Khami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daingnet_people" title="Daingnet people">Daingnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barua_people" title="Barua people">Maramagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miram_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miram people (page does not exist)">Miram (Mara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_people" title="Mru people">Mru (Taung Mro)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thet_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thet people (page does not exist)">Thet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> (33)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danaw_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danaw people (page does not exist)">Danaw (Danau)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danu_people" title="Danu people">Danu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intha_people" title="Intha people">Intha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_people" title="Pa'O people">Pa-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamti_people" title="Khamti people">Khamti Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu (Khamu)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwi people (page does not exist)">Kwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_Chinese" title="Kokang Chinese">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_Gale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shan Gale (page does not exist)">Shan Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_Gyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shan Gyi (page does not exist)">Shan Gyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai-Loi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai-Lon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai-Lon (page does not exist)">Tai-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai-Lay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai-Lay (page does not exist)">Tai-Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taishon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taishon (page does not exist)">Taishon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungyo" title="Taungyo">Taungyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa (Va)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Yin Kya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Yin Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_Zi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man Zi (page does not exist)">Man Zi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyen_language" title="Pyen language">Pyin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eng people (page does not exist)">Eng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Son_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Son people (page does not exist)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maw_Shan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maw Shan (page does not exist)">Maw Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Maingtha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hkun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hkun people (page does not exist)">Hkun (Khün)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised / Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panthays" title="Panthays">Panthay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayingyi_people" title="Bayingyi people">Bayingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Gurkha" title="Burmese Gurkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_people_in_Myanmar" title="Mizo people in Myanmar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Tamils" title="Myanmar Tamils">Tamils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Myanmar" title="Pakistanis in Myanmar">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taungtha_people" title="Taungtha people">Taungtha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_and_linguistic_groups_in_Thailand_by_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_and_linguistic_groups_in_Thailand_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic and linguistic groups in Thailand</a> by <a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template:Languages of Thailand">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra–Dai">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Tai">Southwestern Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Khün">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ga" title="Lao Ga">Lao Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Krang" title="Lao Krang">Lao Krang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Lom" title="Lao Lom">Lao Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ngaew" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Ngaew">Lao Ngaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Song" title="Lao Song">Lao Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ti" title="Lao Ti">Lao Ti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Wiang" title="Lao Wiang">Lao Wiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Tai Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyong people">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Bueng" title="Tai Bueng">Tai Bueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Gapong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Gapong">Tai Gapong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleun_people" title="Kaleun people">Kaleun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Wang (page does not exist)">Tai Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorat_Thai" title="Khorat Thai">Khorat Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Thai Yai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saek_people" title="Saek people">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaw_people" title="Nyaw people">Nyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_people" title="Yoy people">Yoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malayo-Polynesian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moklen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moklen people (page does not exist)">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ people">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_peoples" title="Khmuic peoples">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Phai people">Phai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_people" title="Pray people">Pray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_people" title="Mal people">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_people" title="Lamet people">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_people" title="Lawa people">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mok_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mok people (page does not exist)">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Palaung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_people" title="Northern Khmer people">Northern</a></li> <li>Western</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_people" title="Nyah Kur people">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuic language">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearic language">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_people" title="Pear people">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'och people">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aslian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aslian">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maniq" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniq">Maniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietic">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Aheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic language">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Hokchew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisu people (page does not exist)">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Kayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Lolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpi people">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_people" title="Pa'O people">Pa'O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_Pwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrae Pwo">Phrae Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_people" title="Phunoi people">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwo people">Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_people" title="S'gaw people">S'gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_people" title="Ugong people">Ugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_people" title="Iu Mien people">Iu Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand#Immigrants" title="Demographics of Thailand">Immigrants and expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Thailand" title="Australians in Thailand">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Thailand" title="Burmese in Thailand">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Thailand" title="Filipinos in Thailand">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Thailand" title="Indians in Thailand">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Thailand" title="Iranians in Thailand">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Thailand" title="Japanese migration to Thailand">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Thailand" title="Koreans in Thailand">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalis in Thailand">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Thailand" title="Pakistanis in Thailand">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskar_i_Thailand" class="extiw" title="sv:Svenskar i Thailand">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Laos_by_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Laos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Laos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Laos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Laos_by_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Laos">Ethnic groups in Laos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Laos#Languages" title="Laos">language family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Lao-Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phu_Thai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phu Thai people (page does not exist)">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saek_people" title="Saek people">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Tai Daeng</a> (Red Tai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Tai Dam</a> (Black Tai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_people" title="Tai Dón people">Tai Khao</a> (White Tai)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Maen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Maen (page does not exist)">Tai Maen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nüa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atel_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atel people (page does not exist)">Atel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(Laos)" title="Bo people (Laos)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A9t_people" title="Chứt people">Chut</a> (May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Kinh/Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krih_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krih people (page does not exist)">Krih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liha_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liha people (page does not exist)">Liha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maleng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maleng people (page does not exist)">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phong_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phong people (page does not exist)">Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phon_Sung_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phon Sung people (page does not exist)">Phon Sung</a> (Aheu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thavung_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thavung people (page does not exist)">Thavung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tum_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tum people (page does not exist)">Tum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmeric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_people" title="Katu people">Ca Tu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makong_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makong people (page does not exist)">Makong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_people" title="Pacoh people">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sou_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sou people (page does not exist)">Sou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Oi_people" title="Ta Oi people">Ta Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_people" title="Alak people">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brau_people" title="Brau people">Brau</a> (Lavae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katang_people" title="Katang people">Kataang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeng people (page does not exist)">Jeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oy_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oy people (page does not exist)">Oy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laven_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laven people (page does not exist)">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaheun_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaheun people (page does not exist)">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedang people">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talieng_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talieng people (page does not exist)">Talieng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yae_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yae people (page does not exist)">Yae</a> (Jeh)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_people" title="Bit people">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khang people">Khang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Phai people">Htin</a> (Lua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kon_Keu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon Keu">Keu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_people" title="Lamet people">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_Du_people" title="O Du people">O Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinh_Mun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinh Mun people">Xinh Mun</a> (Puoc)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samtao_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samtao people (page does not exist)">Samtao</a> (Kiorr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanten_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanten people (page does not exist)">Lanten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kado_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kado people (page does not exist)">Kado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaduo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaduo people (page does not exist)">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phana%27_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phana' people (page does not exist)">Phana'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_people" title="Phunoi people">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_La_people" title="Si La people">Si La</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Cham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chams" title="Laotian Chams">Laotian Cham</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Doi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Doi people (page does not exist)">Doi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleun_people" title="Kaleun people">Kaleung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavy_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavy people (page does not exist)">Lavy</a> (Lawi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General grouping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a></b> (Lowland)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Theung" title="Lao Theung">Lao Theung</a></b> (Highland)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lao_Sung" title="Lao Sung">Lao Sung</a></b> (Hill)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/16px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/24px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/32px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Laos portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637909#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85086664">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135619112">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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