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subrogation process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_insurance_subrogation_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surety's_subrogation_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surety's_subrogation_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Surety's subrogation rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surety's_subrogation_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subrogation_rights_against_trustees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subrogation_rights_against_trustees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Subrogation rights against trustees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subrogation_rights_against_trustees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lender's_subrogation_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lender's_subrogation_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Lender's subrogation rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lender's_subrogation_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waiver_of_subrogation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waiver_of_subrogation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Waiver of subrogation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waiver_of_subrogation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subrogation_in_case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subrogation_in_case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Subrogation in case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subrogation_in_case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subrogation_in_civil_law_jurisdictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subrogation_in_civil_law_jurisdictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Subrogation in civil law jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subrogation_in_civil_law_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Субрагацыя (страхаванне) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Субрагацыя (страхаванне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Субрагацыя (страхаваньне) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Субрагацыя (страхаваньне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrogace" title="Subrogace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Subrogace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abl%C3%B6sungsrecht" title="Ablösungsrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ablösungsrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrogaci%C3%B3n" title="Subrogación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subrogación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اصل جانشینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصل جانشینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrogation_personnelle_en_droit_civil_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Subrogation personnelle en droit civil français – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Subrogation personnelle en droit civil français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9C%84%EB%B3%80%EC%A0%9C" title="대위변제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대위변제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A3" title="תחלוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחלוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E4%BD%8D" title="代位 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="代位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessio_legis" title="Cessio legis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cessio legis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regres_ubezpieczeniowy" title="Regres ubezpieczeniowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Regres ubezpieczeniowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Суброгация (обязательственное право) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суброгация (обязательственное право)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrogation" title="Subrogation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Subrogation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCc%C3%BB_(hukuk)" title="Rücû (hukuk) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rücû (hukuk)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Суброгація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суброгація" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal doctrine whereby a person is entitled to enforce the rights of another</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equitable doctrines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_022_-_Court_of_Chancery,_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Hall_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_022_-_Court_of_Chancery%2C_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Hall_edited.jpg/150px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_022_-_Court_of_Chancery%2C_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Hall_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_022_-_Court_of_Chancery%2C_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Hall_edited.jpg/225px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_022_-_Court_of_Chancery%2C_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Hall_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_022_-_Court_of_Chancery%2C_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Hall_edited.jpg/300px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_022_-_Court_of_Chancery%2C_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Hall_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Doctrines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Estoppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchpot" title="Hotchpot">Hotchpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowing_receipt" title="Knowing receipt">Knowing receipt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laches_(equity)" title="Laches (equity)">Laches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_marshalling" title="Doctrine of marshalling">Marshalling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconscionability" title="Unconscionability">Unconscionability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">Undue influence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subrogation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Defences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser">Bona fide purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_hands" title="Clean hands">Clean hands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Equitable_remedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable remedies">Equitable remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Account_of_profits" title="Account of profits">Account of profits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_trust" title="Constructive trust">Constructive trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaratory relief">Declaratory relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">Injunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_(law)" title="Rectification (law)">Rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_interest" title="Equitable interest">Equitable interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_equity_and_trusts" title="History of equity and trusts">History of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxims_of_equity" title="Maxims of equity">Maxims of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_(law)" title="Tracing (law)">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">Trust law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Equitable_doctrines" title="Template:Equitable doctrines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Equitable_doctrines" title="Template talk:Equitable doctrines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Equitable_doctrines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Equitable doctrines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Subrogation</b> is the assumption by a third party (such as a second creditor or an insurance company) of another party's legal right to collect debts or damages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">legal doctrine</a> whereby one person is entitled to enforce the subsisting or revived rights of another for their own benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A right of subrogation typically arises by operation of law, but can also arise by statute or by agreement. Subrogation is an <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equitable</a> remedy, having first developed in the English <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a>. It is a familiar feature of <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> systems. Analogous doctrines exist in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> jurisdictions. </p><p>Subrogation is a relatively specialised legal field; entire legal textbooks are devoted to the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countries which have inherited the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> system will typically have a doctrine of subrogation, but its doctrinal basis in a particular jurisdiction may vary from that in other jurisdictions, depending upon the extent to which <a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">equity</a> remains a distinct body of law in that jurisdiction. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">English courts</a> have now accepted that the concept of <a href="/wiki/English_unjust_enrichment_law" title="English unjust enrichment law">unjust enrichment</a> has a role to play in subrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, this approach has been stridently rejected by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, where the doctrinal basis of subrogation is said to lie in the prevention of unconscionable results: for example, the discharge of a debtor or one party obtaining double recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The situations in which subrogation will be available are not closed and vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Subrogation typically arises in three-party situations. Some common examples of subrogation include: </p> <ul><li><i>Indemnity insurance.</i> An indemnity insurer may be entitled to be subrogated to the rights of insured as against a third party who is responsible for the damage to the insured.</li> <li><i>Law of guarantees</i><b>.</b> A surety may be entitled to be subrogated to the rights of the creditor as against the principal debtor.</li> <li><i>Trust creditors.</i> A creditor of a trustee may be entitled to be subrogated to the trustee's right of indemnity.</li> <li><i>Subrogation to outgoing securities.</i> A lender who advances funds for the purpose of discharging a security may be entitled to be subrogated to the third party's security as against the borrower.</li> <li><i>Bills of exchange.</i> The indorser of a bill of exchange may be entitled to be subrogated to the holder as against the acceptor (who is liable to indemnify the indorser).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indemnity_insurer's_subrogation_rights"><span id="Indemnity_insurer.27s_subrogation_rights"></span>Indemnity insurer's subrogation rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indemnity insurer's subrogation rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Subrogation" has been used in this context to refer to two distinct situations. </p><p>First, after paying out under a policy of indemnity insurance, an insurer may be entitled to stand in the shoes of the insured and enforce the insured's rights against the third party tortfeasor who is responsible for the loss.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is subrogation in its proper or core sense. Insurance subrogation, and, specifically, the types and amounts of payments that can be recovered, differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. </p><p>Secondly, after paying out under a policy of indemnity insurance, an insurer may be entitled to sue the insured where the insured has already had his loss made good by the third party tortfeasor. That is, the insurer has a claim against the insured so as to ensure that the insured does not get double recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation might arise if, for example, an insured claimed in full under the policy, but then started proceedings against the third party tortfeasor, and recovered substantial damages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking, this is not a case of subrogation; it is a case of recoupment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_insurance_subrogation_process">Travel insurance subrogation process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Travel insurance subrogation process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Excess_insurance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excess insurance (page does not exist)">excess</a>" or "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Supplemental_insurance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supplemental insurance (page does not exist)">supplemental</a>" travel insurance policy where there is a 'first payer' clause, through the subrogation process an insurer is legally entitled to seek cost-sharing up to a certain percentage from a member's private group <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> provider after the insurer pays out a travel insurance claim.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_2016_Mar_23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_2016_Mar_23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plans are less expensive but if there is a major claim made, Insurance carriers, such as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada#RBC_Insurance" title="Royal Bank of Canada">RBC insurance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rbcinsurance_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbcinsurance-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can offer <sup id="cite_ref-rbcinsurance_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbcinsurance-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Any of our policies are excess insurance and are the last payers. All other sources of recovery, indemnity payments or insurance coverage must be exhausted before any payments will be made under any of our policies.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>RBC Insurance Saltzman CBC 2016</cite></div></blockquote> <p>While these supplemental travel insurance policies may be less expensive in the short run, they can have devastating consequences if a serious and costly health crisis occurs while travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_2016_Mar_23_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_2016_Mar_23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That means that if a client makes a claim, the insurer will recover that amount from the member's private group health insurance provider such as $100,000 of the $200,000 total. That can become problematic if the member later has a serious illness because many private group health insurance providers have a lifetime maximum coverage amount, such as $500,000, for its extended health plans. If the member purchases travel insurance from their own extended health-care provider, a claim would not have affected the lifetime maximum.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_2016_Mar_23_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_2016_Mar_23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surety's_subrogation_rights"><span id="Surety.27s_subrogation_rights"></span>Surety's subrogation rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surety's subrogation rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Surety" title="Surety">surety</a> who pays off the debts of another party may be entitled to be subrogated to the creditor's former claims and remedies against the debtor to recover the sum paid.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That would include the endorser on a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of exchange">bill of exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surety will then have the benefit of any <a href="/wiki/Security_interest" title="Security interest">security interest</a> in favour of the creditor for the original debt. Conceptually this is an important point, as the subrogee will take the subrogor's security rights by operation of law, even if the subrogee had been unaware of them.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subrogation_rights_against_trustees">Subrogation rights against trustees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subrogation rights against trustees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustee</a> of who enters into transactions for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Beneficiary_(trust)" title="Beneficiary (trust)">beneficiaries</a> of the trust is generally entitled to be indemnified out of the trust assets; this is secured by way of an equitable <a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">lien</a> or first charge over the trust assets. This is a proprietary security interest. </p><p>Trust creditors (that is, persons who have become creditors of the trustee <i>qua</i> trustee) may be entitled to be subrogated to the trustee's lien. This is a particularly precarious 'right' of trust creditors: a trustee may not have a right of indemnity (for example, because the trustee has committed a breach of trust in incurring the liability to the creditor in question) or it may be limited (for example, where the trustee has committed an unrelated breach of trust and the clear accounts rule operates). In some jurisdictions it is possible for the trustee's right of indemnity to be excluded altogether. In these cases, subrogation may be rendered worthless or impossible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lender's_subrogation_rights"><span id="Lender.27s_subrogation_rights"></span>Lender's subrogation rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lender's subrogation rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where a lender lends money to a borrower to discharge the borrower's debt to a third party (or which the lender pays directly to the third party to discharge the debt), the lender may be entitled to be subrogated to the third party's former rights against the borrower to the extent of the debt discharged.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where a <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a>, acting on what it believes erroneously to be the valid mandate of its client, pays money to a third party which discharges the customer's liability to the third party, the bank is subrogated to the third party's former remedies against the customer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If subrogation is available, the subrogated party is entitled to stand in the shoes of another and enforce that other party's rights. If the equity is established, the court may effect the subrogation remedy by way of equitable lien, charge, or a constructive trust with a liability to account. Crucially, the claimant's rights are wholly derivative, hence the claimant has no higher rights than the person to whom he or she is subrogated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waiver_of_subrogation">Waiver of subrogation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Waiver of subrogation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In practice insurers may agree to a waiver of their subrogation rights.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subrogation_in_case_law">Subrogation in case law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subrogation in case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, in <i>River Junction v Maryland Casualty Co.</i> (1943),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</a> held that the <a href="/wiki/Assignee" class="mw-redirect" title="Assignee">assignee</a> (the bank), should properly be subrogated to the rights of the owner, and not the surety.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subrogation_in_civil_law_jurisdictions">Subrogation in civil law jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subrogation in civil law jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Analogous doctrines exist in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries; for example, Articles 1651-1659 of the <i>Civil Code of Quebec</i> deal with subrogation under <a href="/wiki/Quebec_law" title="Quebec law">Quebec's civil law</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A person who pays in the place of a debtor may be subrogated to the rights of the creditor.<br />He does not have more rights than the subrogating creditor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment (law)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/subrogation">"Definition of SUBROGATION"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SUBROGATION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsubrogation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_MitchellStephen_Watterson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mitchell_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Mitchell (academic)">Charles Mitchell</a>; Stephen Watterson (2007). <i>Subrogation</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. paragraph 1.01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199296644" title="Special:BookSources/9780199296644"><bdi>9780199296644</bdi></a>. <q>In <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> the term 'subrogation' denotes a process by which one party is deemed to have been substituted for another, so that he can acquire and enforce the other's rights against a third party for his own benefit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subrogation&rft.pages=paragraph+1.01&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199296644&rft.au=Charles+Mitchell&rft.au=Stephen+Watterson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_MitchellStephen_Watterson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mitchell_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Mitchell (academic)">Charles Mitchell</a>; Stephen Watterson (2007). <i>Subrogation</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199296644" title="Special:BookSources/9780199296644"><bdi>9780199296644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subrogation&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199296644&rft.au=Charles+Mitchell&rft.au=Stephen+Watterson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Newton_Sheldon2017" class="citation book cs1">Henry Newton Sheldon (2017). <i>The Law of Subrogation</i> (1st ed.). Andesite Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1375572576" title="Special:BookSources/978-1375572576"><bdi>978-1375572576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Subrogation&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Andesite+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1375572576&rft.au=Henry+Newton+Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <i>Bank of Cyprus v Menelaou</i> [2015] UKSC 66; it was first recognised in <i>Banque Financiere v Parc</i> [1999] 1 AC 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bofinger v Kingsway</i> [2009] HCA 44; Heydon, Leeming and Turner, <i>Meagher, Gummow & Lehane's Equity: Doctrine and Remedies</i> (5th ed, 2015) 391-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mason v Sainsbury</i> (1782) 3 Dougl KB 61; <i>Morris v Ford Motor Co</i> [1973] QB 792</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Castellain v Preston</i> (1883) 11 QBD 380; <i>Re Miller, Gibb & Co</i> [1957] 1 WLR 703</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In practice there are many reasons why an insured may do this; to recover a related uninsurable loss, to establish a defence to other claims against the insured. However, in each case the law requires them to return the amount of any compensation received in respect of which they have also received insurance payments to the insurer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_2016_Mar_23-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2016_Mar_23_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2016_Mar_23_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC_2016_Mar_23_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltzman,_Aaron2016" class="citation web cs1">Saltzman, Aaron (20 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/buy-travel-health-insurance-end-up-with-less-coverage-a-couple-s-hard-lesson-1.3495864">"Buy travel health insurance, end up with less coverage: A couple's hard lesson If you buy travel insurance, be aware of the 'first payer' clause"</a>. CBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buy+travel+health+insurance%2C+end+up+with+less+coverage%3A+A+couple%27s+hard+lesson+If+you+buy+travel+insurance%2C+be+aware+of+the+%27first+payer%27+clause&rft.pub=CBC&rft.date=2016-03-20&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fbuy-travel-health-insurance-end-up-with-less-coverage-a-couple-s-hard-lesson-1.3495864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbcinsurance-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbcinsurance_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbcinsurance_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insurancehotline.com/rbcinsurance/">"RBC Insurance History"</a>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RBC+Insurance+History&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insurancehotline.com%2Frbcinsurance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubrogation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Forbes v Jackson</i> (1882) 19 Ch D 615</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Duncan, Fox & Co v North and South Wales Bank</i> (1880) 6 App Cas 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Mitchell, <i>The Law of Subrogation</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-825938-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-825938-7">0-19-825938-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Butler v Rice</i> [1910] 2 Ch 277; <i>Ghana Commercial Bank v Chandiram</i> [1960] AC 732</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>B Liggett (Liverpool) Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd</i> [1928] 1 KB 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackfriars Group Insurance, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackfriarsgroup.com/subrogation-insurance-policy/">What is Subrogation Under An Insurance Policy?</a>, accessed 8 October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/110/278/1505271/">Town of River Junction v. Maryland Casualty Co., 110 F.2d 278 (5th Cir. 1940)</a>, accessed 26 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law Review Editors, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperity.org/p/81661103/the-assignment-of-claims-act-of-1940-assignee-v-surety">The Assignment of Claims Act of 1940: Assignee v. Surety</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review" title="University of Chicago Law Review">University of Chicago Law Review</a></i>, p. 121, published 9 January 1952, accessed 26 May 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Légis Québec, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/version/cs/ccq-1991?code=se:1651&history=20221003">CCQ-1991 - Civil Code of Québec</a>, section 1651, accessed 6 October 2022</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrogation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subrogation.org">NASP (National Association of Subrogation Professionals)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/rod/docs/pdf/0/2004/2004-Ohio-4886.pdf">Northern Buckeye vs Lawson</a> – 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveryhealthpartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/subrogation_ebook-next_generation_best_practices_2014.pdf">eBook: Next-Generation Subrogation Solutions</a> – 2014</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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