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id="toc-Geresh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cantillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gershayim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gershayim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gershayim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gershayim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_among_Protestant_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_among_Protestant_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disputes 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#fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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.hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" class="extiw" title="he:ניקוד העברית בת ימינו">the corresponding article</a> in Hebrew</b>.  <i><small>(August 2012)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fhe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95&sl=he&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Hebrew article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew Wikipedia article at [[:he:ניקוד העברית בת ימינו]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|he|ניקוד העברית בת ימינו}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hebrew_diacritics" title="Talk:Hebrew diacritics">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/350px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/525px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/700px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Gen. 1:9 And God said, "Let the waters be collected".<br />Letters in black, <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">pointing</a> in <span style="color:#CC0000;">red</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> in <span style="color:#0000CC;">blue</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew orthography</a> includes three types of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></i> in Hebrew is the way to indicate <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, which are omitted in modern orthography, using a set of ancillary glyphs. Since the vowels can be understood from surrounding letters, context can help readers read the correct pronunciations of several letters of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Rafe_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafe (diacritic)">rafe</a> sign and other rare glyphs are also listed as part of the <i>niqqud</i> system but are not in common use)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_rafe"><a href="#endnote_rafe">[*]</a></sup>;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a>,</i> two diacritics that are not considered a part of <i>niqqud</i>, each of which has several functions (e.g. to denote <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numerals</a>);</li> <li>and <i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a>,</i> "accents" which are used exclusively to indicate how <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Biblical</a> passages should be chanted and may possess a punctuating function.</li></ul> <p>Several diacritical systems were developed in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> in the second half of the first millennium in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian Hebrew</a>). The Niqqud signs and cantillation marks developed by the Masoretes are small in size compared to consonants, so they could be added to the consonantal texts without retranscribing them. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pointing_(niqqud)"><span id="Pointing_.28niqqud.29"></span>Pointing <i>(niqqud)</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pointing (niqqud)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></div> <p>In modern Israeli orthography, vowel and consonant pointing is seldom used, except in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes—<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span>—but many more written symbols for them. <i>Niqqud</i> distinguish the following vowels and consonants; for more detail, see the main article. </p> <table class="wikitable noresize"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2">Symbol </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud#Keyboard" title="Niqqud">Keyboard input</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Hebrew </th> <th rowspan="2">Alternate<br />Names </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th colspan="1">English<br />Example </th> <th colspan="1">Letter </th> <th colspan="1">Key </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אִ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B4 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">i </td> <td align="center">s<b>ee</b>k </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חִירִיק</span></span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="13">‒ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֵ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B5 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei̯]</span> </td> <td align="center">e and ei </td> <td align="center">m<b>e</b>n </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צֵירֵי</span></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צֵירֶה</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B6 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span>, <small>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei̯]</span> with<br />succeeding <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yod</a>)</small> </td> <td align="center">e, <small>(ei with<br />succeeding yod)</small> </td> <td align="center">m<b>e</b>n </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סֶגוֹל</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Patach</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אַ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B7 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">f<b>a</b>r </td> <td align="center">7 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פַּתָּח</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אָ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B8 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">f<b>a</b>r </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">8 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמָץ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kamatz_Katan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamatz Katan">Kamatz Katan</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אׇ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05C7 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center">f<b>o</b>r </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָמָץ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Sin dot</a></b> (left) </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׂ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05C2 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">s </td> <td align="center"><b>s</b>our </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׂי״ן</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin dot</a></b> (right) </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׁ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05C1 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">sh </td> <td align="center"><b>sh</b>op </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׁי״ן</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam Haser</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֹ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left" rowspan="2">U+05B9 </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">o </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">b<b>o</b>re </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">- </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MinusKey.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MinusKey.PNG/35px-MinusKey.PNG" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/MinusKey.PNG/53px-MinusKey.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/MinusKey.PNG 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חוֹלָם חָסֵר</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam Male</a></b> <small>or <b>Vav Haluma</b></small> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וֹ</span>‎ </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חוֹלָם מָלֵא</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left" rowspan="2">U+05BC </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">N/A</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">N/A</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">N/A</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">= </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דָּגֵשׁ</span></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַפִּיק</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Shuruk</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּ</span>‎ </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">u </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2">c<b>oo</b>l </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שׁוּרוּק</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֻ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05BB </td> <td align="center">\ </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קֻבּוּץ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><i>Below</i>: Two vertical dots underneath the letter (called <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%27va" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh'va">sh'va</a></i>) make the vowel very short. </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אְ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B0 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-]</span> </td> <td align="center">apostrophe, e,<br />or nothing </td> <td align="center"><i>silent</i> </td> <td align="center">~ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TildeKey.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TildeKey.PNG/35px-TildeKey.PNG" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TildeKey.PNG/53px-TildeKey.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/TildeKey.PNG 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="61" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שְׁוָא</span></span> </td> <td align="center">‒ </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Reduced Segol</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֱ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B1 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">e </td> <td align="center">m<b>e</b>n </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטַף סֶגוֹל</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i>Hataf Segol</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Reduced Patach</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֲ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B2 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">a </td> <td align="center">f<b>a</b>r </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטַף פַּתָּח</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i>Hataf Patakh</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Reduced Kamatz</a></b> </td> <td style="font-size:26px; padding-bottom:3px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֳ</span>‎ </td> <td align="left">U+05B3 </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span> </td> <td align="center">o </td> <td align="center">b<b>o</b>re </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲטַף קָמָץ</span></span> </td> <td align="center"><i>Hataf Kamatz</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><small><b>Note 1:</b> The letters "<b><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎</big></b>" or "<b><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎</big></b>"represent whatever Hebrew letter is used.<br /> <b>Note 2:</b> The letter "<b><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ש">ש</a></span>‎</big></b>" is used since it can only be represented by that letter.<br /> <b>Note 3:</b> The <i><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a></i>, and <i>shuruk</i> are different, however, they look the same and are inputted in the same manner. Also, they are represented by the same <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> character.<br /> <b>Note 4:</b> The letter "<b><big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ו">ו</a></span>‎</big></b>" is used since it can only be represented by that letter.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_comparison_table">Vowel comparison table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowel comparison table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable noresize"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Vowel Comparison Table </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6" style="width:21em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Vowel length</a><sup>[1]</sup> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:7em">English<br />example </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:7em">Long </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:7em">Short </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:7em">Very short </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אָ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[3]</sup> </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אַ</span></span>‎</td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אֲ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[2]</sup> </td> <td><span style="font-size:125%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span></span></td> <td>a</td> <td>f<b>a</b>r </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> וֹ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[3]</sup> </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אׇ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[3]</sup> </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אֳ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[2]</sup> </td> <td><span style="font-size:125%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span></span></td> <td>o</td> <td>c<b>o</b>ld </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> וּ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[4]</sup> </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אֻ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[4]</sup> </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"> </td> <td><span style="direction:rtl">N/A</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:125%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span></span></td> <td>u</td> <td>y<b>ou</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אִי</span></span>‎</td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אִ</span></span>‎</td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"> </td> <td><span style="direction:rtl">N/A</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:125%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span></span></td> <td>i</td> <td>sk<b>i</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אֵ</span></span>‎</td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אֶ</span></span>‎</td> <td>  </td> <td style="font-size:24px;line-height:1.3em;width:2em;border-right:hidden"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:110%;"> אֱ</span></span>‎</td> <td><sup>[2]</sup> </td> <td><span style="font-size:125%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span></span></td> <td>e</td> <td>l<b>e</b>t </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes:</b> </p> <ul><li><sup>[1]</sup> : These vowels lengths are not manifested in Modern Hebrew.</li> <li><sup>[2]</sup> : Adding two vertical dots (<a href="/wiki/Sh%27va" class="mw-redirect" title="Sh'va">sh'va</a>) to the "short-vowel" diacritic produces the diacritic for "very short vowel" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חטף</span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥatáf</i></span></i><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>).</li> <li><sup>[3]</sup> : The short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> is usually promoted to a long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Holam_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Holam male">holam male</a>, vav with dot above) in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.</li> <li><sup>[4]</sup> : The short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> is usually promoted to a long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">shuruk</a>, vav with middle dot) in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meteg">Meteg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meteg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></div> <p><i>Meteg</i> is a vertical bar placed below a character next to the niqqud for various purposes, including marking vowel length and secondary stress. Its shape is identical to the cantillation mark <i>sof pasuq</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geresh">Geresh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geresh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></div> <p><i>Geresh</i> is a mark, <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׳</span>‎⟩</span> that may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation mark</a> for <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a>, or as a marker of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numerals</a>. It is also used in cantillation. </p><p>As a diacritic, the <i>geresh</i> is combined with the following consonants: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>letter</th> <th>value</th> <th>with<br /><i>geresh</i></th> <th>value </th> <th>English example</th> <th>usage </th></tr> <tr style="overflow:hidden; height:2px;"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג׳</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> </td> <td>a<b>ge</b> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a><br />(phonologically native<br />sounds) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז׳</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> </td> <td>vi<b>si</b>on </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ׳</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>ch</b>ange </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="3"><small>(non standard<sup id="cite_ref-trans-into-heb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trans-into-heb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</small> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:2em;"> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו׳</span>‎<span style="text-direction:ltr; font-size:small;"><sup id="cite_ref-trans-into-heb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trans-into-heb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> </td> <td>q<b>u</b>iet </td></tr> <tr style="overflow:hidden; height:2px;"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד׳</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> </td> <td><b>th</b>ere </td> <td rowspan="6">For transliteration of<br />sounds in foreign<br />languages (non-native<br />sounds, i.e. sounds<br />foreign to <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Hebrew<br />phonology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-x_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח׳</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-x_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>lo<b>ch</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס׳</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע׳</span>‎</td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר׳</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span></td> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת׳</span>‎</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> </td> <td><b>th</b>ink </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cantillation">Cantillation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cantillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Hebrew cantillation</a></div> <p>Cantillation has a more limited use than vowel pointing, as it is only used for reciting the Tanakh, and is not found in children's books or dictionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gershayim">Gershayim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gershayim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></div> <p><i>Gershayim</i> between the penultimate and last letters ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">״</span>‎  e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פזצט״א</span>‎) marks acronyms, alphabetic numerals, names of Hebrew letters, linguistic <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">roots</a> and, in older texts, transcriptions of foreign words. Placed above a letter (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">◌֞</span>‎  e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פְּרִ֞י</span>‎) it is one of the cantillation marks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_among_Protestant_Christians">Disputes among Protestant Christians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disputes among Protestant Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> literalists who believe that the Hebrew text of the Old Testament is the inspired Word of God are divided on the question of whether or not the vowel points should be considered an inspired part of the Old Testament. In 1624, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Cappel" title="Louis Cappel">Louis Cappel</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> scholar at <a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a>, published a work in which he concluded that the vowel points were a later addition to the biblical text and that the vowel points were added not earlier than the fifth century AD. This assertion was hotly contested by Swiss theologian <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Buxtorf_II" title="Johannes Buxtorf II">Johannes Buxtorf II</a> in 1648. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Walton_(bishop)" title="Brian Walton (bishop)">Brian Walton</a>'s 1657 polyglot bible followed Cappel in revising the vowel points. In 1675, the 2nd and 3rd canons of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Consensus" title="Helvetic Consensus">Helvetic Consensus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a> confirmed Buxtorf's view as orthodox and affirmed that the vowel points were inspired.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Torah scrolls in Jewish synagogues do not have any diacritical marks whatsoever, only the letters themselves. It is expected of anyone reading out-loud to know the correct intonations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%27re_perpetuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Q're perpetuum">Q're perpetuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><b>*</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_rafe"><b><a href="#ref_rafe">^</a></b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Rafe_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafe (diacritic)">rafe</a> sign (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רפה</span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֿ </span>‎ ) which is used to mark fricative consonants in the <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a> orthography of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>; is no longer used in modern printed Hebrew. Rafe may appear in <a href="/wiki/Masoretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic">masoretic</a> manuscripts as well as other older texts where the soft fricative consonants and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">matres lectionis</a> are indicated by this sign.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trans-into-heb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trans-into-heb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trans-into-heb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vav with geresh, "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו׳</span>‎", is non standard and its usage is therefore inconsistent: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228042853/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf">"Transliteration Rules"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration+Rules&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.huji.ac.il%2FPDF%2Ftaatiq2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+diacritics" class="Z3988"></span> issued by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> states that both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. To pronounce foreign words and <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> containing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span>, Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Pronunciation" title="Waw (letter)">pronunciation of Hebrew Vav</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> represented by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח׳</span>‎ <i>is</i> a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> "<a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a>" from "<a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth">ح</a>" when transcribing Arabic (in which context just <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎—without geresh—represents "<a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth">ح</a>" / <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span>), whereas in everyday usage <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎ without geresh is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> only <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectically</a> but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> commonly.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_diacritics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Grammar/Unit_Two/unit_two.html">A free online course to learn the Hebrew Vowel System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227051707/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision4.html"><i>Rules for Spelling without Niqqud</i></a> - a simplified version of the Rules, published on the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> website.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/5#GHGpar-5-m" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/5"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>§5<span style="font-family: serif; font-style: italic">m</span></a> for usage of Geresh in abbreviations; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/7" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/7">§7</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/8" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/8">§8</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/9" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/9">§9</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/10" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/10">§10</a> for vowel signs; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/12" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/12">§12</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/13" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/13">§13</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/14" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/14">§14</a> for Dagesh, Mappiq and Rafe; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/15" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/15">§15</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/16" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/16">§16</a> for the cantillation signs and Maqqeph.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu-negev.gov.il/tapuz/motytp/xadash/nikud.htm">Hebrew tutorial on how to use diacritics in Word</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111208220401/http://www.edu-negev.gov.il/tapuz/motytp/xadash/nikud.htm">Archived</a> 2011-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Template:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Template talk:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_diacritical_marks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox diacritical marks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diacritics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diacritics" title="Category:Diacritics">Category: Diacritics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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