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Account of profits - Wikipedia

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of equitable remedy in law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Judicial remedies</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Legal remedies (<a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Damages</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">Punitive damages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_damages" title="Incidental damages">Incidental damages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_damages" title="Consequential damages">Consequential damages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidated_damages" title="Liquidated damages">Liquidated damages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_damages" title="Reliance damages">Reliance damages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_damages" title="Statutory damages">Statutory damages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_damages" title="Treble damages">Treble damages</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Equitable_remedy" title="Equitable remedy">Equitable remedies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">Injunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_performance" title="Specific performance">Specific performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_trust" title="Constructive trust">Constructive trust</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Account of profits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescission_(contract_law)" title="Rescission (contract law)">Rescission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectification_(law)" title="Rectification (law)">Rectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrogation" title="Subrogation">Subrogation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adequate_remedy" title="Adequate remedy">Adequate remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_of_remedies" title="Election of remedies">Election of remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_remedy" title="Provisional remedy">Provisional remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_(law)" title="Tracing (law)">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_costs" title="Court costs">Court costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_judgment" title="Declaratory judgment">Declaratory relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment" title="Restitution and unjust enrichment">Restitution</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judicial_remedies" title="Template:Judicial remedies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judicial_remedies" title="Template talk:Judicial remedies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judicial_remedies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judicial remedies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>account of profits</b> (sometimes referred to as an <b>accounting for profits</b> or simply an <b>accounting</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Equitable_remedy" title="Equitable remedy">equitable remedy</a> most commonly used in cases of breach of <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> duty.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is an action taken against a <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> to recover the <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profits</a> taken as a result of the breach of duty, in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Unjust_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Unjust enrichment">unjust enrichment</a>. </p><p>In conducting an account of profits, the plaintiff is treated as if they were conducting the business of the defendant, and made those profits which were attributable to the defendant's wrongful actions. This can be rather complex in practice, because the defendant's <a href="/wiki/Accounting_records" title="Accounting records">accounting records</a> must be examined (sometimes by a <a href="/wiki/Forensic_accountant" title="Forensic accountant">forensic accountant</a>) to determine what portion of his gross profits were derived to the wrongful act in question.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a result, mathematical exactness is not called for and reasonable approximation is acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically an account was not an equitable remedy, but was an action at common law, and is therefore technically an instrument of law, though it arose at a time before the distinction between law and equity was marked.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-owners in <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">concurrent estates</a> also have the right to an accounting of profits, in order to properly apportion income from the use or <a href="/wiki/Leasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasing">leasing</a> of the property. The remedy is also available against strangers to a trust who "dishonestly assist" an express trustee in a breach of the trustee's fiduciary duty.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Case law has shown roughly two approaches to assessing the extent of an account of profits:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>To account not of the entire business but of the particular benefits which flowed to him in breach of his duty;</li> <li>To account for the entire business and its profits, due allowance being made for the time, energy, skill and financial contribution of the fiduciary (the approach in <i><a href="/wiki/Boardman_v_Phipps" title="Boardman v Phipps">Boardman v Phipps</a></i>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Account_of_profits&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_(law)" title="Tracing (law)">Tracing (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_trust" title="Constructive trust">Constructive trust</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Account_of_profits&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a>, ed. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackslawdiction00blac_1"><i>Black's Law Dictionary</i></a></span> (7th&#160;ed.). West Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-314-22864-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-314-22864-0"><bdi>0-314-22864-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=West+Group&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-314-22864-0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackslawdiction00blac_1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccount+of+profits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh_Ellis2006" class="citation web cs1">Leigh Ellis (6 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mondaq.com/uk/patent/44776/theory-into-action-calculating-damages-payments-and-accounts-of-profits-in-patent-cases">"Theory into Action: Calculating Damages Payments and Accounts of Profits in Patent Cases"</a>. Gillhams Solicitors.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Theory+into+Action%3A+Calculating+Damages+Payments+and+Accounts+of+Profits+in+Patent+Cases&amp;rft.pub=Gillhams+Solicitors&amp;rft.date=2006-12-06&amp;rft.au=Leigh+Ellis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Fuk%2Fpatent%2F44776%2Ftheory-into-action-calculating-damages-payments-and-accounts-of-profits-in-patent-cases&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccount+of+profits" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Warman International Limited v Dwyer</i>&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1995/18.html">&#91;1995&#93; HCA 18</a>&#32;at [25], (1995) 182 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 544, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Trust Co. v. H &amp; R Block Canada Inc.</i>, &#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2003/2003scc66/2003scc66.html">2003 SCC 66</a>, [2003] 3 SCR 160&#32;(14 November 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_HunterTom_Wood2014" class="citation web cs1">Robert Hunter; Tom Wood (17 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsfnotes.com/litigation/2014/07/17/court-of-appeal-confirms-account-of-profits-available-as-remedy-for-dishonest-assistance/">"Court of Appeal confirms account of profits available as remedy for dishonest assistance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Smith_Freehills" title="Herbert Smith Freehills">Herbert Smith Freehills</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Court+of+Appeal+confirms+account+of+profits+available+as+remedy+for+dishonest+assistance&amp;rft.pub=Herbert+Smith+Freehills&amp;rft.date=2014-07-17&amp;rft.au=Robert+Hunter&amp;rft.au=Tom+Wood&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsfnotes.com%2Flitigation%2F2014%2F07%2F17%2Fcourt-of-appeal-confirms-account-of-profits-available-as-remedy-for-dishonest-assistance%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccount+of+profits" class="Z3988"></span>, discussing <i>Novoship (UK) Limited &amp; Ors v Nikitin &amp; Ors</i>&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2014/908.html">&#91;2014&#93; EWCA Civ 908</a>&#32;(4 July 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hospital_Products_Ltd_v_United_States_Surgical_Corporation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation (page does not exist)">Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation</a></i>&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1984/64.html">&#91;1984&#93; HCA 64</a>&#32;at [101], (1984) 156 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 41&#32;(25 October 1984), <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> (Australia).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Account_of_profits&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-to-calculate-your-taxable-profits-hs222-self-assessment-helpsheet/hs222-how-to-calculate-your-taxable-profits-2018--2">HS222 How to calculate your taxable profits (2019)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deinjob.de/job-finanzbuchhalter">Finanzbuchhalter</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/serious-invasions-of-privacy-in-the-digital-era-dp-80/11-remedies-and-costs/account-of-profits/">Account of profits ALRC</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/22px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/33px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/44px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal term</a> article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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