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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gradual inland migration of Tai peoples from China subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gradual_inland_migration_of_Tai_peoples_from_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_Tai_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_Tai_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin of the Tai peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_Tai_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tai_ethnic_fusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tai_ethnic_fusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tai ethnic fusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tai_ethnic_fusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_Tai_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_Tai_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Individual Tai ethnic groups in Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_Tai_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_diverse_Chinese_immigration_from_the_13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_diverse_Chinese_immigration_from_the_13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Continuous diverse Chinese immigration from the 13th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continuous_diverse_Chinese_immigration_from_the_13th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>18th and 19th century male Chinese immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_century_male_Chinese_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_immigration_of_Chinese_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_immigration_of_Chinese_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>20th century immigration of Chinese families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_immigration_of_Chinese_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lolo_migration_from_Tibet_via_Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lolo_migration_from_Tibet_via_Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lolo migration from Tibet via Burma</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_Hmong–Mien_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origin of the Hmong–Mien peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_Hmong–Mien_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karen_arrival_as_refugees_from_Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karen_arrival_as_refugees_from_Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Karen arrival as refugees from Burma</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Karen_arrival_as_refugees_from_Burma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Karen arrival as refugees from Burma subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Karen_arrival_as_refugees_from_Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_Karen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_Karen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Origin of the Karen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_Karen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_Karen_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_Karen_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Individual Karen ethnic groups in Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_Karen_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Thailand" title="Category:History of Thailand">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History of <span class="fn org label">Thailand</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1686 Map of the Kingdom of Siam"><img alt="1686 Map of the Kingdom of Siam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg/150px-Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg/225px-Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg/300px-Carte_du_royaume_de_Siam_et_des_pays_circonvoisins_1686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="3912" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Thailand">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_(Thailand)" title="Spirit Cave (Thailand)">Spirit Cave</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 9000 BCE–5500 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Ban Chiang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2,100 BCE–200 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> Legendary</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhanavati" title="Singhanavati">Singhanavati</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 691 BCE–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chi_Tu" title="Chi Tu">Raktamaritika</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 200 BCE–700 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chin_Lin" title="Chin Lin">Chin Lin</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 9 CE – 200 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tun_Sun" title="Tun Sun">Tun Sun</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 52 CE–600 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 100 CE–1277 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 100 CE–1500 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Pan_(kingdom)" title="Pan Pan (kingdom)">Pan Pan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300 CE–700 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom" title="Lavo Kingdom">Lavo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 468 CE–1388 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaravati" title="Dvaravati">Dvaravati</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500 CE–1200 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tou_Yuan" title="Tou Yuan">Tou Yuan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600 CE – 647 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Wen_Dan" title="Wen Dan">Wen Dan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600 CE–800 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haripu%C3%B1jaya" title="Haripuñjaya">Haripuñjaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 629 CE–1292 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 638 CE–1292 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 671 CE–1025 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Canasapura" title="Canasapura">Canasapura</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 790 CE–974 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ny_Wang" title="Ny Wang">Ny Wang</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800 CE – 1289 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Regional kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xi%C4%81n" title="Xiān">Xiān</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000 – 1438</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Phayao_Kingdom" title="Phayao Kingdom">Phayao</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1094–1338</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Suphannabhum" title="Suphannabhum">Suphannabhum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1150 – 1438</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1278–1782</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1292–1775</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1457–1902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singora" title="Sultanate of Singora">Singora</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1605–1680</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Setul_Mambang_Segara" title="Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara">Satun</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1808–1916</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Reman" title="Kingdom of Reman">Reman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1810–1902</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1238–1438</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1351–1767</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1767–1782</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Rattanakosin Kingdom</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1782–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">1782–1932</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Thailand (2001–present)">2001–present</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peopling of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Thailand">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Isan" title="History of Isan">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Phitsanulok_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Phitsanulok Province">Phitsanulok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Peopling_of_Thailand.svg/440px-Peopling_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Chart shows the peopling of Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>peopling of Thailand</b> refers to the process by which the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a> that comprise the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> came to inhabit the region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gradual_inland_migration_of_Tai_peoples_from_China">Gradual inland migration of Tai peoples from China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gradual inland migration of Tai peoples from China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai</a> migration from the northern mountains into <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> was a slow process, with the Tai generally remaining near the mountainous area in the region, where they were able to use their specialized agricultural knowledge relating to the use of mountain water for rice production. The earliest Tai settlements in Thailand were in the river valleys in the northern reaches of the country. </p><p>Eventually, the Tai settled the central plains of Thailand (which were covered with dense rainforest) and displaced and inter-bred with the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic population</a>. The languages and culture of the Tai eventually came to dominate the regions of both modern-day Laos and Thailand. In more recent times, many of the Tai tribes of Laos also migrated west across the border, establishing communities in Thailand. The Laotian Tai ethnic groups, often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a>, are largely clustered in the <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a> region of Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_Tai_peoples">Origin of the Tai peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of the Tai peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_China" title="Peopling of China">Peopling of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau peoples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg/220px-Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg/330px-Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg/440px-Ethic_Dong_Liping_Guizhou_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Tai-Dong people of Guizhou, China, in traditional dresses, similar to the existing tribe in northern provinces of Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>Comparative linguistic research seems to indicate that the Tai peoples were a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tai%E2%80%93Kadai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tai–Kadai">Proto-Tai–Kadai</a> speaking culture of southern China and dispersed into mainland Southeast Asia. Many of linguists proposes that Tai–Kadai peoples may genetically connected with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> speaking peoples, Laurent Sagart (2004) hypothesized that the Tai–Kadai peoples migrated from a homeland on the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, where they spoke a dialect of Proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestors of the modern Tai-Kadai peoples sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>, where their language greatly changed from other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong–Mien">Hmong–Mien</a> language infusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200412_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200412-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between Austronesian and Tai-Kadai can also be found in some common cultural practices. Roger Blench (2008) demonstrates that <a href="/wiki/Dental_evulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental evulsion">dental evulsion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Face_tattooing" class="mw-redirect" title="Face tattooing">face tattooing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teeth_blackening" title="Teeth blackening">teeth blackening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snake_cults" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake cults">snake cults</a> are shared between the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese Austronesians</a> and the Tai-Kadai peoples of Southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) language family was formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze basin">Yangtze basin</a>, coinciding roughly with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu state</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the southward migrations of <a href="/wiki/Kra_languages" title="Kra languages">Kra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Hlai</a> (Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhejiang province">Zhejiang province</a>, in the 6th century BCE, forming the state of Yue and conquering the state of Wu shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chamberlain, Yue people (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There the Yue (Be-Tai) formed the <a href="/wiki/Luo_Yue" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Yue">Luo Yue</a>, which moved into <a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Annam</a> and then westward into northeastern Laos and <a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a>, and later became the Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Xi Ou</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tai peoples, from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> began moving south – and westwards in the first millennium CE, eventually spreading across the whole of mainland Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20022_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20022-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on layers of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in proto-<a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Tai">Southwestern Tai</a> and other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) proposes that the southwestward migration of southwestern Tai-speaking tribes from the modern Guangxi to the mainland of Southeast Asia must have taken place sometime between the 8th–10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tai speaking tribes migrated southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into Southeast Asia, perhaps prompted by the Chinese expansion and suppression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tai_ethnic_fusion">Tai ethnic fusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tai ethnic fusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a></div> <p>Over the centuries, the Tai intermarried and absorbed many of the other populations who co-inhabited and/or politically occupied the region, particularly populations of <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>–<a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burmese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese descent">Chinese descent</a>. This fusion of ethnicity has led to considerable genetic diversity in the modern <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a>, and has resulted in a Tai population that differs in culture, language, and apparel from the <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Tai ethnic groups who remained in China</a>. Many of the individual Tai ethnic groups have assumed a common <a href="/wiki/Thai_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai identity">Thai identity</a> and have adopted Thai cultural norms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_Tai_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand">Individual Tai ethnic groups in Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Individual Tai ethnic groups in Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tai_ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Tai ethnic groups in Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups in Thailand</a></div> <p>There are presently more than 30 distinct Tai ethnic groups in Thailand, contributing nearly 85 percent of the nation's population. The genetic stratification of the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> of the Tai ethnicity is an ongoing topic of debate among linguists and other social scientists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuous_diverse_Chinese_immigration_from_the_13th_century">Continuous diverse Chinese immigration from the 13th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continuous diverse Chinese immigration from the 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a></div> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese</a> immigration to <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> dates back many centuries, and the specific Chinese ethnic groups which made their way to Thailand are numerous, although there is a greater concentration of Chinese from the southern provinces due to their geographic proximity to Thailand. The Chinese are part of the greater Sino-Tibetan ethnicity which also includes the Tibeto-Burmans. The Chinese immigrants were largely able to merge into the predominant Tai culture, and have contributed significantly to the economy and infrastructure of Thailand over the years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_immigration_during_the_Ayutthayan_Period">Chinese immigration during the Ayutthayan Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chinese immigration during the Ayutthayan Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese traders in Thailand, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> Provinces, began arriving in <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> by at least the 13th century. Ayutthaya was under almost constant Burmese threat from the 16th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> was alarmed by Burmese military might. From 1766-1769, the Qianlong Emperor <a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765%E2%80%9369)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Burmese War (1765–69)">sent his armies four times</a> to subdue the Burmese, but all four invasions failed. Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese in 1767. During the Ayutthaya period, many Chinese traders and soldiers inter-married with local Tai, infusing Chinese culture into the population early in its history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_century_male_Chinese_immigration">18th and 19th century male Chinese immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th century male Chinese immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late-18th century, King <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> of Thonburi, who was himself half-Chinese, actively encouraged Chinese immigration and trade. Settlers came from <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a> prefecture in large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1825, the population of Chinese in Thailand had reached 230,000, and it grew steadily due to a constant stream of Chinese immigrants to the country throughout the 19th century. Early Chinese immigration consisted almost entirely of Chinese men, who, of necessity, married Thai women. The children of such intermarriages were called <i>luk-jin</i> (ลูกจีน), meaning 'children of Chinese' in Thai.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_immigration_of_Chinese_families">20th century immigration of Chinese families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century immigration of Chinese families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese population in Thailand had risen to 792,000 by 1910. By 1932, approximately 12.2 percent of the population was ethnic Chinese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> dynasty and the massive population increase in China, combined with high taxes, caused many families to leave for Thailand in search of work and a better life. Those who came before the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> came overland or by sailboats called <a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">sampans</a>, while after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> most arrived by steam ship.<sup id="cite_ref-Migration_of_Chinese_Into_Thailand_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Migration_of_Chinese_Into_Thailand-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier tradition of Chinese-Thai intermarriage declined once large numbers of Chinese women immigrated in the early-20th century. New arrivals frequently came as families and resisted assimilation, retaining their Chinese culture and living in all-Chinese areas. Despite this, newer generations of Thai-Chinese have still greatly integrated into Thai culture; second generation or higher Thai-Chinese mostly speak Thai as their primary language and do not speak a Chinese dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lolo_migration_from_Tibet_via_Burma">Lolo migration from Tibet via Burma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lolo migration from Tibet via Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akha_Laos_11_03c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akha_Laos_11_03c.jpg/220px-Akha_Laos_11_03c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akha_Laos_11_03c.jpg/330px-Akha_Laos_11_03c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Akha_Laos_11_03c.jpg/440px-Akha_Laos_11_03c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Loloish Akha tribe wearing traditional dress</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Loloish tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a> arrived in Thailand as recently as 100 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-BRIEFLY_ABOUT_THE_LISU_HILL-TRIBE_IN_THAILAND_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRIEFLY_ABOUT_THE_LISU_HILL-TRIBE_IN_THAILAND-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others came at a much earlier date. The Lolo are believed to have descended from the ancient Qiang people of western <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, who are also said to be the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Naxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a> peoples. They migrated from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> through Sichuan and into Yunnan Province, where their largest populations can be found today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_Lolo">Origin of the Lolo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Origin of the Lolo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Burma">Peopling of Burma</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Lolo</a> (also commonly referred to as the Yi) are one of the two major distinct Tibeto-Burmese ethnicities within present-day Thailand, along with the <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a>. The Lolo migrated southeast from Burma into Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_Loloish_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand">Individual Loloish ethnic groups in Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Individual Loloish ethnic groups in Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Loloish</a> of Thailand are generally <a href="/wiki/Hill_tribe_(Thailand)" title="Hill tribe (Thailand)">hill tribes</a> in the northern portion of the country, near the border with Burma. A list of the Loloish ethnic groups of significant size within Thailand are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Southern Loloish clade <ul><li>Akha sub-clade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a> (population of approximately 60,000 in Thailand, centered on <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai Province">Chiang Rai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Hong Son Province">Mae Hong Son</a> Provinces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a> (population of approximately 52,000 in Thailand)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisu_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisu (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Bisu</a> (population of approximately 1,000 in Thailand, centered on <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Rai Province">Chiang Rai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampang Province">Lampang</a> Provinces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpi people">Mpi</a> (population of approximately 1,200 within Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Phunoi">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_people" title="Ugong people">Ugong</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Loloish clade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a> (population of approximately 16,000 in Thailand)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hmong–Mien_migration_from_China_via_Laos"><span id="Hmong.E2.80.93Mien_migration_from_China_via_Laos"></span>Hmong–Mien migration from China via Laos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hmong–Mien migration from China via Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hmong_women_at_Coc_Ly_market,_Sapa,_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hmong_women_at_Coc_Ly_market%2C_Sapa%2C_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Hmong_women_at_Coc_Ly_market%2C_Sapa%2C_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hmong_women_at_Coc_Ly_market%2C_Sapa%2C_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Hmong_women_at_Coc_Ly_market%2C_Sapa%2C_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hmong_women_at_Coc_Ly_market%2C_Sapa%2C_Vietnam.jpg/440px-Hmong_women_at_Coc_Ly_market%2C_Sapa%2C_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>Women in traditional Hmong dress</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a></div> <p>Like the Lolo, many of the Hmong–Mien ethnic groups are among the <a href="/wiki/Hill_tribe_(Thailand)" title="Hill tribe (Thailand)">hill tribes</a> in Thailand. Their population is clustered in the northeastern region of Thailand near the Laotian border. The Hmong–Mien of Thailand generally migrated from China in the second half of the 19th century through <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, where they established themselves for some time prior to their arrival in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besaggio-2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception to the China-Laos-Thailand migration pattern is the <a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a> people, who apparently passed through Vietnam during the 13th century, prior to entering Thailand through Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besaggio-2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iu Mien arrived in Thailand approximately 200 years ago, contemporaneously with a large number of other Hmong–Mien migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besaggio-2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_Hmong–Mien_peoples"><span id="Origin_of_the_Hmong.E2.80.93Mien_peoples"></span>Origin of the Hmong–Mien peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origin of the Hmong–Mien peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_China" title="Peopling of China">Peopling of China</a></div> <p>The primary homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a> ethnicity is said to be <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Kweichow</a>, a province of southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where they settled at least 2,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besaggio-2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karen_arrival_as_refugees_from_Burma">Karen arrival as refugees from Burma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Karen arrival as refugees from Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Karen left <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and migrated to <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> as refugees, establishing themselves along the Burmese border with Thailand. When during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, long-term tensions between the Karen and <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar</a> turned into open fighting. After the war ended, Burma was granted independence in January 1948, and the Karen, led by the <a href="/wiki/Karen_National_Union" title="Karen National Union">KNU</a>, attempted to co-exist peacefully with the Bamar ethnic majority. However, in the fall of 1948, the Burmese government, led by <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a>, began raising and arming irregular political militias known as <i>Sitwundan</i>. In January 1949, some of these militias went on a rampage through Karen communities.<sup id="cite_ref-ms_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> cited <a href="/wiki/Aid_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Aid agencies">aid agencies</a> estimates that up to 200,000 Karen were driven from their homes during decades of war, with 120,000 more refugees from Burma, mostly Karen, living in <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a> on the Thai side of the Burmese-Thai border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_Karen">Origin of the Karen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Origin of the Karen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Tibet">Peopling of Tibet</a></div> <p>The Karen people's ancestors were from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and are Tibeto-Burman, and therefore distantly related to the <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Lolo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_Karen_ethnic_groups_in_Thailand">Individual Karen ethnic groups in Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Individual Karen ethnic groups in Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are approximately 510,000 people of <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a> descent living in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of the Karen ethnic groups of significant size within Thailand are:<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o">Pa'o</a></li> <li>Pwo clade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_Pwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrae Pwo">Phrae Pwo</a></li> <li>Northern and Western <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pwo_(ethnic_group)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pwo (ethnic group) (page does not exist)">Pwo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sgaw–Bghai clade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw" class="mw-redirect" title="S'gaw">S'gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayah people">Kayah</a> (population of approximately 100,000 in Thailand, centered on <a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Hong Son Province">Mae Hong Son Province</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_studies" title="Thai studies">Thai studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peopling_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2004411–440_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagart2004">Sagart 2004</a>, pp. 411–440.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSagart2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200412-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200412_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2004">Blench 2004</a>, p. 12.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlench2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench20094–7_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2009">Blench 2009</a>, pp. 4–7.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlench2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlench200817–32_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlench2008">Blench 2008</a>, pp. 17–32.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBlench2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2016_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2016">Chamberlain (2016)</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFChamberlain2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20022-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20022_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 2.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvans2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittayaporn201447–64_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittayaporn2014">Pittayaporn 2014</a>, pp. 47–64.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPittayaporn2014 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBertil_Lintner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lintner" title="Bertil Lintner">Bertil Lintner</a> (2003). <i>Blood Brothers: The Criminal Underworld of Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6154-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-6154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Brothers%3A+The+Criminal+Underworld+of+Asia&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6154-9&rft.au=Bertil+Lintner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalind_C._Morris2000" class="citation book cs1">Rosalind C. Morris (2000). <i>In the Place of Origins: Modernity and Its Mediums in Northern Thailand</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2517-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-2517-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Place+of+Origins%3A+Modernity+and+Its+Mediums+in+Northern+Thailand&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2517-8&rft.au=Rosalind+C.+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Migration_of_Chinese_Into_Thailand-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Migration_of_Chinese_Into_Thailand_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFARAdmin" class="citation web cs1">ARAdmin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiarecipe.com/thaiciin.html">"Chinese Migration to Thailand"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Migration+to+Thailand&rft.au=ARAdmin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiarecipe.com%2Fthaiciin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRIEFLY_ABOUT_THE_LISU_HILL-TRIBE_IN_THAILAND-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRIEFLY_ABOUT_THE_LISU_HILL-TRIBE_IN_THAILAND_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302103602/http://www.ldcl.org/Lisu%20hill-tribe.htm">"BRIEFLY ABOUT THE LISU HILL-TRIBE IN THAILAND"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldcl.org/Lisu%20hill-tribe.htm">the original</a> on 2007-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRIEFLY+ABOUT+THE+LISU+HILL-TRIBE+IN+THAILAND&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldcl.org%2FLisu%2520hill-tribe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_Report_for_Thailand_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TH">"Thailand"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Thailand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DTH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Besaggio-2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besaggio-2007_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesaggio2007" class="citation journal cs1">Besaggio, Davide; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963483">"Genetic variation in Northern Thailand Hill Tribes: origins and relationships with social structure and linguistic differences"</a>. <i>BMC Evol. Biol</i>. <b>7</b> (Suppl 2): S12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-7-S2-S12">10.1186/1471-2148-7-S2-S12</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1963483">1963483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17767728">17767728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evol.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Genetic+variation+in+Northern+Thailand+Hill+Tribes%3A+origins+and+relationships+with+social+structure+and+linguistic+differences&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=S12&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1963483%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17767728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-7-S2-S12&rft.aulast=Besaggio&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1963483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ms-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ms_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Smith1991" class="citation book cs1">Martin Smith (1991). <i>Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity</i>. London and New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 62–63, 72–73, 78–79, 82–84, 114–118, 86, 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma+-+Insurgency+and+the+Politics+of+Ethnicity&rft.place=London+and+New+Jersey&rft.pages=62-63%2C+72-73%2C+78-79%2C+82-84%2C+114-118%2C+86%2C+119&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Martin+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeopling+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra–Dai">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Tai">Southwestern Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Khün">Khün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ga" title="Lao Ga">Lao Ga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Krang" title="Lao Krang">Lao Krang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Lom" title="Lao Lom">Lao Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ngaew" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Ngaew">Lao Ngaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Song" title="Lao Song">Lao Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Ti" title="Lao Ti">Lao Ti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Wiang" title="Lao Wiang">Lao Wiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_people" title="Tai Lue people">Tai Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">Tai Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyong people">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuan_people" title="Phuan people">Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Bueng" title="Tai Bueng">Tai Bueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_people" title="Tai Daeng people">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_people" title="Tai Dam people">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Gapong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Gapong">Tai Gapong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleun_people" title="Kaleun people">Kaleun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nua_people" title="Tai Nua people">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_Wang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai Wang (page does not exist)">Tai Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai Noi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorat_Thai" title="Khorat Thai">Khorat Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Thai Yai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tai_languages" title="Northern Tai languages">Northern Tai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saek_people" title="Saek people">Saek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaw_people" title="Nyaw people">Nyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoy_people" title="Yoy people">Yoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malayo-Polynesian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moklen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moklen people (page does not exist)">Moklen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ people">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_peoples" title="Khmuic peoples">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Phai people">Phai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pray_people" title="Pray people">Pray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_people" title="Mal people">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_people" title="Bru people">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_people" title="Lamet people">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_people" title="Lawa people">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mok_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mok people (page does not exist)">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">Palaung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_people" title="Northern Khmer people">Northern</a></li> <li>Western</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_people" title="Nyah Kur people">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Katuic language">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_people" title="Kuy people">Kuy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearic language">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_people" title="Pear people">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'och people">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aslian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aslian">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maniq" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniq">Maniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietic">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Aheu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic language">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Hokchew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisu people (page does not exist)">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Kayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Lolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpi people">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27O_people" title="Pa'O people">Pa'O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_Pwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrae Pwo">Phrae Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phunoi_people" title="Phunoi people">Phunoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwo people">Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_people" title="S'gaw people">S'gaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugong_people" title="Ugong people">Ugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_people" title="Iu Mien people">Iu Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand#Immigrants" title="Demographics of Thailand">Immigrants and expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Thailand" title="Australians in Thailand">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Thailand" title="Burmese in Thailand">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Thailand" title="Filipinos in Thailand">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Thailand" title="Indians in Thailand">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Thailand" title="Iranians in Thailand">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Thailand" title="Japanese migration to Thailand">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Thailand" title="Koreans in Thailand">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalis in Thailand">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Thailand" title="Pakistanis in Thailand">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskar_i_Thailand" class="extiw" title="sv:Svenskar i Thailand">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thailand_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thailand_topics" title="Template talk:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thailand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thailand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam 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