CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html id="structuredContentTemplate_1-0" class="comp structuredContentTemplate article-html html mntl-html no-js taxlevel-4" data-ab="99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,55,99,99,78" data-mm-ads-resource-version="1.2.155" data-reference-resource-version="4.18.0" data-mantle-resource-version="4.0.737" lang="en" data-tracking-container="true" data-resource-version="4.18.0"> <head class="loc head"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//js-sec.indexww.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//c.amazon-adsystem.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dnsprefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large, NOODP, NOYDIR" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142" /> <title>Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications</title> <meta name="description" content="Learn about magnesium, the lightest of the metal elements, used primarily in structural alloys due to its light weight, strength and corrosion resistance." itemprop="description"> <meta name="emailcontenttype" content="STRUCTUREDCONTENT" /> <meta name="emailvertical" content="THOUGHTCO" /> <meta name="sailthru.author" content="Terence Bell" /> <meta name="sailthru.tags" content="sciences-math,science,chemistry,chemistry-in-everyday-life" /> <meta name="parsely-section" content="Science, Tech, Math" /> <meta name="parsely-tags" content="ThoughtCo,Science, Tech, Math,Science,Chemistry,Chemistry In Everyday Life" />  <meta itemprop="name" content="Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications" /> <meta property="article:section" content="ThoughtCo" />  <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ThoughtCo" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Everything You Want to Know About Magnesium" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn about magnesium, the lightest of the metal elements, used primarily in structural alloys due to its light weight, strength and corrosion resistance." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uQlGiykOPaSAHmfco9MvznaISew=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium-5c4dce4346e0fb0001a8e7ca.jpg" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom/" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoughtcocom" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Everything You Want to Know About Magnesium" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Learn about magnesium, the lightest of the metal elements, used primarily in structural alloys due to its light weight, strength and corrosion resistance." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uQlGiykOPaSAHmfco9MvznaISew=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium-5c4dce4346e0fb0001a8e7ca.jpg" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://feeds-api.dotdashmeredith.com/v1/rss/google/e5bf8ae1-a904-434a-842c-3487c2b4e7c2"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" data-glb-css="top" href="/static/4.18.0/cache/eNqtVluy2yAM3VAZL6K_3QQG2VbDwwU5zd19ZSCJnRDsO9OPOJI4RxJCPLpIklB1Vjoy0KkYu9UCP7r3AbRyBDEbqWDyRkOogSwE1Chdh07D7YFIQxLdG8Xb2TtwFLsLh73l75P2OhxggABOgdgDrdeLgbglBIlGXFGDT9GT1ML3MpYCKCF1rOXA5m479D6Jv6hH4H_nCQdUjPJO9NI5CLmGULQTPibAcaKfk3Qj_MJIsDqpGWupjsb30jBc6sSSuo5z8opjSrOLF5yFQXd5SjXG4INl_2tgaUQEGdT0oh4EytkItmzEA86wGBNVAHCJt1cPuH3gKCosto9bedec62x5ypEaC5M2QEKPOBzEVN6RVJSS3cifusqkOvReBn2qRwcDN-wNcKe28Bu3eZaVMPX8fy-2NMNDalSmdNvgPXG35b9GV9Zx7263zekVcn-lcq579KEeNfWTV-E0Q-b0crs9xG9R16rFnXKOrj1pGSexOLxCiCX_qrXhUAa2l2O5yNX2KzA-WkUDZoGP9W4OvAnCl8hbYaedm9rRXvw8jfIvypG2V1sTaxDRja96y9PsIxU3onRTb7y6fBw4ccoXeJxkKDcoI8XWWsuoyj4i9QuRdzFF4aVzJLKlkWWksChaAmixnmJsK6fgfsnPV90CyZ1ysH_Jq_XXSLH_4p0FeVZFbuV1h38DKheafBDkvSGcW61KFJBrimuVN4pAAnuiF0qE7kSkXUp5i9ezbCzNfUUri5wfgq_m_-u0R2PSVSQiUy9fov20qjicyJr0aSUW_RIURCEdE5Hu18K7sbXP7hiRDa968x26PtjE-hpNBXiqLVL8s9zPg1KcbDnLOQQ7HrhmcBab5x7fDfnKfkifHjLPB7pfqOdpuoqpscpWRu_4SlmfYjulwVHpecOff_R779o.min.css"></link> <style type="text/css"> </style> <script type="text/javascript" data-glb-js="top" src="/static/4.18.0/cache/eNqNk_FuhCAMxl9ohHdYsuzfZfEFECv2RGra6uI9_dDcTu_CmSVAgN9X-lHUijpFbweXNIL1NIyUIKnY6Baa1F4kN-M78P2bfRRfVtF1EbxCVlBqMTxLbquItTzKMSmwgFekVDqXXANNAXiiHkEKZFKMqGXWJnOGGxpOubLzPaZwKpohNcRWOybNWwXFkCemZnD9SPn--yGZMbTAkDy8znF4Gy_cbkMhyzjVMtU7oGaKsFX_u3pf-yu03TJPPmY4mjv4d0sNpejPr2rtJaSOA-haO3EtRBQtqcQb10iJMGQ3E1S3F7hLDsXIkasyjFqqhgtgZoSfk2oGHbZPK6LvjT5n-jNzCGAMnRp2GDeL99X_YzD_LAkVzL5tsrFsln8Bw4FYiA.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; window.Mntl.csrf = window.Mntl.csrf || window.Mntl.csrfInit('ba1076e1fec4776c0ca019bdfc30cee5', false);window.Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; Mntl.RTB = Mntl.RTB || {}; Mntl.RTB.setUseConsentManagement(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseLiveRamp(true); Mntl.RTB.setUseLiveIntentSignedInUser(true); Mntl.RTB.setUseGDPREnforcement(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseCommerceAndShoppingAPSTag(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseAmazonNcaHookTest(false); Mntl.RTB.setUserIdAuctionDelay(400); Mntl.RTB.setTaxonomyStampValues({"tax1":"tho_sciences-math","tax2":"tho_science","tax0":"tho_root","tax3":"tho_chemistry","tax4":"tho_chemistry-in-everyday-life"}); Mntl.RTB.setTimeoutLength([500,800]); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.amazon.amazonConfigs = {"mapTaxValues":{"tax1":"tho_sciences-math","tax2":"tho_science","si_section":"tho_science","tax0":"tho_root","tax3":"tho_chemistry"},"amazonSlotName":false,"mapFBValues":{"billboard2":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard6":"287662961980198_287667961979698","adunitid":"mapFBID","billboard5":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard4":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard3":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboard2":"287662961980198_287667635313064","billboard7":"287662961980198_287667961979698","video":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardac":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboard":"287662961980198_287668258646335","default":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardfooter2":"287662961980198_287667961979698","native":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardfooter":"287662961980198_287667635313064"},"amazonSection":"Chemistry"}; Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setPriceGranularity({"buckets":[{"max":"20","increment":"0.05"},{"max":"70","increment":"1"}]}); Mntl.RTB.initVideoBidders([{ type: 'amazon', id: '3222' }, { type: 'prebid', id: 'true' } ]); Mntl.RTB.initDisplayAndOutstreamBidders([{ type: "amazon", id: '3222'},{ type: "msg", id: 'true'},{ type: "prebid", id: 'true'},{ type: "liveConnect", id: 'b-01jb'}]); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setConfig({"square-fixed\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442664,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482890,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515221","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-fixed_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324010","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830375","type":"display"}}],"leaderboard-fixed\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515375","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-fixed_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324000","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}],"square-fixed-replies\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3601290,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34330401,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6389437","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-replies_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561381983","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1146794","type":"display"}}],"preroll":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"type":"instream","supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"type":"instream","networkId":7764}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"type":"instream","zoneId":2442674,"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"type":"instream","placementId":25482895}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"type":"instream","adSlot":"4515226","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"type":"instream","unit":"561365587","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"type":"instream","siteId":"830386"}}],"square-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442672,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482894,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515225","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-flex_300x600_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324012","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830381","type":"display"}}],"square-fixed-comments\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3546588,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34080851,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6234514","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-comments_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324013","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1137158","type":"display"}}],"global":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"158139","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net","type":"display"}}],"leaderboardac\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardac_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324006","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}],"leaderboardfooter-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4632121","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardfooter-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324008","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}],"leaderboard-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324003","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]}); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setSrc('/cache/eNqdls1u2zAMx19oQbC9QbalRYEFK_p1l0XGZSOLAkW58Z5-TLrttIOpk2Xh_yNlUiS9rRqU4nZiaAnrdmgZLs-3ui2CA4EtgKr-edtEFvy0XQuJwuGqWY8EKAwOeUr8votKMylhdYBadzmkxcR1B6Eoyno4cq6Y9RByGHGy1Xr0mBBGvGG5LQ4qCinyHTwuVXFazwEObRwpjw7kWHbwiDKjvBAgrydHKLLPR5bojAmF-qBwLzybQ0caTJ2VdPlB-eSPTaIZ77KaCT9bQijkkZN0OLm-faTiK4H7lhahiDeJWRx1UV-DIPgP2zIdqQusaLFxFG4pGc-t9kTko4x6SDp3ZaAN00XZw0obyPpMD6oKXZhQSZjoqD00F8xdQYqvLZ-cgyUKmnDGjWC2loGyse2SwuI47_CGUW9bEM_l6x8ZU3F00qLPSslRtrGJhSIuXuwae2c3q_QLnX4awec9gY_44iNYdPjG2Zqlr0aHuj_bFKhkQ90xJnkKlH-aN7Ex9MQPzPr9urfexgmXdxbPN_5tfj1p9jSCkKvN8ek-SJjczoLiyLI8XawkYzgf7Nyun5Am6f9e_yn3Z4ztYvs3YB4exg.js'); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setUserIdConfig({"liveIntentPublisherId":"79925"}); Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs = Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs || {}; Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs.rawConfig = {"slots":{"square-fixed-replies\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3601290,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34330401,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6389437","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-replies_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561381983","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1146794","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboard-fixed\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515375","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-fixed_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324000","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}]},"square-fixed\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442664,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482890,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515221","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-fixed_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324010","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830375","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboard-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324003","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]},"preroll":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"type":"instream","supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"type":"instream","networkId":7764}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"type":"instream","zoneId":2442674,"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"type":"instream","placementId":25482895}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"type":"instream","adSlot":"4515226","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"type":"instream","unit":"561365587","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"type":"instream","siteId":"830386"}}]},"square-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442672,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482894,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515225","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-flex_300x600_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324012","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830381","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboardfooter-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4632121","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardfooter-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324008","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}]},"square-fixed-comments\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3546588,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34080851,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6234514","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-comments_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324013","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1137158","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboardac\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardac_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324006","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]}},"default":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"158139","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net","type":"display"}}],"prebidModules":["prebid-core.js","rtdModule.js","adpod.js","allowActivities.js","atsAnalyticsAdapter.js","consentManagement.js","fledgeForGpt.js","criteoIdSystem.js","debugging.js","dfpAdServerVideo.js","gdprEnforcement.js","iasRtdProvider.js","identityLinkIdSystem.js","liveIntentIdSystem.js","paapi.js","pairIdSystem.js","prebidServerBidAdapter.js","priceFloors.js","sharedIdSystem.js","unifiedIdSystem.js","userId.js","appnexusBidAdapter.js","criteoBidAdapter.js","ixBidAdapter.js","pubmaticBidAdapter.js","rubiconBidAdapter.js","ttdBidAdapter.js","tripleliftBidAdapter.js","openxBidAdapter.js"]},"ab":[]}; console.log('✅ Libra is loaded!'); Mntl.RTB.setLatencyBuffer(0); (function(){ const mantleDependencies = { } ; const pageTargeting = { customSeries: '' ,abtest: 'lcid1' ,tax0: 'tho' ,rid: 'n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002' ,custom: '' ,sid: 'n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002' } ; const baseSlotTargeting = { gtemplate: 'article' ,leaid: '100692' ,revenueGroup: '' ,docId: '2340142' ,viewtype: '' ,type: 'article' ,tax1: 'tho_sciences-math' ,tax2: 'tho_science' ,t: '110' ,au: '100692' ,tier: 'L' ,jny: '0' ,leuid: '151378030080892' ,sbj: '' ,id: '2340142' ,aid: '4ffd449b1907731c89821ab8' ,tax3: 'tho_chemistry' ,jnyroot: '' ,tax4: 'tho_chemistry-in-everyday-life' } ; const adLazyOffset = {'mob-square-fixed-intro-1': 750}; pageTargeting.w = Mntl.utilities.getW(); const initialSlots = []; initialSlots.push({ config: { id: 'leaderboard-flex-1', sizes: [[728, 90], [970,90], [970, 250]], type: 'leaderboard', rtb: true, timedRefresh: 0, waitForThirdParty: false }, targeting: Mntl.fnUtilities.deepExtend({}, { pos: 'atf', priority: 1 }) }); initialSlots.push({ config: { id: 'square-flex-1', sizes: [[300, 250],[300, 600],[300, 1050],[160, 600]], type: 'square', rtb: true, timedRefresh: 0, waitForThirdParty: false }, targeting: Mntl.fnUtilities.deepExtend({}, { pos: 'atf', priority: 2 }) }); const testIds = Mntl.GPT.getTestIds(); pageTargeting.ab = testIds; pageTargeting.bts = testIds; Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { Mntl.utilities.loadExternalJS({ src: '//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js', async: false }); }); const options = { domain: 'www.thoughtco.com', templateName: 'structuredcontent', isMobile: false, isTablet: false, isDesktop: true, dfpId: '3865', publisherProvidedId: '33913cd2-80e3-4783-897b-f657cd31dac7', singleRequest: false, useLmdFormat: true, useOxygen: true, restrictLeaderboardFlex1HeightAndOverflow: false, prebidConfigApi: false, useInfiniteRightRail: true, fiftyPercentAdRefresh: true, waitForNextFramePaint: false, revenueGroupAllowList: '', lmdSiteCode: 'hlt', pageTargeting, baseSlotTargeting, adLazyOffset, geo: { isInEurope: false, isInUsa: false }, initialSlots, auctionFloors: {"billboard2":{"id":"1552493e0f0844c9aa10ef73ad78a9e4","floor":"5"},"other":{"id":"ade0de584a2a422f99e934cd54b87d52","floor":"50"},"billboard6":{"id":"d9f82edf28e44244a1bb7117f42ac476","floor":"5"},"billboard5":{"id":"b340b93231954f2689e7025e2c0b4d18","floor":"5"},"billboard4":{"id":"7ad9ab485fa5443fa94ccc9bdca0a54c","floor":"5"},"billboard3":{"id":"f3f09dd3fe0147ca8227ab5458eebddb","floor":"5"},"billboard9":{"id":"488a3fee6fac46538f5e3ae6e51fe20e","floor":"5"},"billboard8":{"id":"f026d0eec2024513afe5b28e3319ac0f","floor":"5"},"billboardfooter2":{"id":"311073fb68e74727993cb054fe4430ac","floor":"50"},"billboard7":{"id":"8c88c6ba9f90426e800eff9dd8d0da96","floor":"5"},"leaderboardac":{"id":"1d2472433a85494c9501b140d9a1ad07","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed":{"id":"449b24392f4b4c3a8285e203a64b2e6b","floor":"50"},"billboardfooter":{"id":"bd907afd733c48f185f70915ac74154a","floor":"20"},"leaderboardfooter2":{"id":"b4e76d3c1cf74c1ca3f12ec305e5d477","floor":"20"},"leaderboard-flex-1":{"id":"6330c0d82bd34adda20418fdc163d9a1","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-flex-2":{"id":"69272dabe35b4230a13938af298f75ff","floor":"5"},"square-flex-2":{"id":"c13704bf38e94252aa37db34edaddc9d","floor":"5"},"square-flex-1":{"id":"6fc33fe17f4747dfb36dfebf395636da","floor":"5"},"adhesive":{"id":"64de72640b214667bb8b9619b8b6a19d","floor":"25"},"square-fixed-4":{"id":"d52b7b6757414cb6a7d9885ff4c77b5d","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-3":{"id":"b57dc2458de54ebfac6f1f50477c6b45","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-2":{"id":"37febc1e4b1d446eab0c4fc4c075b0fd","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-1":{"id":"18efe8595dde4c02997da03ea354f7c0","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-1":{"id":"f35a56c653844a519beacc6324430144","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-8":{"id":"4854e3a5e1df46d6bfd2d35901766c07","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-8":{"id":"f5dd53128a5f45f79b6c0e10ef184775","floor":"20"},"square-fixed-7":{"id":"e6ab8ef52f3d4e8b8ac868affa8e50d3","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-9":{"id":"bb244a8f3dcd4ce9a6dc10f703ec49b3","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-6":{"id":"2aac544603f648878aa881568d11cc09","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-2":{"id":"7c365e41079a42aaa31927e67c8da8e0","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-5":{"id":"06053e86f93941bda0b0f63ff74c4a36","floor":"20"},"square-fixed-5":{"id":"51cfda109b8746e9beef6c4e88481ac7","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-1":{"id":"0b11b76e67e74a2ebd92efb163f4194b","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-6":{"id":"814d9f6ea0a04d429c95152f1c83c42a","floor":"20"},"billboard":{"id":"c27504ff7166457ea12d0f4358d106ed","floor":"5"},"leaderboard":{"id":"08c6a6a889904e2781ba965da042d811","floor":"80"},"inline":{"id":"3d5b9b5843474c8c828a468e59265d37","floor":"5"},"square-fixed":{"id":"bab3683523e2411e99eb6ab43b2474af","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter":{"id":"0f753592739c47d1b45d66d7c441209b","floor":"20"},"dynamic-inline":{"id":"1fcee3f5892e4e1f8fd090836c51ed8e","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-9":{"id":"c85a0c059c444f8da27205fb620c12e5","floor":"5"},"mob-adhesive-banner-fixed":{"id":"1ae057445ee0474780904de1986d2af8","floor":"5"},"billboard11":{"id":"ae958d6ef4c24b51844f346b2417e7d7","floor":"5"}}, utils: { generateSlotId: Ref.GPT.generateSlotId, buildGptUrl: Ref.GPT.buildGptUrl }, displayOnScroll: false, displayOnConsent: true, adsToCollapse: ['leaderboard*','square*'] }; if (Mntl.AdMetrics) { Mntl.AdMetrics.init("2340142", "n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002", initialSlots.map(slot => slot.config.id), Date.now()); } else { Mntl.AdMetrics = { pushMetrics: () => {} }; } Mntl.GPT.setMantleDependencies(mantleDependencies); Mntl.GPT.init(options); }());window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; // moved from gtm.ftl so we can initialize GTM only onLoad. From https://support.google.com/tagmanager/answer/6103696?hl=en Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;defer=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type="text/javascript";f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f)})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5P3SZGS'); }); window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'ab-proctor', 'abTests-proctor': { "99-0" : "useOxygen | useOxygen | use the Oxygenated ad unit format and slot names | 1" , "99-1" : "vanillaJSLazyAdRecipeSC | active | vanillaLazyAd.js enabled | 1" , "99-2" : "userIdAuctionDelay | ldd | legacy Dotdash domains | 2" , "99-3" : "useFloorSearch | active | Use Floor Search | 1" , "99-4" : "fiftyPercentAdRefresh | active | Ads refresh when 50% in view | 1" , "99-5" : "continuousScrollMobSquareFlexOffset | active | Adds offset to mob-square-fixed-1 ad on CS articles | 1" , "99-6" : "recipescDesktopAdRefresh | active | active, right rail ads timed refresh active | 1" , "99-7" : "gamVideoUsePlcmt | active | Pass plcmt | 1" , "99-8" : "liveIntentConnectedIdTest | control | LiveIntent ConnectedID is enabled | 0" , "99-9" : "prebidConfigApi | active | Ad Config API is enabled | 1" , "99-10" : "useDynamicVideoSizes | active | active | 1" , "99-11" : "prebidVideoUsePlcmt | active | Pass plcmt | 1" , "99-12" : "useLiveIntentSignedInUser | active | active | 1" , "55" : "relatedArticlesAlgorithm | useRecommendationService | Enables usage of proximity API | 1" , "99-14" : "removeAdTiers | active | active | 1" , "99-15" : "useLiveRamp | active | active | 1" , "78" : "fetchPriority | active | active | 1" } }); window.dataLayer.push({ envData: { environment: { environment: "k8s-prod", application: "reference", dataCenter: "us-west-1" }, server: { version: "4.18.0", title: "reference-launcher" }, client : { browserUA: navigator.userAgent, serverUA: "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506; .NET CLR 3.5.21022; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)", deviceType: "pc", usStateCode: "" }, mantle: "4.0.737", commerce: "" } }); (function(fnUtils, CMP) { const deferLoadTime = 5000; const readyForThirdPartyTrackingEvent = new CustomEvent('readyForThirdPartyTracking', { bubbles: true }); const readyForThirdPartyTracking = fnUtils.once(function() { window.dataLayer.push({event: 'readyForThirdPartyTracking'}); window.dispatchEvent(readyForThirdPartyTrackingEvent); }); const readyForDeferredScriptsEvent = new CustomEvent('readyForDeferredScripts', { bubbles: true }); const readyForDeferredScripts = fnUtils.once(function() { window.dataLayer.push({event: 'readyForDeferredScripts'}); window.dispatchEvent(readyForDeferredScriptsEvent); }); const hasTargetingConsentHandler = function() { const hasConsent = CMP.hasTargetingConsent(); if (hasConsent) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); } // Trigger the readyForDeferredScripts if consent is given // or if the user has closed the banner(AlertBox) which exists for EU // or if the user optin consent is not required, which applies for non gdpr locations if (hasConsent || CMP.isAlertBoxClosed() || !CMP.isOptInConsent()) { readyForDeferredScripts(); } return hasConsent; }; const purposeOneConsentHandler = async function() { const hasPurposeOneConsent = await CMP.hasPurposeOneConsent(); if (hasPurposeOneConsent) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); } if (hasPurposeOneConsent || CMP.isAlertBoxClosed()) { readyForDeferredScripts(); } return hasPurposeOneConsent; }; const onRequiredDomEvent = fnUtils.once(function() { if (!CMP) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); readyForDeferredScripts(); return; } const handler = CMP.supportsTCData() ? purposeOneConsentHandler : hasTargetingConsentHandler; if (!CMP.isLoading()) { handler(); } CMP.onConsentChange(handler); }); [ ['adRendered', onRequiredDomEvent], ['beforeunload', onRequiredDomEvent], ['load', function() { setTimeout(onRequiredDomEvent, deferLoadTime); }] ].forEach(function(event) { window.addEventListener(event[0], event[1], { once: true }); }); })(Mntl.fnUtilities || {}, Mntl.CMP);window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; (function() { var isContinuousScroll = document.querySelector('.mntl-continuous-scroll'); var pageViewDataAsJSON = {"country":"HK","title":"Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications" || document.title || '',"authorId":"100692","contentGroup":"Other","revenueGroup":"","documentId":2340142,"authorNames":"Terence Bell","templateName":"STRUCTUREDCONTENT","viewType":"","templateId":"110","muid":"33913cd2-80e3-4783-897b-f657cd31dac7","lastEditingAuthorId":"100692","lastEditingUserId":"151378030080892","fullUrl":"https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142" + location.hash,"experienceType":"single page","entryType":"direct","excludeFromComscore":false,"internalSessionId":"n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002","internalRequestId":"n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002","hid":"","experienceTypeName":"","recircDocIdsFooter":"S-2340127|S-2340158|S-4039140|S-2339718|S-2340145|S-2340130|S-2340124|S-2340151|S-2340133|S-820361|S-4019412|S-820389|S-2340135|S-2340129|S-2340019|S-2340187","euTrafficFlag":false,"isGoogleBot":false,"mantleVersion":"4.0.737","commerceVersion":"","primaryTaxonomyIds":"4122478|4132465|4132464|4133594|4133585","primaryTaxonomyNames":"ThoughtCo|Science, Tech, Math|Science|Chemistry|Chemistry In Everyday Life","description":"Learn about magnesium, the lightest of the metal elements, used primarily in structural alloys due to its light weight, strength and corrosion resistance."}; var scrolledPageData = {}; var scrolledDocOrdinal; var scrolledPage; pageViewDataAsJSON.breakpointName = Ref.utilities.getW(); pageViewDataAsJSON.bounceExchangeId = 2473; if (isContinuousScroll) { pageViewDataAsJSON.experienceTypeName = 'continuous'; if (window.dataLayer && window.dataLayer.length) { //loop through events and collect previous scrolledDocOrdinal and scrolledPage values scrolledPageData = window.dataLayer.reduce( (acc, curr) => { if (curr.event == 'unifiedPageview') { acc.scrolledDocOrdinal = acc.scrolledDocOrdinal ? acc.scrolledDocOrdinal + 1 : 1; acc.scrolledPage = acc.scrolledPage ? acc.scrolledPage + " | " + (curr.documentId).toString() : (curr.documentId).toString(); } return acc; }, {}); } scrolledPage = scrolledPageData.scrolledPage ? scrolledPageData.scrolledPage + ' | ' + (pageViewDataAsJSON.documentId).toString() : (pageViewDataAsJSON.documentId).toString(); scrolledDocOrdinal = scrolledPageData.scrolledDocOrdinal ? scrolledPageData.scrolledDocOrdinal + 1 : 1; pageViewDataAsJSON.scrolledPage = scrolledPage; pageViewDataAsJSON.scrolledDocOrdinal = scrolledDocOrdinal; } Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { Mntl.PageView.init(pageViewDataAsJSON); }); })();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#F4F4F4"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static/4.18.0/icons/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/static/4.18.0/icons/favicons/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/static/4.18.0/icons/favicons/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/static/4.18.0/icons/favicons/mstile-310x310.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/static/4.18.0/icons/favicons/mstile-310x150.png"> <div id="ie-notification-banner_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner mntl-block"><div id="ie-notification-banner__content_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__content mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><svg class="icon icon-alert ie-notification-banner__icon-alert" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-alert" href="#icon-alert"></use> </svg> <div id="ie-notification-banner__text-container_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text-container mntl-block"><span id="ie-notification-banner__text--bold_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text--bold mntl-text-block">Your web browser (Internet Explorer 7) is out of date. </span> <span id="ie-notification-banner__text_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text mntl-text-block">Update your browser for more security, speed, and the best experience on this site.</span></div> <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" id="ie-notification-banner__btn-update_1-0" class="ie-notification-banner__btn-update mntl-text-link ie-notification-banner__btn" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Update Browser</span></a> <button id="ie-notification-banner__btn-close_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__btn-close mntl-button ie-js-banner-dismiss ie-notification-banner__btn"> Ignore </button></div></div> <script id="schema-unified_1-0" class="comp schema-unified mntl-schema-unified" type="application/ld+json">[ { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": ["Article"] ,"headline": "Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications" ,"datePublished": "2011-10-24T04:53:59.000-04:00" ,"dateModified": "2019-06-25T14:18:50.221-04:00" ,"author": [ {"@type": "Person" ,"name": "Terence Bell" ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/terence-bell-2338956" } ] ,"description": "Learn about magnesium, the lightest of the metal elements, used primarily in structural alloys due to its light weight, strength and corrosion resistance." ,"image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uQlGiykOPaSAHmfco9MvznaISew=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium-5c4dce4346e0fb0001a8e7ca.jpg", "height": 771, "width": 1024 } ,"publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "ThoughtCo", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ruwsr0VaZ-mxBD_vXVdKmhL0sjY=/250x60/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TC_schema_logo_250x60-59af144bd088c00010d45b5f.png", "width": 250, "height": 60 }, "brand": "ThoughtCo" , "publishingPrinciples": "https://www.thoughtco.com/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" , "sameAs" : [ "https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom", "https://www.flipboard.com/@thoughtco" ] } ,"mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": ["WebPage"] ,"@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142" ,"breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465", "name": "Science, Tech, Math" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464", "name": "Science" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-4133594", "name": "Chemistry" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-in-everyday-life-4133585", "name": "Chemistry In Everyday Life" } } ] }} } ]</script> </head><body>  <svg class="mntl-svg-resource is-hidden"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-alert"> <svg width="30" height="29" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.2522 4.38081C14.077 2.92054 16.1389 2.92054 16.9637 4.38081L26.7065 21.6302C27.5313 23.0905 26.5003 24.9158 24.8507 24.9158H5.36517C3.7156 24.9158 2.68462 23.0905 3.5094 21.6302L13.2522 4.38081Z" fill="#fff"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.6063 2.76459L29.2795 20.1815C31.3267 23.8676 28.7677 28.4753 24.6732 28.4753H5.32681C1.23233 28.4753 -1.32671 23.8676 0.720529 20.1815L10.3937 2.76459C12.441 -0.921533 17.559 -0.921526 19.6063 2.76459ZM16.8425 4.42334C16.0236 2.94889 13.9764 2.94889 13.1575 4.42334L3.4843 21.8402C2.6654 23.3147 3.68902 25.1577 5.32681 25.1577H24.6732C26.311 25.1577 27.3346 23.3147 26.5157 21.8402L16.8425 4.42334Z" fill="#C00"/><path d="M13.8863 18.8426L12.8572 11.2V7.66641H17.1429V11.2L16.1279 18.8426H13.8863ZM13.0264 22.9992V20.1106H16.9878V22.9992H13.0264Z" fill="#222"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-menu"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 25" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2 21.5C2 20.6716 2.67157 20 3.5 20H17.5C18.3284 20 19 20.6716 19 21.5C19 22.3284 18.3284 23 17.5 23H3.5C2.67157 23 2 22.3284 2 21.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 18H17.5C19.433 18 21 19.567 21 21.5C21 23.433 19.433 25 17.5 25H3.5C1.567 25 0 23.433 0 21.5C0 19.567 1.567 18 3.5 18ZM3.5 20C2.67157 20 2 20.6716 2 21.5C2 22.3284 2.67157 23 3.5 23H17.5C18.3284 23 19 22.3284 19 21.5C19 20.6716 18.3284 20 17.5 20H3.5Z" fill="#333"/><path d="M2 12.5C2 11.6716 2.67157 11 3.5 11H17.5C18.3284 11 19 11.6716 19 12.5C19 13.3284 18.3284 14 17.5 14H3.5C2.67157 14 2 13.3284 2 12.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 9H17.5C19.433 9 21 10.567 21 12.5C21 14.433 19.433 16 17.5 16H3.5C1.567 16 0 14.433 0 12.5C0 10.567 1.567 9 3.5 9ZM3.5 11C2.67157 11 2 11.6716 2 12.5C2 13.3284 2.67157 14 3.5 14H17.5C18.3284 14 19 13.3284 19 12.5C19 11.6716 18.3284 11 17.5 11H3.5Z" fill="#333"/><path d="M2 3.5C2 2.67157 2.67157 2 3.5 2H17.5C18.3284 2 19 2.67157 19 3.5C19 4.32843 18.3284 5 17.5 5H3.5C2.67157 5 2 4.32843 2 3.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 0H17.5C19.433 0 21 1.567 21 3.5C21 5.433 19.433 7 17.5 7H3.5C1.567 7 0 5.433 0 3.5C0 1.567 1.567 0 3.5 0ZM3.5 2C2.67157 2 2 2.67157 2 3.5C2 4.32843 2.67157 5 3.5 5H17.5C18.3284 5 19 4.32843 19 3.5C19 2.67157 18.3284 2 17.5 2H3.5Z" fill="#333"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-close"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2.43934 15.8744C1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 17.4099 2.43934 17.9957C3.02513 18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 4.56066 17.9957L10.2175 12.3388L15.8744 17.9957C16.4602 18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 17.9957 17.9957C18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 16.4602 17.9957 15.8744L12.3388 10.2175L17.9957 4.56066C18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 3.02513 17.9957 2.43934C17.4099 1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 15.8744 2.43934L10.2175 8.09619L4.56066 2.43934C3.97488 1.85355 3.02513 1.85355 2.43934 2.43934C1.85356 3.02513 1.85356 3.97487 2.43934 4.56066L8.0962 10.2175L2.43934 15.8744Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.02513 14.4602L5.26777 10.2175L1.02513 5.97487C-0.341705 4.60804 -0.341705 2.39196 1.02513 1.02513C2.39196 -0.341708 4.60804 -0.341709 5.97488 1.02513L10.2175 5.26776L14.4602 1.02513C15.827 -0.341708 18.0431 -0.341708 19.4099 1.02513C20.7767 2.39196 20.7767 4.60804 19.4099 5.97487L15.1673 10.2175L19.4099 14.4602C20.7767 15.827 20.7767 18.0431 19.4099 19.4099C18.0431 20.7767 15.827 20.7767 14.4602 19.4099L10.2175 15.1673L5.97487 19.4099C4.60804 20.7767 2.39196 20.7767 1.02513 19.4099C-0.341709 18.0431 -0.341708 15.827 1.02513 14.4602ZM10.2175 12.3388L15.8744 17.9957C16.4602 18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 17.9957 17.9957C18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 16.4602 17.9957 15.8744L12.3388 10.2175L17.9957 4.56066C18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 3.02513 17.9957 2.43934C17.4099 1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 15.8744 2.43934L10.2175 8.09619L4.56066 2.43934C3.97488 1.85355 3.02513 1.85355 2.43934 2.43934C1.85356 3.02513 1.85356 3.97487 2.43934 4.56066L8.0962 10.2175L2.43934 15.8744C1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 17.4099 2.43934 17.9957C3.02513 18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 4.56066 17.9957L10.2175 12.3388Z" fill="#333"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo"> <svg version="1.1" class="logo-img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="-169.7 -50 913.8 182.2" xml:space="preserve"><g class="logo-thought"><path d="M506.9 63.3c-1.7.4-5 1-8.7 1-6.1 0-8.1-1-10.6-3.9-2.1-2.5-2.1-6.6-2.1-12.4V12.6H507v-21h-12.1v0h-9.3v-25.8l-24.9-.1v25.9l-12 0 0 20.9h12v32.7c0 13.2 2.4 21.2 6.9 27.7 6.8 9.8 17.2 13.4 32.1 13.4 3.8 0 9.3-.8 12.5-1.9L506.9 63.3zM-73.1-49.6v23h-35.4v111h-25.8v-111h-35.4v-23H-73.1zM-35.5 84.4h-24.9V-50h24.9v48.2c6.9-5.4 15.7-8.6 25.3-8.6 12.8 0 24.5 5.7 32.1 14.9 6.1 7.3 9.6 16.6 9.6 32.5v47.3H6.6V35.2c0-9.2-2.1-14-5.6-17.4-3.3-3.3-8.2-5.2-14-5.2-10.5 0-19.1 6.7-22.6 11.5V84.4zM88.6-10.3c28.1 0 49.4 21.6 49.4 48.4 0 26.8-21.2 48.2-49.4 48.2S39.2 64.9 39.2 38.1C39.2 11.3 60.4-10.3 88.6-10.3zM88.6 63.3c14.5 0 24.5-11.3 24.5-25.3s-9.9-25.4-24.5-25.4c-14.5 0-24.5 11.5-24.5 25.4S74 63.3 88.6 63.3zM235.1-8.4v92.8h-23.9v-7.5c-7.3 6.5-16.1 9.4-25.1 9.4-12.8 0-24.3-5.9-31.6-14.9-5.9-7.3-9.4-16.8-9.4-30.6V-8.4h24.9v50.1c0 8.4 1.7 12.6 4.6 15.9 3.8 4.2 9.2 5.7 14 5.7 10.5 0 18.2-7.1 21.6-11.5V-8.4H235.1zM340.3 79.2c0 16.6-2.9 26.6-8.4 34.4-8.4 11.7-23.3 18.6-41.1 18.6-18.2 0-35.4-8.4-44.6-19.1l15.7-16.3c5 5.4 13.6 13.4 28.9 13.4 8 0 14.7-2.5 18.9-7.5 3.8-4.2 5.7-9.9 5.7-21.8v-3.1c-7.5 5.7-15.5 8.4-24.9 8.4-13.8 0-27-6.1-35.2-15.7-7.3-8.4-11.7-19.9-11.7-32.5 0-27.4 20.3-48.4 45.5-48.4 10.5 0 19.9 3.4 27.2 9.4v-7.5h23.9V79.2zM315.4 24.1c-5.2-6.9-13.4-11.5-23-11.5-14.5 0-23.9 12.1-23.9 25.4 0 14.5 10.5 25.3 24.5 25.3 9.4 0 17.6-4.6 22.4-11.5V24.1zM378.3 84.4h-24.9V-50h24.9v48.2c6.9-5.4 15.7-8.6 25.3-8.6 12.8 0 24.5 5.7 32.1 14.9 6.1 7.3 9.6 16.6 9.6 32.5v47.3h-24.9V35.2c0-9.2-2.1-14-5.6-17.4-3.3-3.3-8.2-5.2-14-5.2-10.5 0-19.1 6.7-22.6 11.5V84.4z"/><g class="logo-co" fill="#BEAB72"><path d="M590 67c-25.8 0-45.7-19.9-45.7-45.9 0-25.4 19.1-45.9 44.6-45.9 13.2 0 24.5 5.7 32.5 13.8l16.6-17.6c-12.1-11.7-29.1-19.1-49-19.1-41.7 0-70.6 30.4-70.6 68.9s29.3 68.9 71 68.9c15 0 28.3-4 39.1-10.5-5-6.2-8.4-13.6-10-21.8C611.2 63.3 601.7 67 590 67zM742.2 67.5c-1.2-2.1-2.9-3.8-5.1-5-2.2-1.2-4.5-1.8-6.9-1.8-3.4 0-6.4 1.2-9 3.5-3 2.7-4.5 6.1-4.5 10.2 0 3.8 1.3 7 4 9.7 2.6 2.7 5.8 4 9.6 4 2.5 0 4.9-.6 7-1.8 2.1-1.2 3.8-2.9 5-5 1.2-2.1 1.8-4.4 1.8-6.9C744 71.8 743.4 69.6 742.2 67.5z"/><path d="M669.8,5.1c-24.7,0-43.3,19-43.3,42.5c0,1.2,0.1,2.4,0.2,3.6c0.7,9,4.2,17.1,9.7,23.6c7.8,9.3,19.7,15.1,33.5,15.1 c24.7,0,43.3-18.8,43.3-42.3C713.1,24.1,694.4,5.1,669.8,5.1z M670.3,70.4c-7.1,0-13.1-3-16.9-8c-3.2-3.9-5.1-9-5.1-14.7 c0-12.3,8.7-22.3,21.5-22.3c6.5,0,11.9,2.6,15.7,6.7c3.9,4,6.3,9.7,6.3,16.1C691.7,61,682.7,70.4,670.3,70.4z"/></g></g></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-search"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 29 34"><path d="M5.04807 30.5496C6.15292 31.1875 7.5657 30.8089 8.20358 29.7041L13.6111 20.338C14.249 19.2332 13.8704 17.8204 12.7656 17.1825L12.7179 17.155C11.6131 16.5171 10.2003 16.8957 9.56242 18.0005L4.15492 27.3666C3.51703 28.4714 3.89558 29.8842 5.00043 30.5221L5.04807 30.5496Z" fill="#DCD8A0" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2"/><path d="M9.88244 22.8385C5.33866 20.2151 3.78184 14.405 6.4052 9.86122C9.02855 5.31744 14.8387 3.76062 19.3824 6.38397C23.9262 9.00733 25.483 14.8174 22.8597 19.3612C20.2363 23.905 14.4262 25.4618 9.88244 22.8385Z" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-caret-down"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.77819 12.3744C7.1924 12.9602 6.24266 12.9602 5.65687 12.3744L1.44243e-05 6.71751L2.12133 4.59619L6.71753 9.19239L11.3137 4.59619L13.435 6.71751L7.77819 12.3744Z" fill="#DE2229"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-facebook"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 43.8 34"><path d="M22.4,30.1V18.9h3.7l0.6-4.4h-4.3v-2.8c0-1.3,0.3-2.1,2.2-2.1h2.3V5.8c-0.4-0.1-1.8-0.2-3.4-0.2c-3.3,0-5.6,2-5.6,5.7v3.2h-3.8v4.4h3.8v11.2L22.4,30.1L22.4,30.1z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-flipboard"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="240.4 241 17.3 17.3"><path d="M252 241 246.2 241 240.4 241 240.4 246.7 240.4 252.5 240.4 258.3 246.2 258.3 246.2 252.6 251.9 252.6 251.9 246.8 257.7 246.8 257.7 241z"/><path d="M252 241 246.2 241 246.2 246.8 252 246.8 257.7 246.8 257.7 241zM246.2 246.8H252V252.60000000000002H246.2z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-instagram"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 43.8 34" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M21.8,8.5c2.9,0,3.2,0,4.4,0.1c1.1,0,1.6,0.2,2,0.4c0.5,0.2,0.9,0.4,1.2,0.8c0.4,0.4,0.6,0.7,0.8,1.2c0.1,0.4,0.3,1,0.4,2c0.1,1.1,0.1,1.5,0.1,4.4s0,3.2-0.1,4.4c0,1.1-0.2,1.6-0.4,2c-0.2,0.5-0.4,0.9-0.8,1.2c-0.4,0.4-0.7,0.6-1.2,0.8c-0.4,0.1-1,0.3-2,0.4c-1.1,0.1-1.5,0.1-4.4,0.1s-3.2,0-4.4-0.1c-1.1,0-1.6-0.2-2-0.4c-0.5-0.2-0.9-0.4-1.2-0.8c-0.4-0.4-0.6-0.7-0.8-1.2c-0.1-0.4-0.3-1-0.4-2c-0.1-1.1-0.1-1.5-0.1-4.4s0-3.2,0.1-4.4c0-1.1,0.2-1.6,0.4-2c0.2-0.5,0.4-0.9,0.8-1.2c0.4-0.4,0.7-0.6,1.2-0.8c0.4-0.1,1-0.3,2-0.4C18.6,8.5,18.9,8.5,21.8,8.5 M21.8,6.6c-2.9,0-3.3,0-4.5,0.1c-1.2,0.1-1.9,0.2-2.6,0.5c-0.7,0.3-1.3,0.6-1.9,1.2c-0.6,0.6-1,1.2-1.2,1.9c-0.3,0.7-0.4,1.5-0.5,2.6C11,14.1,11,14.4,11,17.4c0,2.9,0,3.3,0.1,4.5c0.1,1.2,0.2,1.9,0.5,2.6c0.3,0.7,0.6,1.3,1.2,1.9c0.6,0.6,1.2,1,1.9,1.2c0.7,0.3,1.5,0.4,2.6,0.5c1.2,0.1,1.5,0.1,4.5,0.1s3.3,0,4.5-0.1c1.2-0.1,1.9-0.2,2.6-0.5c0.7-0.3,1.3-0.6,1.9-1.2c0.6-0.6,1-1.2,1.2-1.9c0.3-0.7,0.4-1.5,0.5-2.6c0.1-1.2,0.1-1.5,0.1-4.5s0-3.3-0.1-4.5c-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.9-0.5-2.6c-0.3-0.7-0.6-1.3-1.2-1.9c-0.6-0.6-1.2-1-1.9-1.2c-0.7-0.3-1.5-0.4-2.6-0.5C25.1,6.6,24.7,6.6,21.8,6.6L21.8,6.6z"/><path d="M21.8,11.8c-3.1,0-5.5,2.5-5.5,5.5s2.5,5.5,5.5,5.5s5.5-2.5,5.5-5.5S24.9,11.8,21.8,11.8zM21.8,21c-2,0-3.6-1.6-3.6-3.6s1.6-3.6,3.6-3.6s3.6,1.6,3.6,3.6S23.8,21,21.8,21z"/><circle cx="27.6" cy="11.6" r="1.3"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-linkedin"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 41.8 41.8"><path d="M12.2 18.2h3.9v12.7h-3.9V18.2zm1.9-6.3c1.3 0 2.3 1 2.3 2.3s-1 2.3-2.3 2.3-2.3-1-2.3-2.3c0-1.3 1.1-2.3 2.3-2.3M18.6 18.2h3.8v1.7h.1c.8-1.3 2.2-2.1 3.7-2 4 0 4.7 2.6 4.7 6v7H27v-6.2c0-1.5 0-3.4-2-3.4s-2.3 1.6-2.3 3.2v6.3h-3.9l-.2-12.6z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-pinterest"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-1217.8 0 640 480"><path d="M-888.5,96c-77.6,0-120,52.2-120,108.7c0,26.8,14.1,59.3,36.7,70.6c2.8,1.4,5.6,1.4,5.6-2.8c0-2.8,4.2-14.1,5.6-21.2c0-1.4,0-2.8-1.4-5.6c-7.1-8.5-14.1-25.4-14.1-40.9c0-39.5,29.6-79.1,81.9-79.1c43.8,0,74.8,29.6,74.8,73.4c0,49.4-24,83.3-56.5,83.3c-18.4,0-31.1-14.1-26.8-32.5c5.6-21.2,15.5-45.2,15.5-60.7c0-14.1-7.1-25.4-22.6-25.4c-18.4,0-32.5,18.4-32.5,43.8c0,15.5,5.6,26.8,5.6,26.8s-18.4,76.2-21.2,90.4c-5.6,24,1.4,62.1,1.4,66.4c0,1.4,2.8,2.8,2.8,1.4c1.4-2.8,24-35.3,29.6-57.9c2.8-8.5,11.3-42.4,11.3-42.4c5.6,11.3,22.6,21.2,40.9,21.2c55.1,0,93.2-50.8,93.2-112.9C-776.9,141.2-824.9,96-888.5,96z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-x"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6468 10.4686L20.9321 2H19.2057L12.8799 9.3532L7.82741 2H2L9.6403 13.1193L2 22H3.72649L10.4068 14.2348L15.7425 22H21.57L13.6468 10.4686ZM11.2821 13.2173L10.508 12.1101L4.34857 3.29968H7.00037L11.9711 10.4099L12.7452 11.5172L19.2066 20.7594H16.5548L11.2821 13.2173Z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-privacy-options"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 14"><path fill="#FFF" d="M7.4 12.8h6.8l3.1-11.6H7.4C4.2 1.2 1.6 3.8 1.6 7s2.6 5.8 5.8 5.8z"/><path fill="#06f" d="M22.6 0H7.4c-3.9 0-7 3.1-7 7s3.1 7 7 7h15.2c3.9 0 7-3.1 7-7s-3.2-7-7-7zm-21 7c0-3.2 2.6-5.8 5.8-5.8h9.9l-3.1 11.6H7.4c-3.2 0-5.8-2.6-5.8-5.8z"/><path fill="#FFF" d="M24.6 4c.2.2.2.6 0 .8L22.5 7l2.2 2.2c.2.2.2.6 0 .8-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0l-2.2-2.2-2.2 2.2c-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8L20.8 7l-2.2-2.2c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0l2.2 2.2L23.8 4c.2-.2.6-.2.8 0z"/><path fill="#06f" d="M12.7 4.1c.2.2.3.6.1.8L8.6 9.8c-.1.1-.2.2-.3.2-.2.1-.5.1-.7-.1L5.4 7.7c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0L8 8.6l3.8-4.5c.2-.2.6-.2.9 0z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="5 2.8 290 69"><circle cx="39.6" cy="37.4" r="34.3" fill="#f44b34"/><path fill="#fff" d="M50.4 17.9c-1.7-1.8-4-2.6-7-2.6-9.1-.1-12.4-.1-13.2-.1L27.3 22h8.1L30 28v21h-.1l.1.1v6.7l-3.6 4h18.5L53 51V25c0-.1.1-4.3-2.6-7.1zm-5.2 19.6-7.4 7.8V41l7.4-7.8v4.3zm-7.4-15.4h3c.9 0 2.1-.1 3.1.9s1.4 2.5 1.4 4.9v3.6l-7.4 7.8-.1-17.2zm-4.9 30.1 3.3-3.6 9-9.5v13.1c0 .1-12.3.1-12.3 0z"/><path fill="#009ad9" d="m99.645 22.637 6.505-6.506 4.172 4.172-6.505 6.506zM121 44l4.2 4.2 6.5-6.5-4.2-4.2zm-3.2-31.2c1.8-1.8 4.7-1.8 6.5 0 1.9 1.9 1.7 4.8 0 6.5l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.3-3.3c2-2 4.9-1.6 6.5 0 2 2 1.6 4.9 0 6.5l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.3-3.3c4.2-4.2 4-10.8 0-14.8-2.8-2.8-6.1-3.1-7.6-3.1.1-1.5-.3-4.8-3.1-7.6-3.9-3.9-10.6-4.2-14.8 0l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.2-3.4zm-7.5 20.6 4.2 4.1L121 31l-4.2-4.1-6.5 6.5z"/><path fill="#6ebd44" d="m99.6 52.4 6.6 6.5 4.1-4.2-6.5-6.5zm36.3-14.9-4.2 4.2L135 45c1.6 1.6 2 4.5 0 6.5-1.6 1.6-4.5 2.1-6.5 0l-3.3-3.3-4.2 4.2 3.3 3.3c1.7 1.7 1.9 4.6 0 6.5-1.8 1.8-4.7 1.8-6.5 0l-3.3-3.3-4.2 4.2 3.3 3.3c4.2 4.2 10.9 3.9 14.8 0 2.8-2.8 3.1-6.1 3.1-7.6 1.5 0 4.8-.3 7.6-3.1 4-4 4.2-10.6 0-14.8l-3.2-3.4zm-25.6 4.2 6.5 6.5L121 44l-6.5-6.5zm14.9-14.8L121 31l6.5 6.5 4.2-4.1-6.5-6.5z"/><path fill="#f68f1e" d="m110.332 54.607 6.506-6.506 4.172 4.172-6.506 6.505zM102.8 62.2c-1.6 1.6-4.5 2-6.5 0-1.6-1.6-2.1-4.5 0-6.5l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.3 3.3c-1.7 1.7-4.6 1.9-6.5 0-1.8-1.8-1.8-4.7 0-6.5l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.3 3.3c-4.2 4.2-3.9 10.9 0 14.8 2.8 2.8 6.1 3.1 7.6 3.1 0 1.5.3 4.8 3.1 7.6 4 4 10.6 4.2 14.8 0l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.2 3.4zm3.4-24.7L99.6 44l4.2 4.2 6.5-6.5zM95.5 26.9 89 33.4l4.1 4.1 6.5-6.5z"/><path fill="#ec174c" d="m99.6 44-6.5-6.5-4.1 4.2 6.5 6.5zm-14-14c-1.8-1.8-1.8-4.7 0-6.5 1.9-1.9 4.8-1.7 6.5 0l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.3-3.3c-2-2-1.6-4.9 0-6.5 2-2 4.9-1.6 6.5 0l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.3-3.2c-4.2-4.2-10.8-4-14.8 0-2.8 2.8-3.1 6.1-3.1 7.6-1.5-.1-4.9.3-7.6 3.1-3.9 3.9-4.2 10.6 0 14.8l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.4-3.3zm24.73-9.682 4.172-4.172 6.505 6.505-4.172 4.172zM106.2 37.5l4.1-4.1-6.5-6.5-4.2 4.1 6.6 6.5z"/><path fill="#573357" d="m106.142 16.042 4.171-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.171 4.172z"/><path fill="#be272d" d="m84.81 37.543 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#008e4c" d="m127.497 37.555 4.171-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.171 4.172z"/><path fill="#7a773e" d="m106.172 58.866 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#443639" d="m116.856 26.74 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#803136" d="m95.455 48.169 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#593438" d="m95.446 26.753 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.173-4.172 4.171z"/><path fill="#443639" d="m106.155 37.456 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.171-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#2a6442" d="m116.871 48.153 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path d="M170.4 13.5c-2.5-2.2-5.7-3.3-9.6-3.3h-7.2v23.6h7.6c3.8 0 7-1.1 9.4-3.3s3.6-5 3.6-8.5-1.3-6.3-3.8-8.5zm.1 8.5c0 2.6-.9 4.7-2.6 6.2-1.7 1.6-4.1 2.3-7 2.3h-3.8V13.4h3.8c2.9 0 5.2.8 7 2.3 1.7 1.5 2.6 3.7 2.6 6.3zm14.6-6.3c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.7s-2.6 4-2.6 6.6.9 4.8 2.6 6.6c1.7 1.8 3.9 2.7 6.4 2.7h.1v-.1c2.5 0 4.7-.9 6.4-2.7s2.6-4 2.6-6.6c0-2.5-.9-4.8-2.6-6.6-1.8-1.7-3.9-2.6-6.5-2.6zm4.1 13.7c-.5.6-1.1 1-1.8 1.3s-1.4.3-2.2.3c-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6 0 3 .6 4 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3 0 1.9-.5 3.4-1.6 4.6zm16.9.8c-.5.6-1.3.9-2.3.9-1.6 0-2.4-.9-2.4-2.7v-9.2h5v-3h-5v-4.4h-3.3v4.4h-2.9l.1 3h2.9v9.3c0 1.9.5 3.3 1.4 4.3s2.2 1.5 3.9 1.5c1.8 0 3.2-.5 4.2-1.5l-1.6-2.6zm38.1-11.6c-1.5-2-3.5-3-6.1-3-2.5 0-4.5.9-6.1 2.7-1.6 1.8-2.4 4-2.4 6.6 0 2.7.8 4.9 2.5 6.6 1.7 1.8 3.7 2.7 6.1 2.7 2.6 0 4.6-1 6.1-3.1v2.6h3.4V16.1h-3.4v2.5h-.1zm-1.6 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3s-.5 3.2-1.6 4.4c-.5.6-1.1 1-1.8 1.3s-1.4.4-2.2.4c-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6.1 2.9.6 4 1.8zm17.9 3.6c-.9-.3-1.9-.6-3-.9-1-.3-1.9-.6-2.5-1-.7-.4-1-1-1-1.6l.1-.1c0-.7.3-1.2.9-1.6.6-.4 1.4-.6 2.3-.6 2 0 3.4.7 4.5 2l2-2c-1.3-1.8-3.5-2.7-6.6-2.7-1.9 0-3.5.5-4.7 1.4-1.2 1-1.7 2.1-1.7 3.5 0 1.2.3 2.1 1 2.9s1.5 1.3 2.6 1.7c1.1.4 2 .7 2.9 1 1 .3 1.8.7 2.4 1.1.7.5 1 1 1 1.8s-.3 1.4-.9 1.8c-.6.5-1.4.7-2.5.7-2.3 0-4.1-.8-5.3-2.3l-2 2.2c1.5 1.9 3.9 2.9 7.1 2.9 2.2 0 3.9-.5 5.1-1.5s1.8-2.3 1.8-3.8c0-1.2-.3-2.2-1-3-.6-.9-1.5-1.4-2.5-1.9zm14.9-8.6c-2.3 0-4.1.8-5.2 2.5V8.4h-3.4v25.4h3.4l.1-10.3c0-1.4.4-2.6 1.2-3.4.8-.8 1.8-1.2 3.2-1.2 1.3 0 2.4.4 3.2 1.3.8.8 1.2 2 1.2 3.4v10.3h3.4V23c0-2.3-.6-4-1.9-5.4-1.4-1.4-3.1-2-5.2-2zm-52.2 3c-1.5-2-3.5-3-6.1-3-2.5 0-4.5.9-6.1 2.7-1.6 1.8-2.4 4-2.4 6.6 0 2.7.8 4.9 2.5 6.6 1.7 1.8 3.7 2.7 6.1 2.7 2.6 0 4.6-1 6.1-3.1v2.6h3.4V8.4h-3.4v10.2h-.1zm-1.6 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3s-.5 3.2-1.6 4.4c-1.1 1.2-2.4 1.8-4 1.8-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6 0 2.9.5 4 1.7zm48.8 19.9h-3.6v19.1c0 2.4.7 4.1 2.1 5.1 1.2.9 3.1 1.4 5.6 1.4h.1v-3h-.1c-1.2 0-2.1-.2-2.7-.6-.9-.6-1.4-1.7-1.4-3.3V51h4.1v-3h-4.1v-7.5zm-96.2 7c-1.4 0-2.6.3-3.7 1-1 .6-1.7 1.5-2.3 2.6-1.2-2.4-3.2-3.6-6-3.6-2.2 0-4 .9-5.2 2.6V48h-3.5v18.2h3.5l.2-10.7c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.1-3.5.7-.9 1.8-1.3 3.1-1.3s2.3.4 3.1 1.3c.8.9 1.2 2 1.2 3.5v10.6h3.4V55.5c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.2-3.5s1.8-1.3 3.2-1.3c1.3 0 2.3.4 3.1 1.3.7.9 1.1 2 1.1 3.5v10.6h3.5V55c0-2.3-.6-4.1-1.9-5.5-1.3-1.3-3-2-5.1-2zm18.9 0c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.8-1.7 1.9-2.6 4.1-2.6 6.8s.9 5 2.7 6.8c1.8 1.8 4.1 2.8 6.8 2.8h.1v-.1c1.4 0 2.7-.3 3.9-.7 1.2-.5 2.2-1.1 3-1.9l-1.8-2.4c-1.3 1.3-3 2-5 2-1.7 0-3.1-.5-4.2-1.6-1.1-1-1.8-2.4-2-4h14.3c.1-.3.1-.7.1-1.2 0-2.5-.9-4.7-2.6-6.5-1.6-1.8-3.8-2.8-6.3-2.8zm.1 3c1.4 0 2.6.5 3.6 1.3 1 .9 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.8h-10.8c.3-1.5.9-2.7 1.8-3.7 1-.9 2.2-1.4 3.6-1.4zm22.5-2.3c-.6-.5-1.6-.8-2.8-.8-1.9 0-3.4.9-4.5 2.6v-2H205v18.2h3.5l-.1-10.5c0-1.5.3-2.7.9-3.6.6-.9 1.5-1.3 2.6-1.3.9 0 1.7.2 2.3.7h.1l1.4-3.3zm9-.7c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.8-1.7 1.9-2.6 4.1-2.6 6.8s.9 5 2.7 6.8c1.8 1.8 4.1 2.8 6.8 2.8h.1v-.1c1.4 0 2.7-.3 3.9-.7 1.2-.5 2.2-1.1 3-1.9l-1.8-2.4c-1.3 1.3-3 2-5 2-1.7 0-3.1-.5-4.2-1.6-1.1-1-1.8-2.4-2-4h14.3c.1-.3.1-.7.1-1.2 0-2.5-.9-4.7-2.6-6.5-1.6-1.8-3.8-2.8-6.3-2.8zm.1 3c1.4 0 2.6.5 3.6 1.3 1 .9 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.8h-10.8c.3-1.5.9-2.7 1.8-3.7.9-.9 2.1-1.4 3.6-1.4zm26.1 0c-1.5-2-3.6-3.1-6.3-3.1-2.5 0-4.6.9-6.3 2.7s-2.5 4.1-2.5 6.8.9 5 2.5 6.8c1.7 1.8 3.8 2.7 6.3 2.7 2.6 0 4.7-1.1 6.3-3.2v2.7h3.5V40.5h-3.5v10zm-1.7 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.7 1.6 4.5 0 1.7-.6 3.3-1.6 4.5-1.1 1.2-2.4 1.8-4.2 1.8-1.7 0-3.1-.6-4.2-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.7-2.7-1.7-4.5s.6-3.3 1.7-4.5c1.1-1.2 2.5-1.8 4.2-1.8 1.8.1 3.1.7 4.2 1.8zm43.5-3c-1.3-1.4-3-2.1-5.2-2.1-2.4 0-4.2.9-5.4 2.6v-9.6h-3.5v25.7h3.5l.1-10.5c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.2-3.5.8-.9 1.8-1.3 3.2-1.3 1.4 0 2.5.4 3.3 1.3.8.9 1.2 2 1.2 3.5v10.6h3.5V55c0-2.3-.6-4.1-1.9-5.5zM259.1 48h3.5v18.2h-3.5zm0-7.5h3.4v3.4h-3.4z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-caret-right"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M33 99 82.1 50 33 .9z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-envelope"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path d="M100,88.3H0V11.7h100V88.3z M9.4,78.9h81.3V21.1H9.4V78.9z"/><path d="M1.1 13.9 49.6 62.3 97.8 13.9z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-print"> <svg viewBox="0 0 176 170"><path class="print-st0" d="M46.7 12.3H125.7V33.3H46.7zM46.7 156.3h79v-74h-79V156.3zM60.3 99.7l54.7.1 0 7.5-54.7-.1L60.3 99.7zM60.3 116.7l54.7.1 0 7.5-54.7-.1L60.3 116.7zM60.3 133.7l39.4.1 0 7.5-39.4-.1L60.3 133.7z"/><circle class="print-st0" cx="147.6" cy="58.6" r="7.5"/><path class="print-st1" d="M155.9,33.3h-17.2v-33h-105v33H19c-9.5,0-18.3,8.6-18.3,18v81.7c0,0.4,1.4,0.2,1.8,0.2h31.2v36h105v-36h17.2 c9.5,0,18.8-7.2,18.8-16.7V51.4C174.7,41.9,165.4,33.3,155.9,33.3z M125.7,156.3h-79v-74h79V156.3z M125.7,33.3h-79v-21h79V33.3z M147.6,66.2c-4.2,0-7.5-3.4-7.5-7.5c0-4.2,3.4-7.5,7.5-7.5s7.5,3.4,7.5,7.5C155.1,62.8,151.8,66.2,147.6,66.2z"/><path transform="rotate(-89.907 87.615 103.541)" class="print-st1" d="M83.8 76.2H91.3V130.9H83.8z"/><path transform="rotate(-89.907 87.615 120.526)" class="print-st1" d="M83.8 93.2H91.3V147.9H83.8z"/><path transform="rotate(-89.871 79.961 137.511)" class="print-st1" d="M76.2 117.8H83.7V157.2H76.2z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-camera"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xml:space="preserve"><circle fill="#333" cx="49.5" cy="55.2" r="21.6"/><circle fill="#FFF" cx="49.5" cy="55.2" r="12.8"/><path fill="#333" d="M91.5,17.6V7H44.1L41,17.6H0v76.4h99.7V17.6H91.5z M91.3,85.6H8.4V26h82.9V85.6z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-toc"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 14 10" xml:space="preserve"><style>.st0{fill:none;stroke:#333;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round}</style><path class="st0" d="M5 5h8M1 5h.8M1 9h.8M5 9h8M1 1h12"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="reviewer-icon"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 16 15" style="enable-background:new 0 0 16 15" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M13.9,10.2c0.4-0.8,0.6-1.8,0.6-2.7c0-3.9-3.1-7-7-7s-7,3.1-7,7s3.1,7,7,7C10.4,14.5,12.9,12.7,13.9,10.2z" style="fill:#dcd8a0;stroke-width:0"/><path d="M3.5,6.5l4,3.5L15,1" style="fill:none;stroke:#333;stroke-width:1.75"/><path d="M13.5,10.6c-1.1,2.2-3.4,3.6-6,3.6c-3.7,0-6.7-3-6.7-6.7s3-6.7,6.7-6.7c2.5,0,4.6,1.3,5.8,3.3" style="fill:none;stroke:#333;stroke-width:1.25"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-sources-show"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0z"/><path fill="currentColor" d="M10 10.621L6.818 7.44a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121 2.122l4.242 4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 2.122 0l4.242-4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121-2.122L10 10.621z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-sources-hide"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0z" transform="rotate(180 10 10)"/><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M10 10.621L6.818 7.44a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121 2.122l4.242 4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 2.122 0l4.242-4.242a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-2.121-2.122L10 10.621z" transform="rotate(180 10 10)"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-checkmark"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path d="M7.7,16.6l-5.8-5.8l2.8-2.8l3.2,3.2l8.6-8.2C14.8,1.2,12.3,0,9.5,0C4.3,0,0,4.3,0,9.5C0,14.7,4.3,19,9.5,19S19,14.7,19,9.5c0-1.2-0.2-2.4-0.7-3.5L7.7,16.6z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-cite"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.476 0 10c0 5.523 4.477 10 10 10s10-4.477 10-10c0-5.524-4.477-10-10-10z"/><path fill="currentColor" d="M15.79 8.746a5.455 5.455 0 0 1-5.384 5.455 5.466 5.466 0 0 0 2.646-3.065 2.418 2.418 0 0 1-2.114-2.394 2.426 2.426 0 1 1 4.851 0v.004zM9.724 8.746A5.456 5.456 0 0 1 4.341 14.2a5.47 5.47 0 0 0 2.645-3.065 2.418 2.418 0 0 1-2.113-2.394 2.426 2.426 0 0 1 4.851 0v.004z"/></svg> </symbol> </defs> </svg>   <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5P3SZGS" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header id="header_1-0" class="comp header" role="banner" data-tracking-container="true"><a href="#skip-to-content" rel="nocaes" id="skip-link_1-0" class="skip-link mntl-text-link btn" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Skip to content</span></a> <div class="menu-button-container"> <button class="menu-button"> <span class="is-vishidden">Menu</span> <div class="menu-button-inner"> <svg class="icon icon-menu " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-menu" href="#icon-menu"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon icon-close " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div> </button> </div> <div id="logo_1-0" class="comp logo"> <a href="/" rel="home" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's homepage"> <span class="is-vishidden">Home</span> <svg class="icon icon-logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-logo" href="#icon-logo"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <nav id="header-nav_1-0" class="comp header-nav" role="navigation"> <ul class="header-nav__list"> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Science, Tech, Math </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Science </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/math-4133545" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Math </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences-4133522" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Social Sciences </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/computer-science-4133486" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Computer Science </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/animals-and-nature-4133421" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Animals & Nature </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Humanities </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > History & Culture </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/visual-arts-4132957" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Visual Arts </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/literature-4133251" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Literature </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/english-4688281" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > English </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-4133035" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Geography </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophy-4133025" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Philosophy </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Issues </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Languages </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/esl-4133095" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > English as a Second Language </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spanish-4133085" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Spanish </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/french-4133079" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > French </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/german-4133073" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > German </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-4133069" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Italian </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-4133062" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Japanese </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-4133057" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Mandarin </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/russian-4175265" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Russian </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/resources-4132590" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Resources </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-students-parents-4132588" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Students & Parents </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-educators-4132509" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Educators </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-adult-learners-4132469" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Adult Learners </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" >About Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="general-search_1-0" class="comp general-search" data-tracking-container="true"> <button class="search-icon"> <span class="is-vishidden">Search</span> <svg class="icon icon-search " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search" href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> <form class="general-search-form" role="search" action="/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group"> <span class="general-search__close">Close</span> <label for="search-input" class="is-vishidden">Search the site</label> <input type="text" name="q" id="search-input" class="general-search-input" placeholder="Search here..." type="text" required="required" value="" tabindex="-1"> <button class="btn btn-go" tabindex="-1"> <span class="is-vishidden">GO</span> <svg class="icon icon-search " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search" href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-nav-panel"> <nav id="fullscreen-nav_1-0" class="comp fullscreen-nav " role="navigation" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-list"> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--science-tech-math" > <div> Science, Tech, Math </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" >Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/math-4133545" rel="nocaes" >Math</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences-4133522" rel="nocaes" >Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/computer-science-4133486" rel="nocaes" >Computer Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/animals-and-nature-4133421" rel="nocaes" >Animals & Nature</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--humanities" > <div> Humanities </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" >History & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/visual-arts-4132957" rel="nocaes" >Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/literature-4133251" rel="nocaes" >Literature</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/english-4688281" rel="nocaes" >English</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-4133035" rel="nocaes" >Geography</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophy-4133025" rel="nocaes" >Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" >Issues</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--languages" > <div> Languages </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/esl-4133095" rel="nocaes" >English as a Second Language</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spanish-4133085" rel="nocaes" >Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/french-4133079" rel="nocaes" >French</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/german-4133073" rel="nocaes" >German</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-4133069" rel="nocaes" >Italian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-4133062" rel="nocaes" >Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-4133057" rel="nocaes" >Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/russian-4175265" rel="nocaes" >Russian</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--resources" > <div> Resources </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-students-parents-4132588" rel="nocaes" >For Students & Parents</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-educators-4132509" rel="nocaes" >For Educators</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-adult-learners-4132469" rel="nocaes" >For Adult Learners</a></li> </uL> </li> <li> <ul id="contact-nav_1-0" class="comp contact-nav"> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" >About Us</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-contact-us" rel="nocaes" >Contact Us</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" >Editorial Guidelines</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" >Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> </uL> </nav> </div> </header> <div id="mm-ads-leaderboard-header_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-leaderboard-header mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard mm-ads-flexible-ad mm-ads-gpt-adunit leaderboard--header has-right-label gpt leaderboard "> <div id="leaderboard-flex-1" class="wrapper" ></div> </div> <div id="mm-ads-leaderboard-spacer_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-leaderboard-spacer mntl-block js-rollaway-spacer"></div><main id="main" class="loc main" role="main"><iframe id="height-change-listener" role="none" tabindex="-1" src="about:blank" aria-hidden="true"></iframe> <div id="skip-to-content" class="jump-link"></div> <article id="ref-article_1-0" class="comp ref-article mntl-article mntl-article--three-column right-rail" data-tracking-container="true"><div class="loc article-header"><div id="article-header-block_1-0" class="comp article-header-block mntl-block "><ul id="breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science, Tech, Math</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-4133594" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_7-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Chemistry</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_4-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-in-everyday-life-4133585" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_8-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Chemistry In Everyday Life</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_4-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications</h1> <p class="article-subheading type--dog">The Lightest of All Metal Elements and How It's Used</p> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=2340142, bestTitle='Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications'}}" data-description="Learn about magnesium, the lightest of the metal elements, used primarily in structural alloys due to its light weight, strength and corrosion resistance." data-tracking-container="true"> <li class="share-item share-item-facebook"> <span data-href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fmetal-profile-magnesium-2340142%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook.com%26utm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dsocial-share-article" data-network="facebook" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-facebook" tabindex="0" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-facebook " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </span> </li> <li class="share-item share-item-flipboard"> <span data-href="https://share.flipboard.com/bookmarklet/popout?v=2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fmetal-profile-magnesium-2340142%3Futm_source%3Dflipit%26utm_medium%3Dweb%26utm_campaign%3Dwidgets%26utm_content%3Dwww.thoughtco.com&title=Magnesium+Characteristics%2C+Properties%2C+and+Applications&t=1732503125493" data-network="flipboard" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-flipboard" tabindex="0" title="Share on Flipboard" aria-label="Share on Flipboard" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-flipboard " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-flipboard" href="#icon-flipboard"></use> </svg> </span> </li> <li class="share-item share-item-email"> <span data-href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142?utm_source=emailshare&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shareurlbuttons" data-network="emailshare" data-click-tracked="true" class="share-link share-link-email" tabindex="0" title="Email this article" aria-label="Email this article" role="link"> <svg class="icon icon-envelope " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-envelope" href="#icon-envelope"></use> </svg> </span> </li> </ul></div> <form id="print-button_1-0" class="comp print-button" method="POST" action="/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142?print" target="_blank"> <button class="mntl-print-button__btn" aria-label="Print this article."> Print <svg class="icon icon-print mntl-print-button__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-print" href="#icon-print"></use> </svg> </button> <input type="hidden" value="true" name="print" /> <input type="hidden" value="ba1076e1fec4776c0ca019bdfc30cee5" name="CSRFToken" /> </form></div> <figure id="figure-article_1-0" class="comp figure-article mntl-universal-primary-image lock-primary right-rail__offset figure-landscape primary-image"> <div class="primary-image__media"> <div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.2%;"> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uQlGiykOPaSAHmfco9MvznaISew=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium-5c4dce4346e0fb0001a8e7ca.jpg" width="1024" height="771" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uQlGiykOPaSAHmfco9MvznaISew=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium-5c4dce4346e0fb0001a8e7ca.jpg 1500w" sizes="750px" alt="Crystalized Magnesium" class=" primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" onload="(function(e){e.classList.add('loaded')})(this)" style="--blurry: url('data:image/gif;charset=utf-8;base64,R0lGODlhCQAHAPUAABQXEBsbGS0jFzMzMT5AM0g/LkdALk1HOU5IOEpKQFtSQ2daR25jXWtpWm5qX3FmUH5zVXlvY3d0Y358b0ao/1yv/1Ky/FSy/FWz/VS0/mKu/GKv/WWu/Wa1/2S7/2e8/YF9cYeDd4WId46LfIuNgpKWiJuZjJuZjZ+bj5yckqWlm6mjk6ionKyonK6onK6rnK6soLOuqrKwo7C0psTEvMvBtc7KvsDFwdPPxNfVwNDQyNPQyejg1erq6vPz9RQXECwAAAAACQAHAEUISgAtZLiAoUcHDho28AgwA0UIFjZuiNhhIoEMAANoqGAAAcGDAwUWKDAg4IOHFiRK4HBQgQIMHSdSNKixwkeMHBNeEBgRQYILEAEBADs=')" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uQlGiykOPaSAHmfco9MvznaISew=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium-5c4dce4346e0fb0001a8e7ca.jpg" width="1024" height="771" class="loaded primary-img--noscript primary-image__image mntl-primary-image--blurry" srcset="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uQlGiykOPaSAHmfco9MvznaISew=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium-5c4dce4346e0fb0001a8e7ca.jpg 1500w" sizes="750px" alt="Crystalized Magnesium" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="primary-image__figcap_1-0" class="comp primary-image__figcap mntl-figure-caption figure-article-caption"> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>CSIRO/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY 3.0</p></span> </figcaption></figure> </div><div class="loc article-left-rail"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list " data-tracking-container="true"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" class="breadcrumbs-list-image" ><div class="loc image"><img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/GlGRAYLjgFbTQlbxhxfdvvPh9L8=/150x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/left_rail_image_science-58a22da268a0972917bfb5cc.png" width="150" height="0" alt="Science" class=" universal-image__image" /> </div></a> <span class="breadcrumbs-list-title"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" >Science</a> </span> <ul class="breadcrumbs-list-list"> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-4133594" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Chemistry <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> <ul class="breadcrumbs-list-submenu"> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-active "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-in-everyday-life-4133585" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="1" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link is-active" > <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon-active" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> Chemistry In Everyday Life <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-basics-4133593" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="2" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Basics <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-law-and-concepts-4133592" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="3" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Chemical Laws <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/molecule-facts-and-structures-4133591" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="4" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Molecules <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/periodic-table-4133590" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="5" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Periodic Table <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-projects-4133589" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="6" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Projects & Experiments <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/scientific-method-4133587" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="7" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Scientific Method <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/biochemistry-4133588" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="8" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Biochemistry <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermochemistry-4133586" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="9" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Physical Chemistry <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/medical-chemistry-and-drugs-4133584" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="10" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Medical Chemistry <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/famous-chemists-4133583" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="11" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Famous Chemists <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-activities-for-kids-4133581" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="12" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Activities for Kids <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemistry-abbreviations-4133582" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="13" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Abbreviations & Acronyms <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/biology-4133580" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="2" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Biology <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/physics-4133571" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="3" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Physics <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geology-4133564" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="4" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Geology <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/astronomy-4133558" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="5" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Astronomy <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/weather-and-climate-4133550" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="6" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Weather & Climate <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><div class="loc article-pre-content"><div id="article-meta_1-0" class="comp article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="toc_1-0" class="comp toc mntl-toc mntl-block" data-offset="60"><div id="mntl-toc__inner_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__inner mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__heading mntl-block"><span id="mntl-toc__heading-text_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__heading-text mntl-text-block">Table of Contents</span> <div id="mntl-toc-toggle_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc-toggle mntl-block"><button id="mntl-toc-toggle__btn_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc-toggle__btn mntl-text-block js-mntl-toc-toggle" data-collapsed-text="Expand" data-expanded-text="Collapse">Expand</button></div></div> <ul id="mntl-toc__list_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list"><li id="mntl-toc__list-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_1-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-properties" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_1-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Properties</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_2-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-characteristics" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_2-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Characteristics</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_3-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-history" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_3-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">History</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_4-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-production" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_4-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Production</span></a></div></li> <li id="mntl-toc__list-item_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item mntl-block"><div id="mntl-toc__list-item-heading_5-0" class="comp mntl-toc__list-item-heading mntl-block"><a href="#toc-applications" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-toc__list-item-link_5-0" class="mntl-toc__list-item-link mntl-text-link mntl-toc__list-item-link js-mntl-toc-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Applications</span></a></div></li></ul></div></div> <div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="<p>Terence Bell is a former writer who has been involved in the rare earth and minor metal industries for over 10 years.</p>" tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/terence-bell-2338956" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Terence Bell</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/terence-bell-2338956" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Terence Bell</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Metal Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">University of British Columbia</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Carleton University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> <p>Terence Bell is a former writer who has been involved in the rare earth and minor metal industries for over 10 years.</p> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on June 25, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Magnesium is the lightest of all metal elements and is primarily used in structural <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-alloys-2340254" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">alloys</a> due to its lightweight, strength, and resistance to <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-corrosion-2339700" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">corrosion</a>. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> There are over 60 different minerals known to have a magnesium content of 20% or greater, making it the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. But when water bodies are accounted for, magnesium becomes the most abundant element on the surface of the earth. That is because of the significant magnesium content in salt water, which averages about 1290 parts per million (ppm). Yet, despite its abundance, global magnesium production is only about 757,000 tons per year. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-properties"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Properties </span> </h2> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li>Atomic Symbol: Mg</li><li>Atomic Number: 12</li><li>Element Category: Alkaline metal</li><li>Density: 1.738 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20°C)</li><li>Melting Point: 1202 °F (650 °C)</li><li>Boiling Point: 1994 °F (1090 °C)</li><li>Moh's Hardness: 2.5</li> </ul> <div id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-characteristics"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Characteristics </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Magnesium's characteristics are similar to its sister metal <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-aluminum-2340124" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">aluminum</a>. It not only has the lowest density of all metal elements, making it the lightest, but it is also very strong, highly resistant to corrosion and easily machinable. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-history"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> History </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Magnesium was discovered as a unique element in 1808 by Sir Humphrey Davy but not produced in metallic form until 1831 when Antoine Bussy made magnesium during an experiment with dehydrated magnesium chloride. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Commercial production of electrolytic magnesium began in Germany in 1886. The country remained the only producer until 1916, when military demand for magnesium (for flares and tracer bullets) led to production in the US, Great Britain, France, Canada, and Russia. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> World magnesium production dropped off between the wars, although German production continued in support of Nazi military expansion. Germany's production increased to 20,000 tons by 1938, accounting for 60% of global production. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In order to catch up, the US supported 15 new magnesium production facilities, and by 1943, boasted a production capacity of over 265,000 tons of magnesium. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> After World War II, magnesium production fell again as producers struggled to find economical methods to extract the metal in order to make its price competitive with the cost of aluminum. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-production"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Production </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_23-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Depending upon the location and type of resource being used, a wide variety of production methods can be used to refine magnesium metal. This is due both to the fact that magnesium is so abundant, making production in many locations possible and to the minor metal's end-use applications being so price sensitive as to encourage buyers to constantly seek out the lowest possible cost source. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_24-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_25-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Traditionally magnesium is produced from dolomite and magnesite ore, as well as magnesium chloride containing salt brines (naturally occurring salt deposits). </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_26-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-applications"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_27-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Applications </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_28-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Because of its similarities with aluminum, magnesium can be used as a substitute for many, if not most, aluminum applications. Magnesium is still, however, limited by its extractions costs, which make the metal about 20% more expensive than aluminum. Due to import tariffs on Chinese-produced magnesium, US magnesium prices can be almost double that of aluminum. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_29-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_30-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Over half of all magnesium is used in alloys with aluminum, which are valued for their strength, lightness, and resistance to sparking, and are widely used in automobile parts. In fact, various car manufacturers use cast magnesium-aluminum (Mg-Al) alloys to produce steering wheels, steering columns, support brackets, instrument panels, pedals and inlet manifold housings, among numerous other parts. Mg-Al die castings are further used to make transmission and clutch housings. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_31-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_32-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> High strength and corrosion resistance are critical to aerospace alloys, as well as helicopter and race car gearboxes, many of which rely on magnesium alloys. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_33-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_34-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Beer and soda cans don't have the same requirements as aerospace alloys, yet a small amount of magnesium is used in the aluminum alloy that forms these cans. Despite using only a small amount of magnesium per can, this industry is still the largest consumer of the metal. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_35-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_36-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Magnesium alloys are also used in other industries where lightweight, sturdy alloy applications are crucial, such as in chainsaws and machinery parts, and in sporting goods like baseball bats and fishing reels. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_37-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_38-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Alone, magnesium metal can be used as a desulpherizer in <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-iron-2340139" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">iron</a> and <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/steel-production-2340173" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">steel production</a>, as a deoxidizer in the thermal reduction of <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-titanium-2340158" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="3">titanium</a>, zirconium, and hafnium, and as a nodularizer in the production of nodular cast iron. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_39-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_40-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Other uses for magnesium are as an anode for cathodic protection in chemical storage tanks, pipelines, and ships, and in the production of flare bombs, incendiary bombs, and fireworks. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_41-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_42-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <sub>Sources:</sub> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_43-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_44-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <sub>For a thorough history of magnesium, please see Bob Brown's History of Magnesium, available on Magnesium.com. <a href="http://www.magnesium.com/w3/data-bank/index.php?mgw=195" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">http://www.magnesium.com</a></sub> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_45-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_46-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <sub>USGS. Mineral Commodity Summaries: Magnesium (2011).</sub> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_47-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_48-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <sub>Source: <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/magnesium-statistics-and-information" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/magnesium/</a></sub> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_49-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_50-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <sub>The International Magnesium Association. <a href="http://www.intlmag.org/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1" rel="nofollow">www.intlmag.org</a></sub> </p></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Bell, Terence. "Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications." ThoughtCo, Apr. 4, 2023, thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Bell, Terence. (2023, April 4). Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Bell, Terence. "Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142 (accessed November 25, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFlex1-sticky mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="1050" style="height: 1050px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_2-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square "> <div id="square-flex-1" class="wrapper" ></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard2-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard2-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_3-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFlex2-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_4-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-flex-2" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="btf1" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],[300, 600],[160, 600],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-native_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-native " style="--native-ad-height: auto"><div id="mm-ads-native__adunit_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-native__adunit mm-ads-gpt-dynamic-adunit mm-ads-gpt-adunit scads-to-load gpt native dynamic"> <div id="native" class="wrapper" data-type="native" data-pos="native" data-priority="4" data-sizes="[[1, 3],"fluid"]" data-rtb="false" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard3-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard3-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_5-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_6-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard4-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard4-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_7-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_8-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard5-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard5-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_9-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_10-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard6-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard6-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_11-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_12-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard7-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard7-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_13-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFixed-sticky-dynamic mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="600" style="height: 600px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_14-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square dynamic"> <div id="square-fixed" class="wrapper" data-type="square" data-pos="atf" data-priority="2" data-sizes="[[300, 250],"fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></div></div></div> <div id="mntl-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-block"></div> <div id="mntl-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-block"></div></div></div> </div></article> <div id="prefooter--outbrain_1-0" class="comp prefooter--outbrain prefooter mntl-block"><div id="reference-outbrain_1-0" class="comp reference-outbrain mntl-outbrain"> <div class="OUTBRAIN js-outbrain-widget" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142" data-widget-id="AR_1"></div> </div> <section id="masonry-list-section_1-0" class="comp masonry-list-section mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><ul id="mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_1-0" class="comp mntl-masonry-tax-card-list mntl-masonry-card-list mntl-masonry-list mntl-block masonry-list"><li id="masonry-list__item_1-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_1-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340127" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-beryllium-2340127" data-ordinal="1" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WAKxhwROGWZAoliQ-EuEg1ORWPY=/250x700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/berrylium-5991742922fa3a00103f2c39.jpg" width="250" height="700" alt="Beryllium on the periodic table of elements" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WAKxhwROGWZAoliQ-EuEg1ORWPY=/250x700/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/berrylium-5991742922fa3a00103f2c39.jpg" width="250" height="700" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Beryllium on the periodic table of elements" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Beryllium Properties, History, and Applications</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_2-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_2-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340158" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-titanium-2340158" data-ordinal="2" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.7%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4D2BXJSPq36LEr6IK7nuWwJJLh8=/250x855/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/475150447-56a613e43df78cf7728b39a5.jpg" width="250" height="855" alt="Close up of workers hands holding crushed titanium" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.497" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4D2BXJSPq36LEr6IK7nuWwJJLh8=/250x855/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/475150447-56a613e43df78cf7728b39a5.jpg" width="250" height="855" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Close up of workers hands holding crushed titanium" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Titanium Properties and Characteristics</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_3-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_3-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="4039140" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-boron-4039140" data-ordinal="3" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zhGtr6XLmTiu4_hq4eUznyB_oRw=/250x1632/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Brown-boron-5c16702946e0fb00015db2b2.jpg" width="250" height="1632" alt="A container of ground Brown Boron" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zhGtr6XLmTiu4_hq4eUznyB_oRw=/250x1632/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Brown-boron-5c16702946e0fb00015db2b2.jpg" width="250" height="1632" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="A container of ground Brown Boron" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">A Profile of the Semi-Metal Boron</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_4-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_4-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2339718" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/magnesium-production-2339718" data-ordinal="4" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/s70HaNXhHQqJr7SBwT3mnsZSQRI=/250x640/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/d89408a102a2ad357d4dbac64cef96b2_new1-5fcf71defb4f46c29cb6e08dd89c9c3f.jpg" width="250" height="640" alt="Chemical symbol of magnesium, the metal necessary for the growth and metabolism of most living organisms" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/s70HaNXhHQqJr7SBwT3mnsZSQRI=/250x640/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/d89408a102a2ad357d4dbac64cef96b2_new1-5fcf71defb4f46c29cb6e08dd89c9c3f.jpg" width="250" height="640" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Chemical symbol of magnesium, the metal necessary for the growth and metabolism of most living organisms" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">How Is Magnesium Metal Produced?</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_5-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_5-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340145" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-molybdenum-2340145" data-ordinal="5" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8qIklfhXeswdKfJ66V5ZM8ABtys=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-155140692-58bc3afa5f9b58af5c5392d0.jpg" width="250" height="1414" alt="Molybdenum Mine on Fremont Pass Colorado" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8qIklfhXeswdKfJ66V5ZM8ABtys=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-155140692-58bc3afa5f9b58af5c5392d0.jpg" width="250" height="1414" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Molybdenum Mine on Fremont Pass Colorado" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Metal Profile for Molybdenum</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_6-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_6-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340130" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-chromium-2340130" data-ordinal="6" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.4%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vzZsSmbJe-O4y8c195om1YPcfmE=/250x1120/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Hernic-Ferrochrome-56a613a73df78cf7728b37f9.jpg" width="250" height="1120" alt="Chromite ore at Hernic Ferrochrome&#39;s mine in South Africa." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.325" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vzZsSmbJe-O4y8c195om1YPcfmE=/250x1120/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Hernic-Ferrochrome-56a613a73df78cf7728b37f9.jpg" width="250" height="1120" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Chromite ore at Hernic Ferrochrome&#39;s mine in South Africa." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Metal Profile: Chromium</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_7-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_7-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340124" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-aluminum-2340124" data-ordinal="7" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/l233eVAK2-7dp4ZVplOo1n1azBc=/250x480/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Al-ingots2-Dubal-56a613d25f9b58b7d0dfcc06.jpg" width="250" height="480" alt="blocks of aluminum" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.333" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/l233eVAK2-7dp4ZVplOo1n1azBc=/250x480/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Al-ingots2-Dubal-56a613d25f9b58b7d0dfcc06.jpg" width="250" height="480" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="blocks of aluminum" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Aluminum Properties, Characteristics, and Applications</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_8-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_8-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340151" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-rhodium-2340151" data-ordinal="8" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:100.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mzu9iJmQyWxtdI7iMDbiXN6qbcI=/250x1732/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-186451171-58c395263df78c353cf8aa50.jpg" width="250" height="1732" alt="Periodic table symbol for Rhodium" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mzu9iJmQyWxtdI7iMDbiXN6qbcI=/250x1732/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-186451171-58c395263df78c353cf8aa50.jpg" width="250" height="1732" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Periodic table symbol for Rhodium" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Rhodium, a Rare Platinum Group Metal, and Its Applications</span></div> </div> </a></li></ul> <div id="reference-outbrain_2-0" class="comp reference-outbrain mntl-outbrain"> <div class="OUTBRAIN js-outbrain-widget" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142" data-widget-id="AR_2"></div> </div> <ul id="mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_2-0" class="comp mntl-masonry-tax-card-list mntl-masonry-card-list mntl-masonry-list mntl-block masonry-list"><li id="masonry-list__item_9-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_9-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340133" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-ferritic-stainless-steel-2340133" data-ordinal="1" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jqL9ROoGpkjNOqyuaWNx8VNWnkY=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-145676868-58b8600d5f9b58af5cfc1684.jpg" width="250" height="1414" alt="a close up of a chrome exhaust pipe made from Ferritic stainless steel" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jqL9ROoGpkjNOqyuaWNx8VNWnkY=/250x1414/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-145676868-58b8600d5f9b58af5cfc1684.jpg" width="250" height="1414" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="a close up of a chrome exhaust pipe made from Ferritic stainless steel" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Ferritic Stainless Steel</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_10-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_10-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="820361" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-pet-plastics-820361" data-ordinal="2" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1oGKZCyLXLk8Oh5d_7LNcgmcgMs=/250x1400/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/103796378-56a1ae363df78cf7726cff7b.jpg" width="250" height="1400" alt="Plastic bottles" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1oGKZCyLXLk8Oh5d_7LNcgmcgMs=/250x1400/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/103796378-56a1ae363df78cf7726cff7b.jpg" width="250" height="1400" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Plastic bottles" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">What Are PET Plastics</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_11-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_11-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="4019412" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-silicon-4019412" data-ordinal="3" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JHSOXkpVdtRIzD3b57ifzdJ9Xzg=/250x1292/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Polysilicon-57a5e2263df78cf459cd1e3b.jpg" width="250" height="1292" alt="A piece of polysilicon metal which will be used in production." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.333" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JHSOXkpVdtRIzD3b57ifzdJ9Xzg=/250x1292/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Polysilicon-57a5e2263df78cf459cd1e3b.jpg" width="250" height="1292" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="A piece of polysilicon metal which will be used in production." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The Properties and Uses of Silicon Metal</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_12-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_12-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="820389" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/carbon-fiber-tubes-820389" data-ordinal="4" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.0%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/xQdzAk6tEj_7Mf9k57eq9ovY-rQ=/250x845/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/157090258-56a1ae383df78cf7726cff8b.jpg" width="250" height="845" alt="Carbon fiber road bicycle outdoors" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.515" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/xQdzAk6tEj_7Mf9k57eq9ovY-rQ=/250x845/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/157090258-56a1ae383df78cf7726cff8b.jpg" width="250" height="845" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Carbon fiber road bicycle outdoors" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">How Carbon Fiber Tubes Are Made</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_13-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_13-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340135" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-germanium-2340135" data-ordinal="5" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:69.4%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Hamet2FEPvjh4aEio-QERTK0HJY=/250x1173/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Ge-Ingot-57a5df5c5f9b58974aeea961.jpg" width="250" height="1173" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.441" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Hamet2FEPvjh4aEio-QERTK0HJY=/250x1173/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Ge-Ingot-57a5df5c5f9b58974aeea961.jpg" width="250" height="1173" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Germanium Properties, History and Applications</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_14-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_14-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340129" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-brass-2340129" data-ordinal="6" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/kvLbCM2RtuJcQXqdVQIyF7aSMck=/250x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/metal-profile-brass-2340129-FINAL-5c6d6f4dc9e77c0001cda229.jpg" width="250" height="1000" alt="Image shows 5 versions of brass items. Text reads: applications of brass: injectors, nuts and bolds, terminals, jets, taps"" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.5" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/kvLbCM2RtuJcQXqdVQIyF7aSMck=/250x1000/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/metal-profile-brass-2340129-FINAL-5c6d6f4dc9e77c0001cda229.jpg" width="250" height="1000" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Image shows 5 versions of brass items. Text reads: applications of brass: injectors, nuts and bolds, terminals, jets, taps"" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Learn About the Properties and Uses of Brass Metal</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_15-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_15-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340019" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/precipitation-hardening-2340019" data-ordinal="7" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:75.1%;"> <video autoplay loop playsinline muted class="mntl-gif__video card__img universal-image__image" width="250" height="511" aria-label="Precipitation Hardening" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3SAZA3lT-llSHnOYyHD38B9m3Tw=/250x511/filters:gifv(webm)/PrecipitationHardening.wolfwebUNR-56a613fc5f9b58b7d0dfcd04.gif" data-dim-ratio="1.331" > </video> <noscript> <video autoplay loop playsinline muted class="mntl-gif__video mntl-gif__video--fallback card__img universal-image__image " width="250" height="511" aria-label="Precipitation Hardening" src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fJBCtXWYiAmc5v5JBsxt78P4a2Y=/300x0/filters:gifv(webm)/PrecipitationHardening.wolfwebUNR-56a613fc5f9b58b7d0dfcd04.gif" > </video> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Learn About Precipitation Hardening</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_16-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_16-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2340187" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-dysprosium-2340187" data-ordinal="8" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:79.2%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4scfxE04BefBvir8p8TbQIdwVgg=/250x1138/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Dy-Metal-2-56a613dd5f9b58b7d0dfcc4a.jpg" width="250" height="1138" alt="Dy-Metal-2.jpg" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.262" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4scfxE04BefBvir8p8TbQIdwVgg=/250x1138/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Dy-Metal-2-56a613dd5f9b58b7d0dfcc4a.jpg" width="250" height="1138" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Dy-Metal-2.jpg" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Chemistry In Everyday Life"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Learn About Dysprosium</span></div> </div> </a></li></ul> <div id="leaderboard2-deferred-footer_1-0" class="comp leaderboard2-deferred-footer mm-ads-leaderboardfooter-flex-2-lazy mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard-lazy mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard mm-ads-flexible-ad mm-ads-gpt-adunit js-lazy-ad has-right-label leaderboard gpt leaderboard dynamic"> <div id="leaderboardfooter-flex-2" class="wrapper" data-type="leaderboard" data-pos="atf" data-priority="1" data-sizes="[[728, 90], [970, 250], "fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div></section></div> </main><footer id="footer_1-0" class="comp footer mntl-footer" role="contentinfo" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="mntl-footer__inner"> <div class="mntl-footer__primary"> <div class="mntl-footer__logo"> <a href="/" rel="home nocaes" id="mntl-logo_1-0" aria-label="Visit the homepage" > <div class="is-screenreader-only">ThoughtCo</div> <svg class="icon icon-logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-logo" href="#icon-logo"></use> </svg></a> </div> <div class="mntl-footer__social"> <div id="mntl-footer-social_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-social reference-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <h2 class="social-nav__title">Follow Us</h2> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--facebook"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--facebook" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's Facebook" > <svg class="icon icon-facebook social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--flipboard"> <a href="https://flipboard.com/@thoughtco?utm_source=thoughtco&utm_medium=follow&utm_campaign=tools" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--flipboard" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's Flipboard" > <svg class="icon icon-flipboard social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-flipboard" href="#icon-flipboard"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-footer__secondary"> <nav id="mntl-footer-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav mntl-block" aria-label="Footer"><ul id="mntl-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-block mntl-footer-nav__list"><li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_1-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science, Tech, Math</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_2-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_3-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Languages</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/resources-4132590" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_4-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Resources</span></a></li></ul></nav><ul id="mntl-footer-links_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-links footer-links"> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" data-type="ourStory" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > About Us </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/advertising" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="advertise" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Advertise </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/careers" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="careersAtDotDashMeredith" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Careers </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="privacyPolicy" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Privacy Policy </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" data-type="editorialGuidelines" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Editorial Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-contact-us" rel="nocaes" data-type="contact" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Contact </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-termsofservice" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="termsOfService" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Terms of Service </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item mntl-truste-badge-wrapper"> <div class="loc truste-badge"><div id="mntl-universal-truste-badge_1-0" class="comp mntl-universal-truste-badge mntl-block"><a href="//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid=e166d0ee-e663-4ad0-9384-f5bd78093a89" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" id="mntl-universal-truste-badge_1-0-link" class="mntl-truste-badge-link" data-tracking-container="true" > <img class="mntl-truste-badge-image lazyload" alt="Access TRUSTe's Enterprise Privacy Certification program" data-src="//privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid=e166d0ee-e663-4ad0-9384-f5bd78093a89" width="100" height="32" /> </a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="loc footer-bottom"><div id="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-dotdash-universal-nav mntl-carbon-dotdash-universal-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__content"> <svg class="icon mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo" href="#mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo"></use> </svg> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__wrapper"> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__text"> ThoughtCo is part of the <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__text--link" >Dotdash Meredith</a> publishing family. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></footer><svg class="is-hidden"> <defs> <symbol id="mntl-sc-block-starrating-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path d="M0,0v20h20V0H0z M14.2,12.2l1.1,6.3l-5.4-3.2l-5.1,3.2l1-6.3L1.4,8l5.9-0.8l2.6-5.8l2.7,5.8L18.5,8L14.2,12.2z"/> </svg> </symbol> </defs> </svg><script type="text/javascript" data-glb-js="bottom" src="/static/4.18.0/cache/eNqNVNF2gyAM_aFx_Ii97iciRE0bSQehrfv6Ibadc5b1HBUS7r2EJNhEBSXbjOCVsblZTG1sDvn5TBimt-Y3KC8kJSYljKZNxGoupIN5ih7zxJzBEzOYaIMwb1FWxpN49Bob8orBAzcOOwwzv0wCugcp-04Mk4HkSCpSNoaufJ7EtoIeQfG6fCso6Lp88AwyTP5oAl4C6RJkRo0YLD7DVFTxupyYvhZOyf0f54-AuMRYQAxfOQuuon0h12MevSh1ZDNKvGnB-yVqwpvxgsSA1A_6PoDv8YOi4qyx53xorUR6ljbXdEBwhTUPe7hOwpjRswywiQjBDhtzj-bhTH05XNMl5txkiN5k78Zct1ApD-eYa804Ql96uKdurwBzL8MFpj9rK40WYpHoGK_UMtYL5ghY-ttQKv9CaaJYmvMzQChbre0KfZU1FTu_W_DmhxCzcZxa0vhCUCrCSqf7WLtWSQcJ5k44bD17Fb_vYkmXpl4cW7tWmPiZ7vmyhsUezeKpcXxeOBfOMqucSpK2Acg_Jv8k95DifEfRGSucRl_L8QhRfJhK-_4yvgGpuDwm.min.js" async defer="true"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> Mntl.utilities.scriptsOnLoad(document.querySelectorAll('script[data-glb-js="bottom"]'), function() { var Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; window.Mntl.affiliateLinkRewriter.setMappings( { DOC_ID: '2340142' ,SITE: 'thoughtco' ,REQUEST_ID: 'n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002' } );window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.addPlugin(window.Mntl.affiliateLinkRewriter); window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.addPlugin(window.Mntl.amazonAffiliateTagger); window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.init();(function() { var article = document.getElementById('ref-article_1-0'); if (article && !article.gtmPageView) { article.gtmPageView = {"country":"HK","title":"Magnesium Characteristics, Properties, and Applications" || document.title || '',"authorId":"100692","contentGroup":"Other","revenueGroup":"","documentId":2340142,"authorNames":"Terence Bell","templateName":"STRUCTUREDCONTENT","viewType":"","templateId":"110","muid":"33913cd2-80e3-4783-897b-f657cd31dac7","lastEditingAuthorId":"100692","lastEditingUserId":"151378030080892","fullUrl":"https://www.thoughtco.com/metal-profile-magnesium-2340142" + location.hash,"experienceType":"single page","entryType":"direct","excludeFromComscore":false,"internalSessionId":"n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002","internalRequestId":"n70b2bfada9c944dba892ce2f3b2ac00002","hid":"","experienceTypeName":"","recircDocIdsFooter":"","euTrafficFlag":false,"isGoogleBot":false,"mantleVersion":"4.0.737","commerceVersion":"","primaryTaxonomyIds":"4122478|4132465|4132464|4133594|4133585","primaryTaxonomyNames":"ThoughtCo|Science, Tech, Math|Science|Chemistry|Chemistry In Everyday Life","description":"Learn about magnesium, the lightest of the metal elements, used primarily in structural alloys due to its light weight, strength and corrosion resistance."}; } }()); (function(Mntl) { Mntl.Tooltip.init({ defaultPositionX: "auto", defaultPositionY: "auto" }); })(window.Mntl || {}); (function(Mntl) { Mntl.Tooltip.init({ defaultPositionX: "auto", defaultPositionY: "auto" }); })(window.Mntl || {}); (function(utils) { utils.readyOrDeferred(() => { const masonryInstance = document.getElementById('mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_1-0'); if (masonryInstance.dataset.noJs) return; Mntl.MasonryList.init(masonryInstance, {autoResize: false, stretch: '.card__img, .card--no-image .card__content'}); }); })(window.Mntl.utilities || {});(function(utils) { utils.readyOrDeferred(() => { const masonryInstance = document.getElementById('mntl-masonry-tax-card-list_2-0'); if (masonryInstance.dataset.noJs) return; Mntl.MasonryList.init(masonryInstance, {autoResize: false, stretch: '.card__img, .card--no-image .card__content'}); }); })(window.Mntl.utilities || {});}); </script></body> </html>