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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Europeans_(1606–1906)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Europeans_(1606–1906)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Arrival of Europeans (1606–1906) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Europeans_(1606–1906)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_(1906–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_(1906–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Colonial era (1906–1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_(1906–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_period_(1906–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_period_(1906–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Early period (1906–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_period_(1906–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead-up_to_independence_(1945–1980)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead-up_to_independence_(1945–1980)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Lead-up to independence (1945–1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead-up_to_independence_(1945–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_(1980–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_(1980–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independence (1980–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_(1980–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tropical_cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Tropical cyclones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Earthquakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Environmental policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Armed forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Expenditure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vanuatu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 212 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-212" aria-hidden="true" > 212 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AB%E1%8A%91%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B1" title="ቫኑአቱ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቫኑአቱ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="वनुआटु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वनुआटु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanuatu" title="Fanuatu – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fanuatu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فانواتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فانواتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Վանուաթու – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վանուաթու" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanu%C3%A1tu" title="Vanuátu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vanuátu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="وانواتو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وانواتو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ভানুয়াতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভানুয়াতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="वानूआतू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वानूआतू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banuatu" title="Banuatu – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Banuatu" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝ་ནུའ་ཏུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝ་ནུའ་ཏུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanatu" title="Vanatu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vanatu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanwatw" title="Fanwatw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fanwatw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ڤانواتو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤانواتو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%93%DE%AB" title="ވަނުއާޓޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވަނުއާޓޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeeshzhahnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Adeeshzhahnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Adeeshzhahnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="भानुआटु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भानुआटु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βανουάτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βανουάτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatuo" title="Vanuatuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vanuatuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="وانواتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وانواتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan%C3%BBat%C3%BB" title="Fanûatû – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fanûatû" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanuwatu" title="Fanuwatu – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Fanuwatu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuat%C3%BA" title="Vanuatú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vanuatú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanuatu" title="Bhanuatu – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bhanuatu" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="वनुआटु – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="वनुआटु" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%88%84%EC%95%84%ED%88%AC" title="바누아투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바누아투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Վանուատու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանուատու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="वानूआतू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वानूआतू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="ভানুয়াতু – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ভানুয়াতু" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%99%E1%93%84%E1%90%8A%E1%91%90" title="ᕙᓄᐊᑐ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕙᓄᐊᑐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%BAat%C3%BA" title="Vanúatú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vanúatú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95" title="ונואטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונואטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ವನುವಾಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವನುವಾಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="ვანუატუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვანუატუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuwatu" title="Vanuwatu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Vanuwatu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatua" title="Vanuatua – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vanuatua" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanwatou" title="Vanwatou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vanwatou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%BBat%C3%BB" title="Vanûatû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vanûatû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanoato" title="Vanoato – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanoato" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81" title="വാനുവാടു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാനുവാടു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanwatu" title="Vanwatu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Vanwatu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whenuat%C5%AB" title="Whenuatū – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whenuatū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="व्हानुआतू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हानुआतू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="ვანუატუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვანუატუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="فانواتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فانواتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="وانواتو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وانواتو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8" title="ꯚꯥꯅꯨꯑꯥꯇꯨ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯚꯥꯅꯨꯑꯥꯇꯨ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဗနွားတူနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗနွားတူနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="भानुअटु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भानुअटु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="भानुआटु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भानुआटु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%8C%E3%82%A2%E3%83%84" title="バヌアツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バヌアツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanuaatuu" title="Wanuaatuu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wanuaatuu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waenuwaatu" title="Waenuwaatu – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Waenuwaatu" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਵਨੁਆਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਨੁਆਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="वनुवाटु – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="वनुवाटु" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88" title="وینوآتو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینوآتو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BC" title="វ៉ានូអាទូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វ៉ានូអាទូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanwatu" title="Wanwatu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wanwatu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="वनुवाटु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वनुवाटु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88" title="وانوآتو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وانوآتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanwatu" title="Fanwatu – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fanwatu" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="ڤانواتوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤانواتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வனுவாட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வனுவாட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဝႅၼ်ႇၼူးဝႃႇထူႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဝႅၼ်ႇၼူးဝႃႇထူႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9" title="ประเทศวานูวาตู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศวานูวาตู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%9A" title="ᏩᏂᎤᏩᏚ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᏂᎤᏩᏚ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Вануату – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вануату" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="وانواتو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وانواتو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%87" title="ۋانۇئاتۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋانۇئاتۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu%C3%A4ns" title="Vanuatuäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vanuatuäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E9%82%A3%E6%9D%9C" title="萬那杜 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="萬那杜" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanuatu" title="Wanuatu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wanuatu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="瓦努阿图 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦努阿图" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95" title="וואנואטו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואנואטו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanuatu" title="Fanuatu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fanuatu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E7%B4%8D%E5%9C%96" title="溫納圖 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="溫納圖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="瓦努阿图 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦努阿图" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanuatu" title="Wanuatu – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wanuatu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Vanuatu</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:100%;">Ripablik blong Vanuatu (<a href="/wiki/Bislama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bislama language">Bislama</a>)</li><li style="font-size:100%;">République de Vanuatu (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Vanuatu"><img alt="Flag of Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/125px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/188px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/250px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vanuatu" title="Flag of Vanuatu">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vanuatu"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="643" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu" title="Coat of arms of Vanuatu"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Long God yumi stanap" (Bislama) Nous nous tenons devant Dieu (French) "With God we stand"<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynchPat1996319-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi" title="Yumi, Yumi, Yumi">Yumi, Yumi, Yumi</a>" (Bislama) "We, We, We" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=bi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bi" label="Bislama ‪(bi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Yumi%2C_Yumi%2C_Yumi.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu_on_the_globe_(Polynesia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Vanuatu"><img alt="Location of Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vanuatu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/250px-Vanuatu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vanuatu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/375px-Vanuatu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vanuatu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/500px-Vanuatu_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="861" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vanuatu&params=17_S_168_E_type:city">17°S 168°E / 17°S 168°E / -17; 168</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bislama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bislama language">Bislama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>98.5% <a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">Ni-Vanuatu</a></li><li>1.5% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>93.4% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>75.1% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>13.5% <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li>4.8% other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>4.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu#The_traditional_religion_of_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Animism</a></li><li>1.4% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li><li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">other</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">Ni-Vanuatu</a> (or rarely: Vanuatuan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vanuatu" title="Politics of Vanuatu">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vanuatu" title="President of Vanuatu">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu" title="Nikenike Vurobaravu">Nikenike Vurobaravu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu" title="Prime Minister of Vanuatu">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charlot_Salwai" title="Charlot Salwai">Charlot Salwai</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Vanuatu" title="Parliament of Vanuatu">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 July 1980</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_489" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 489">Admitted to the</a> United Nations </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 1981</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vanuatu" title="Geography of Vanuatu">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,189 km2 (4,706 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">157th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vanuatu" title="Demographics of Vanuatu">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">335,908<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">182nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2020 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">300,019<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">27.6/km2 (71.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">188th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.002 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$3,001<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1.064 billion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$3,188<a href="#cite_note-imf2-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2019)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 32.3<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.614<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">140th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_vatu" title="Vanuatu vatu">Vatu</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">VUV</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+11 (VUT (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Vanuatu" title="Time in Vanuatu">Vanuatu Time</a>))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vanuatu" title="Telephone numbers in Vanuatu">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B678" class="mw-redirect" title="+678">+678</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:VU" title="ISO 3166-2:VU">VU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.vu" title=".vu">.vu</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Vanuatu (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌvɑːnuˈɑːtuː/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/En-us-Vanuatu.ogg\/En-us-Vanuatu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Vanuatu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/En-us-Vanuatu.ogg/En-us-Vanuatu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Vanuatu.ogg" title="File:En-us-Vanuatu.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VAH-noo-AH-too</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vænˈwɑːtuː/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">van-WAH-too</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Bislama and French pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[vanuatu]</a>), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French: République de Vanuatu; <a href="/wiki/Bislama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bislama language">Bislama</a>: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> located in the South Pacific Ocean. The <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 km (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 540 km (340 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, southeast of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, and west of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. Vanuatu was first inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Fernandes de Queirós</a>, who arrived on the largest island, <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo" class="mw-redirect" title="Espíritu Santo">Espíritu Santo</a>, in 1606. Queirós claimed the archipelago for Spain, as part of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> and named it La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo. In the 1880s, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> claimed parts of the archipelago, and in 1906, they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> through an Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a>. An independence movement arose in the 1970s, and the Republic of Vanuatu was founded in 1980. Since independence, the country has become a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Vanuatu's name derives from the word <a href="/wiki/Vanua" title="Vanua">vanua</a> ("land" or "home"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHess2009115-9">[9]</a> which occurs in several <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> combined with the word tu, meaning "to stand" (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">POc</a> *tuqur).<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Together, the two words convey the independent status of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley20043-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">History of Vanuatu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> The history of Vanuatu before European colonisation is mostly obscure because of the lack of written sources up to that point, and because only limited archaeological work has been conducted; Vanuatu's volatile geology and climate is also likely to have destroyed or hidden many prehistoric sites.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Archaeological evidence gathered since the 1980s supports the theory that the Vanuatuan islands were first settled about 3,000 years ago, in the period roughly between 1100 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> and 700 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedfordSpriggs2008-14">[13]</a> These were almost certainly people of the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>. The formerly widespread idea that Vanuatu might have been only marginally affected by this culture was rendered obsolete by the evidence uncovered in recent decades at numerous sites on most of the islands in the archipelago, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Banks_Islands" title="Banks Islands">Banks Islands</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Aneityum" title="Aneityum">Aneityum</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Notable Lapita sites include <a href="/wiki/Teouma" title="Teouma">Teouma</a> on <a href="/wiki/%C3%89fat%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Éfaté">Éfaté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uripiv" title="Uripiv">Uripiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vao_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Vao Island">Vao</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Malakula" title="Malakula">Malakula</a>, and Makue on <a href="/wiki/Aore" title="Aore">Aore</a>. Several ancient burial sites have been excavated, most notably Teouma on Éfaté, which has a large ancient cemetery containing the remains of 94 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> There are also sites – on Éfaté and on the adjacent islands of <a href="/wiki/Lelepa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lelepa Island">Lelepa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eretoka" title="Eretoka">Eretoka</a> – associated with the 16th–17th century chief or chiefs called <a href="/wiki/Roy_Mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Mata">Roy Mata</a>. (This may be a title held by different men over several generations.) Roy Mata is said to have united local clans and instituted and presided over an era of peace.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Challenges-16">[15]</a> The stories about Roy Mata come from local oral tradition and are consistent with centuries-old evidence uncovered at archaeological sites.<a href="#cite_note-Challenges-16">[15]</a> The Lapita sites became Vanuatu's first <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-RNZI_40819-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fels_Cave_Drawings_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fels_Cave_Drawings_1.jpg/220px-Fels_Cave_Drawings_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fels_Cave_Drawings_1.jpg/330px-Fels_Cave_Drawings_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Fels_Cave_Drawings_1.jpg/440px-Fels_Cave_Drawings_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Cave drawings, <a href="/wiki/Lelepa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lelepa Island">Lelepa Island</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Roy_Mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Mata">Roy Mata</a> World Heritage Site</figcaption></figure> The immediate origins of the Lapita lie to the northwest, in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands archipelago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> though DNA studies of a 3,000-year-old skeleton found near <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a> in 2016 indicates that some may have arrived directly from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, pausing only briefly en route.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> They brought with them crops such as <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, and banana, as well as domesticated animals such as pigs and chickens.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Their arrival is coincident with the extinction of several species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mekosuchus" title="Mekosuchus">land crocodile</a> (Mekosuchus kalpokasi), <a href="/wiki/Meiolania" title="Meiolania">land tortoise</a> (Meiolania damelipi) and various flightless bird species.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Lapita settlements reached as far east as <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> at their greatest extent.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Over time, the Lapita culture lost much of its early unity; as such, it became increasingly fragmented, the precise reasons for which are unclear. Over the centuries, pottery, settlement and burial practices in Vanuatu all evolved in a more localised direction, with long-distance trade and migration patterns contracting.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Nevertheless, some limited long-distance trade did continue, with similar cultural practices and late-period items also being found in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, the Bismarcks and the Solomons.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Finds in central and southern Vanuatu, such as distinctive adzes, also indicate some trade connections with, and possibly population movements of, Polynesian peoples to the east.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a> Over time, it is thought that the Lapita either mixed with, or acted as pioneers for, migrants coming from the Bismarks and elsewhere in Melanesia, ultimately producing the darker-skinned physiognomy that is typical of modern Ni-Vanuatu.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Linguistically, the Lapita peoples' Austronesian languages were maintained, with all of the numerous 100+ autochthonous <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">languages of Vanuatu</a> being classified as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language family">Austronesian language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eth-22">[21]</a> This linguistic hyperdiversity resulted from a number of factors: continuing waves of migration, the existence of numerous decentralised and generally self-sufficient communities, hostilities between people groups, with none able to dominate any of the others, and the difficult geography of Vanuatu that impeded inter- and intra-island travel and communication.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The geological record also shows that a huge volcanic eruption occurred on <a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 CE, which would have devastated local populations and likely resulted in further population movements.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuwae2006-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a> was widespread in some parts of Vanuatu.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Europeans_(1606–1906)">Arrival of Europeans (1606–1906)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrival of Europeans (1606–1906)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s.JPG/170px-Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s.JPG/255px-Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s.JPG/340px-Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Quir%C3%B3s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernandes de Queirós</a> was the first European to arrive in Vanuatu, in 1606. He named <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a>, the largest island in Vanuatu.</figcaption></figure> The Vanuatu islands first had contact with Europeans in April 1606, when the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernandes de Queirós</a>, sailing for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Crown</a>, departed <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">El Callao</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> sailed by the <a href="/wiki/Banks_Islands" title="Banks Islands">Banks Islands</a>, landing briefly on <a href="/wiki/Gaua" title="Gaua">Gaua</a> (which he called Santa María).<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-27">[26]</a> Continuing further south, Queirós arrived at the largest island, naming it La Austrialia del <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo" class="mw-redirect" title="Espíritu Santo">Espíritu Santo</a> or "The Southern Land of the Holy Spirit", believing he had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a> (Australia).<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The Spanish established a short-lived settlement named Nueva Jerusalem at Big Bay on the north side of the island.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-27">[26]</a> Despite Queirós's intention, relations with the Ni-Vanuatu turned violent within days. The Spanish subsequent attempts to make contact were met with the islanders fleeing or leading the explorers into an ambush.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a> Many of the crew, including Queirós, were also suffering from ill health, with Queirós's mental state also deteriorating.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-27">[26]</a> The settlement was abandoned after a month, with Queirós continuing his search for the southern continent.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a> Europeans did not return until 1768, when the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville" title="Louis Antoine de Bougainville">Louis Antoine de Bougainville</a> sailed by the islands on 22 May, naming them the Great <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anne-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a> Of the various French toponyms Bougainville devised, only <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Island">Pentecost Island</a> has stuck.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-27">[26]</a> The French landed on <a href="/wiki/Ambae" title="Ambae">Ambae</a>, trading with the native people in a peaceful manner, though Bougainville stated that they were later attacked, necessitating him to fire warning shots with his muskets, before his crew left and continued their voyage.<a href="#cite_note-Jolly-27">[26]</a> In July–September 1774 the islands were explored extensively by British explorer <a href="/wiki/Captain_James_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain James Cook">Captain James Cook</a>, who named them the New Hebrides, after the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> off the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, a name that lasted until independence in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-cp-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-27">[26]</a> Cook managed to maintain generally cordial relations with the Ni-Vanuatu by giving them presents and refraining from violence.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jolly-27">[26]</a> In 1789, <a href="/wiki/William_Bligh" title="William Bligh">William Bligh</a> and the remainder of his crew sailed through the Banks Islands on their return voyage to <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">mutiny on the Bounty</a>; Bligh later returned to the islands, naming them after his benefactor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Whaleships were among the first regular visitors to this group of islands. The first recorded visit was by the Rose in February 1804, and the last known visit by the New Bedford ship John and Winthrop in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In 1825, the trader <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dillon" title="Peter Dillon">Peter Dillon</a>'s discovery of <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Erromango" title="Erromango">Erromango</a>, highly valued as an incense in China where it could be traded for tea, resulted in rush of incomers that ended in 1830 after a clash between immigrant Polynesian workers and indigenous Ni-Vanuatu.<a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sandalwood-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198712-14-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Further sandalwood trees were found on Efate, Espiritu Santo, and Aneityum, prompting a series of boom and busts, though supplies were essentially exhausted by the mid-1860s, and the trade largely ceased.<a href="#cite_note-Sandalwood-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> During the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">planters</a> in Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, and the Samoan islands, in need of labourers, encouraged a long-term <a href="/wiki/Indentured_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured labour">indentured labour</a> trade called "<a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>".<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> At the height of the labour trade, more than one-half the adult male population of several of the islands worked abroad. Because of this, and the poor conditions and abuse often faced by workers, as well the introduction of common diseases to which native Ni-Vanuatu had no immunity, the population of Vanuatu declined severely, with the current population being greatly reduced compared to pre-contact times.<a href="#cite_note-cp-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archaeology-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Greater oversight of the trade saw it gradually wind down, with Australia barring any further 'blackbird' labourers in 1906, followed by Fiji and Samoa in 1910 and 1913 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Landing_at_Tana_one_of_the_New_Hebrides,_by_William_Hodges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Landing_at_Tana_one_of_the_New_Hebrides%2C_by_William_Hodges.jpg/300px-The_Landing_at_Tana_one_of_the_New_Hebrides%2C_by_William_Hodges.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Landing_at_Tana_one_of_the_New_Hebrides%2C_by_William_Hodges.jpg/450px-The_Landing_at_Tana_one_of_the_New_Hebrides%2C_by_William_Hodges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Landing_at_Tana_one_of_the_New_Hebrides%2C_by_William_Hodges.jpg/600px-The_Landing_at_Tana_one_of_the_New_Hebrides%2C_by_William_Hodges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> landing at <a href="/wiki/Tanna_(island)" title="Tanna (island)">Tanna island</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1774</figcaption></figure> From 1839 onwards, <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, arrived on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> At first, they faced hostility, most notably with the killings of <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(missionary)" title="John Williams (missionary)">John Williams</a> and James Harris of the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> on Erromango in 1839.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198715-36">[35]</a> Despite this, they pressed on, resulting in many conversions. To the consternation of the Europeans, Ni-Vanuatu syncretised Christianity with traditional <a href="/wiki/Kastom" title="Kastom">kastom</a> beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The Anglican <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Mission" title="Melanesian Mission">Melanesian Mission</a> also took young converts for further training in New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a> Presbyterian missionaries are particularly successful on Aneityum, though less so on Tanna, with missionaries being repeatedly chased off the island by locals throughout the 1840s–60s.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a> The waves of illnesses and deaths the missionaries brought with them may have been partly to blame for the hostile response.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Other European settlers also came, looking for land for <a href="/wiki/Cotton_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton plantation">cotton plantations</a>, the first of these being Henry Ross Lewin on Tanna in 1865 (which he later abandoned).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198719-37">[36]</a> When international cotton prices collapsed after the ending of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, they switched to coffee, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, bananas, and, most successfully, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>. Initially British subjects from Australia made up the majority of settlers, but with little support from the British government they frequently struggled to make a success of their settlements.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> French planters also began arriving, beginning with Ferdinand Chevillard on Efate in 1880, and later in larger numbers following the creation of the Compagnie Caledonienne des Nouvelles-Hébrides (CCNH) I. 1882 by John Higginson (a fiercely pro-French Irishman), which soon tipped the balance in favour of French subjects.<a href="#cite_note-UsaUSA2009-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198726-7-39">[38]</a> The French government took over the CCNH in 1894 and actively encouraged French settlement.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> By 1906, French settlers (at 401) outnumbered the British (228), almost two to one.<a href="#cite_note-cp-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_(1906–1980)">Colonial era (1906–1980)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial era (1906–1980)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_period_(1906–1945)">Early period (1906–1945)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early period (1906–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_men_of_Tanna,_New_Hebrides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Native_men_of_Tanna%2C_New_Hebrides.jpg/220px-Native_men_of_Tanna%2C_New_Hebrides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Native_men_of_Tanna%2C_New_Hebrides.jpg/330px-Native_men_of_Tanna%2C_New_Hebrides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Native_men_of_Tanna%2C_New_Hebrides.jpg/440px-Native_men_of_Tanna%2C_New_Hebrides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Tanna men on a boat, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905</figcaption></figure> The jumbling of French and British interests in the islands and the near lawlessness prevalent there brought petitions for one or both of the two powers to annex the territory.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The Convention of 16 October 1887 established a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Joint_Naval_Commission" title="Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission">joint naval commission</a> for the sole purpose of protecting French and British citizens, with no claim to jurisdiction over internal native affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-BresnihanWoodward2002-40">[39]</a> Hostilities between settlers and Ni-Vanuatu were commonplace, often centring on disputes over land which had been purchased in dubious circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> There was pressure from French settlers in New Caledonia to annex the islands, though Britain was unwilling to relinquish their influence completely.<a href="#cite_note-Beginning-15">[14]</a> As a result, in 1906, France and the United Kingdom agreed to administer the islands jointly; called the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a>, it was a unique form of government with two separate governmental, legal, judicial and financial systems that came together only in a Joint Court.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Museum-41">[40]</a> Land expropriation and exploitation of Ni-Vanuatu workers on plantations continued apace.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> In an effort to curb the worst of the abuses, and with the support of the missionaries, the Condominium's authority was extended via the Anglo-French Protocol of 1914, although this was not formally ratified until 1922.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> While this resulted in some improvements, labour abuses continued, and Ni-Vanuatu were barred from acquiring the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> of either power, being officially stateless.<a href="#cite_note-cp-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The underfunded Condominium government proved dysfunctional, with the duplication of administrations making effective governance difficult and time-consuming.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Education, healthcare and other such services were left in the hands of the missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> During the 1920s–1930s, indentured workers from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (then part of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>) came to work in the plantations in the New Hebrides.<a href="#cite_note-Calnitsky-42">[41]</a> By 1929, there were some 6,000 Vietnamese people in the New Hebrides.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calnitsky-42">[41]</a> There was some social and political unrest among them in the 1940s due to the poor working conditions and the social effects of Allied troops, who were generally more sympathetic to their plight than the planters.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Most Vietnamese were repatriated in 1946 and 1963, though a small Vietnamese community remains in Vanuatu today.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg/220px-F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg/330px-F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg/440px-F6F-3_Hellcats_of_VF-40_at_Espiritu_Santo_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>US Navy <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Hellcats</a> on <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a> island in February 1944</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> brought immense change to the archipelago. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940 allowed Britain to gain a greater level of authority on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-41">[40]</a> The Australian military stationed a 2,000-strong force on Malakula in a bid to protect Australia from a possible Japanese invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-41">[40]</a> Following the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on 7 December 1941, the United States joined the war on the Allied side; Japan soon advanced rapidly throughout Melanesia and was in possession of much of what is now Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands by April 1942, leaving the New Hebrides on the frontline of any further advance.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-41">[40]</a> To forestall this, from May 1942 US troops were stationed on the islands, where they built airstrips, roads, military bases and an array of other supporting infrastructure on Efate and Espiritu Santo.<a href="#cite_note-LL-45">[44]</a> At the peak of the deployment, some 50,000 Americans were stationed on the two military bases, outnumbering the native population of roughly 40,000, with thousands more Allied troops passing through the islands at some point.<a href="#cite_note-LL-45">[44]</a> A small Ni-Vanuatu force of some 200 men (the New Hebrides Defence Force) was established to support the Americans, and thousands more were engaged in the construction and maintenance work as part of the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_Labor_Corps" title="Vanuatu Labor Corps">Vanuatu Labor Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LL-45">[44]</a> The American presence effectively sidelined the Anglo-French authorities for the duration of their stay, with the Americans' more tolerant and friendly attitude to the Ni-Vanuatu, informal habits, relative wealth, and the presence of African American troops serving with a degree of equality (albeit in a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces">segregated force</a>) seriously undermining the underlying ethos of colonial superiority.<a href="#cite_note-LL-45">[44]</a> Wartime Vanuatu was the setting for <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James Michener's</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a>. With the successful <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">reoccupation of the Solomons</a> in 1943 the New Hebrides lost their strategic importance, and the Americans withdrew in 1945, selling much of their equipment at bargain prices and dumping the rest in the sea, at a place now called <a href="/wiki/Naval_Advance_Base_Espiritu_Santo#Million_dollar_point" title="Naval Advance Base Espiritu Santo">Million Dollar Point</a> on <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The rapid American deployment and withdrawal led to growth in '<a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">cargo cults</a>', most notably that of <a href="/wiki/John_Frum" title="John Frum">John Frum</a>, whereby Ni-Vanuatu hoped that by returning to traditional values whilst mimicking aspects of the American presence that 'cargo' (i.e. large quantities of American goods) would be delivered to them.<a href="#cite_note-Guiart-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-westoc-47">[46]</a> Meanwhile, the Condominium government returned, though understaffed and underfunded, it struggled to reassert its authority.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lead-up_to_independence_(1945–1980)">Lead-up to independence (1945–1980)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lead-up to independence (1945–1980)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Hebrides.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_New_Hebrides.svg/220px-Flag_of_New_Hebrides.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_New_Hebrides.svg/330px-Flag_of_New_Hebrides.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_New_Hebrides.svg/440px-Flag_of_New_Hebrides.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>1966 flag of the Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides</figcaption></figure> Decolonisation began sweeping the European empires after the war, and from the 1950s the Condominium government began a somewhat belated campaign of modernisation and economic development.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Hospitals were built, doctors trained and immunisation campaigns carried out.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The inadequate mission-run school system was taken over and improved, with primary enrollment greatly increasing to be near-universal by 1970.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> There was greater oversight of the plantations, with worker exploitation being clamped down on and Ni-Vanuatu paid higher wages.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> New industries, such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">cattle ranching</a>, commercial fishing and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> mining were established.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Ni-Vanuatu began gradually to take over more positions of power and influence within the economy and the church.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Despite this, the British and French still dominated the politics of the colony, with an Advisory Council set up in 1957 containing some Ni-Vanuatu representation having little power.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The economic development had unintended consequences. In the 1960s, many planters began fencing off and clearing large areas of bushland for cattle ranching, which were often deemed to be communally-held kastom lands by Ni-Vanuatu.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> On Espiritu Santo, the <a href="/wiki/Nagriamel" title="Nagriamel">Nagriamel</a> movement was founded in 1966 by Chief Buluk and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Stevens_(politician)" title="Jimmy Stevens (politician)">Jimmy Stevens</a> on a platform of opposing any further land clearances and gradual, Ni-Vanuatu-led, economic development.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The movement gained a large following, prompting a crackdown by the authorities, with Buluk and Stevens being arrested in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Upon their release, they began to press for complete independence.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> In 1971, Father <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lini" title="Walter Lini">Walter Lini</a> established another party: the New Hebrides Cultural Association, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_National_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hebrides National Party">New Hebrides National Party</a> (NHNP), which also focused on achieving independence and opposition to land expropriation.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The NNDP first came to prominence in 1971, when the Condominium government was forced to intervene after a rash of land speculation by foreign nationals.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Meanwhile, French settlers, and Francophone and mixed-race Ni-Vanuatu, established two separate parties on a platform of more gradual political development – the Mouvement Autonomiste des Nouvelles-Hébrides (MANH), based on Espiritu Santo, and the Union des Communautés des Nouvelles-Hébrides (UCNH) on Efate.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The parties aligned on linguistic and religious lines: the NHNP was seen as the party of Anglophone Protestants, and were backed by the British who wished to exit the colony altogether, whereas the MANH, UCNH, Nagriamel and others (collectively known as the 'Moderates') represented Catholic Francophone interests, and a more gradual path to independence.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> France backed these groups as they were keen to maintain their influence in the region, most especially in their mineral-rich colony of New Caledonia where they were attempting to suppress an independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-PIM2-49">[48]</a> Meanwhile, economic development continued, with numerous banks and financial centres opening up in the early 1970s to take advantage of the territory's <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> A mini-building boom took off in Port Vila and, following the building of a deep-sea wharf, cruise ship tourism grew rapidly, with annual arrivals reaching 40,000 by 1977.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The boom encouraged increasing urbanisation and the populations of Port Vila and <a href="/wiki/Luganville" title="Luganville">Luganville</a> grew rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vemerana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Vemerana.svg/220px-Flag_of_Vemerana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Vemerana.svg/330px-Flag_of_Vemerana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Vemerana.svg/440px-Flag_of_Vemerana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the short-lived Republic of Vemarana</figcaption></figure> In November 1974, the British and French met and agreed to create <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_Representative_Assembly" title="New Hebrides Representative Assembly">New Hebrides Representative Assembly</a> in the colony, based partly on universal suffrage and partly on appointed persons representing various interest groups.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/1975_New_Hebridean_general_election" title="1975 New Hebridean general election">election</a> took place in November 1975, resulting in an overall victory for the NHNP.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The Moderates disputed the results, with Jimmy Stevens threatening to secede and declare independence.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The Condominium's Resident Commissioners decided to postpone the opening of the Assembly, though the two sides proved unable to agree on a solution, prompting protests and counter-protests, some of which turned violent.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> After discussions and some fresh elections in disputed areas, the Assembly finally convened in November 1976.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-PIM5-53">[52]</a> The NHNP renamed itself the <a href="/wiki/Vanua%27aku_Pati" title="Vanua'aku Pati">Vanua'aku Pati</a> (VP) in 1977, and now supported immediate independence under a strong central government and an Anglicisation of the islands. The Moderates meanwhile supported a more gradual transition to independence and a federal system, plus the maintenance of French as an official language.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> In March 1977, a joint Anglo-French and Ni-Vanuatu conference was held in London, at which it was agreed to hold fresh Assembly elections and later an independence referendum in 1980; the VP boycotted the conference and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1977_New_Hebridean_general_election" title="1977 New Hebridean general election">election</a> in November.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-PIM-54">[53]</a> They set up a parallel 'People's Provisional Government' which had de facto control of many areas, prompting violent confrontations with Moderates and the Condominium government.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-VT-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> A compromise was eventually brokered, a Government of National Unity formed under a new constitution, and fresh <a href="/wiki/1979_New_Hebridean_general_election" title="1979 New Hebridean general election">elections</a> held in November 1979, which the VP won with a comfortable majority. Independence was now scheduled for 30 July 1980.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> Performing less well than expected, the Moderates disputed the results.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-PIM3-57">[56]</a> Tensions continued throughout 1980. Violent confrontations occurred between VP and Moderate supporters on several islands.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> On Espiritu Santo Nagriamel and Moderate activists under Jimmy Stevens, funded by the American <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> organisation <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Foundation" title="Phoenix Foundation">Phoenix Foundation</a>, took over the island's government in January and declared the independent Republic of Vemarana, prompting VP supporters to flee and the central government to institute a blockade.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In May, an abortive Moderate rebellion broke out on Tanna, in the course of which one of their leaders was shot and killed.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> The British and French sent in troops in July in a bid to forestall the Vemarana secessionists. Still ambivalent about independence, the French effectively neutered the force, prompting a collapse of law and order on Espiritu Santo resulting in large scale looting.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_(1980–present)">Independence (1980–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independence (1980–present)">edit</a>]</div> The New Hebrides, now renamed Vanuatu, achieved independence as planned on 30 July 1980 under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lini" title="Walter Lini">Walter Lini</a>, with a ceremonial <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vanuatu" title="President of Vanuatu">President</a> replacing the Resident Commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShears1980-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The Anglo-French forces withdrew in August, and Lini called in troops from <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, sparking the brief '<a href="/wiki/Coconut_War" title="Coconut War">Coconut War</a>' against <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Stevens_(politician)" title="Jimmy Stevens (politician)">Jimmy Stevens</a>'s Vemarana separatists.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCA-61">[60]</a> The PNG forces quickly quelled the Vemarana revolt and Stevens surrendered on 1 September; he was later jailed.<a href="#cite_note-JM-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Lini remained in office until 1991, running an Anglophone-dominated government and winning both the 1983 and 1987 elections.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a> In foreign affairs, Lini joined the <a href="/wiki/Non_Aligned_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non Aligned Movement">Non Aligned Movement</a>, opposed <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> in South Africa and all forms of colonialism, established links with <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Libya–Vanuatu relations">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Cuba–Vanuatu relations">Cuba</a>, and opposed the French presence in New Caledonia and their nuclear testing in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-HUFFER,_Elise_1993,_pp._272–282-67">[66]</a> Opposition to Lini's tight grip on power grew and in 1987, after he had suffered a stroke whilst on a visit to the United States, a section of the <a href="/wiki/Vanua%27aku_Pati" title="Vanua'aku Pati">Vanua'aku Pati</a> (VP) under <a href="/wiki/Barak_Sop%C3%A9" title="Barak Sopé">Barak Sopé</a> broke off to form a new party (the <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Progressive_Party" title="Melanesian Progressive Party">Melanesian Progressive Party</a>, MPP), and an attempt was made by President <a href="/wiki/Ati_George_Sokomanu" title="Ati George Sokomanu">Ati George Sokomanu</a> to unseat Lini.<a href="#cite_note-UCA-61">[60]</a> This failed, and Lini became increasingly distrustful of his VP colleagues, firing anyone he deemed to be disloyal.<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a> One such person, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Kalpokas" title="Donald Kalpokas">Donald Kalpokas</a>, subsequently declared himself to be VP leader, splitting the party in two.<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a> On 6 September 1991 a vote of no confidence removed Lini from power;<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a> Kalpokas became prime minister, and Lini formed a new party, the <a href="/wiki/National_United_Party_(Vanuatu)" title="National United Party (Vanuatu)">National United Party</a> (NUP).<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCA-61">[60]</a> Meanwhile, the economy had entered a downturn, with foreign investors and foreign aid put off by Lini's flirtation with Communist states and tourist numbers down due to the political turmoil, compounded by a crash in the price of <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, Vanuatu's main export.<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a> As a result, the Francophone <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Moderate_Parties" title="Union of Moderate Parties">Union of Moderate Parties</a> (UMP) won the <a href="/wiki/1991_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="1991 Vanuatuan general election">1991 election</a>, but not with enough seats to form a majority. A coalition was thus formed with Lini's NUP, with the UMP's <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Carlot_Korman" title="Maxime Carlot Korman">Maxime Carlot Korman</a> becoming prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a> Since the 1991 general election, Vanuatuan politics have been unstable with a series of fractious coalition governments and the use of <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no confidence votes</a> resulting in frequent changes of prime ministers. The democratic system as a whole has been maintained and Vanuatu remains a peaceful and reasonably prosperous state. Throughout most of the 1990s the UMP were in power, the prime ministership switching between UMP rivals Korman and <a href="/wiki/Serge_Vohor" title="Serge Vohor">Serge Vohor</a>, and the UMP instituting a more free market approach to the economy, cutting the public sector, improving opportunities for Francophone Ni-Vanuatu and renewing ties with France.<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The government struggled with splits in their NUP coalition partner and a series of strikes within the Civil Service in 1993–1994, the latter dealt with by a wave of firings.<a href="#cite_note-Steeves-65">[64]</a> Financial scandals dogged both Korman and Vohor, with the latter implicated in a scheme to sell <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_passport" title="Vanuatu passport">Vanuatu passports</a> to foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-lasvegas-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FH-70">[69]</a> In 1996, Vohor and President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_L%C3%A9y%C3%A9" title="Jean-Marie Léyé">Jean-Marie Léyé</a> were briefly abducted by the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_Mobile_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanuatu Mobile Force">Vanuatu Mobile Force</a> over a pay dispute and later released unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCA-61">[60]</a> A riot occurred in Port Vila in 1998 when savers attempted to withdraw funds from the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_National_Provident_Fund" title="Vanuatu National Provident Fund">Vanuatu National Provident Fund</a> following allegations of financial impropriety, prompting the government to declare a brief state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-UCA-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FH-70">[69]</a> A Comprehensive Reform Program was enacted in the 1998 with the aim of improving economic performance and cracking down on government corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FH-70">[69]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1998_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="1998 Vanuatuan general election">1998 Vanuatuan general election</a> the UMP were unseated by the VP under Donald Kalpokas.<a href="#cite_note-UCA-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-M-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-N-73">[72]</a> He lasted only a year, resigning when threatened with a no confidence vote, replaced by Barak Sopé of the MPP in 1999, himself unseated in a no confidence vote in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FH-70">[69]</a> Despite the political uncertainty Vanuatu's economy continued to grow in this period, fuelled by high demand for Vanuatu beef, tourism, remittances from foreign workers, and large aid packages from the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> (in 1997) and the US <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge</a> fund (in 2005).<a href="#cite_note-LP-75">[74]</a> Vanuatu was removed from the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> list of 'uncooperative tax havens' in 2003 and joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-LP-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devastation_after_Cyclone_Pam_14_March_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Devastation_after_Cyclone_Pam_14_March_2015.jpg/220px-Devastation_after_Cyclone_Pam_14_March_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Devastation_after_Cyclone_Pam_14_March_2015.jpg/330px-Devastation_after_Cyclone_Pam_14_March_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Devastation_after_Cyclone_Pam_14_March_2015.jpg/440px-Devastation_after_Cyclone_Pam_14_March_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Devastation caused by Cyclone Pam in 2015</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Natapei" title="Edward Natapei">Edward Natapei</a> of the VP became prime minister in 2001 and went on to win the <a href="/wiki/2002_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="2002 Vanuatuan general election">2002 Vanuatuan general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2004_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="2004 Vanuatuan general election">2004 Vanuatuan general election</a> saw Vohor and the UMP return to power. He lost much support over a secret deal to recognise <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan dispute</a> and was unseated in a confidence vote less than five months after taking office, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ham_Lini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham Lini">Ham Lini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Appeal-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Lini switched back recognition to the People's Republic of China, and the PRC remains a major aid donor to the Vanuatu government.<a href="#cite_note-smh-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-iht-81">[80]</a> In 2007, violent clashes broke out in Port Vila between migrants from Tanna and Ambrym, in which two people died.<a href="#cite_note-rnzi-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-76">[75]</a> Lini lost the <a href="/wiki/2008_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="2008 Vanuatuan general election">2008 Vanuatuan general election</a>, with Natapei returning to power as Vanuatu politics entered a period of turmoil. There were frequent attempts by the opposition to unseat Natapei via the use of no confidence votes – though unsuccessful, he was briefly removed on a procedural technicality in November 2009, an action that was then overturned by the Chief Justice.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sato_Kilman" title="Sato Kilman">Sato Kilman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Progressive_Party_(Vanuatu)" title="People's Progressive Party (Vanuatu)">People's Progressive Party</a> (PPP) ousted Natapei in another no confidence vote in December 2010. He was removed in the same manner by Vohor's UMP in April 2011. This was invalidated on a technical point and he returned as PM. The Chief Justice then overturned his victory. Natapei returned to power for ten days, until Parliament voted in Kilman again.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Kilman managed to remain in office for two years, before being ousted in March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The new government was the first time the <a href="/wiki/Green_Confederation" title="Green Confederation">Green Confederation</a> was in power, and the new prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Moana_Carcasses_Kalosil" title="Moana Carcasses Kalosil">Moana Carcasses Kalosil</a>, was the first non-Ni-Vanuatu to hold the position (Kalosil is of mixed French-Tahitian ancestry and a naturalised Vanuatu citizen). Kalosil took steps to institute a review of diplomatic passport sales in his country. He also expressed his support for the West Papuan independence movement. Support for this move was also expressed by former Prime Ministers Kilman and Carlot Korman.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Kalosil was ousted in another confidence vote in 2014, with the VP returning under <a href="/wiki/Joe_Natuman" title="Joe Natuman">Joe Natuman</a>, who himself was ousted the following year in a confidence vote led by Kilman. Meanwhile, the country was devastated by <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Pam" title="Cyclone Pam">Cyclone Pam</a> in 2015, which resulted in 16 deaths and enormous destruction.<a href="#cite_note-16Deaths-91">[90]</a> A corruption investigation in 2015 resulted in the conviction of numerous MPs in Kilman's government for bribery, including former PM Moana Carcasses Kalosil.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> His authority was severely weakened, and Kilman lost the <a href="/wiki/2016_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="2016 Vanuatuan general election">2016 Vanuatuan general election</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charlot_Salwai" title="Charlot Salwai">Charlot Salwai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Movement_for_Change" title="Reunification Movement for Change">Reunification Movement for Change</a> (RMC). Salwai in turn lost the <a href="/wiki/2020_Vanuatuan_general_election" title="2020 Vanuatuan general election">2020 Vanuatuan general election</a> amidst allegations of perjury, bringing back in the VP under <a href="/wiki/Bob_Loughman" title="Bob Loughman">Bob Loughman</a> as the country dealt with the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Harold" title="Cyclone Harold">Cyclone Harold</a> and the global <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020Guardian-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Vanuatu was one of the last places on Earth to suffer a coronavirus outbreak, recording its first case of COVID-19 in November 2020.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In October 2023, Vanuatu aimed itself at being the first Pacific country to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vanuatu" title="Geography of Vanuatu">Geography of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vanuatu_map.png/220px-Vanuatu_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Vanuatu_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Map of Vanuatu with its capital, <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>, located on its third largest island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rentapau_-_The_Wildflowers_garden_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rentapau_-_The_Wildflowers_garden_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Rentapau_-_The_Wildflowers_garden_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rentapau_-_The_Wildflowers_garden_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Rentapau_-_The_Wildflowers_garden_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rentapau_-_The_Wildflowers_garden_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Rentapau_-_The_Wildflowers_garden_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Rentapau, a wildflowers garden</figcaption></figure> Vanuatu is a Y-shaped archipelago consisting of about 83 relatively small, geologically newer islands of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic origin</a> (65 of them inhabited), with about 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) between the most northern and southern islands.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> Two of these islands (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_and_Hunter_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew and Hunter Islands">Matthew and Hunter</a>) are also claimed and controlled by France as part of the French <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis_collectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sui generis collectivity">collectivity</a> of New Caledonia. The country lies between latitudes 13°S and 21°S and longitudes 166°E and 171°E. The fourteen of Vanuatu's islands that have surface areas of more than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) are, from largest to smallest: <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malakula" title="Malakula">Malakula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erromango" title="Erromango">Erromango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanna_(island)" title="Tanna (island)">Tanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Island">Pentecost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epi_(island)" title="Epi (island)">Epi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambae" title="Ambae">Ambae</a> or Aoba, <a href="/wiki/Gaua" title="Gaua">Gaua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanua_Lava" title="Vanua Lava">Vanua Lava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maewo" title="Maewo">Maewo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Malo Island">Malo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aneityum" title="Aneityum">Aneityum</a> or Anatom. The nation's largest towns are the capital <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a>, on Efate, and <a href="/wiki/Luganville" title="Luganville">Luganville</a> on Espiritu Santo.<a href="#cite_note-State-100">[99]</a> The highest point in Vanuatu is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabwemasana" title="Mount Tabwemasana">Mount Tabwemasana</a>, at 1,879 metres (6,165 ft), on the island of Espiritu Santo. Vanuatu's total area is roughly 12,274 square kilometres (4,739 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> of which its land surface is very limited (roughly 4,700 square kilometres (1,800 sq mi)). Most of the islands are steep, with unstable soils and little permanent freshwater.<a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> One estimate, made in 2005, is that only 9% of land is used for agriculture (7% with permanent crops, plus 2% considered arable).<a href="#cite_note-SOPAC-102">[101]</a> The shoreline is mostly rocky with fringing reefs and no <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, dropping rapidly into the ocean depths.<a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> There are several active <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes">volcanoes</a> in Vanuatu, including <a href="/wiki/Lopevi" title="Lopevi">Lopevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Yasur" title="Mount Yasur">Mount Yasur</a> and several underwater volcanoes. <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic activity">Volcanic activity</a> is common, with an ever-present danger of a major eruption; a nearby undersea eruption of 6.4 magnitude occurred in November 2008 with no casualties, and an eruption occurred in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Vanuatu is recognised as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">terrestrial ecoregion</a>, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_rain_forests" title="Vanuatu rain forests">Vanuatu rain forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-104">[103]</a> It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasian realm</a>, which includes New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. Vanuatu's population (estimated in 2008 as growing 2.4% annually)<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> is placing increasing pressure on land and resources for agriculture, grazing, hunting, and fishing. 90% of Vanuatu households fish and consume fish, which has caused intense fishing pressure near villages and the depletion of near-shore fish species. While well-vegetated, most islands show signs of deforestation. The islands have been logged, particularly of high-value timber, subjected to wide-scale slash-and-burn agriculture, and converted to coconut plantations and cattle ranches, and now show evidence of increased soil erosion and landslides.<a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> Many upland watersheds are being deforested and degraded, and fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce. Proper waste disposal, as well as water and air pollution, are becoming troublesome issues around urban areas and large villages. Additionally, the lack of employment opportunities in industry and inaccessibility to markets have combined to lock rural families into a subsistence or self-reliance mode, putting tremendous pressure on local ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.82/10, ranking it 18th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_rain_forests" title="Vanuatu rain forests">Vanuatu rain forests</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu_Tanna_Yasur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vanuatu_Tanna_Yasur.JPG/220px-Vanuatu_Tanna_Yasur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vanuatu_Tanna_Yasur.JPG/330px-Vanuatu_Tanna_Yasur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vanuatu_Tanna_Yasur.JPG/440px-Vanuatu_Tanna_Yasur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cinder plain of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Yasur" title="Mount Yasur">Mount Yasur</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tanna_(island)" title="Tanna (island)">Tanna</a> island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erakor_Beach,_Efate,_Vanuatu,_2_June_2006_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erakor_Beach%2C_Efate%2C_Vanuatu%2C_2_June_2006_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/220px-Erakor_Beach%2C_Efate%2C_Vanuatu%2C_2_June_2006_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erakor_Beach%2C_Efate%2C_Vanuatu%2C_2_June_2006_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/330px-Erakor_Beach%2C_Efate%2C_Vanuatu%2C_2_June_2006_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erakor_Beach%2C_Efate%2C_Vanuatu%2C_2_June_2006_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/440px-Erakor_Beach%2C_Efate%2C_Vanuatu%2C_2_June_2006_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Erakor Beach on <a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a> island</figcaption></figure> Despite its tropical forests, Vanuatu has relatively few terrestrial plant and animal species. It has an indigenous flying fox, <a href="/wiki/Pteropus_anetianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropus anetianus">Pteropus anetianus</a>. Flying foxes are important rainforest and timber regenerators. They pollinate and disperse seed from a variety of native trees. Their diet is nectar, pollen and fruit and they are commonly called "fruit bats". They are in decline across their South Pacific range. The 19 species of native reptiles include the <a href="/wiki/Ramphotyphlops_braminus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramphotyphlops braminus">flowerpot snake</a>, found only on Efate. The <a href="/wiki/Fiji_banded_iguana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji banded iguana">Fiji banded iguana</a> (Brachylophus fasciatus) was introduced as a <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> animal in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprackland1992-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-lp-108">[107]</a> There are eleven species of bats (three unique to Vanuatu) and sixty-one species of land and water birds. While the small <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat</a> is thought to be indigenous, the large species arrived with Europeans, as did domesticated hogs, dogs, and cattle. The ant species of some of the islands of Vanuatu were catalogued by <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1994-109">[108]</a> The region has more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs and a large diversity of <a href="/wiki/List_of_fishes_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="List of fishes of the Coral Sea">marine fishes</a>. Cone snails and stonefish carry poison that is fatal to humans. The <a href="/wiki/Achatina_fulica" class="mw-redirect" title="Achatina fulica">Giant East African land snail</a> arrived only in the 1970s but has already spread from the Port Vila region to Luganville. There are three or possibly four adult <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodiles</a> living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population.<a href="#cite_note-lp-108">[107]</a> It is said the crocodiles reached the northern part of the islands after cyclones, given the island chain's proximity to the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, where crocodiles are common.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Vanuatu" title="List of birds of Vanuatu">List of birds of Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Vanuatu" title="List of mammals of Vanuatu">List of mammals of Vanuatu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in the Pacific Islands">Climate change in the Pacific Islands</a></div> The climate is tropical, with about nine months of warm to hot rainy weather and the possibility of cyclones and three to four months of cooler, drier weather characterised by winds from the southeast. The water temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) in winter to 28 °C (82 °F) in the summer. Cool between April and September, the days become hotter and more humid starting in October. The daily temperature ranges from 20–32 °C (68–90 °F). Southeasterly <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> occur from May to October.<a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> Vanuatu has a long rainy season, with significant rainfall almost every month. The wettest and hottest months are December through April, which also constitutes the cyclone season. The driest months are June through November.<a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> Rainfall averages about 2,360 millimetres (93 in) per year but can be as high as 4,000 millimetres (160 in) in the northern islands.<a href="#cite_note-SOPAC-102">[101]</a> According to the WorldRiskIndex 2021, Vanuatu ranks first among the countries with the highest disaster risk worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tropical_cyclones">Tropical cyclones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tropical cyclones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.(%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%29.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%29.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0.%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manaro_Voui" title="Manaro Voui">Manaro Voui</a>, the volcano on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ambae" title="Ambae">Ambae</a></figcaption></figure> In March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Pam" title="Cyclone Pam">Cyclone Pam</a> impacted much of Vanuatu as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, causing deaths and extensive damage to all the islands. As of 17 March 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit">[update]</a> the United Nations said the official death toll was 11 (six from <a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a> and five from <a href="/wiki/Tanna_(island)" title="Tanna (island)">Tanna</a>), and 30 were reported injured; these numbers were expected to rise as more remote islands reported back.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Vanuatu lands minister, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Regenvanu" title="Ralph Regenvanu">Ralph Regenvanu</a> said, "This is the worst disaster to affect Vanuatu ever as far as we know."<a href="#cite_note-guardian-worst-114">[113]</a> In April 2020, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Harold" title="Cyclone Harold">Cyclone Harold</a> travelled through the Espiritu Santo town of Luganville, causing great material damage there and on at least four islands.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Earthquakes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Vanuatu" title="List of earthquakes in Vanuatu">List of earthquakes in Vanuatu</a>.</div> Vanuatu has relatively frequent earthquakes. Of the 58 M7 or greater events that occurred between 1909 and 2001, few were studied. A <a href="/wiki/1999_Ambrym_earthquake" title="1999 Ambrym earthquake">severe earthquake</a> in November 1999, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, caused extensive damage to the northern island of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Island">Pentecost</a>, leaving thousands homeless. <a href="/wiki/2002_Port_Vila_earthquake" title="2002 Port Vila earthquake">Another powerful earthquake</a> in January 2002 caused extensive damage in the capital, Port Vila, and surrounding areas and was also followed by a tsunami. Another earthquake of 7.2 struck on 2 August 2007.<a href="#cite_note-USGS7.2-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vanuatu" title="Politics of Vanuatu">Politics of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu_Parliament,_Port_Vila_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vanuatu_Parliament%2C_Port_Vila_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/300px-Vanuatu_Parliament%2C_Port_Vila_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vanuatu_Parliament%2C_Port_Vila_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/450px-Vanuatu_Parliament%2C_Port_Vila_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vanuatu_Parliament%2C_Port_Vila_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg/600px-Vanuatu_Parliament%2C_Port_Vila_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>Vanuatu's parliament</figcaption></figure> The Republic of Vanuatu is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vanuatu" title="Constitution of Vanuatu">written constitution</a>, which declares that the "head of the Republic shall be known as the President and shall symbolise the unity of the nation." The powers of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vanuatu" title="President of Vanuatu">President of Vanuatu</a>, who is elected for a five-year term by a two-thirds vote of an electoral college, are primarily ceremonial.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The electoral college consists of members of Parliament and the presidents of Regional Councils. The President may be removed by the electoral college for gross misconduct or incapacity. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu" title="Prime Minister of Vanuatu">Prime Minister</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, is elected by a majority vote of a three-quarters <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of the Parliament. The Prime Minister, in turn, appoints the Council of Ministers, whose number may not exceed a quarter of the number of parliamentary representatives. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers constitute the executive government. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Vanuatu" title="Parliament of Vanuatu">Parliament of Vanuatu</a> is <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> and has 52 members,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> who are elected by popular vote every four years unless earlier dissolved by a majority vote of a three-quarters quorum or by a directive from the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Forty-four of these MPs are elected through <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single non-transferable voting">Single non-transferable voting</a>; eight are elected through single-member plurality. The national Council of Chiefs, called the <a href="/wiki/Malvatu_Mauri" title="Malvatu Mauri">Malvatu Mauri</a> and elected by district councils of chiefs, advises the government on all matters concerning ni-Vanuatu culture and language. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Vanuatu" title="Supreme Court of Vanuatu">Supreme Court</a> consists of a chief justice and up to three other judges. Two or more members of this court may constitute a Court of Appeal. Magistrate courts handle most routine legal matters. The legal system is based on <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">British common law</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_civil_law" class="mw-redirect" title="French civil law">French civil law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vanuatu" title="Constitution of Vanuatu">constitution</a> also provides for the establishment of village or island courts presided over by chiefs to deal with questions of <a href="/wiki/Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customary law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Vanuatu" title="Squatting in Vanuatu">Squatting</a> occurs and the principle of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">adverse possession</a> does not exist.<a href="#cite_note-RC-121">[120]</a> Besides national authorities and figures, Vanuatu also has high-placed people at the village level. Chiefs continue to be the leading figures at the village level. It has been reported that even politicians need to oblige them.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet:Vanuatu-122">[121]</a> In northern Vanuatu, feasts are graded through the nimangki system. In July 2024, Minister <a href="/wiki/Charlot_Salwai" title="Charlot Salwai">Charlot Salwai</a> graced the <a href="/wiki/Opening_ceremony" title="Opening ceremony">opening ceremony</a> of the new $21 million <a href="/wiki/Presidential_palace" title="Presidential palace">presidential palace</a> built by China. <a href="/wiki/Hu_Chunhua" title="Hu Chunhua">Hu Chunhua</a> bestowed Vanuatu an oversized <a href="/wiki/Novelty" title="Novelty">novelty</a> golden key <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">emblazoned</a> with "China Aid". <a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">Dragon dancers</a> and ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> brew completed the festivity.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vanuatu" title="Foreign relations of Vanuatu">Foreign relations of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu,_Mr._Sato_Kilman,_in_Jaipur_on_August_21,_2015._The_Union_Minister_for_External_Affairs_and_Overseas_Indian_Affairs,_Smt._Sushma_Swaraj_is_also_seen_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu%2C_Mr._Sato_Kilman%2C_in_Jaipur_on_August_21%2C_2015._The_Union_Minister_for_External_Affairs_and_Overseas_Indian_Affairs%2C_Smt._Sushma_Swaraj_is_also_seen_%281%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu%2C_Mr._Sato_Kilman%2C_in_Jaipur_on_August_21%2C_2015._The_Union_Minister_for_External_Affairs_and_Overseas_Indian_Affairs%2C_Smt._Sushma_Swaraj_is_also_seen_%281%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu%2C_Mr._Sato_Kilman%2C_in_Jaipur_on_August_21%2C_2015._The_Union_Minister_for_External_Affairs_and_Overseas_Indian_Affairs%2C_Smt._Sushma_Swaraj_is_also_seen_%281%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Vanuatu Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sato_Kilman" title="Sato Kilman">Sato Kilman</a> with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> in August 2015</figcaption></figure> Vanuatu has joined the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. Vanuatu has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Small_States" title="Forum of Small States">Forum of Small States</a> (FOSS) since the group's founding in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-singaporebook-124">[123]</a> Since 1980, Australia, the United Kingdom, France and New Zealand have provided the bulk of Vanuatu's development aid. Direct aid from the UK to Vanuatu ceased in 2005 following the decision by the UK to no longer focus on the Pacific. More recently, new donors such as the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Challenge Account">Millennium Challenge Account</a> (MCA) of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> have been providing increased amounts of aid funding and loans. In 2005 the MCA announced that Vanuatu was one of the first 15 countries in the world selected to receive support – an amount of US$65 million was given for the provision and upgrading of key pieces of <a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">public infrastructure</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_West_Papua_(3)_(Imagicity_548).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Free_West_Papua_%283%29_%28Imagicity_548%29.jpg/220px-Free_West_Papua_%283%29_%28Imagicity_548%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Free_West_Papua_%283%29_%28Imagicity_548%29.jpg/330px-Free_West_Papua_%283%29_%28Imagicity_548%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Free_West_Papua_%283%29_%28Imagicity_548%29.jpg/440px-Free_West_Papua_%283%29_%28Imagicity_548%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free West Papua</a> concert in Vanuatu</figcaption></figure> In March 2017, at the 34th regular session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a>, Vanuatu made a joint statement on behalf of some other Pacific nations raising human rights abuses in the <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> or West Papua region, which has been part of Indonesia since 1963,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> and requested that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-SBSMar17-127">[126]</a> as more than 100,000 Papuans allegedly have died during decades of <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Indonesia rejected Vanuatu's allegations.<a href="#cite_note-SBSMar17-127">[126]</a> In September 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Seventy-second_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Seventy-second session of the United Nations General Assembly">72nd Session of the UN General Assembly</a>, the Prime Ministers of Vanuatu, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands once again raised human rights concerns in West Papua.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> In 2018, newspaper reports from Australia indicated growing concern about the level of Chinese investment in Vanuatu, with over 50% of the country's debt of $440 million owed to China.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Concern was focused on the possibility that China would use Vanuatu's potential inability to repay debt as leverage to bargain for control of, or a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> presence at, <a href="/wiki/Luganville" title="Luganville">Luganville</a> Wharf. China loaned and funded the $114 million redevelopment of the wharf, which has already been constructed, with the capacity to dock naval vessels.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In July 2024, China built three governmental buildings, including the new presidential palace, supposedly as a free donation to Vanuatu; this has revived international concerns about the potential overreach of Chinese authorities on Vanuatu and other Pacific countries.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Vanuatu retains strong economic and cultural ties to Australia, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (in particular France), the UK, and New Zealand. Australia now provides the bulk of external assistance, including to the police force, which has a paramilitary wing.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Karen Bell is the new British High Commissioner to Vanuatu. The British High Commission to Vanuatu, located in Port Vila, was reopened in the summer of 2019 as part of the UK Government's 'Pacific Uplift' strategy.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The British Friends of Vanuatu,<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> based in London, provides support for Vanuatu visitors to the UK, and can often offer advice and contacts to persons seeking information about Vanuatu or wishing to visit, and welcomes new members (not necessarily resident in the UK). The association's Charitable Trust funds small scale assistance in the education and training sector. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental policy">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, Vanuatu banned all use of plastic bags and plastic straws, with more plastic items scheduled to be banned in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In 2019, Vanuatu's plastic waste disposal rate was approximately 2,000 tonnes per year, with the most common items being single-use soft plastic packaging, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a> water bottles, and styrofoam packaging.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In 2020, the government banned another seven more 'types' of items, covering cutlery, single-use plates, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_plants" title="Artificial plants">artificial flowers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In 2023, the governments of Vanuatu and other islands vulnerable to climate change (<a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>) launched the "<a href="/wiki/Port_Vila_Call_for_a_Just_Transition_to_a_Fossil_Fuel_Free_Pacific" title="Port Vila Call for a Just Transition to a Fossil Fuel Free Pacific">Port Vila Call for a Just Transition to a Fossil Fuel Free Pacific</a>", calling for the phase-out of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> and the 'rapid and <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">just transition</a>' to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and strengthening <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a>, including introducing the criminalization of <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Vanuatu">Law enforcement in Vanuatu</a></div> There are two police wings: the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Vanuatu">Vanuatu Police Force</a> (VPF) and the paramilitary wing, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Vanuatu">Vanuatu Mobile Force</a> (VMF).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-142">[141]</a> Altogether there were 547 police officers organised into two main police commands: one in Port Vila and one in Luganville.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-142">[141]</a> In addition to the two command stations there were four secondary police stations and eight police posts. This means that there are many islands with no police presence, and many parts of islands where getting to a police post can take several days.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> There is no purely military expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> In 2017, Vanuatu signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vanuatu" title="Provinces of Vanuatu">Provinces of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu_Provinces.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vanuatu_Provinces.JPG/300px-Vanuatu_Provinces.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vanuatu_Provinces.JPG/450px-Vanuatu_Provinces.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Vanuatu_Provinces.JPG 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Provinces of Vanuatu</figcaption></figure> Vanuatu has been divided into six provinces since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The names in English of all provinces are derived from the initial letters of their constituent islands: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malampa_Province" title="Malampa Province">Malampa</a> (Malakula, Ambrym, Paama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penama_Province" title="Penama Province">Penama</a> (Pentecost, Ambae, Maewo – in French: Pénama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanma_Province" title="Sanma Province">Sanma</a> (Santo, Malo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa_Province" title="Shefa Province">Shefa</a> (Shepherds group, Efate – in French: Shéfa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafea_Province" title="Tafea Province">Tafea</a> (Tanna, Aniwa, Futuna, Erromango, Aneityum – in French: Taféa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torba_Province" title="Torba Province">Torba</a> (Torres Islands, Banks Islands)</li></ul> Provinces are autonomous units with their own popularly elected local parliaments known officially as provincial councils.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The provinces are in turn divided into municipalities (usually consisting of an individual island) headed by a council and a mayor elected from among the members of the council.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vanuatu" title="Economy of Vanuatu">Economy of Vanuatu</a></div>Vanuatu was ranked the 173rd safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In 2015, Vanuatu was ranked the 84th most <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">economically free country</a> by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal.<a href="#cite_note-Economic_Freedom-153">[152]</a> The economy grew about 6% in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Asian_Development_Bank-154">[153]</a> This is higher than in the 1990s, when GDP rose less than 3%, on average. One report from the <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> about Vanuatu's economy gave mixed reviews and noted that the economy grew at a 5.9% rate from 2003 to 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Asian_Development_Bank-154">[153]</a> Vanuatu became the 185th member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO) in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortVilaMarketHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PortVilaMarketHall.jpg/220px-PortVilaMarketHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PortVilaMarketHall.jpg/330px-PortVilaMarketHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PortVilaMarketHall.jpg/440px-PortVilaMarketHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A market hall in Port Vila</figcaption></figure> Exports include <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a>, beef, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, and timber; imports include machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and fuels. In contrast, mining activity is very low. Agriculture provides a living for 65% of the population. In particular, production of copra and kava creates substantial revenue. Many farmers have been abandoning cultivation of food crops and use earnings from kava cultivation to buy food.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet:Vanuatu-122">[121]</a> Kava has also been used in ceremonial exchanges between clans and villages.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Cocoa is also grown for foreign exchange.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In 2007, the number of households engaged in fishing was 15,758, mainly for consumption (99%), and the average number of fishing trips was 3 per week.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> The tropical climate enables growing of a wide range of fruits and vegetables and spices, including banana, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, peanuts, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a>, leaf spices, carrots, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a> (both green and cured), <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumber</a>, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> In 2007, the value (in terms of millions of <a href="/wiki/Vatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatu">vatu</a> – the official currency of Vanuatu) for agricultural products was estimated for different products: kava (341 million vatu), copra (195), cattle (135), crop gardens (93), cocoa (59), forestry (56), fishing (24), and coffee (12).<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Raising cattle leads to beef production for export. One estimate in 2007 for the total value of cattle heads sold was 135 million vatu; cattle were first introduced into the area from Australia by British planter <a href="/wiki/James_Paddon" title="James Paddon">James Paddon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> On average, each household has 5 pigs and 16 chickens, and while cattle are the "most important livestock", pigs and chickens are important for subsistence agriculture as well as playing a significant role in ceremonies and customs (especially pigs).<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> There are 30 commercial farms (sole proprietorships (37%), partnerships (23%), corporations (17%)), with revenues of 533 million vatu and expenses of 329 million vatu in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_National_Statistics_Office" title="Vanuatu National Statistics Office">Vanuatu National Statistics Office</a> (VNSO) released their 2007 agricultural census in 2008. According to the study, agricultural exports make up about three-quarters (73%) of all exports; 80% of the population lives in rural areas where "agriculture is the main source of their livelihood"; and of these households, almost all (99%) engaged in agriculture, fisheries and forestry.<a href="#cite_note-spc.int-164">[163]</a> Total annual household income was 1,803 million <a href="/wiki/Vatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatu">vatu</a>. Of this income, agriculture grown for their own household use was valued at 683 million vatu, agriculture for sale at 561, gifts received at 38, handicrafts at 33, and fisheries (for sale) at 18.<a href="#cite_note-spc.int-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> Although <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> mining halted in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1980,<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> there was an agreement in 2006 to export manganese already mined but not yet exported.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light-industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">import duties</a> and a 15% <a href="/wiki/Value_Added_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value Added Tax">VAT</a> on goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The country's economic development has been suspected to be hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports, vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances between constituent islands and from main markets.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> Vanuatu is one of the premier vacation destinations for scuba divers wishing to explore coral reefs of the South Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006-169">[168]</a> Another attraction to scuba divers is the wreck of the US ocean liner and converted troop carrier <a href="/wiki/SS_President_Coolidge" title="SS President Coolidge">SS President Coolidge</a> on <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a> island. Sunk during World War II, it is one of the largest shipwrecks in the world that is accessible for recreational diving. Tourism increased 17% from 2007 to 2008 to reach 196,134 arrivals, according to one estimate.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The 2008 total is a sharp increase from 2000, in which there were only 57,000 visitors (of these, 37,000 were from Australia, 8,000 from New Zealand, 6,000 from New Caledonia, 3,000 from Europe, 1,000 from North America, and 1,000 from Japan).<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> Vanuatu <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_investor_programs" title="Immigrant investor programs">sells citizenship</a> for about $150,000. With demand from the Chinese market booming, passport sales may now account for more than 30% of the country's revenue.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Such schemes have been shown to raise ethical problems,<a href="#cite_note-passports_RNZ-173">[172]</a> and have been involved in some political scandals.<a href="#cite_note-lasvegas-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> On 19 July 2023, Vanuatu lost UK visa-free access due to concerns over its citizenship by investment scheme.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> Financial services are an important part of the economy. Vanuatu is a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> that until 2008 did not release account information to other governments or law-enforcement agencies.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> International pressure, mainly from Australia, influenced the Vanuatu government to begin adhering to international norms to improve transparency. In Vanuatu, there is no <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Withholding_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Withholding tax">withholding tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">capital gains tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a>, or exchange control.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Many international ship-management companies choose to flag their ships under the Vanuatu flag, because of the tax benefits and favourable labour laws (Vanuatu is a full member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> and applies its international conventions). Vanuatu is recognised as a "<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flag of convenience</a>" country.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Several file-sharing groups, such as the providers of the <a href="/wiki/KaZaA" class="mw-redirect" title="KaZaA">KaZaA</a> network of <a href="/wiki/Sharman_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharman Networks">Sharman Networks</a> and the developers of <a href="/wiki/WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a>, have chosen to incorporate in Vanuatu to avoid regulation and legal challenges.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> In response to foreign concerns, the government has promised to tighten regulation of its <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centre</a>. Vanuatu receives <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> mainly from Australia and New Zealand. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_agriculture,_North_Efate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Commercial_agriculture%2C_North_Efate.jpg/225px-Commercial_agriculture%2C_North_Efate.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Commercial_agriculture%2C_North_Efate.jpg/338px-Commercial_agriculture%2C_North_Efate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Commercial_agriculture%2C_North_Efate.jpg/450px-Commercial_agriculture%2C_North_Efate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commercial_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial agriculture">Commercial agriculture</a>, North Efate</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expenditure">Expenditure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Expenditure">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tusker_beer_in_Vanuatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tusker_beer_in_Vanuatu.jpg/225px-Tusker_beer_in_Vanuatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tusker_beer_in_Vanuatu.jpg/337px-Tusker_beer_in_Vanuatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tusker_beer_in_Vanuatu.jpg/450px-Tusker_beer_in_Vanuatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tusker is a local beer made in Vanuatu</figcaption></figure> The largest expenditure by households was food (300 million vatu), followed by household appliances and other necessities (79 million vatu), transportation (59), education and services (56), housing (50), alcohol and tobacco (39), clothing and footwear (17).<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Exports were valued at 3,038 million vatu, and included copra (485), kava (442), cocoa (221), beef (fresh and chilled) (180), timber (80) and fish (live fish, aquarium, shell, button) (28).<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Total imports of 20,472 million vatu included industrial materials (4,261), food and drink (3,984), machinery (3,087), consumer goods (2,767), transport equipment (2,125), fuels and lubricants (187) and other imports (4,060).<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> There are substantial numbers of crop gardens – 97,888 in 2007 – many on flat land (62%), slightly hilly slope (31%), and even on steep slopes (7%); there were 33,570 households with at least one crop garden, and of these, 10,788 households sold some of these crops over a twelve-month period.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Telecommunications in Vanuatu</a></div> Mobile phone service in the islands is provided by Vodafone (formerly TVL)<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a>. Internet access is provided by Vodafone, Telsat Broadband, <a href="/wiki/Digicel" title="Digicel">Digicel</a>, and Wantok using a variety of connection technologies. A submarine <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">optical fibre cable</a> now connects Vanuatu to Fiji.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vanuatu" title="Demographics of Vanuatu">Demographics of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu_demography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vanuatu_demography.png/350px-Vanuatu_demography.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vanuatu_demography.png/525px-Vanuatu_demography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Vanuatu_demography.png/700px-Vanuatu_demography.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Vanuatu's population in thousands (1961–2003)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landdiving7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Landdiving7.jpg/220px-Landdiving7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Landdiving7.jpg/330px-Landdiving7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Landdiving7.jpg/440px-Landdiving7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Men wearing traditional <a href="/wiki/Namba_(clothing)" title="Namba (clothing)">nambas</a></figcaption></figure> According to the 2020 census, Vanuatu had a population of 300,019. Men outnumber women, with the population consisting of 151,597 men and 148,422 women in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:0-186">[185]</a> The population is predominantly rural, but Port Vila and <a href="/wiki/Luganville" title="Luganville">Luganville</a> have tens of thousands of residents. An English <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coinage</a> termed the inhabitants of Vanuatu as <a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">Ni-Vanuatu</a>. The Ni-Vanuatu are primarily of European descent, with the remainder made up of a mix of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesians</a>, Asians, and other Pacific islanders.<a href="#cite_note-:0-186">[185]</a> The community of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese in Vanuatu">Vietnamese in Vanuatu</a> comprises most of the country's Asian population. The Vietnamese community has declined from 10% of Vanuatu's population in 1929 to about 0.3% (or 1,000 individuals) in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> In 2006<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> and 2024,<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Economics_Foundation" title="New Economics Foundation">New Economics Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> environmentalist group published the <a href="/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index" title="Happy Planet Index">Happy Planet Index</a>, which analysed data on <a href="/wiki/Subjective_life_satisfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective life satisfaction">levels of reported happiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Footprint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological Footprint">ecological footprint</a>, and they ranked Vanuatu at number one worldwide for the second time. Trade in citizenship for investment has been an increasingly significant source of revenue for Vanuatu in recent years. The sale of what is called "honorary citizenship" in Vanuatu has been on offer for several years under the Capital Investment Immigration Plan and more recently the Development Support Plan. People from mainland China make up the bulk of those who have purchased honorary citizenship, entitling them to a Vanuatu passport.<a href="#cite_note-passports_RNZ-173">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Languages of Vanuatu</a></div> The national language of the Republic of Vanuatu is <a href="/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama">Bislama</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> are Bislama, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. The principal languages of education are English and French. The use of English or French as the formal language is split along political lines.<a href="#cite_note-Francophonie-190">[189]</a> Bislama is a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> spoken natively in urban areas. Combining a typical Melanesian grammar and phonology with an almost entirely English-derived vocabulary, Bislama is the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the archipelago, used by the majority of the population as a second language. The growth of Bislama as a first language has considerably encroached on the indigenous languages, whose use receded from 73.1% to 63.2% of the population between 1999 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrançois2012104-191">[190]</a> In addition, 113 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">indigenous languages</a>, all of which are <a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic languages</a> except for three outlier <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>, are spoken in Vanuatu.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-192">[191]</a> The density of languages per capita is the highest of any nation in the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2000-193">[192]</a> with an average of only 2,000 speakers per language. All <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> languages of Vanuatu (i.e., excluding Bislama) belong to the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> branch of the Austronesian family. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Religion in Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port-Vila_cath_Sacre_Coeur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Port-Vila_cath_Sacre_Coeur.JPG/220px-Port-Vila_cath_Sacre_Coeur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Port-Vila_cath_Sacre_Coeur.JPG/330px-Port-Vila_cath_Sacre_Coeur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Port-Vila_cath_Sacre_Coeur.JPG/440px-Port-Vila_cath_Sacre_Coeur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Roman Catholic cathedral</figcaption></figure> Christianity is the predominant <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">religion in Vanuatu</a>, consisting of several denominations. About one-third of the population belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu">Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-US2022-194">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> are other common denominations, each claiming about 15% of the population. According to its 2022 facts and statistics, 3.6% of the population belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a>, with a countrywide membership of over 11,000.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> As of 2010, 1.4% of the people of Vanuatu are members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, making Vanuatu the 6th most Baháʼí country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> The less significant groups are the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Church of Christ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Thomas_Ministries" title="Neil Thomas Ministries">Neil Thomas Ministries</a> (NTM), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and others. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vanuatu" title="Islam in Vanuatu">Islam in Vanuatu</a> was estimated to consist of about 200 converts.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Because of the modern goods that the military in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> brought with them when they came to the islands, several <a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">cargo cults</a> developed. Many died out, but the <a href="/wiki/John_Frum" title="John Frum">John Frum</a> cult on <a href="/wiki/Tanna_(island)" title="Tanna (island)">Tanna</a> is still large, and has adherents in the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Also on Tanna is the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip Movement">Prince Philip Movement</a>, which reveres the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Philip">Prince Philip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Villagers of the <a href="/wiki/Yaohnanen" title="Yaohnanen">Yaohnanen</a> tribe believed in an ancient story about the pale-skinned son of a mountain spirit venturing across the seas to look for a powerful woman to marry. Prince Philip, having visited the island with his new wife <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, fit the description exactly and is therefore revered as a god around the isle of Tanna.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> After Philip died, an anthropologist familiar with the group, said that after their period of mourning the group would probably transfer their veneration to King Charles III, who had visited Vanuatu in 2018 and met with some of the tribal leaders.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Vanuatu" title="Health in Vanuatu">Health in Vanuatu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> The estimated <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of people aged 15–24 years is about 74% according to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> figures.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The rate of primary school enrolment rose from 74.5% in 1989 to 78.2% in 1999 and then to 93.0% in 2004 but then fell to 85.4% in 2007. The proportion of pupils completing a primary education fell from 90% in 1991 to 72% in 2004<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-205">[204]</a> and up to 78% in 2012. Port Vila and three other centres have campuses of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a>, an educational institution co-owned by twelve Pacific countries. The campus in Port Vila, known as the Emalus Campus, houses the university's law school. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Culture of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu,_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG/170px-Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG/255px-Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG/340px-Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="3140" /></a><figcaption>Wooden <a href="/wiki/Slit_drum_(Vanuatu)" title="Slit drum (Vanuatu)">slit drums</a> from Vanuatu, <a href="/wiki/Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernice P. Bishop Museum">Bernice P. Bishop Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Vanuatu culture may be divided into three major cultural regions. In the north, wealth is established by how much one can give away through a <a href="/wiki/Grade-taking" title="Grade-taking">grade-taking</a> system. Pigs, particularly those with rounded <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a>, are considered a symbol of wealth throughout Vanuatu. In the centre, more traditional Melanesian cultural systems dominate. In the south, a system involving grants of title with associated privileges has developed.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-192">[191]</a> Young men undergo various ceremonies, usually including <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> Most villages have a <a href="/wiki/Nakamal" title="Nakamal">nakamal</a> or village clubhouse, which serves as a meeting point for men and a place to drink <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a>. Villages also have male- and female-only sections. These sections are situated all over the villages; in nakamals, special spaces are provided for females when they are in their <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-192">[191]</a> There are few prominent Ni-Vanuatu authors. <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Grace_Mera_Molisa" title="Grace Mera Molisa">Grace Mera Molisa</a>, who died in 2002, was a descriptive poet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Vanuatu">Media of Vanuatu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Music of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanuatu-humans-of-vanuatu-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A women's dance from Vanuatu, using bamboo stamping tubes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vanuatu-humans-of-vanuatu-2.jpg/220px-Vanuatu-humans-of-vanuatu-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vanuatu-humans-of-vanuatu-2.jpg/330px-Vanuatu-humans-of-vanuatu-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vanuatu-humans-of-vanuatu-2.jpg/440px-Vanuatu-humans-of-vanuatu-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>A women's dance from Vanuatu; it uses <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">bamboo stamping tubes</a>.</figcaption></figure> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">music of Vanuatu</a> is still present in the rural areas of Vanuatu.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Musical instruments consist mostly of <a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">idiophones</a>: drums of various shapes and sizes, <a href="/wiki/Slit_gong" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit gong">slit gongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">stamping tubes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattles</a>, among others. Another musical genre that has become widely popular during the 20th century in all areas of Vanuatu is known as <a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string band</a> music. It combines guitars, <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukuleles</a>, and popular songs. More recently, the music of Vanuatu, as an industry, grew rapidly in the 1990s, and several bands have emerged with a Ni-Vanuatu identity.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> Popular genres of modern commercial music include <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> music and <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Vanuatu">Cuisine of Vanuatu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laplap_sosor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Laplap_sosor.jpg/220px-Laplap_sosor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Laplap_sosor.jpg/330px-Laplap_sosor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Laplap_sosor.jpg/440px-Laplap_sosor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Laplap, Vanuatu's national dish</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Vanuatu">cuisine of Vanuatu</a> (aelan kakae) incorporates fish, root vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, fruits, and vegetables. Most island families grow food in their gardens, and food shortages are rare. Papayas, pineapples, mangoes, <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a>, and sweet potatoes are abundant through much of the year. <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a> and coconut cream are used to flavour many dishes. Most food is cooked using hot stones or through boiling and steaming; very little food is fried.<a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> The national dish of Vanuatu is the <a href="/wiki/Laplap" title="Laplap">laplap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vanuatu" title="Sport in Vanuatu">Sport in Vanuatu</a></div> The most practised sport in Vanuatu is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>. The top-flight league is the <a href="/wiki/VFF_National_Super_League" class="mw-redirect" title="VFF National Super League">VFF National Super League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila_Football_League" title="Port Vila Football League">Port Vila Football League</a> is another competition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> The island of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Island">Pentecost</a> is known for its tradition of <a href="/wiki/Land_diving" title="Land diving">land diving</a>, locally known as gol. The ritual consists of men land diving off a 98-foot-high wooden tower with their ankles tied to vines, as part of the annual <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> This local tradition is often credited to the inspiration of the modern practice of <a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">bungee jumping</a>, which was developed in New Zealand in the 1980s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vanuatu" title="Outline of Vanuatu">Outline of Vanuatu</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Vanua in turns comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> *banua – see <a href="#CITEREFReuter2002">Reuter 2002</a>, p. 29; and <a href="#CITEREFReuter2006">Reuter 2006</a>, p. 326 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSelmen2011" class="citation web cs1">Selmen, Harrison (17 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125111824/http://www.dailypost.vu/content/santo-chiefs-concerned-over-slow-pace-development-sanma?page=7&quicktabs_1=0">"Santo chiefs concerned over slow pace of development in Sanma"</a>. Vanuatu Daily Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypost.vu/content/santo-chiefs-concerned-over-slow-pace-development-sanma?page=7&quicktabs_1=0">the original</a> on 25 January 2012. 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Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206010724/https://www.academia.edu/24751281">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.atitle=The+Archaeology+of+Vanuatu%3A+3%2C000+Years+of+History+across+Islands+of+Ash+and+Coral&rft.aulast=Spriggs&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Bedford%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24751281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedfordSpriggs2008-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedfordSpriggs2008_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBedfordSpriggs2008">Bedford & Spriggs 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Beginning-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_15-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexnerSpriggsBedford" class="citation web cs1">Flexner, James; Spriggs, Matthew; Bedford, Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301294502">"Beginning Historical Archaeology in Vanuatu: Recent Projects on the Archaeology of Spanish, French, and Anglophone Colonialism"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Vanuatu+and+Tonga%27s+first+people+revealed&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2Fnews%2Fall-news%2Forigins-of-vanuatu-and-tongas-first-people-revealed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-29/vanuatu-skulls-shed-light-on-origin-of-polynesian-people/7058120">"Study of ancient skulls from Vanuatu cemetery sheds light on Polynesian migration, scientists say"</a>. 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SciTech Daily. 9 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206042630/https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-reveal-the-genetic-timeline-of-ancient-vanuatu-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2021. 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Sorosoro. 9 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206042745/https://www.sorosoro.org/en/2015/09/the-exceptional-linguistic-diversity-of-vanuatu/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sorosoro&rft.atitle=The+exceptional+linguistic+diversity+of+Vanuatu&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sorosoro.org%2Fen%2F2015%2F09%2Fthe-exceptional-linguistic-diversity-of-vanuatu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuwae2006-24"><a href="#cite_ref-kuwae2006_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoRobockSelfWitter2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Chaochao; Robock, Alan; Self, Stephen; Witter, Jeffrey B.; J. P. Steffenson; Henrik Brink Clausen; Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen; Sigfus Johnsen; Paul A. Mayewski; Caspar Ammann (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/Kuwae27.pdf">"The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 111 (D12107): 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JGRD..11112107G">2006JGRD..11112107G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JD006710">10.1029/2005JD006710</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005112/http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/Kuwae27.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+1452+or+1453+A.D.+Kuwae+eruption+signal+derived+from+multiple+ice+core+records%3A+Greatest+volcanic+sulfate+event+of+the+past+700+years&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=D12107&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JD006710&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JGRD..11112107G&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Chaochao&rft.au=Robock%2C+Alan&rft.au=Self%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Witter%2C+Jeffrey+B.&rft.au=J.+P.+Steffenson&rft.au=Henrik+Brink+Clausen&rft.au=Marie-Louise+Siggaard-Andersen&rft.au=Sigfus+Johnsen&rft.au=Paul+A.+Mayewski&rft.au=Caspar+Ammann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.envsci.rutgers.edu%2Fpdf%2FKuwae27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnauft1999" class="citation book cs1">Knauft, Bruce M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chr.org.au/books/southloand-of-holy-spirit/page5.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021. <q>In 1605 [...] Quiros sailed west from Callao, Peru</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southland+of+the+Holy+Spirit&rft.pub=CHR&rft.aulast=Rogers+Kotlowski&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chr.org.au%2Fbooks%2Fsouthloand-of-holy-spirit%2Fpage5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolly-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolly_27-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly" class="citation citeseerx cs1">Jolly, Margaret. "The Sediment of Voyages: Re-membering Quirós, Bougainville and Cook in Vanuatu". <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.533.9909">10.1.1.533.9909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=CiteSeerX&rft.atitle=The+Sediment+of+Voyages%3A+Re-membering+Quir%C3%B3s%2C+Bougainville+and+Cook+in+Vanuatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.533.9909%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vanuatunewcaledo00joce">Vanuatu and New Caledonia</a>. Lonely Planet. 2009. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vanuatunewcaledo00joce/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-792-9"><bdi>978-1-74104-792-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanuatu+and+New+Caledonia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-792-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvanuatunewcaledo00joce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anne-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Anne_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond2010" class="citation book cs1">Salmond, Anne (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/113">Aphrodite's Island</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26114-3"><bdi>978-0-520-26114-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aphrodite%27s+Island&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26114-3&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faphroditesisland00salm%2Fpage%2F113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_30-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2815.htm">"Background Note: Vanuatu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604193751/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2815.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Vanuatu&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2815.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlroos" class="citation web cs1">Wahlroos, Sven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/bounty/encyclopedia.shtml">"Mutiny and Romance in the South Seas: A Companion to the Bounty Adventure"</a>. Pitcairn Islands Study Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001151537/https://library.puc.edu/pitcairn/bounty/encyclopedia.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutiny+and+Romance+in+the+South+Seas%3A+A+Companion+to+the+Bounty+Adventure&rft.pub=Pitcairn+Islands+Study+Centre&rft.aulast=Wahlroos&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.puc.edu%2Fpitcairn%2Fbounty%2Fencyclopedia.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangdon1984" class="citation book cs1">Langdon, Robert (1984). Where the whalers went; an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century. Canberra: Pacific Manuscripts Bureau. pp. 190–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86784-471-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86784-471-X"><bdi>0-86784-471-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+whalers+went%3B+an+index+to+the+Pacific+ports+and+islands+visited+by+American+whalers+%28and+some+other+ships%29+in+the+19th+century&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=190-191&rft.pub=Pacific+Manuscripts+Bureau&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-86784-471-X&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandalwood-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sandalwood_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sandalwood_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuleDaruhi" class="citation web cs1">Bule, Leonard; Daruhi, Godfrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr122/psw_gtr122_bule.pdf">"Status of Sandalwood Resources in Vanuatu"</a> (PDF). US Forest Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320052919/https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr122/psw_gtr122_bule.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Sandalwood+Resources+in+Vanuatu&rft.pub=US+Forest+Service&rft.aulast=Bule&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Daruhi%2C+Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpsw%2Fpublications%2Fdocuments%2Fpsw_gtr122%2Fpsw_gtr122_bule.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198712-14-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198712-14_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Trease1987">Van Trease 1987</a>, p. 12-14. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Trease1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_35-57">bf</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacClancy1981" class="citation web cs1">MacClancy, Jeremy (January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3279401">"To Kill a Bird with Two Stones – A Short History of Vanuatu"</a>. Vanuatu Cultural Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224084936/https://www.academia.edu/3279401">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Kill+a+Bird+with+Two+Stones+%E2%80%93+A+Short+History+of+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Vanuatu+Cultural+Centre&rft.date=1981-01&rft.aulast=MacClancy&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3279401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198715-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198715_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Trease1987">Van Trease 1987</a>, p. 15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Trease1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198719-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198719_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Trease1987">Van Trease 1987</a>, p. 19. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Trease1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-UsaUSA2009-38"><a href="#cite_ref-UsaUSA2009_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wjuxcXTEJ_sC&pg=PA26">Vanuatu Country Study Guide</a>. International Business Publications. 30 March 2009. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-5649-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-5649-3"><bdi>978-1-4387-5649-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729084223/https://books.google.com/books?id=wjuxcXTEJ_sC&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanuatu+Country+Study+Guide&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4387-5649-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwjuxcXTEJ_sC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198726-7-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Trease198726-7_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Trease1987">Van Trease 1987</a>, p. 26-7. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Trease1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-BresnihanWoodward2002-40"><a href="#cite_ref-BresnihanWoodward2002_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBresnihanWoodward2002" class="citation book cs1">Bresnihan, Brian J.; Woodward, Keith (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhNmCiYYxucC&pg=PA423">Tufala Gavman: Reminiscences from the Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides</a>. editorips@usp.ac.fj. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0342-6"><bdi>978-982-02-0342-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522152146/https://books.google.com/books?id=nhNmCiYYxucC&pg=PA423">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tufala+Gavman%3A+Reminiscences+from+the+Anglo-French+Condominium+of+the+New+Hebrides&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=editorips%40usp.ac.fj&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-982-02-0342-6&rft.aulast=Bresnihan&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhNmCiYYxucC%26pg%3DPA423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_41-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southpacificwwiimuseum.com/history/">"A Short History Of Vanuatu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_WWII_Museum" title="South Pacific WWII Museum">South Pacific WWII Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225091226/https://southpacificwwiimuseum.com/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+Of+Vanuatu&rft.pub=South+Pacific+WWII+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthpacificwwiimuseum.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calnitsky-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calnitsky_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calnitsky_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalnitsky" class="citation journal cs1">Calnitsky, Naomi Alisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20370598">"The Tonkinese Labour Traffic to the Colonial New Hebrides: The Role of French Inter-Colonial Webs"</a>. Academia.edu. Indian Ocean World Centre, McGill University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225091230/https://www.academia.edu/20370598">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Tonkinese+Labour+Traffic+to+the+Colonial+New+Hebrides%3A+The+Role+of+French+Inter-Colonial+Webs&rft.aulast=Calnitsky&rft.aufirst=Naomi+Alisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20370598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobequain1950" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robequain, Charles (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209114403/http://www.persee.fr/doc/geo_0003-4010_1950_num_59_317_13156">"Les Nouvelles-Hébrides et l'immigration annamite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annales_de_G%C3%A9ographie" title="Annales de Géographie">Annales de Géographie</a> (in French). 59 (317): 391–392. 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(3 December 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110331030518/http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/library/Online/ombudsman/Vanuatu/Digest/digest_97-15.html">"Public Report on Resort Las Vegas and granting of illegal passports"</a>, Digested Reports of the Vanuatu Office of the Ombudsman, vol. 97, no. 15, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj/library/Online/ombudsman/Vanuatu/Digest/digest_97-15.html">the original</a> on 31 March 2011, retrieved 23 May 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digested+Reports+of+the+Vanuatu+Office+of+the+Ombudsman&rft.atitle=Public+Report+on+Resort+Las+Vegas+and+granting+of+illegal+passports&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=15&rft.date=1997-12-03&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanuatu.usp.ac.fj%2Flibrary%2FOnline%2Fombudsman%2FVanuatu%2FDigest%2Fdigest_97-15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FH_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_70-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/5278c6c31a.html">"Freedom in the World 1999 – Vanuatu"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=China+eyes+Vanuatu+military+base+in+plan+with+global+ramifications&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Wroe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Fchina-eyes-vanuatu-military-base-in-plan-with-global-ramifications-20180409-p4z8j9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iht-81"><a href="#cite_ref-iht_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/09/22/asia/AS-Vanuatu-Politics.php">"Vanuatu lawmakers elect Natapei as prime minister"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 22 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926134054/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/09/22/asia/AS-Vanuatu-Politics.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2008. 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Retrieved 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+Cyclone+Pam%3A+Vanuatu+death+toll+rises+to+16+as+relief+effort+continues&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-03-21%2Fun-raises-vanuatu-cyclone-death-toll%2F6337816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/287771/calls-for-vanuatu-pm-to-step-down-in-wake-of-mps%27-jailing">"Calls for Vanuatu PM to step down in wake of MPs' jailing"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Calls+for+Vanuatu+PM+to+step+down+in+wake+of+MPs%27+jailing&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F287771%2Fcalls-for-vanuatu-pm-to-step-down-in-wake-of-mps%2527-jailing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/286931/vanuatu-opposition-ready-to-assist-president">"Vanuatu Opposition ready to assist President"</a>. 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Asian Development Bank. 2009. pp. 21–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616085613/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27516/van-economic-report-2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanuatu+economic+report+2009%3A+accelerating+reform&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F27516%2Fvan-economic-report-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisWamaiHenebengTobian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Brian J.; Wamai, Richard G.; Henebeng, Esther B.; Tobian, Aaron A. R.; Klausner, Jeffrey D.; Banerjee, Joya; Hankins, Catherine A. (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820865">"Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision"</a>. Population Health Metrics. 14: 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12963-016-0080-6">10.1186/s12963-016-0080-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820865">4820865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27051352">27051352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Health+Metrics&rft.atitle=Erratum+to%3A+Estimation+of+country-specific+and+global+prevalence+of+male+circumcision&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27051352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12963-016-0080-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft.au=Wamai%2C+Richard+G.&rft.au=Henebeng%2C+Esther+B.&rft.au=Tobian%2C+Aaron+A.+R.&rft.au=Klausner%2C+Jeffrey+D.&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Joya&rft.au=Hankins%2C+Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> See the CD "Music of Vanuatu: Celebrations and mysteries", and its e-book (<a href="#cd-music">François & Stern 2013</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2007" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Monika (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ethnomusicologie/268">"Les identités musicales multiples au Vanuatu"</a>. Identités musicales. Cahiers d'ethnomusicologie. Vol. 20. Genève: Adem. pp. 165–190. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806035819/https://journals.openedition.org/ethnomusicologie/268">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+identit%C3%A9s+musicales+multiples+au+Vanuatu&rft.btitle=Identit%C3%A9s+musicales&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.series=Cahiers+d%27ethnomusicologie&rft.pages=165-190&rft.pub=Adem&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fethnomusicologie%2F268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2009" class="citation news cs1">Ritchie, Kerri (29 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2008/s2528790.htm">"Correspondents Report – The secrets of Vanuatu's national dish, the Lap Lap"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608020426/http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2008/s2528790.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Correspondents+Report+%E2%80%93+The+secrets+of+Vanuatu%27s+national+dish%2C+the+Lap+Lap&rft.date=2009-03-29&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Kerri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fcorrespondents%2Fcontent%2F2008%2Fs2528790.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208204603/https://www.vanuatu.travel/en/this-month/event/43-yam-festival-tanna">"Yam Festival Tanna"</a>. Vanuatu Travel. 1 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanuatu.travel/en/this-month/event/43-yam-festival-tanna">the original</a> on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanuatu+Travel&rft.atitle=Yam+Festival+Tanna&rft.date=2018-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanuatu.travel%2Fen%2Fthis-month%2Fevent%2F43-yam-festival-tanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thediscoverer.com/blog/the-5-coolest-countries-you-havent-heard-of/">"The 5 Coolest Countries You Haven't Heard Of"</a>. The Discoverer. 4 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208204601/https://www.thediscoverer.com/blog/the-5-coolest-countries-you-havent-heard-of/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Discoverer&rft.atitle=The+5+Coolest+Countries+You+Haven%27t+Heard+Of&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thediscoverer.com%2Fblog%2Fthe-5-coolest-countries-you-havent-heard-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedfordSpriggs2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (2008). "Northern Vanuatu as a Pacific Crossroads: The Archaeology of Discovery, Interaction, and the Emergence of the "Ethnographic Present"". Asian Perspectives. 47 (1). UP Hawaii: 95–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2008.0003">10.1353/asi.2008.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17282">10125/17282</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928734">42928734</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53485887">53485887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Northern+Vanuatu+as+a+Pacific+Crossroads%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Discovery%2C+Interaction%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+the+%22Ethnographic+Present%22&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-120&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53485887%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42928734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2008.0003&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Spriggs%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130317064043/http://www.phtpacific.org/content/vut-agriculture-census-2007">Census of Agriculture 2007 Vanuatu</a>, Vanuatu National Statistics Office (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INhL6k_89QoC&pg=PA154">"The language situation in Vanuatu"</a>. In Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (eds.). Language Planning and Policy in the Pacific: Fiji, the Philippines and Vanuatu. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-921-7"><bdi>978-1-85359-921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+language+situation+in+Vanuatu&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+Policy+in+the+Pacific%3A+Fiji%2C+the+Philippines+and+Vanuatu&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-921-7&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINhL6k_89QoC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2004" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Terry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7Td_VMSh9gC&pg=PA3">Bislama reference grammar</a>. UP Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2880-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2880-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-2880-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217173203/https://books.google.com/books?id=V7Td_VMSh9gC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bislama+reference+grammar&rft.pub=UP+Hawaii&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2880-6&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7Td_VMSh9gC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre François (linguist)">François, Alexandre</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1471606">"The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages"</a>. International Journal of the Sociology of Language (214). De Gruyter: 85–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022">10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145208588">145208588</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216063956/https://www.academia.edu/1471606">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+linguistic+diversity%3A+Egalitarian+multilingualism+and+power+imbalance+among+northern+Vanuatu+languages&rft.issue=214&rft.pages=85-110&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145208588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1471606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cd-music" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">François, Alexandre; Stern, Monika (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-Vanuatu-ebook_e.htm">Musiques du Vanuatu: Fêtes et Mystères – Music of Vanuatu: Celebrations and Mysteries</a> (CD album, released with liner notes and ebook), label Inédit, vol. W260147, Paris: Maison des Cultures du Monde, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174717/http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-Vanuatu-ebook_e.htm">archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2013, retrieved 17 March 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musiques+du+Vanuatu%3A+F%C3%AAtes+et+Myst%C3%A8res+%E2%80%93+Music+of+Vanuatu%3A+Celebrations+and+Mysteries&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=label+In%C3%A9dit&rft.pub=Maison+des+Cultures+du+Monde&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Stern%2C+Monika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.francois.free.fr%2FAF-Vanuatu-ebook_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063525/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/10172">"Tales from the South Pacific – diving medicine in Vanuatu"</a>. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 36 (1). <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a>: 22–23. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diving+and+Hyperbaric+Medicine&rft.atitle=Tales+from+the+South+Pacific+%E2%80%93+diving+medicine+in+Vanuatu&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-23&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F10172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2009" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Sabine C. (2009). Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and the Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu. Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-599-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-599-6"><bdi>978-1-84545-599-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Person+and+Place%3A+Ideas%2C+Ideals+and+the+Practice+of+Sociality+on+Vanua+Lava%2C+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-599-6&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Sabine+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchPat1996" class="citation conference cs1">Lynch, John; Pat, Fa'afo, eds. (1996). Proceedings of the first International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics (1993). International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Port Vila, Vanuatu: Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-440-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-440-8"><bdi>978-0-85883-440-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+first+International+Conference+on+Oceanic+Linguistics+%281993%29&rft.place=Port+Vila%2C+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-440-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2002" class="citation book cs1">Reuter, Thomas Anton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oP0s2861LqUC&pg=PA29">Custodians of the Sacred Mountains: Culture and Society in the Highlands of Bali</a>. UP Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2450-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2450-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2450-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217173204/https://books.google.com/books?id=oP0s2861LqUC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Custodians+of+the+Sacred+Mountains%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+the+Highlands+of+Bali&rft.pub=UP+Hawaii&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2450-1&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoP0s2861LqUC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2006" class="citation book cs1">Reuter, Thomas Anton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y43gLk8IyeEC&pg=PA326">Sharing the Earth, Dividing the Land: Land and Territory in the Austronesian World</a>. ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-69-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-69-4"><bdi>978-1-920942-69-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217173203/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y43gLk8IyeEC&pg=PA326">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharing+the+Earth%2C+Dividing+the+Land%3A+Land+and+Territory+in+the+Austronesian+World&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-920942-69-4&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY43gLk8IyeEC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShears1980" class="citation book cs1">Shears, Richard (1980). The Coconut War: the Crisis on Espiritu Santo. North Ryde, NSW: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7269-7866-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7269-7866-1"><bdi>978-0-7269-7866-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coconut+War%3A+the+Crisis+on+Espiritu+Santo&rft.place=North+Ryde%2C+NSW&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7269-7866-1&rft.aulast=Shears&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprackland1992" class="citation book cs1">Sprackland, Robert George (1992). Giant Lizards. Neptune, NJ: TFH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86622-634-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86622-634-9"><bdi>978-0-86622-634-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giant+Lizards&rft.place=Neptune%2C+NJ&rft.pub=TFH&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86622-634-9&rft.aulast=Sprackland&rft.aufirst=Robert+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrompf1987" class="citation conference cs1">Trompf, Garry W., ed. (1987). The Gospel Is Not Western: Black Theologies from the Southwest Pacific. Orbis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-269-2"><bdi>978-0-88344-269-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+Is+Not+Western%3A+Black+Theologies+from+the+Southwest+Pacific&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88344-269-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">Wilson, Edward Osborne</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Naturalist_(book)" title="Naturalist (book)">Naturalist</a> (1st ed.). Shearwater. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-288-1"><bdi>978-1-55963-288-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalist&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Shearwater&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-288-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+Osborne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2003" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Lissant (2003). Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women's Kastom in Vanuatu. UP Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2535-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfolding+the+Moon%3A+Enacting+Women%27s+Kastom+in+Vanuatu&rft.pub=UP+Hawaii&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2535-5&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Lissant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnemaisonHuffmanTryonKaufmann1998" class="citation book cs1">Bonnemaison, Joël; Huffman, Kirk; Tryon, Darrell; Kaufmann, Christian, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artsofvanuatu0000unse">Arts of Vanuatu</a>. UP Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1956-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1956-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-1956-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+Vanuatu&rft.pub=UP+Hawaii&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1956-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartsofvanuatu0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowdeyBeatyAnsell1995" class="citation book cs1">Bowdey, Bob; Beaty, Judy; Ansell, Brian (1995). Diving and Snorkelling Guide to Vanuatu. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55992-080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55992-080-3"><bdi>978-1-55992-080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+and+Snorkelling+Guide+to+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55992-080-3&rft.aulast=Bowdey&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Beaty%2C+Judy&rft.au=Ansell%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregulla1992" class="citation book cs1">Bregulla, Heinrich L. (1992). Birds of Vanuatu. Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904614-34-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904614-34-3"><bdi>978-0-904614-34-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birds+of+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-904614-34-3&rft.aulast=Bregulla&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughtyDayPlant1999" class="citation book cs1">Doughty, Chris; Day, Nicolas; Plant, Andrew (1999). The Birds of the Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-4690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-4690-0"><bdi>978-0-7136-4690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birds+of+the+Solomons%2C+Vanuatu+and+New+Caledonia&rft.pub=Helm&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-4690-0&rft.aulast=Doughty&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Day%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Plant%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisManuelCuturaBowman2009" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Amanda; Manuel, Clare; Cutura, Jozefina; Bowman, Chakriya (2009). Women in Vanuatu: Analyzing Challenges to Economic Participation. World Bank Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7909-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7909-7"><bdi>978-0-8213-7909-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Vanuatu%3A+Analyzing+Challenges+to+Economic+Participation&rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-7909-7&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Manuel%2C+Clare&rft.au=Cutura%2C+Jozefina&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Chakriya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksen2007" class="citation book cs1">Eriksen, Annelin (2007). Gender, Christianity and Change in Vanuatu: An Analysis of Social Movements in North Ambrym. Anthropology and Cultural History in Asia and the Indo-Pacific. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7209-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-7209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Christianity+and+Change+in+Vanuatu%3A+An+Analysis+of+Social+Movements+in+North+Ambrym&rft.series=Anthropology+and+Cultural+History+in+Asia+and+the+Indo-Pacific&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7209-8&rft.aulast=Eriksen&rft.aufirst=Annelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarewood2012" class="citation book cs1">Harewood, Jocelyn (2012). Vanuatu Adventures: Kava and Chaos in the Sth Pacific.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanuatu+Adventures%3A+Kava+and+Chaos+in+the+Sth+Pacific&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Harewood&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly1993" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Margaret (1993). Women of the Place: Kastom, Colonialism and Gender in Vanuatu. Studies in anthropology and history. Vol. 12. Harwood Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5453-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5453-6"><bdi>978-3-7186-5453-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Place%3A+Kastom%2C+Colonialism+and+Gender+in+Vanuatu&rft.series=Studies+in+anthropology+and+history&rft.pub=Harwood+Academic&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-7186-5453-6&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMescam1989" class="citation book cs1">Mescam, Genevieve (1989). Pentecost: An island in Vanuatu. (Photographer) Coulombier, Denis. U South Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0052-4"><bdi>978-982-02-0052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecost%3A+An+island+in+Vanuatu&rft.pub=U+South+Pacific&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-982-02-0052-4&rft.aulast=Mescam&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRio2007" class="citation book cs1">Rio, Knut Mikjel (2007). Power of Perspective: Social Ontology and Agency on Ambrym Island, Vanuatu. Berghahn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-293-3"><bdi>978-1-84545-293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+of+Perspective%3A+Social+Ontology+and+Agency+on+Ambrym+Island%2C+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-293-3&rft.aulast=Rio&rft.aufirst=Knut+Mikjel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodmanKraemerBoltonTarisesei2007" class="citation book cs1">Rodman, Margaret; Kraemer, Daniela; Bolton, Lissant; Tarisesei, Jean, eds. (2007). House-girls Remember: Domestic Workers in Vanuatu. UP Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3012-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-3012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House-girls+Remember%3A+Domestic+Workers+in+Vanuatu&rft.pub=UP+Hawaii&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3012-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiméoni2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siméoni, Patricia (2009). Atlas du Vanouatou (Vanuatu) (in French). <a href="/wiki/Port-Vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-Vila">Port-Vila</a>: Géo-consulte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9533362-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9533362-0-7"><bdi>978-2-9533362-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+du+Vanouatou+%28Vanuatu%29&rft.place=Port-Vila&rft.pub=G%C3%A9o-consulte&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-9533362-0-7&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%A9oni&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeiser1991" class="citation book cs1">Speiser, Felix (1991). Ethnology of Vanuatu: An Early Twentieth Century Study. Crawford House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86333-021-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86333-021-3"><bdi>978-1-86333-021-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnology+of+Vanuatu%3A+An+Early+Twentieth+Century+Study&rft.pub=Crawford+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-86333-021-3&rft.aulast=Speiser&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, John Patrick (2008). The Other Side: Ways of Being and Place in Vanuatu. Pacific Islands Monograph. UP Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3302-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3302-2"><bdi>978-0-8248-3302-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Side%3A+Ways+of+Being+and+Place+in+Vanuatu&rft.series=Pacific+Islands+Monograph&rft.pub=UP+Hawaii&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3302-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroost2006" class="citation book cs1">Troost, J. Maarten (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gettingstonedwit00troo">Getting Stoned with Savages: A Trip Through the Islands of Fiji and Vanuatu</a>. Broadway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2199-2"><bdi>978-0-7679-2199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+Stoned+with+Savages%3A+A+Trip+Through+the+Islands+of+Fiji+and+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Broadway&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-2199-2&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=J.+Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgettingstonedwit00troo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Rick (2004). Cavorting With Cannibals: An Exploration of Vanuatu. Narrative. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58976-236-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58976-236-7"><bdi>978-1-58976-236-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavorting+With+Cannibals%3A+An+Exploration+of+Vanuatu&rft.pub=Narrative&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58976-236-7&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanuatu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuatu&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Vanuatu at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Vanuatu">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="c:Vanuatu">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Vanuatu">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Vanuatu">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Vanuatu">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Vanuatu">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Vanuatu">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="voy:Vanuatu">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.vu">Government of Vanuatu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729044828/http://gov.vu/">Archived</a> 29 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vanuatu/">Vanuatu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132322/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vanuatu">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407225654/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/vanuatu.htm">Vanuatu</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Vanuatu" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Vanuatu">Wikimedia Atlas of Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanuatu.travel/">Vanuatu Tourism Portal, the official website of the Vanuatu National Tourism Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publish.plantnet-project.org/project/vanuaflora_en">Herbarium of Vanuatu (PVNH), which houses a collection of about 20,000 specimens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/150220-volcano-drones-vin">Drones sacrificed for spectacular volcano video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216210624/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/150220-volcano-drones-vin">Archived</a> 16 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/collection/bb9663649f">Ann Skinner-Jones and Joan Larcom Photographs</a> – In 1981, Anthropologist Joan Larcom travelled with Photographer Ann Skinner-Jones to Vanuatu to create a photographic essay of the people and culture during the first anniversary of the country's independence from France and the United Kingdom. UC San Diego Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roi_Mata" title="Roi Mata">Roi Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Joint_Naval_Commission" title="Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission">Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franceville,_New_Hebrides" title="Franceville, New Hebrides">Franceville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Resident_Commissioners_of_the_New_Hebrides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Resident Commissioners of the New Hebrides">Resident Commissioners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_War" title="Coconut War">Coconut War</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu" title="Coat of arms of Vanuatu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="643" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vanuatu" title="Geography of Vanuatu">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inhabited_locations_in_Vanuatu" title="List of inhabited locations in Vanuatu">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Vanuatu" title="List of earthquakes in Vanuatu">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_rain_forests" title="Vanuatu rain forests">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Vanuatu" title="List of islands of Vanuatu">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vanuatu" title="Provinces of Vanuatu">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Vanuatu" title="List of volcanoes in Vanuatu">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Vanuatu" title="Category:Biota of Vanuatu">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vanuatu" title="Politics of Vanuatu">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Vanuatu" title="Cabinet of Vanuatu">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vanuatu" title="Constitution of Vanuatu">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vanuatu" title="Elections in Vanuatu">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vanuatu" title="Foreign relations of Vanuatu">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vanuatu" title="Human rights in Vanuatu">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vanuatu">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judiciary_of_Vanuatu" title="Category:Judiciary of Vanuatu">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Vanuatu">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvatu_Mauri" title="Malvatu Mauri">Malvatu Mauri (National Council of Chiefs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_Mobile_Forces" title="Vanuatu Mobile Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Vanuatu" title="Parliament of Vanuatu">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Vanuatu" title="List of political parties in Vanuatu">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vanuatu" title="President of Vanuatu">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vanuatu" title="Prime Minister of Vanuatu">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vanuatu" title="Economy of Vanuatu">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Vanuatu" title="Reserve Bank of Vanuatu">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Vanuatu" title="Fishing in Vanuatu">Fishing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Aquaculture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vanuatu" title="Transport in Vanuatu">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu_vatu" title="Vanuatu vatu">Vatu (currency)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Vanuatu" title="Category:Society of Vanuatu">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vanuatu" title="Demographics of Vanuatu">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Vanuatu" title="Health in Vanuatu">Health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Abortion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Vanuatu" title="Squatting in Vanuatu">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi" title="Yumi, Yumi, Yumi">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_man_(anthropology)" title="Big man (anthropology)">Big man (anthropology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vanuatu" title="Coat of arms of Vanuatu">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vanuatu" title="Flag of Vanuatu">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_diving" title="Land diving">Land diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Vanuatu" title="Mass media in Vanuatu">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu_name" title="Ni-Vanuatu name">Naming customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vanuatu" title="Public holidays in Vanuatu">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_drawing" title="Sand drawing">Sand drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vanuatu" title="Sport in Vanuatu">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vanuatu" title="Outline of Vanuatu">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu" title="Category:Vanuatu">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Melanesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Melanesia" title="Template:Melanesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Melanesia" title="Template talk:Melanesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Melanesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Melanesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Melanesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Melanesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Melanesia.png/100px-Melanesia.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Melanesia.png/150px-Melanesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Melanesia.png/200px-Melanesia.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="298" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_languages" title="Melanesian languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Melanesia" title="List of universities in Melanesia">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Entrecasteaux_Islands" title="D'Entrecasteaux Islands">d'Entrecasteaux Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schouten_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Schouten Islands">Schouten Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_Islands" title="Trobriand Islands">Trobriand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlark_Island" title="Woodlark Island">Woodlark Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia_2000" title="Melanesia 2000">Melanesia 2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Melanesia_by_country" title="List of political parties in Melanesia by country">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanesia Cup">Melanesia Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Super_Cup" title="Melanesian Super Cup">Melanesian Super Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Melanesia" title="Category:Melanesia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a> (members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121726191">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142471172">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1214612/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhrQ8PGtxP9VWJFKth73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062334-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81088147">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11879409h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11879409h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575937">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35322070">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134562&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4908152">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhhmpm20pljbx">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550518105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c2021af8-7645-3f38-aa1b-ada0a13d4faf">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/1f3168c5-b1d6-434b-8c56-ab9744f39b12">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/M4Ll1Gdq">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026572567">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035720">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33095">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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