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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical examination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_examination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical examination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ktiv_haser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ktiv_haser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ktiv haser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ktiv_haser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ktiv_male" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ktiv_male"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ktiv male</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ktiv_male-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_for_spelling_without_niqqud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_for_spelling_without_niqqud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rules for spelling without niqqud</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules_for_spelling_without_niqqud-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules for spelling without niqqud subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules_for_spelling_without_niqqud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90" title="כתיב מלא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתיב מלא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ktiv hasar niqqud" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ктив хасер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ктив хасер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hebrew spelling without indicating vowels via diacritic marks (niqqudot)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></div> <p><i><b>Ktiv hasar niqqud</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hebrew pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ktiv<span class="wrap"> </span>χaˈsaʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>niˈkud]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כתיב חסר ניקוד</span>, literally "spelling lacking niqqud"), <a href="/wiki/Colloquially" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquially">colloquially</a> known as <i><b>ktiv maleh</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ktiv<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈle]</a></span>; <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כתיב מלא</span></span>, literally "full spelling"), are the rules for writing <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> without <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel points</a> <i>(niqqud)</i>, often replacing them with <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">matres lectionis</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎). To avoid confusion, <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonantal</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vav (letter)">ו</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span>) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Yod_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod (letter)">י</a></span>‎ (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span>) are doubled in the middle of words. In general use, <i>niqqud</i> are seldom used, except in specialized texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_example">Comparison example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparison example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:העורב">Hebrew translation</a> of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Raven_(Poe)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Raven (Poe)">"The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe</a> (translated by Eliyahu Tsifer): </p> <table class="wikitable" dir="rtl"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Ktiv male</i></th> <th>With <i>niqqud</i> </th></tr> <tr style="direction:rtl; font-size:medium;"> <td><div class="poem"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וילון של משי ארגמן, ספק רשרוש, מסך מוכמן,<br /> הפחידוני, ביעתוני, חששות אימה וסלוד,<br /> פעמי לבי מקבת, במאוץ וגם בשבת,<br /> האושפיז בשוט ושבט, את דלתי הזיז במנוד,<br /> את דלתי הזיז הניע, קטב לשכתי ישוד,<br /> אלמוני הוא האורח, אלמוני הוא ולא עוד!<br /> <br /> שלוותי פרשה כנפיים, היסוסיי אפסו אפיים,<br /> אדון וגברת, בכנות אפציר אסגוד,<br /> כן עובדה היא, שעת גלוש, וברוך ידך תקוש,<br /> מדורי אזי נלוש, עת הנדת שדוד,<br /> לרווחה דלתי פרשתי, כי נועדתי לשרוד,<br /> ושור! הבט! רק שחור, לא עוד!</span>‎ </p> </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וִילוֹן שֶׁל מֶשִׁי אַרְגָּמָן, סָפֵק רִשְׁרוּשׁ, מָסָךְ מֻכְמָן,<br /> הִפְחִידֻנִּי, בִּעֲתֻנִי, חֲשָׁשוֹת אֵימָה וּסְלוֹד,<br /> פַּעֲמֵי לִבִּי מַקֶּבֶת, בִּמְאוֹץ וְגַם בְּשֶׁבֶת,<br /> הָאֻשְׁפִּיז בְּשׁוֹט וָשֵׁבֶט, אֶת דַּלְתִּי הֵזִיז בִּמְנֹד,<br /> אֶת דַלְתִּי הֵזִיז הֵנִיעַ, קֶטֶב לִשְׁכַּתִּי יָשׁוֹד,<br /> אַלְמוֹנִי הוּא הָאוֹרֵחַ, אַלְמוֹנִי הוּא וְלֹא עוֹד!<br /> <br /> שַׁלְוַתִּי פַּרְשָׂה כְּנָפַיִם, הִסּוּסַי אָפְסוּ אַפַּיִם,<br /> אָדוֹן וּגְבֶרֶת, בְּכֵנוּת אָפְצִיר אֶסְגֹּד,<br /> כֵּן עֻבְדָּה הִיא, שְׁעַת גְּלֹש, וּבְרוֹךְ יָדְךָ תַּקֹּשׁ,<br /> מְדוֹרִי אֲזַי נַלֹּשׁ, עֵת הֵנַדְתָּ שָׁדֹד,<br /> לִרְוָחָה דַּלְתִּי פָּרַשְׂתִּי, כִּי נוֹעַדְתִּי לִשְׂרֹד,<br /> וְשּׁוּר! הַבֵּט! רַק שְׁחוֹר, לֹא עוֹד!</span>‎ </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="direction:rtl; unicode-bidi:bidi-override; font-size:small;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><span style="font-size:x-small">Added letters highlighted and respective phonemes</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">viˈlon<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃel<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmeʃi<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔarɡaˈman,<span class="wrap"> </span>saˈfek<span class="wrap"> </span>riʃˈruʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈsaχ<span class="wrap"> </span>m</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χˈman</span> </td> <td>וילון של משי ארגמן, ספק רשרוש, מסך מ<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>כמן, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">hifħiˈd</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#ff8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ni,<span class="wrap"> </span>b</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʕaˈt</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ni,<span class="wrap"> </span>ħaʃaˈʃot<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔejˈma<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔuˈslod</span> </td> <td>הפחיד<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ני, ב<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">י</span>עת<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ני, חששות אימה וסלוד, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">paʕaˈmej<span class="wrap"> </span>liˈbi<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈkevet,<span class="wrap"> </span>bimˈʔots<span class="wrap"> </span>veˈɡam<span class="wrap"> </span>beˈʃevet,</span> </td> <td>פעמי לבי מקבת, במאוץ וגם בשבת, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">haʔ</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃˈpiz<span class="wrap"> </span>beˈʃot<span class="wrap"> </span>vaˈʃevet,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔet<span class="wrap"> </span>dalˈti<span class="wrap"> </span>heˈziz<span class="wrap"> </span>bimˈn</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d,</span> </td> <td>הא<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>שפיז בשוט ושבט, את דלתי הזיז במנ<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ד, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔet<span class="wrap"> </span>dalˈti<span class="wrap"> </span>heˈziz<span class="wrap"> </span>heˈniaʕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈketev<span class="wrap"> </span>liʃkaˈti<span class="wrap"> </span>jaˈʃod,</span> </td> <td>את דלתי הזיז הניע, קטב לשכתי ישוד, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔalmoˈni<span class="wrap"> </span>hu<span class="wrap"> </span>haʔoˈreaħ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔalmoˈni<span class="wrap"> </span>hu<span class="wrap"> </span>velo<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕod</span> </td> <td>אלמוני הוא האורח, אלמוני הוא ולא עוד! </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃal</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aˈti<span class="wrap"> </span>parˈsa<span class="wrap"> </span>knaˈfaj</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m,<span class="wrap"> </span>hisuˈsaj<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔafˈsu<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔaˈpaj</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m,</span> </td> <td>שלו<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>תי פרשה כנפי<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">י</span>ם, היסוסי אפסו אפי<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">י</span>ם, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔaˈdon<span class="wrap"> </span>uɡˈveret,<span class="wrap"> </span>beχeˈnut<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔafˈtsir<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔesˈɡ</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d,</span> </td> <td>אדון וגברת, בכנות אפציר אסג<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ד, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ken<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕ</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vˈda<span class="wrap"> </span>hi,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃʕat<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡl</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>uveˈroχ<span class="wrap"> </span>jadˈχa<span class="wrap"> </span>taˈk</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ,</span> </td> <td>כן ע<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>בדה היא, שעת גל<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ש, וברוך ידך תק<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ש, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">medoˈri<span class="wrap"> </span>aˈzaj<span class="wrap"> </span>naˈl</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕet<span class="wrap"> </span>heˈnadeta<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʃad</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d,</span> </td> <td>מדורי אזי נל<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ש, עת הנדת שד<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ד, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lir</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aˈħa<span class="wrap"> </span>dalˈti<span class="wrap"> </span>paˈrasti,<span class="wrap"> </span>ki<span class="wrap"> </span>noˈʕadeti<span class="wrap"> </span>lisˈr</span><span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d,</span> </td> <td>לרו<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>חה דלתי פרשתי, כי נועדתי לשר<span style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;background-color:#FF8800">ו</span>ד, </td></tr> <tr> <td dir="ltr"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">veˈʃur,<span class="wrap"> </span>haˈbet,<span class="wrap"> </span>rak<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃħor,<span class="wrap"> </span>lo<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕod</span> </td> <td>ושור! הבט! רק שחור, לא עוד! </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" dir="ltr">Note: In Modern Hebrew the letter <a href="/wiki/%D7%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ח">ח</a> is commonly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[χ]</a></span> (not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ħ]</a></span>), and the letter <a href="/wiki/%D7%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ע">ע</a> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> (not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span>) if at all; i.e., often neither <a href="/wiki/%D7%90" class="mw-redirect" title="א">א</a> nor <a href="/wiki/%D7%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ע">ע</a> is pronounced. The consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕ/</span> are pronounced daily only <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectally</a>; sometimes however they are also pronounced in festive or theatrical contexts: in <a href="/wiki/Poetry_reading" title="Poetry reading">poetry readings</a>, where a more distinct articulation than usual of the <a href="/wiki/%D7%90" class="mw-redirect" title="א">א</a> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> would be common; thus the proposed transcription could be representative of a literary reading of this text, not representative of everyday Israeli speech. Similarly, the consonantal <a href="/wiki/%D7%99" class="mw-redirect" title="י">י</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual forms</a> כנפיים <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/knaˈfajim/</span> and אפיים <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaˈpajim/</span> is distinctly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> only dialectically or in festive or theatrical contexts and is otherwise not pronounced, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈa.i/</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examination">Historical examination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ktiv_haser">Ktiv haser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ktiv haser"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ktiv haser (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כתיב חסר</span></span>) is writing whose consonants match those generally used in voweled text, but without the actual niqqud. For example, the words <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שֻׁלְחָן</span></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דִּבֵּר</span></span> written in ktiv haser are <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שלחן</span></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דבר</span></span>. In vowelled text, the niqqud indicate the correct <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a>, but when the niqqud is missing, the text is difficult to read, and the reader must make use of the context of each word to know the correct reading. </p><p>A typical example of a Hebrew text written in ktiv haser is the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, read in <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> (simply called the <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a>). For assistance readers often use a <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(book)" title="Tikkun (book)">Tikkun</a>, a book in which the text of the Torah appears in two side-by-side versions, one identical to the text which appears in the Torah, and one with niqqud and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ktiv_male">Ktiv male</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ktiv male"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the difficulty of reading unvowelled text, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Va'ad ha-lashon</a> introduced the Rules for the Spelling-Without-Niqqud (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כללי הכתיב חסר הניקוד</span></span>), which in reality dictates ktiv male. This system mostly involved the addition of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ to mark the different vowels. Later on, these rules were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>, which continued to revise them, and they were mostly accepted by the public, mainly for official writing. </p><p>Ktiv haser became obsolete in Modern Hebrew, and ktiv male has already been dominant for decades in unvowelled texts: all of the <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a> published in Hebrew are written in ktiv male. Additionally, it is common for children's books or texts for those with special needs to contain niqqud, but ktiv haser without niqqud is rare. </p><p>Despite the Academy's standardization of the rules for ktiv male, there is a substantial lack of unity in writing, partly because of a lack of grammatical knowledge, partly because of the historical layers of the language, and partly because of a number of linguistic categories in which the Academy's decisions are not popular. As a result, book publishers and newspaper editors make their own judgments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_for_spelling_without_niqqud">Rules for spelling without niqqud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rules for spelling without niqqud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As is the norm for linguistic rules, the rules for spelling without niqqud are not entirely static. Changes occur from time to time, based on amassed experience. For example, originally the rules for spelling without niqqud dictated that <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אשה</span></span> <i>isha</i> ("woman") should be written without a yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ (to distinguish it from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אישה</span></span> <i>ishah</i> – "her husband"), but currently the exception has been removed, and now, the Academy prefers <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אישה</span></span>. The last substantial change to the rules for spelling without niqqud was made in 1993 updated in 1996. The following is the summary of the current rules:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Every letter that appears in vowelled text also appears in unvowelled text.</li> <li>After a letter vowelled with a <a href="/wiki/Kubuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubuts">kubuts</a> (the vowel /u/), the letter waw <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ appears: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קופסה</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הופל</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כולם</span></span> (<i>k<b>u</b>fsa</i>, <i>h<b>u</b>pal</i>, <i>k<b>u</b>lam</i>).</li> <li>After a letter vowelled with a <a href="/wiki/Holam_haser" class="mw-redirect" title="Holam haser">holam haser</a> (the vowel /o/) the letter waw <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ appears: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בוקר</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ישמור</span></span> (<i>b<b>o</b>ker</i>, <i>yishm<b>o</b>r</i>).</li> <li>After a letter vowelled with a <a href="/wiki/Hirik_haser" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirik haser">hirik haser</a> (the vowel /i/) the letter yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ appears: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דיבור</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יישוב</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תעשייה</span></span> (<i>d<b>i</b>bur</i>, <i>y<b>i</b>shuv</i>, <i>ta'as<b>i</b>ya</i>). The letter yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ does not appear in the following situations: <ul><li>Before a <a href="/wiki/Shva_nah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shva nah">shva nah</a>, for example: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הרגיש</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מנהג</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דמיון</span></span> (<i>hirgish</i>, <i>minhag</i>, <i>dimyon</i>);</li> <li>Words whose base forms do not contain the vowel /i/: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ליבי</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">איתך</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עיתים</span></span> (<i>livi</i>, <i>itkha/itakh</i>, <i>itim</i>), which are inflected forms of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לב</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">את</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עת</span></span>; (<i>lev</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>et</i>), respectively</li> <li>After <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> letters, like in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מביתו</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מיד</span></span> (<i>mi-beto</i>, <i>mi-yad</i>), and also in the words: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עם</span></span> <i>im</i>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הנה</span></span> <i>hine</i></li> <li>Before <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יו</span>‎ (/ju/ or /jo/): <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דיון</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קיום</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בריות</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נטיות</span></span> (<i>diyun</i>, <i>kiyum</i>, <i>briyot</i>, <i>netiyot</i>).</li></ul></li> <li>After a letter vowelled with a <a href="/wiki/Tsere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsere">tsere</a> (the vowel /e/) the letter yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ generally does <i>not</i> appear: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ממד</span></span> (=<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מֵמַד</span></span>), <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אזור</span></span> (=<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֵזוֹר</span></span>) (<i>memad</i>, <i>ezor</i>), but there are situations when yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ does appear: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תיבה</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הישג</span></span> (<i>teva</i>, <i>heseg</i>) and in words in which <a href="/wiki/Tsere" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsere">tsere</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/Hirik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirik">hirik</a> because the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Guttural" title="Guttural">guttural</a> letter (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אהחע"ר</span></span>): <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תיאבון</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תיאבד</span></span> (<i>te'avon</i>, <i>teaved</i>).</li> <li>Consonantal vav <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ (the consonant /v/) is doubled in the middle of a word: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תקווה</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">זווית</span></span> (<i>tikva</i>, <i>zavit</i>). The letter is not doubled at the beginning or the end of a word: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ורוד</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ותיק</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צו</span></span> (<i>varod</i>, <i>vatik</i>, <i>tzav</i>). Initial vav <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ is doubled when an affix letter is added except for the affix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו-</span>‎ (meaning "and-"). Thus from the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ורוד</span></span> <i>varod</i> one has <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הוורוד</span></span> <i>ha-varod</i> but <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וורוד</span></span> <i>u-varod</i>.</li> <li>Consonantal yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ (the consonant /j/) is doubled in the middle of a word, for example: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בניין</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הייתה</span></span> (<i>binyan</i>, <i>hayta</i>). The letter is not doubled at the beginning of a word or after affix letters: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ילד</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יצא</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הילד</span></span> (<i>yeled</i>, <i>yatza</i>, <i>ha-yeled</i>). Still, consonantal yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ is not doubled in the middle of a word where it appears before or after a <a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">mater lectionis</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פרויקט</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מסוים</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ראיה</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הפניה</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בעיה</span></span> (<i>proyekt</i>, <i>mesuyam</i>, <i>re'aya</i>, <i>be'aya</i>).</li></ul> <p>These are the most basic rules. Each one has exceptions which is described in the handbook "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כללי הכתיב חסר הניקוד</span></span>" (spelling rules without niqqud) that the Academy publishes in Hebrew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When a reader is likely to err in the reading of a word, the use of partial vowelling is recommended: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִנהל</span></span> <i>minhal</i> (to distinguish it from <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מנַהל</span></span> <i>menahel</i>).</li> <li>While the rules above apply to the writing of native Hebrew words, they are not used for spelling <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a>, which are frequently written in <i>ktiv haser</i> rather than <i>ktiv male</i>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שלמה</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יעקב</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כהן</span></span> (<i>Shlomo</i>, <i>Ya'akov</i>, <i>Kohen</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Hebrew)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/MissingVocalizationSpelling/Pages/ikkar.aspx">Principles of spelling without niqqud</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101115142323/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/MissingVocalizationSpelling/Pages/ikkar.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-11-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Hebrew)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227051707/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision4.html">Academy of the Hebrew Language rules</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ivrix.org.il/projects/spell-checker/about.html">The Ivrix Project – Spell Checker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014105318/http://ivrix.org.il/projects/spell-checker/about.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ktiv_haser">missing</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&oldid=1251942825">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ktiv_hasar_niqqud&oldid=1251942825</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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