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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mergers before intervocalic R subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mergers_before_intervocalic_R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hurry–furry_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurry–furry_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Hurry–furry merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurry–furry_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary–marry–merry_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary–marry–merry_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Mary–marry–merry merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary–marry–merry_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merry–Murray_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merry–Murray_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Merry–Murray merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merry–Murray_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mirror–nearer_and_/ʊr/–/uːr/_mergers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mirror–nearer_and_/ʊr/–/uːr/_mergers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Mirror–nearer and /ʊr/–/uːr/ mergers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mirror–nearer_and_/ʊr/–/uːr/_mergers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_of_/ɒr/_and_/ɔr/_before_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_of_/ɒr/_and_/ɔr/_before_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Merger of /ɒr/ and /ɔr/ before vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_of_/ɒr/_and_/ɔr/_before_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergers_before_historic_postvocalic_R" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers_before_historic_postvocalic_R"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mergers before historic postvocalic R </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mergers_before_historic_postvocalic_R-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mergers before historic postvocalic R subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mergers_before_historic_postvocalic_R-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-/aʊr/–/aʊər/_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#/aʊr/–/aʊər/_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 /aʊr/–/aʊər/ merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-/aʊr/–/aʊər/_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Card–cord_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Card–cord_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Card–cord merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Card–cord_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cure–force_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cure–force_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cure–force merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cure–force_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cure–nurse_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cure–nurse_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cure–nurse merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cure–nurse_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-/aɪər/–/ɑr/_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#/aɪər/–/ɑr/_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 /aɪər/–/ɑr/ merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-/aɪər/–/ɑr/_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-/aɪə/–/aʊə/–/ɑː/_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#/aɪə/–/aʊə/–/ɑː/_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 /aɪə/–/aʊə/–/ɑː/ merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-/aɪə/–/aʊə/–/ɑː/_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse–hoarse_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse–hoarse_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Horse–hoarse merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse–hoarse_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near–square_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near–square_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Near–square merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near–square_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurse_mergers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurse_mergers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Nurse mergers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nurse_mergers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurse–near_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurse–near_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Nurse–near merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nurse–near_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurse–north_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurse–north_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Nurse–north merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nurse–north_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Square–nurse_merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square–nurse_merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Square–nurse merger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Square–nurse_merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_samples" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">History and description of</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English pronunciation</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Historical stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle English</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">General development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Old_English" title="Phonological history of Old English">In Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">In Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_vowels" title="Phonological history of English vowels">Development of vowels</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close back vowels">Close back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close front vowels">Close front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">Diphthongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_open_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English open back vowels">Open back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /l/">Pre-L</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-R</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Development of consonants</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants" title="Phonological history of English consonants">Single consonants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">Clusters</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Variable features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">Cot–caught merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawl" title="Drawl">Drawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">H-dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8ng%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩">NG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_/r/" title="Pronunciation of English /r/">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩">TH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩">WH</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">Spelling</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_phonology_topics" title="Template:English phonology topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_phonology_topics" title="Template talk:English phonology topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_phonology_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English phonology topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Vowel_shift" title="Vowel shift">vowel shifts</a> affect only vowels followed by /r/ in <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">rhotic dialects</a>, or vowels that were historically followed by /r/ that has been elided in non-rhotic dialects. Most of them involve the merging of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> distinctions and so fewer vowel <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> occur before /r/ than in other positions of a word. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity in English</a></div> In rhotic dialects, /r/ is pronounced in most cases. In <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a> (GA), /r/ is pronounced as an approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a>] in most positions, but after some vowels, it is pronounced as <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-coloring</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, /r/ is traditionally pronounced as a flap [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] or trill [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>], and there are no r-colored vowels. In non-rhotic dialects like <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP), historic /r/ is <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Coda" title="Syllable">end of a syllable</a>, and if the preceding vowel is stressed, it undergoes <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">breaking</a> (diphthongization). Thus, words that historically had /r/ often have <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Centering_diphthong" class="mw-redirect" title="Centering diphthong">centering diphthongs</a> ending in a schwa /ə/, or a diphthong followed by a schwa. <ul><li>earth: GA [ɝθ], RP [ɜːθ]</li> <li>here: GA [ˈhɪɚ], RP [ˈhɪə]</li> <li>fire: GA [ˈfaɪɚ], RP [ˈfaɪə]</li></ul> In most English dialects, there are vowel shifts that affect only vowels before /r/ or vowels that were historically followed by /r/. Vowel shifts before historical /r/ fall into two categories: mergers and splits. Mergers are more common and so most English dialects have fewer vowel distinctions before historical /r/ than in other positions of a word. In many <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American dialects</a>, there are ten or eleven stressed <a href="/wiki/Monophthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophthongs">monophthongs</a>; only five or six vowel (rarely seven) contrasts are possible before a preconsonantal and word-final /r/ (beer, bear, burr, bar, bore, bor, boor). Often, more contrasts exist if /r/ appears between vowels of different syllables. In some American dialects and in most native English dialects outside North America, for example, mirror and nearer do not <a href="/wiki/Feminine_rhyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine rhyme">rhyme</a>, and some or all of marry, merry, and Mary are pronounced distinctly. (In North America, those distinctions are most likely to occur in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia dialect">Philadelphia</a>, some of Eastern New England (including <a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a>), and in conservative <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern accents</a>.) In many dialects, however, the number of contrasts in that position tends to be reduced, and the tendency seems to be towards further reduction. The difference in how the reductions have been manifested represents one of the greatest sources of cross-dialect variation. Non-rhotic accents in many cases show mergers in the same positions as rhotic accents even though there is often no /r/ phoneme present. That results partly from mergers that occurred before the /r/ was lost and partly from later mergers of the centering diphthongs and long vowels that resulted from the loss of /r/. The phenomenon that occurs in many dialects of the United States is one of <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93lax_neutralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense–lax neutralization">tense–lax neutralization</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982479–485-1">[1]</a> in which the normal English distinction between <a href="/wiki/Tense_and_lax_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense and lax vowels">tense and lax vowels</a> is eliminated. In some cases, the quality of a vowel before /r/ is different from the quality of the vowel elsewhere. For example, in some dialects of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the quality of the vowel in more typically does not occur except before /r/, and it is somewhere in between the vowels of maw and mow. It is similar to the vowel of the latter word but without the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">glide</a>. It is important to note, however, that different mergers occur in different dialects. Generally, these correlate to accents with <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">rhotic vowels</a>, as opposed to non-rhoticity (as in most of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) or fully pronounced <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" title="Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">/r/</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mergers_before_intervocalic_R">Mergers before intervocalic R</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mergers before intervocalic R">edit</a>]</div> Most North American English dialects merge the lax vowels with the tense vowels before /r/ and so "marry" and "merry" have the same vowel as "mare", "mirror" has the same vowel as "mere", "forest" has the same vowel as the stressed form of "for", and "hurry" has the same vowel as "stir" as well as that found in the second syllable of "letter". The mergers are typically resisted by non-rhotic North Americans and are largely absent in areas of the United States that are historically largely nonrhotic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurry–furry_merger">Hurry–furry merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hurry–furry merger">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-ne-hurry_furry.ogg" title="File:En-ne-hurry furry.ogg">Distinction between hurry and furry</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="En-ne-hurry_furry.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/En-ne-hurry_furry.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/En-ne-hurry_furry.ogg/En-ne-hurry_furry.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Hurry vs. furry ([ˈhʌri] vs. [ˈfɝi])</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-worry.ogg" title="File:En-us-worry.ogg">Speaker with merger: worry [ˈwɝi]</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="En-us-worry.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/En-us-worry.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/En-us-worry.ogg/En-us-worry.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-ne-worry.ogg" title="File:En-us-ne-worry.ogg">Speaker without merger: worry [ˈwʌri]</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="En-us-ne-worry.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/En-us-ne-worry.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/En-us-ne-worry.ogg/En-us-ne-worry.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The hurry–furry merger occurs when the vowel /ʌ/ before intervocalic /r/ is merged with /ɜ/. That is particularly a feature in many dialects of <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a> but not <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic American English">Mid-Atlantic American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">older Southern American English</a>, some speakers of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England English</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982201–2,_244-2">[2]</a> and speakers of <a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">Southeastern New England English</a>. Speakers with the merger pronounce hurry to rhyme with furry and turret to rhyme with stir it. To occur, the merger requires the <a href="/wiki/Nurse_mergers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse mergers"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920968872">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000001E-QINU`"'</style>nurse mergers</a> to be in full effect, which is the case in nearly all English dialects worldwide, particularly outside the British Isles. However, in Scotland, hurry /ˈhʌre/ is a perfect rhyme of furry /ˈfʌre/, but also the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>nurse mergers have never developed there, meaning that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">strut, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">dress and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">kit can all still exist before both intervocalic and coda /r/; thus, fur, fern, and fir have distinct vowels: /fʌr, fɛrn, fɪr/. Dialects in England, Wales, and most others outside North America maintain the distinction between both sounds and so hurry and furry do not rhyme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982201–2,_244-2">[2]</a> However, in dialects without the <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–strut split">foot–strut split</a>, hurry has an entirely different vowel: /ˈhʊri/ (in a number of those dialects, a <a href="/wiki/Square%E2%80%93nurse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Square–nurse merger">square–nurse merger</a> is in effect instead). <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> has a three-way merger between the first vowels in hurry and furry and the unstressed vowel in letters. In Received Pronunciation, all of them have different sounds (/ʌ/, /ɜː/ and /ə/, respectively), and some minimal pairs exist between unstressed /ɜː/ and /ə/, such as foreword /ˈfɔːwɜːd/ vs. forward /ˈfɔːwəd/. In General American, they collapse to [ˈfɔrwɚd], but in phonemic transcription, they can still be differentiated as /ˈfɔrwɜrd/ and /ˈfɔrwərd/ to facilitate comparisons with other accents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] General American also often lacks a proper opposition between /ʌ/ and /ə/, which makes minimal pairs such as unorthodoxy and an orthodoxy variably homophonous as /ənˈɔrθədɑksi/.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> See the <a href="/wiki/Strut%E2%80%93comma_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Strut–comma merger">strut–comma merger</a> for more information. In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, there is a consistent contrast between hurry and furry, but the unstressed /ə/ is lengthened to /ɜː/ (phonetically [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵː</a>]) in many positions, particularly in formal or slow speech and especially when it is spelled ⟨er⟩. Thus, boarded and bordered might be distinguished as /ˈbɔːdəd/ and /ˈbɔːdɜːd/, which is homophonous in <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> as /ˈbɔːdəd/ and distinguished in Received Pronunciation as /ˈbɔːdɪd/ and /ˈbɔːdəd/, based on the length and the rounding of /ɜː/. The shift was caused by a complete phonemic merger of /ɪ/ and /ə/, a <a href="/wiki/Weak_vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak vowel merger">weak vowel merger</a> that was generalized to all environments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004582,_585,_587–588,_591-4">[4]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">hurry–furry merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ʌr/ </th> <th>/ʊr/ </th> <th>/ɜr/ </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>currier </td> <td>courier </td> <td> </td> <td>/ˈkɜriər/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>furrier (n.) </td> <td>Fourier </td> <td>furrier (adj.) </td> <td>/ˈfɜriər/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary–marry–merry_merger">Mary–marry–merry merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mary–marry–merry merger">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary-marry-merry.ogg" title="File:Mary-marry-merry.ogg">Mary–marry–merry</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Mary-marry-merry.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Mary-marry-merry.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Mary-marry-merry.ogg/Mary-marry-merry.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Example of an American speaker without the Mary–marry–merry merger</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> One notable merger of vowels before /r/ is the Mary–marry–merry merger,<a href="#cite_note-dialectsurvey-5">[5]</a> a merging of the vowels /æ/ (as in the name <a href="/wiki/Carrie_(name)" title="Carrie (name)">Carrie</a> or the word marry) and /ɛ/ (as in <a href="/wiki/Kerry_(name)" title="Kerry (name)">Kerry</a> or merry) with the historical /eɪ/ (as in <a href="/wiki/Cary_(given_name)" title="Cary (given name)">Cary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mary_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (given name)">Mary</a>) whenever they are realized before intervocalic /r/. No contrast exists before a final or preconsonantal /r/, where /æ/ merged with /ɑ/ and /ɛ/ with /ɜ/ (see <a href="/wiki/Nurse_mergers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse mergers">nurse mergers</a>) centuries ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982199–203,_211–12,_480–82-6">[6]</a> The merger is fairly widespread and is complete or nearly complete in most varieties of North American English,<a href="#cite_note-7">[sample 1]</a> but it is rare in other varieties of English. The following variants are common in North America: <ul><li>The full Mary–marry–merry merger (also known, in this context, as the three-way merger) is found throughout much of the United States (particularly the Western and Central United States) and in all of Canada except Montreal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This is found in about 57% of American English speakers, according to a 2003 dialect survey.<a href="#cite_note-dialectsurvey-5">[5]</a> The merger is highlighted in the song <a href="/wiki/Merry_Go_%27Round_(Kacey_Musgraves_song)" title="Merry Go 'Round (Kacey Musgraves song)">Merry Go 'Round</a>, whose central wordplay revolves around "Mary", "marry", and "merry" having the exact same pronunciation in the singer's accent.</li> <li>No merger, also known as a three-way contrast, exists in North America primarily in the Northeastern United States and is most clearly documented in the accents of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia accent">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> accent, the three-way contrast is preserved, but merry tends to be merged with Murray (see <a href="#Merry–Murray_merger">merry–Murray merger</a> below). The three-way contrast is found in about 17% of American English speakers overall.<a href="#cite_note-dialectsurvey-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[sample 2]</a></li> <li>The Mary–marry merger is found alone with 16% of American English speakers overall, with the highest concentration in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dialectsurvey-5">[5]</a></li> <li>The Mary–merry merger is found alone among 9% of American English speakers overall, concentrated in the American South, especially <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> where it is the most common variant,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> and the Southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dialectsurvey-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200654,_56-11">[9]</a> It is also found among <a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Anglophones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.</li> <li>The merry–marry merger is found alone rarely, with about 1% of American English speakers.</li></ul> In accents without the merger, Mary has the a sound of mare, marry has the "short a" sound of mat, and merry has the "short e" sound of met. In modern Received Pronunciation, they are pronounced as [ˈmɛːɹiː], [ˈmaɹiː], and [ˈmɛɹiː]; in Australian English, as [ˈmeːɹiː], [ˈmæɹiː ~ ˈmaɹiː], and [ˈmeɹiː]; in New York City English, as [ˈmeɹi⁓ˈmɛəɹi], [ˈmæɹi], and [ˈmɛɹi]; and in Philadelphia English, the same as New York City except merry is [ˈmɛɹi⁓ˈmʌɹi]. There is plenty of variance in the distribution of the merger, with expatriate communities of those speakers being formed all over the country. The Mary–merry merger is possible in New Zealand, and the quality of the merged vowel is then [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">e̝</a>] (similar to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">kit in General American). However, in New Zealand, the vowel in Mary often merges with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">near vowel /iə/ instead (see <a href="/wiki/Near%E2%80%93square_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Near–square merger">near–square merger</a>), which before intervocalic /r/ may then merge with /iː/ and so Mary (phonemically /ˈmeəriː/) can be [ˈmiəɹiː] or [ˈmiːɹiː] instead. In all of those cases, there is a clear distinction between Mary and merry (regardless of how both are pronounced) and marry /ˈmɛriː/ (with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">trap vowel) on the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004582–583,_588,_592-12">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">Mary–marry–merry merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ær/ </th> <th>/ɛər/ </th> <th>/ɛr/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>Aaron‡</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erin" title="Erin">Erin</a></td> <td>ˈɛrən</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Weak-vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak-vowel merger">weak-vowel merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>apparel </td> <td>-</td> <td>a peril</td> <td>əˈpɛrəl</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Weak-vowel_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak-vowel merger">weak-vowel merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>arable </td> <td>airable</td> <td>errable</td> <td>ˈɛrəbəl</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>airer</td> <td>error</td> <td>ˈɛrə(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>barrel </td> <td>-</td> <td>beryl</td> <td>ˈbɛrəl</td> <td>with weak-vowel merger before /l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>barrier </td> <td>-</td> <td>burier</td> <td>ˈbɛriə(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barry_(name)" title="Barry (name)">Barry</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>berry</td> <td>ˈbɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barry </td> <td>-</td> <td>bury</td> <td>ˈbɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carrie_(name)" title="Carrie (name)">Carrie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cary (disambiguation)">Cary</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerry_(name)" title="Kerry (name)">Kerry</a></td> <td>ˈkɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>carry </td> <td>Cary</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kerry (disambiguation)">Kerry</a></td> <td>ˈkɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>chary</td> <td>cherry</td> <td>ˈtʃɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>dairy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></td> <td>ˈdɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>fairy</td> <td>ferry</td> <td>ˈfɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Farrell_(surname)" title="Farrell (surname)">Farrell</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>feral</td> <td>ˈfɛrəl</td> <td>with weak-vowel merger before /l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>farrier </td> <td>-</td> <td>ferrier</td> <td>ˈfɛriə(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>farrow </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe</a>‡</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈfɛroʊ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>farrow </td> <td>pharaoh‡</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈfɛroʊ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>harrowing </td> <td>-</td> <td>heroin</td> <td>ˈhɛroʊɪn</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/G-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="G-dropping">G-dropping</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>harrowing </td> <td>-</td> <td>heroine</td> <td>ˈhɛroʊɪn</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/G-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="G-dropping">G-dropping</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_(given_name)" title="Harry (given name)">Harry</a> </td> <td>hairy</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈhɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>haring</td> <td>herring</td> <td>ˈhɛrɪŋ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harold_(given_name)" title="Harold (given name)">Harold</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>herald</td> <td>ˈhɛrəld</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>marry </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (given name)">Mary</a></td> <td>merry</td> <td>ˈmɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>parish </td> <td>-</td> <td>perish</td> <td>ˈpɛrɪʃ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>parry </td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></td> <td>ˈpɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>scary</td> <td>skerry</td> <td>ˈskɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tara (disambiguation)">Tara</a>‡</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Terra (disambiguation)">Terra</a></td> <td>ˈtɛrə</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>Tara‡</td> <td>terror</td> <td>ˈtɛrə</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>tarrier </td> <td>-</td> <td>terrier</td> <td>ˈtɛriə(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tarry </td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terry" title="Terry">Terry</a></td> <td>ˈtɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>tearable</td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrible" class="extiw" title="wikt:terrible">terrible</a></td> <td>ˈtɛrəbəl</td> <td>with weak-vowel merger before /b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>tearer</td> <td>terror</td> <td>ˈtɛrə(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>vary‡</td> <td>very</td> <td>ˈvɛri</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>wary</td> <td>wherry</td> <td>ˈwɛri</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">‡In a <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a>, many of the words spelled with <ar> use /ær/. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merry–Murray_merger">Merry–Murray merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Merry–Murray merger">edit</a>]</div> The merry–Murray merger is a merger of /ɛ/ and /ʌ/ before /r/, with the resulting vowel being [ʌ]. It is common in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia accent">Philadelphia accent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200654,_238-13">[11]</a> which does not usually have the marry–merry merger; its "short a" /æ/, as in marry and its SQUARE vowel /e/ remain distinct unmerged classes before /r/.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Therefore, merry and Murray are both pronounced as [ˈmʌri], but marry [ˈmæri] and Mary [ˈmeri] are distinct from this merged pair (and each other). <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">merry–Murray merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ɛr/ </th> <th>/ʌr/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>ferrier</td> <td>furrier (n.)</td> <td>ˈfʌriər </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerry</td> <td>curry</td> <td>ˈkʌri </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>merry</td> <td>Murray</td> <td>ˈmʌri </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>skerry</td> <td>scurry</td> <td>ˈskʌri </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mirror–nearer_and_/ʊr/–/uːr/_mergers">Mirror–nearer and /ʊr/–/uːr/ mergers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mirror–nearer and /ʊr/–/uːr/ mergers">edit</a>]</div> The mergers of /ɪr/ and /iːr/ (as in mirror and nearer, or Sirius and serious, respectively) and /ʊr/–/uːr/ occur in North American English as a part of pre-/r/ laxing, together with the <a href="/wiki/Mary%E2%80%93merry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary–merry merger">Mary–merry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse mergers</a>. The phonetic outcome of the first merger is either a lax vowel [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>], or a somewhat raised vowel that approaches the monophthongal allophone of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">fleece: [i̞], often diphthongal as [ɪə ~ iə]. In the case of the /ʊr/–/uːr/ merger, it tends to approach the monophthongal variant of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">goose: [ʊ̝].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982153–54,_162–63,_242–43,_479,_481,_484-15">[13]</a> The mirror–nearer merger is absent from traditional, local, or non-standard accents of the Southern and Eastern United States, where nearer is pronounced with a tense monophthong [i] or a centering diphthong [iə ~ ɪə] (phonemicized as /i/ or /ɪə/, depending on whether the accent is rhotic or not), whereas mirror has a lax monophthong [ɪ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982481-16">[14]</a> In the case of the first merger, only a handful of minimal pairs (e.g., cirrus–serous and Sirius–serious) illustrate the contrast, in addition to morphologically distinct pairs (e.g., spirit–spear it), all of which are rendered homophonous by the merger. Indeed, the number of the words containing /ɪr/ is itself low. There are a few minimal pairs contrasting /ʊə/ and /u:ə/ in conservative Received Pronunciation: dour–doer, sure–shoer and cure-queuer. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Hurry%E2%80%93furry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurry–furry merger">hurry–furry merger</a> that occurs in most varieties of North American English results in a merger of /ʌr/ with /ɜr/, removing almost any trace of the historical <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">foot vowel in this position. Instead, it is a simple replacement of one phoneme with another, so that the word tour /tʊr/ is perceived to contain the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">foot vowel, rather than the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">goose vowel. However, this change may not hold where morpheme boundaries apply; allowing a qualitative distinction to be maintained between the stressed vowels in tourist /ˈtʊrəst/ (a fairly close back monophthong of variable height) on the one hand, and two-wrist /ˈturɪst/ (a fully close monophthong in free variation with a narrow closing diphthong) on the other (cf. traditional RP /ˈtʊərɪst, ˈtuːrɪst/). The same applies to the mirror–nearer merger, which laxes the vowel in clearing /ˈklɪrɪŋ/ but not in key ring /ˈkirɪŋ/, cf. RP /ˈklɪərɪŋ, ˈkiːrɪŋ/. Certain words are pronounced as if they contained a morpheme boundary before /r/, notably hero /ˈhiroʊ/ and zero /ˈziroʊ/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982138,_153–54,_162–63,_201,_244,_480–82-17">[15]</a> Some words originally containing the /uːr/ sequence are merged with either <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force (see <a href="/wiki/Cure%E2%80%93force_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cure–force merger">cure–force merger</a>) or, more rarely, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse (see <a href="/wiki/Cure%E2%80%93nurse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cure–nurse merger">cure–nurse merger</a>) instead of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">foot + /r/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982162–64,_484-18">[16]</a> The mirror–nearer and /ʊr/–/uːr/ mergers are not to be confused with the fleece–near and goose–cure mergers that occur in some non-rhotic dialects before a sounded /r/ and which do not involve the lax vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_of_/ɒr/_and_/ɔr/_before_vowels">Merger of /ɒr/ and /ɔr/ before vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Merger of /ɒr/ and /ɔr/ before vowels">edit</a>]</div> Words with a stressed /ɒ/ before intervocalic /r/ in Received Pronunciation are treated differently in different varieties of <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>. As shown in the table below, in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, all of them are pronounced with [-ɔr-], as in cord. In the accents of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia accent">Philadelphia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Jersey" title="South Jersey">southern New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carolinas">the Carolinas</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> (and traditionally throughout the whole South), those words are pronounced by some with [-ɑr-], as in card and so merge with historic prevocalic /ɑr/ in words like starry. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern New Jersey">the nearby parts of New Jersey</a>, those words are pronounced with [ɒr] like in Received Pronunciation. However, the sound is <a href="/wiki/Lot%E2%80%93cloth_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot–cloth split">met with change to</a> /ɑr/ and so still merges with the historic prevocalic /ɑr/ in starry.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> On the other hand, the traditional <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">Eastern New England accents</a> (especially around <a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a>), the words are pronounced with [-ɒr-], but the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a> still applies elsewhere. In that regard, it is the same as Canadian /ɒ/, rather than Received Pronunciation /ɒ/. Most of the rest of the United States (marked "<a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>" in the table), however, has a distinctive mixed system. Most words are pronounced as in Canada, the five words in the left-hand column are typically pronounced with [-ɑr-], all common words ending in an unstressed full vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShitara1993-22">[20]</a> In accents with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a>, /ɔr/ also includes the historic /oʊr/ in words such as glory and force. When an accent also features the <a href="/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger" title="Cot–caught merger">cot–caught merger</a>, /ɔr/ is typically analyzed as /oʊr/ to avoid postulating a separate /ɔ/ phoneme that occurs only before /r/. Therefore, both cord and glory are considered to contain the /oʊ/ phoneme in California, Canada, and elsewhere. Therefore, in accents with the horse–hoarse merger, /kɔrd/ and /koʊrd/ are different analyses of the same word cord, and there may be little to no difference in the realization of the vowel. In the varieties of Scottish English with the cot–caught merger, the vowel is pronounced towards the [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>] of caught and north. It remains distinct from the [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] of force and goat because of the lack of the horse–hoarse merger. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_-or-_table" title="Template:English -or- table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_-or-_table" title="Template talk:English -or- table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_-or-_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English -or- table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒr/</a> and prevocalic <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> by dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 12em;"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">Metropolitan New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern US</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">New England</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Only borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒr/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɑːr/</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɒr/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɑːr/</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge, etc. </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story, etc. </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːr/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Even in the American East Coast without the split (Boston, New York City, Rhode Island, Philadelphia and some of the coastal South), some of the words in the original short-o class often show influence from other American dialects and end up with [-ɔr-] anyway. For instance, some speakers from the Northeast pronounce Florida, orange, and horrible with [-ɑr-] but foreign and origin with [-ɔr-]. The list of words affected differs from dialect to dialect and occasionally from speaker to speaker, which is an example of sound change by <a href="/wiki/Lexical_diffusion" title="Lexical diffusion">lexical diffusion</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">Merged homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ɒr/ </th> <th>/ˈɔːr/ </th> <th>/ɑːr/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>coral </td> <td>choral </td> <td> </td> <td>ˈkɔːrəl </td> <td>in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mergers_before_historic_postvocalic_R">Mergers before historic postvocalic R</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mergers before historic postvocalic R">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="/aʊr/–/aʊər/_merger">/aʊr/–/aʊər/ merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: /aʊr/–/aʊər/ merger">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> merger of the vowels with the spellings ⟨our⟩ and ⟨ower⟩ affects all modern varieties of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and causes words like sour and hour, which originally had one syllable, to have two syllables and so to rhyme with power. In accents that lack the merger, sour has one syllable, and power has two syllables. Similar mergers also occur in which hire gains a syllable and so makes it pronounced like higher, and coir gains a syllable and so makes it pronounced like coyer.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Card–cord_merger">Card–cord merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Card–cord merger">edit</a>]</div> The card–cord merger, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">start–north merger, is a merger of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> [ɑr] with [ɒr], which results in the <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophony</a> of pairs like card/cord, barn/born and far/for. It is roughly similar to the <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93bother_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–bother merger">father–bother merger</a> but before r. The merger is found in some <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a> accents, in some <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country accents</a> in England, and in some accents of <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651–53-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982158,_160,_347,_483,_548,_576–77,_582,_587-25">[23]</a> Areas of the United States in which the merger is most common include <a href="/wiki/Central_Texas" title="Central Texas">Central Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, but it is not dominant anywhere and is rapidly disappearing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651-26">[24]</a> Rhotic dialects with the card–cord merger are some of the only ones without the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a>; this correlation is well-documented in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651-26">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">start–north merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ɑːr/ </th> <th>/ɒr/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>arc</td> <td>orc</td> <td>ˈɑːrk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>are</td> <td>or</td> <td>ˈɑːr </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ark</td> <td>orc</td> <td>ˈɑːrk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bark</td> <td>bork</td> <td>ˈbɑːrk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>barn</td> <td>born</td> <td>ˈbɑːrn </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>car</td> <td>cor</td> <td>ˈkɑːr </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>card</td> <td>chord</td> <td>ˈkɑːrd </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>card</td> <td>cord</td> <td>ˈkɑːrd </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>carn</td> <td>corn</td> <td>ˈkɑːrn </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>carnie</td> <td>corny</td> <td>ˈkɑːrni </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dark</td> <td>dork</td> <td>ˈdɑːrk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>darn</td> <td>dorn</td> <td>ˈdɑːrn </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>far</td> <td>for</td> <td>ˈfɑːr </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>farm</td> <td>form</td> <td>ˈfɑːrm </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>farty</td> <td>forty</td> <td>ˈfɑːrti </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lard</td> <td>lord</td> <td>ˈlɑːrd </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mart</td> <td>Mort</td> <td>ˈmɑːrt </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marty</td> <td>Morty</td> <td>ˈmɑːrti </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spark</td> <td>spork</td> <td>ˈspɑːrk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stark</td> <td>stork</td> <td>ˈstɑːrk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tar</td> <td>tor</td> <td>ˈtɑːr </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tart</td> <td>tort</td> <td>ˈtɑːrt </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cure–force_merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Cure–force merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cure–force merger">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, the reflexes of Early Modern English /uːr/ and /iur/ are highly susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic differentiation">phonemic mergers</a> with other vowels. Words belonging to that class are most commonly spelled with oor, our, ure, or eur. Examples include poor, tour, cure, Europe (words such as moor ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> ō words). Wells refers to the class as the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">cure words after the keyword of the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">lexical set</a> to which he assigns them. In traditional <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">cure words are pronounced with Received Pronunciation /ʊə/ (/ʊər/ before a vowel) and General American /ʊr/.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> However, those pronunciations are being replaced by other pronunciations in many accents. In <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">Southern England</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">cure words are often pronounced with /ɔː/ and so moor is often pronounced /mɔː/, tour /tɔː/, and poor /pɔː/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198256,_65–66,_164,_237,_287–88-28">[26]</a> The traditional form is much more common in Northern England. A similar merger is encountered in many varieties of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, whose prevailing pronunciations are [oə] and [oɹ]⁓[ɔɹ], depending on whether or not the accent is rhotic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1951233–34-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982549-30">[28]</a> For many speakers of American English, the historical /iur/ merges with /ɜr/ after palatal consonants, as in "cure", "sure", "pure", and "mature", and merges with /ɔr/ in other environments such as in "poor" and "moor".<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, the centering <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> /ʊə/ has mostly disappeared and is replaced in some words by /ʉːə/ (a sequence of two separate <a href="/wiki/Monophthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophthongs">monophthongs</a>) and in others by /oː/ (a long monophthong).<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The outcome that occurs in a particular word is not always predictable although, for example, pure, cure, and tour may rhyme with fewer and have /ʉːə/, and poor, moor, and sure rhyme with for and paw and have /oː/. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Cure–force merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ʊə/ </th> <th>/ɔː/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>boor</td> <td>boar</td> <td>ˈbɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>boor</td> <td>Boer</td> <td>ˈbɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>boor</td> <td>bore</td> <td>ˈbɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gourd</td> <td>gaud</td> <td>ˈɡɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gourd</td> <td>gored</td> <td>ˈɡɔː(r)d</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lure</td> <td>law</td> <td>ˈlɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic with <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lure</td> <td>lore</td> <td>ˈlɔː(r)</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lured</td> <td>laud</td> <td>ˈlɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic with <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lured</td> <td>lawed</td> <td>ˈlɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic with <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lured</td> <td>lord</td> <td>ˈlɔː(r)d</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>moor</td> <td>maw</td> <td>ˈmɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>moor</td> <td>more</td> <td>ˈmɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>poor</td> <td>paw</td> <td>ˈpɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>poor</td> <td>pore</td> <td>ˈpɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>poor</td> <td>pour</td> <td>ˈpɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spoor</td> <td>spore</td> <td>ˈspɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sure</td> <td>shaw</td> <td>ˈʃɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sure</td> <td>shore</td> <td>ˈʃɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tour</td> <td>taw</td> <td>ˈtɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tour</td> <td>tor</td> <td>ˈtɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tour</td> <td>tore</td> <td>ˈtɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>toured</td> <td>toward</td> <td>ˈtɔː(r)d</td> <td>when toward is not pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/təˈwɔːrd/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>your</td> <td>yaw</td> <td>ˈjɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>your</td> <td>yore</td> <td>ˈjɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you're</td> <td>yaw</td> <td>ˈjɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic with the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>you're</td> <td>yore</td> <td>ˈjɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cure–nurse_merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Cure–nurse merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cure–nurse merger">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">cure–nurse merger in which words like fury merge to the sound of furry [ɜː] is common, especially after <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatoalveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatoalveolar">palatoalveolar</a> consonants and so sure is often pronounced [ʃɜː], which is also a common single-word merger in American English in which the word sure is often /ʃɜr/. Also, <a href="/wiki/English_consonant-cluster_reductions#Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="English consonant-cluster reductions">yod-dropping</a> may apply, which yields pronunciations such as [pɜː] for pure. Other pronunciations in the accents that merge cure and fir include /pjɜː(r)/ pure, /ˈk(j)ɜːriəs/ curious, /ˈb(j)ɜːroʊ/ bureau and /ˈm(j)ɜːrəl/ mural.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199952-33">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Cure–nurse merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/jʊə(r)/ </th> <th>/ɜː(r)/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>cure</td> <td>cur</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)</td> <td rowspan="7">with yod-dropping </td></tr> <tr> <td>cure</td> <td>curr</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r) </td></tr> <tr> <td>cured</td> <td>curd</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)d </td></tr> <tr> <td>cured</td> <td>curred</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)d </td></tr> <tr> <td>fury</td> <td>furry</td> <td>ˈfɜːri </td></tr> <tr> <td>pure</td> <td>per</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td></tr> <tr> <td>pure</td> <td>purr</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="/aɪər/–/ɑr/_merger">/aɪər/–/ɑr/ merger </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: /aɪər/–/ɑr/ merger">edit</a>]</div> Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a> English may merge words like fire and far or tired and tarred towards of the second words: /ɑr/. That results in a tire–tar merger, but tower is kept distinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurathMcDavid1961122-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="/aɪə/–/aʊə/–/ɑː/_merger">/aɪə/–/aʊə/–/ɑː/ merger</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: /aɪə/–/aʊə/–/ɑː/ merger">edit</a>]</div> Some accents of southern <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, including many types of Received Pronunciation and in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, have mergers of the vowels in words like tire, tar (which already <a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93farther_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Father–farther merger">merged</a> with /ɑː/, as in palm), and tower. Thus, the triphthong /aʊə/ of tower merges with the /aɪə/ of tire (both surface as diphthongal [ɑə]) or with the /ɑː/ of tar. Some speakers merge all three sounds and so tower, tire, and tar are all pronounced [tɑː].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982238–42,_286,_292–93,_339-35">[33]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">Merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/aʊə/ </th> <th>/aɪə/ </th> <th>/ɑː/ </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bauer</td> <td>buyer</td> <td>bar</td> <td>ˈbɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>coward</td> <td>-</td> <td>card</td> <td>ˈkɑːd </td></tr> <tr> <td>cower</td> <td>-</td> <td>car</td> <td>ˈkɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>cowered</td> <td>-</td> <td>card</td> <td>ˈkɑːd </td></tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td>fire</td> <td>far</td> <td>ˈfɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>flour</td> <td>flyer</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈflɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>flower</td> <td>flyer</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈflɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>hour</td> <td>ire</td> <td>are</td> <td>ˈɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>hour</td> <td>ire</td> <td>R/ar</td> <td>ˈɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>Howard</td> <td>hired</td> <td>hard</td> <td>ˈhɑːd </td></tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td>mire</td> <td>mar</td> <td>ˈmɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>our</td> <td>ire</td> <td>are</td> <td>ˈɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>our</td> <td>ire</td> <td>R; ar</td> <td>ˈɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>power</td> <td>pyre</td> <td>par</td> <td>ˈpɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>sour</td> <td>sire</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈsɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>scour</td> <td>-</td> <td>scar</td> <td>ˈskɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>shower</td> <td>shire</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈʃɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>showered</td> <td>-</td> <td>shard</td> <td>ˈʃɑːd </td></tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td>spire</td> <td>spar</td> <td>ˈspɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>tower</td> <td>tire</td> <td>tar</td> <td>ˈtɑː </td></tr> <tr> <td>tower</td> <td>tyre</td> <td>tar</td> <td>ˈtɑː </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse–hoarse_merger">Horse–hoarse merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Horse–hoarse merger">edit</a>]</div> The horse–hoarse merger, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north–force merger, is the merger of the vowels /ɔː/ and /oʊ/ before historic /r/, which makes word pairs like horse–hoarse, for–four, war–wore, or–oar, morning–mourning pronounced the same. Historically, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north class belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> /ɒ/ phoneme (containing the same vowel as lot), while the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force class was /oː/ (containing the same vowel as go). The merger now occurs in most varieties of English. Accents that have resisted the merger include most <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a> accents as well as some <a href="/wiki/African_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American English">African American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">older Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">South Wales</a> (excluding Cardiff), some <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">Northern English</a> (Lancashire, Yorkshire), and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> accents.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982159–61,_234–36,_287,_408,_421,_483,_549–50,_557,_579,_626-37">[35]</a> In the non-rhotic British accents that make the distinction, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north is typically merged with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">thought, while the sound of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force varies. The areas of Wales that make the distinction merge it with the monophthongal variety of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">goat: /ˈfoːs/ (those accents lack the <a href="/wiki/Toe%E2%80%93tow_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Toe–tow merger">toe–tow merger</a>), but in the West Midlands, it corresponds to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">goat + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">comma: /ˈfʌʊəs/ or a separate /oə/ phoneme: /ˈfoəs/. The words belonging to each set vary to an extent region to region, for example from Port Talbot tend to use <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force, instead of the traditional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north, in forceps, fortress, important and importance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouplandThomas199095,_122–123,_133–134,_137–138,_156–157-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2004138,_153-39">[37]</a> The distinction was once present in the speech of southern England, the NORTH vowel being sounded as /ɔː/ and the FORCE vowel as the centring diphthong /ɔə/.<a href="#cite_note-wells-40">[38]</a> For many speakers, however, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sweet" title="Henry Sweet">Henry Sweet</a>, this contrast had by 1890 become constricted to word-final positions if the following word began with a consonant (so 'horse' and 'hoarse' had thus become <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophonous</a>, but not 'morceau' and 'more so').<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> In his 1918 <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Outline_of_English_Phonetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Outline of English Phonetics (page does not exist)">Outline of English Phonetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Daniel Jones</a> described the distinction as optional, but he still considered it to be frequently heard in 1962;<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> the two vowels are differentiated in the first (1884–1928) and second (1989) editions of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> with the caveat that in most varieties of southern British pronunciation the two had become identical;<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> no distinction is drawn in the third edition,<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> as well as in most modern British dictionaries (<a href="/wiki/Chambers_Dictionary" title="Chambers Dictionary">Chambers</a> being a notable exception). <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> wrote in 2002 that the distinction had become obsolete in RP.<a href="#cite_note-wells-40">[38]</a> In the United States, the merger is now widespread everywhere but is quite recent in some parts of the country. For example, fieldwork performed in the 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kurath" title="Hans Kurath">Kurath</a> and McDavid showed the contrast to be robustly present in the speech of the entire Atlantic coast, as well as <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, northern and western <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, central and southern <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurathMcDavid1961-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651-26">[24]</a> However, by the 1990s, surveys showed those areas had completely or almost completely undergone the merger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006-48">[46]</a> Even in areas in which the distinction is still made, the acoustic difference between the [ɔɹ] of horse and the [oɹ] of hoarse was found to be rather small for many speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651-26">[24]</a> Some American speakers retain the original length distinction but merge the quality. Therefore, hoarse [hɔːrs] is pronounced longer than horse [hɔrs].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982483-49">[47]</a> In the 2006 study, most white participants in only these American cities still resisted the merger: <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200652-50">[48]</a> A 2013 study of Portland, however, found the merger to have been established "at all age levels".<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In the 2006 study, even <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, which traditionally maintained the horse–hoarse distinction so strongly that it instead <a href="#Card–cord_merger">merged card and cord</a>, showed that only 50% of the participants still maintained the distinction. The same pattern (a horse–hoarse distinction and a card–cord merger) also exists in a minority of speakers in Texas and Utah. New Orleans prominently shows much variability regarding the merger, including some speakers with no merger at all. Black Americans are rapidly undergoing the merger but are also less likely to do so than white Americans, with a little over half of the 2006 study's black participants maintaining the distinction nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg2006299,_301-52">[50]</a> In some <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Southern American</a> dialects, the distinction between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force may be maintained through the presence or absence of /r/, with horse being /hɔːs/ and hoarse being /hɔːrs/.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> The two groups of words merged by the rule are called the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical sets">lexical sets</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north (including horse) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force (including hoarse) by Wells (1982). In dialects that maintain the distinction between the two phonemes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north is indicated almost exclusively by the spellings or, aur and ar (when preceded by /w/), as in horse, aural, war, while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force is generally indicated by the spellings oar, ore, our and oor, as in hoarse, wore, four, door. However, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force can also sometimes occur in words with the or spelling. This is usually in one or more of the following circumstances: <ul><li>When the vowel immediately follows a <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial consonant</a>, /m p b f v w (ʍ)/, as force itself.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Past_participles" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participles">past participles</a> in -orn with corresponding <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> forms in -ore, as in torn, or words made from ones with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force vowel.</li> <li>When the /r/ is followed by a vowel within the same <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>, as in words like glory and flora.</li></ul> However, it does not occur in all words that fit the above criteria. The following table lists some words irregularly with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force sound, rather than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north, with the cases that make them so and regular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north words by comparison. Note that in non-standard accents many words can shift their pronunciation without changing <a href="/wiki/Diaphonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphonemes">diaphonemes</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Lexical_diffusion" title="Lexical diffusion">lexical diffusion</a>. <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">Irregular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force words </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Force class </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">North class </th> <th>Variable </th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <td>afford, borne, divorce, Borneo, deport, export, fjord, force, ford, forge, fort, forth, import, porcelain, porch, pork, port, portal, portend, portent, porter, portrait, proportion, report, sport, support </td> <td>border, born, California, cavort, cyborg, for, forceps, forfeit, fork, form, fortify, fortunate, fortune, fortress, forty, forward, importunate, Morgan, morgue, Mormon, morning, morph, morpheme, morphine, morse, morsel, mortal, mortar, porn, porpoise, quart, reform, remorse, spork, sward, swarm, swarthy, war, warble, ward, warden, wardrobe, warlock, warm, warmth, warn, warp, Warsaw, wart </td> <td>important<a href="#cite_note-important-55">[a]</a> </td> <td>after labial consonant </td></tr> <tr> <td>fourteen, shorn, sworn, torn, worn </td> <td>born, forty </td> <td> </td> <td>derived from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force word </td></tr> <tr> <td>adorable, angora, aurora, borax, boron, censorious, choral, Dora, euphoria, fedora, flora, floral, gloria, glorious, glory, gory, Gregorian, historian, laborious, memorial, meritorious, moratorium, moron, Nora, notorious, oral, oriole, pictorial, porous, pretorian, stentorian, story, thorax, thorium, torus, Tory, uxorious, Victoria(n) </td> <td>aura, aural, aureole, Laura, Taurus </td> <td> </td> <td>followed by vowel within the same morpheme </td></tr> <tr> <td>horde, sword </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>sui generis </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north–force merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>FORCE /oə/ </th> <th>NORTH /ɔː/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>board</td> <td>baud</td> <td>ˈbɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>board</td> <td>bawd</td> <td>ˈbɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>boarder</td> <td>border</td> <td>ˈbɔː(r)də(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bored</td> <td>baud</td> <td>ˈbɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>bored</td> <td>bawd</td> <td>ˈbɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>borne</td> <td>bawn</td> <td>ˈbɔːn</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>borne</td> <td>born</td> <td>ˈbɔː(r)n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bourne</td> <td>bawn</td> <td>ˈbɔːn</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bourne</td> <td>born</td> <td>ˈbɔː(r)n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bourse</td> <td>boss</td> <td>ˈbɔːs</td> <td>non-rhotic <a href="/wiki/Lot%E2%80%93cloth_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot–cloth split">with lot–cloth split</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>core</td> <td>caw</td> <td>ˈkɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>cored</td> <td>cawed</td> <td>ˈkɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>cored</td> <td>chord</td> <td>ˈkɔː(r)d</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cored</td> <td>cord</td> <td>ˈkɔː(r)d</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cores</td> <td>cause</td> <td>ˈkɔːz</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>corps</td> <td>caw</td> <td>ˈkɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>court</td> <td>caught</td> <td>ˈkɔːt</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>door</td> <td>daw</td> <td>ˈdɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>floor</td> <td>flaw</td> <td>ˈflɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>fore</td> <td>for</td> <td>ˈfɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fort</td> <td>fought</td> <td>ˈfɔːt</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>four</td> <td>for</td> <td>ˈfɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gored</td> <td>gaud</td> <td>ˈɡɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>hoarse</td> <td>horse</td> <td>ˈhɔː(r)s</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hoarse</td> <td>hoss<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a></td> <td>ˈhɔːs</td> <td>non-rhotic <a href="/wiki/Lot%E2%80%93cloth_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Lot–cloth split">with lot–cloth split</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lore</td> <td>law</td> <td>ˈlɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>more</td> <td>maw</td> <td>ˈmɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>mourning</td> <td>morning</td> <td>ˈmɔː(r)nɪŋ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oar</td> <td>awe</td> <td>ˈɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>oar</td> <td>or</td> <td>ˈɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ore</td> <td>awe</td> <td>ˈɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>ore</td> <td>or</td> <td>ˈɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oral</td> <td>aural</td> <td>ˈɔːrəl</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>oriole </td> <td>aureole </td> <td>ˈɔːrioʊl </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pore</td> <td>paw</td> <td>ˈpɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>pores</td> <td>pause</td> <td>ˈpɔːz</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>pour</td> <td>paw</td> <td>ˈpɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>roar</td> <td>raw</td> <td>ˈrɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>shore</td> <td>shaw</td> <td>ˈʃɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>shorn</td> <td>Sean</td> <td>ˈʃɔːn</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>shorn</td> <td>Shawn</td> <td>ˈʃɔːn</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>soar</td> <td>saw</td> <td>ˈsɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>soared</td> <td>sawed</td> <td>ˈsɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>sore</td> <td>saw</td> <td>ˈsɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>source</td> <td>sauce</td> <td>ˈsɔːs</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>sword</td> <td>sawed</td> <td>ˈsɔːd</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>tore</td> <td>taw</td> <td>ˈtɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr> <tr> <td>tore</td> <td>tor</td> <td>ˈtɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>torus</td> <td>Taurus</td> <td>ˈtɔːrəs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wore</td> <td>war</td> <td>ˈwɔː(r)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>worn</td> <td>warn</td> <td>ˈwɔː(r)n</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>yore</td> <td>yaw</td> <td>ˈjɔː</td> <td>non-rhotic </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near–square_merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Near–square merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Near–square merger">edit</a>]</div> The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">near–square merger or cheer–chair merger is the merger of the Early Modern English sequences /iːr/ and /ɛːr/, as well as the /eːr/ between them, and is found in some accents of Modern English. Many speakers in New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy200798-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004592-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200839–41-59">[56]</a> merge them towards the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">near vowel, but some speakers in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> merge them towards the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">square vowel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982338,_512,_547,_557,_608-60">[57]</a> The merger is widespread in Caribbean English, including <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican English</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Near–square merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ɪə(r)/ </th> <th>/eə(r)/ </th> <th>IPA (using ⟨ɪə⟩ for the merged vowel) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>beard</td> <td>Baird</td> <td>ˈbɪə(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>beard</td> <td>bared</td> <td>ˈbɪə(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>beer</td> <td>bare</td> <td>ˈbɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>beer</td> <td>bear</td> <td>ˈbɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cheer</td> <td>chair</td> <td>ˈtʃɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>clear</td> <td>Claire</td> <td>ˈklɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dear</td> <td>dare</td> <td>ˈdɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>deer</td> <td>dare</td> <td>ˈdɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>air</td> <td>ˈɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>ere</td> <td>ˈɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>heir</td> <td>ˈɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fear</td> <td>fair</td> <td>ˈfɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fear</td> <td>fare</td> <td>ˈfɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fleer</td> <td>flair</td> <td>ˈflɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fleer</td> <td>flare</td> <td>ˈflɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hear</td> <td>hair</td> <td>ˈhɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hear</td> <td>hare</td> <td>ˈhɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>here</td> <td>hair</td> <td>ˈhɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>here</td> <td>hare</td> <td>ˈhɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leer</td> <td>lair</td> <td>ˈlɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>leered</td> <td>laird</td> <td>ˈlɪə(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mere</td> <td>mare</td> <td>ˈmɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>near</td> <td>nare</td> <td>ˈnɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>peer</td> <td>pair</td> <td>ˈpɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>peer</td> <td>pare</td> <td>ˈpɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>peer</td> <td>pear</td> <td>ˈpɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pier</td> <td>pair</td> <td>ˈpɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pier</td> <td>pare</td> <td>ˈpɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pier</td> <td>pear</td> <td>ˈpɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rear</td> <td>rare</td> <td>ˈrɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>shear</td> <td>share</td> <td>ˈʃɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sheer</td> <td>share</td> <td>ˈʃɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sneer</td> <td>snare</td> <td>ˈsnɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spear</td> <td>spare</td> <td>ˈspɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tear (weep)</td> <td>tare</td> <td>ˈtɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tear (weep)</td> <td>tear (rip)</td> <td>ˈtɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tier</td> <td>tare</td> <td>ˈtɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tier</td> <td>tear (rip)</td> <td>ˈtɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>weary</td> <td>wary</td> <td>ˈwɪəri </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>weir</td> <td>ware</td> <td>ˈwɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>weir</td> <td>wear</td> <td>ˈwɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we're</td> <td>ware</td> <td>ˈwɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>we're</td> <td>wear</td> <td>ˈwɪə(r) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nurse_mergers"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Nurse mergers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nurse mergers">edit</a>]</div> Common in a vast majority of modern English dialects worldwide is the merger of as many as five <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> vowels (/ɛ/, /ɛː/, /ə/, /ɪ/, and /ʊ/) into /ɜ/ when followed by an /r/ before a consonant or at the end of a syllable. Thus, the vowels in words like <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fir#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:fir">fir</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fur#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:fur">fur</a>, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fern#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:fern">fern</a> are the same in almost all modern accents of English. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> briefly calls it the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">NURSE merger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982200,_405-61">[58]</a> When another vowel follows, these are often distinct; contrast the vowels in merry, hurry, weary, mirror, and furry (see the <a href="#Mary–marry–merry_merger">Mary–marry–merry merger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirror%E2%80%93nearer_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror–nearer merger">mirror–nearer</a> <a href="/wiki/Mirror%E2%80%93nearer_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror–nearer merger">merger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hurry%E2%80%93furry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurry–furry merger">hurry–furry merger</a> for details). The major exceptions to most of the Nurse mergers are <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and older <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a>, which also do not have mergers of vowels before /r/ following another vowel. What Scottish and older Irish English have in common is <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a> without <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-colored vowels</a>, meaning that <a href="/wiki//%C9%BE/" class="mw-redirect" title="/ɾ/">/r/</a> is used at the end of a syllable. Words and names with historic /ɛːr/ are spelled ⟨ear⟩ as in earn, earth or pearl and include the function words her and were, in ⟨are, air, eir, ayer⟩ which have stayed distinct (see both the <a href="/wiki/Meet%E2%80%93meat_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Meet–meat merger">meet–meat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pane%E2%80%93pain_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pane–pain merger">pane–pain</a> mergers). The relevant words and names with historic /ɛr/ are ⟨er⟩ in a stressed syllable, historic /ʊr/ are spelled as a stressed ⟨ur ,or ,our⟩, and /ɪr/ is any ⟨ir⟩ or ⟨yr⟩. The diaphoneme /ər/ originates from unstressed vowels before /r/ and was not otherwise distinct. Scottish English and rural Irish English dialects both use sequences of a vowel then /r/ not <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="R-colored vowels">r-colored vowels</a>, and both lack the <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–strut split">foot–strut split</a>; which result in comparable developments. However, the actual realizations of the retained Nurse vowels vary. Also, while most of Scottish English has some distinction, more prestigious/ younger Irish English realizes the Nurse merger as [ɝː]. The table below summarizes the overall differences: <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Retained NURSE vowel table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>EME diaphoneme </th> <th>Scottish English </th> <th>older and rural Irish English </th></tr> <tr> <th>/ɛr/ (spelled ⟨er⟩ or ⟨ear⟩, like fern) </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">/ɛr/ or /er/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ɛːr/ (spelled ⟨are, air, ear⟩, like fare) </th></tr> <tr> <th>/ɪr/ (spelled ⟨ir⟩, like fir) </th> <td>/ɪr/ (often /ər/) </td> <td>/ɛr/ or /er/ (however, /ʊr/ after <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a>, /t/, /d/, /t̪/, /d̪/) </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ʊr/ (spelled ⟨ur⟩, like fur) </th> <td>/ʌr/ </td> <td>/ʊr/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>/ər/ (unstressed, like letter) </th> <td colspan="2">/ər/ </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">mid front</a> /ɛːr/ and /ɛr/ are merged into /er/, paralleling the <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">mid back vowel</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a>, which Scottish English lacks. The vowel in fir /ɪr/ is usually distinct, but is liable to merge than /ər/ because their non-rhoticized equivalents /ɪ/ and /ə/ belong to the same phoneme; this parallels the <a href="/wiki/Hurry%E2%80%93furry_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurry–furry merger">hurry–furry merger</a>. All EME /ʊ/ became /ʌ/, which included before /r/. The /ər/ (letter), /er/ (term) and /ʌr/ (fur) vowels are fully distinct from each other. For rural and very conservative <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a>, /ɪr/ (in whirl) merges entirely with /ɛːr/ (in earl), sometimes merging again with /ɛr/. The merged /ɛːr/ merges again with /ʊr/ after <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">including</a> /θ/ and /ð/ becoming /t̪/ and /d̪/) in many common words, but this no longer productive. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Nurse merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>*/ɛr/~/ər/ </th> <th>*/eːr/ </th> <th>/ɪr/ </th> <th>/ʌr/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>burn</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bert_(name)" title="Bert (name)">Bert</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>Burt</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)t </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>-</td> <td>bird</td> <td>burred</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertie_(given_name)" title="Bertie (given name)">Bertie</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>birdie</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)ɾi</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">flapping</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>berth </td> <td>-</td> <td>birth</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)θ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>earn</td> <td>-</td> <td>urn</td> <td>ˈɜː(r)n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest" title="Ernest">Ernest</a> </td> <td>earnest</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈɜː(r)nɪst </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferd_(nickname)" title="Ferd (nickname)">Ferd</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>furred</td> <td>ˈfɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>herd </td> <td>heard</td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurd">Hurd</a></td> <td>ˈhɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>herl </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>hurl</td> <td>ˈhɜː(r)l </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hearst_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hearst (disambiguation)">Hearst</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>hurst</td> <td>ˈhɜː(r)st </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>-</td> <td>fir</td> <td>fur</td> <td>ˈfɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hertz; <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hertz</a> </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>hurts</td> <td>ˈhɜː(r)ts </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kerb </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>curb</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)b </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mer- </td> <td>-</td> <td>myrrh</td> <td>murr</td> <td>ˈmɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>-</td> <td>mirk</td> <td>murk</td> <td>ˈmɜː(r)k </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>per </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>purr</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> </td> <td>pearl</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r)l </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tern </td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>turn</td> <td>ˈtɜː(r)n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>were </td> <td>-</td> <td>whirr</td> <td>-</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r)</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>-</td> <td>whirl</td> <td>whorl</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r)l </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td>-</td> <td>whirled</td> <td>world</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r)ld</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nurse–near_merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Nurse–near merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nurse–near merger">edit</a>]</div> Some <a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">older Southern American English</a> varieties and some of England's <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country dialects</a> have a partial merger of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse–near. They generally pronounce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">near as /njɜr/, which rhymes near with a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse word like sir or fur (compare general English realisations of cue and coo). Words such as beard are then pronounced as /bjɜrd/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurathMcDavid1961117–18_and_maps_33–36-62">[59]</a> Usual word pairs like beer and burr are still distinguished as /bjɜr/ and /bɜr/. However, /j/ is dropped after a <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> (as in queer) or a <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar consonant</a> (as in cheer), likely because of <a href="/wiki/Phonotactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonotactic">phonotactic</a> constraints, which then results in a merger with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse: /kwɜr/, /tʃɜr/. There is evidence that the <a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, merges both /ɪr/ and /ɛər/ with /ɜr/ and so here and hair are both pronounced the same as the strong pronunciation of her.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nurse–north_merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Nurse–north merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nurse–north merger">edit</a>]</div> The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse–north merger (words like perk being pronounced like pork) involves the merger of /ɜː/ with /ɔː/ and occurs in <a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">broadest</a> <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Some <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">thought words (roughly those spelled with a) have a distinct [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] vowel in broad Geordie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982360,_375-65">[62]</a> Therefore, the merger involves only some of the words corresponding to historical /ɔː/ in Received Pronunciation. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Nurse–north merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ɜː/ </th> <th>/ɔː/ </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>board</td> <td>ˈbɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>bored</td> <td>ˈbɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>burn</td> <td>born</td> <td>ˈbɔːn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>burn</td> <td>borne</td> <td>ˈbɔːn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>curse</td> <td>coarse</td> <td>ˈkɔːs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>curse</td> <td>course</td> <td>ˈkɔːs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>err</td> <td>oar</td> <td>ˈɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>err</td> <td>or</td> <td>ˈɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>err</td> <td>ore</td> <td>ˈɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fir</td> <td>for</td> <td>ˈfɔː</td> <td>the weak form of for is distinct: /fə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fir</td> <td>fore</td> <td>ˈfɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fir</td> <td>four</td> <td>ˈfɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fur</td> <td>for</td> <td>ˈfɔː</td> <td>the weak form of for is distinct: /fə/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fur</td> <td>fore</td> <td>ˈfɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fur</td> <td>four</td> <td>ˈfɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>heard</td> <td>hoard</td> <td>ˈhɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>heard</td> <td>horde</td> <td>ˈhɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>her</td> <td>hoar</td> <td>ˈhɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>her</td> <td>whore</td> <td>ˈhɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>herd</td> <td>hoard</td> <td>ˈhɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>herd</td> <td>horde</td> <td>ˈhɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>occur</td> <td>a core</td> <td>əˈkɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>occur</td> <td>a corps</td> <td>əˈkɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>occurred</td> <td>a chord</td> <td>əˈkɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>occurred</td> <td>a cord</td> <td>əˈkɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>occurred</td> <td>accord</td> <td>əˈkɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>perk</td> <td>pork</td> <td>ˈpɔːk</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>purr</td> <td>pore</td> <td>ˈpɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>purr</td> <td>pour</td> <td>ˈpɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sir</td> <td>soar</td> <td>ˈsɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sir</td> <td>sore</td> <td>ˈsɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stir</td> <td>store</td> <td>ˈstɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stirred</td> <td>stored</td> <td>ˈstɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turk</a></td> <td>torque</td> <td>ˈtɔːk</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>turn</td> <td>torn</td> <td>ˈtɔːn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>were</td> <td>war</td> <td>ˈwɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>were</td> <td>wore</td> <td>ˈwɔː</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>word</td> <td>ward</td> <td>ˈwɔːd</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>worm</td> <td>warm</td> <td>ˈwɔːm</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Square–nurse_merger"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Square–nurse merger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Square–nurse merger">edit</a>]</div> The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">square–nurse merger, or fair–fur merger, is a merger of /ɛə(r)/ with /ɜː(r)/ that occurs in some accents like <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a>, various other dialects within historic <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, the newer <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> accents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982372,_421,_444-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-mackenzie-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Scouse, the accent of Liverpool and the Merseyside area, is the dialect with which the merger is most stereotypically associated.<a href="#cite_note-mackenzie-67">[64]</a> The most common realization in modern Scouse is [eː], but [ɛː] and [ɪː] are also possible.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> It is also found in many neighbouring regions of historic Lancashire, such as <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, where the quality is generally a more central [ɜː]~[ɵː].<a href="#cite_note-mackenzie-67">[64]</a> Shorrocks (1999) reports that in the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Bolton,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton, Greater Manchester">Bolton, Greater Manchester</a>, the two sets are generally merged to [ɵ:], but some <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse words such as first have a short [ɵ].<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> The merger can also be found among some speakers in the Teesside conurbation and the Humberside (Hull - <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a> - <a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a>) area with a quality intermediate between [ɛː] and [ɜː].<a href="#cite_note-mackenzie-67">[64]</a> Thorne (2003) reports that the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">square–nurse merger also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, remarking the merger as being "another principally northern characteristic". Tennant (1982) reports <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse as being pronounced as /eə/ - which would lead <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">square and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">nurse as being pronounced the opposite way of their RP pronunciation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The merger is found in some varieties of <a href="/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English" class="mw-redirect" title="African American Vernacular English">African American Vernacular English</a> and is pronounced <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɜɹ]</a>: "A recent development reported for some <a href="/wiki/AAVE" class="mw-redirect" title="AAVE">AAE</a> (in Memphis, but likely found elsewhere)."<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> This is exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Chingy" title="Chingy">Chingy</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Right_Thurr" title="Right Thurr">Right Thurr</a>", in which the merger is spelled in the title. Labov (1994) also reports such a merger in some western parts of the United States "with a high degree of r constriction". <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Square–nurse merger homophones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>/ɛə(r)/ </th> <th>/ɜː(r)/ </th> <th>IPA (using ⟨ɜː⟩ for the merged vowel) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>air</td> <td>err</td> <td>ˈɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baird_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baird (disambiguation)">Baird</a></td> <td>bird</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baird_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baird (disambiguation)">Baird</a></td> <td>burd</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baird_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Baird (disambiguation)">Baird</a></td> <td>burred</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bare</td> <td>burr</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bared</td> <td>bird</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bared</td> <td>burd</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bared</td> <td>burred</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>bear</td> <td>burr</td> <td>ˈbɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blair" title="Blair">Blair</a></td> <td>blur</td> <td>ˈblɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>blare</td> <td>blur</td> <td>ˈblɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cairn</td> <td>kern</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>care</td> <td>cur</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>care</td> <td>curr</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cared</td> <td>curd</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cared</td> <td>curred</td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cared</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurd</a></td> <td>ˈkɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>chair</td> <td>chirr</td> <td>ˈtʃɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ere</td> <td>err</td> <td>ˈɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fair</td> <td>fir</td> <td>ˈfɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fair</td> <td>fur</td> <td>ˈfɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fairy</td> <td>furry</td> <td>ˈfɜːri </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fare</td> <td>fir</td> <td>ˈfɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fare</td> <td>fur</td> <td>ˈfɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair</td> <td>her</td> <td>ˈhɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>haired</td> <td>heard</td> <td>ˈhɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>haired</td> <td>herd</td> <td>ˈhɜː(r)d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hare</td> <td>her</td> <td>ˈhɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>heir</td> <td>err</td> <td>ˈɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pair</td> <td>per</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pair</td> <td>purr</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pare</td> <td>per</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pare</td> <td>purr</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pear</td> <td>per</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pear</td> <td>purr</td> <td>ˈpɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>share</td> <td>sure</td> <td>ˈʃɜː(r)</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Cure%E2%80%93fir_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cure–fir merger">cure–fir merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>spare</td> <td>spur</td> <td>ˈspɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stair</td> <td>stir</td> <td>ˈstɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>stare</td> <td>stir</td> <td>ˈstɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ware</td> <td>whir</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r)</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ware</td> <td>were</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r) </td></tr> <tr> <td>wear</td> <td>whir</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r)</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>wear</td> <td>were</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>where</td> <td>were</td> <td>ˈwɜː(r)</td> <td>with <a href="/wiki/Wine%E2%80%93whine_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine–whine merger">wine–whine merger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>where</td> <td>whir</td> <td>ˈhwɜː(r) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">Phonological history of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_vowels" title="Phonological history of English vowels">Phonological history of English vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil%E2%80%93curl_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil–curl merger">Coil–curl merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">R-colored vowel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_samples">Sound samples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sound samples">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930121346/http://www.alt-usage-english.org/mmm_bc.wav">"Sample of a speaker with the Mary–marry–merry merger Text: "Mary, dear, make me merry; say you'll marry me"</a>. alt-usage-english.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alt-usage-english.org/mmm_bc.wav">the original</a> on 2005-09-30. Retrieved 2005-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alt-usage-english.org&rft.atitle=Sample+of+a+speaker+with+the+Mary%E2%80%93marry%E2%80%93merry+merger+Text%3A+%22Mary%2C+dear%2C+make+me+merry%3B+say+you%27ll+marry+me.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alt-usage-english.org%2Fmmm_bc.wav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930121353/http://www.alt-usage-english.org/mmm_rf.wav">"Sample of a speaker with the three-way distinction of Mary, marry, and merry"</a>. alt-usage-english.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alt-usage-english.org/mmm_rf.wav">the original</a> on 2005-09-30. Retrieved 2005-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alt-usage-english.org&rft.atitle=Sample+of+a+speaker+with+the+three-way+distinction+of+Mary%2C+marry%2C+and+merry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alt-usage-english.org%2Fmmm_rf.wav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-important-55"><a href="#cite_ref-important_55-0">^</a> Traditionally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">north in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">General American</a>; usually <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">force in other accents<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982160-54">[52]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982479–485-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982479–485_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 479–485. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982201–2,_244-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982201–2,_244_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982201–2,_244_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 201–2, 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982</a>:132, 480–481) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004582,_585,_587–588,_591-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004582,_585,_587–588,_591_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauerWarren2004">Bauer & Warren (2004)</a>, pp. 582, 585, 587–588, 591. </li> <li id="cite_note-dialectsurvey-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dialectsurvey_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialectsurvey_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialectsurvey_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialectsurvey_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dialectsurvey_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061125223544/http://cfprod01.imt.uwm.edu/Dept/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_15.html">"Dialect Survey Question 15: How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cfprod01.imt.uwm.edu/Dept/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/q_15.html">the original</a> on November 25, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialect+Survey+Question+15%3A+How+do+you+pronounce+Mary%2Fmerry%2Fmarry%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcfprod01.imt.uwm.edu%2FDept%2FFLL%2Flinguistics%2Fdialect%2Fstaticmaps%2Fq_15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982199–203,_211–12,_480–82-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982199–203,_211–12,_480–82_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 199–203, 211–12, 480–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909170817/http://cfprod01.imt.uwm.edu/Dept/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/state_LA.html">"Dialect Survey Results: LOUISIANA"</a>. Archived from [/<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cfprod01.imt.uwm.edu/Dept/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/state_LA.html">http://cfprod01.imt.uwm.edu/Dept/FLL/linguistics/dialect/staticmaps/state_LA.html</a> the original] on September 9, 2006. Retrieved September 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialect+Survey+Results%3A+LOUISIANA&rft_id=%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fcfprod01.imt.uwm.edu%2FDept%2FFLL%2Flinguistics%2Fdialect%2Fstaticmaps%2Fstate_LA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200654,_56-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200654,_56_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 54, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004582–583,_588,_592-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerWarren2004582–583,_588,_592_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauerWarren2004">Bauer & Warren (2004)</a>, pp. 582–583, 588, 592. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200654,_238-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200654,_238_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 54, 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_J._Gordon2004" class="citation book cs1">Matthew J. Gordon (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. pp. 290, 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English+Volume+1%3A+Phonology&rft.pages=290%2C+292&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Matthew+J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982153–54,_162–63,_242–43,_479,_481,_484-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982153–54,_162–63,_242–43,_479,_481,_484_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 153–54, 162–63, 242–43, 479, 481, 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982481-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982481_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982138,_153–54,_162–63,_201,_244,_480–82-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982138,_153–54,_162–63,_201,_244,_480–82_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 138, 153–54, 162–63, 201, 244, 480–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982162–64,_484-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982162–64,_484_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 162–64, 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_J._Gordon2004" class="citation book cs1">Matthew J. Gordon (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English+Volume+1%3A+Phonology&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Matthew+J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik_R._Thomas2004" class="citation book cs1">Erik R. Thomas (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Varieties+of+English+Volume+1%3A+Phonology&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Erik+R.+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabov2006" class="citation book cs1">Labov, William (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Stratification+of+English+in+New+York+City&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShitara1993-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShitara1993_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShitara1993">Shitara (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121075408/http://www.merriam-webster.com/help/MWOL%20Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf">"Guide to Pronunciation"</a> (PDF). Merriam-Webster. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/help/MWOL%20Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 21, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Pronunciation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fhelp%2FMWOL%2520Pronunciation%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651–53-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651–53_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, pp. 51–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982158,_160,_347,_483,_548,_576–77,_582,_587-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982158,_160,_347,_483,_548,_576–77,_582,_587_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 158, 160, 347, 483, 548, 576–77, 582, 587. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELabovAshBoberg200651_26-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006">Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cure">"Cure (AmE)"</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Cure+%28AmE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cure">"Cure (AmE)"</a>. Dictionary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Cure+%28AmE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198256,_65–66,_164,_237,_287–88-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198256,_65–66,_164,_237,_287–88_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 56, 65–66, 164, 237, 287–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1951233–34-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyon1951233–34_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenyon1951">Kenyon (1951)</a>, pp. 233–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982549-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982549_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, p. 549. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713090510/http://assets2.merriam-webster.com/mw/static/pdf/help/guide-to-pronunciation.pdf">"Guide to Pronunciation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster.com">Merriam-Webster.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets2.merriam-webster.com/mw/static/pdf/help/guide-to-pronunciation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-07-13. Retrieved 2017-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Pronunciation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets2.merriam-webster.com%2Fmw%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2Fhelp%2Fguide-to-pronunciation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329084342/http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonology/features/auseng_features.html">"Distinctive Features: Australian English"</a>. Macquarie University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonology/features/auseng_features.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distinctive+Features%3A+Australian+English&rft.pub=Macquarie+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.mq.edu.au%2Fspeech%2Fphonetics%2Fphonology%2Ffeatures%2Fauseng_features.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"> See also <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macquarie_University_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macquarie University Dictionary (page does not exist)">Macquarie University Dictionary</a> and other dictionaries of Australian English. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond199952-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond199952_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1999">Hammond (1999)</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurathMcDavid1961122-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurathMcDavid1961122_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurathMcDavid1961">Kurath & McDavid (1961)</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982238–42,_286,_292–93,_339-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982238–42,_286,_292–93,_339_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells (1982)</a>, pp. 238–42, 286, 292–93, 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719042926/http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch8/Ch8.html">"Chapter 8: Nearly completed mergers"</a>. 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North Carolina State University. p. 466. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerWarren2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004). "New Zealand English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 580–602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=580-602&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Warren%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721">"New Zealand English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a>. 37 (1): 97–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002830">10.1017/S0025100306002830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002830&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Warren%2C+Paul&rft.au=Bardsley%2C+Dianne&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Marianna&rft.au=Major%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282778721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Clark, Urszula (2004). "The English West Midlands: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 134–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+English+West+Midlands%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=134-162&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Urszula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouplandThomas1990" class="citation book cs1">Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C">English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</a>. Multilingual Matters Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-032-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-032-0"><bdi>978-1-85359-032-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-032-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1999" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Michael (1999). The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a> of English. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823797-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-823797-9"><bdi>0-19-823797-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-823797-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). "2. Phonetics and Phonology". New Zealand English. Dialects of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+English&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=Dialects+of+English&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2529-1&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1951" class="citation book cs1">Kenyon, John S. (1951). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>: George Wahr Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884739-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-884739-08-3"><bdi>1-884739-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Pronunciation&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=George+Wahr+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=1-884739-08-3&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurathMcDavid1961" class="citation book cs1">Kurath, Hans; McDavid, Raven I. (1961). The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-0129-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-0129-1"><bdi>0-8173-0129-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pronunciation+of+English+in+the+Atlantic+States&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-8173-0129-1&rft.aulast=Kurath&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=McDavid%2C+Raven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">Labov, William</a>; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. pp. 187–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016746-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016746-8"><bdi>3-11-016746-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+North+American+English&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=187-208&rft.pub=Mouton-de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-11-016746-8&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ash%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Boberg%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShitara1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shitara, Yuko (1993). "A survey of American pronunciation preferences". Speech Hearing and Language. 7: 201–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speech+Hearing+and+Language&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+American+pronunciation+preferences&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=201-232&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Shitara&rft.aufirst=Yuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759">10.1017/CBO9780511611759</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611766">10.1017/CBO9780511611766</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52129719-2">0-52129719-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=1%3A+An+Introduction&rft.isbn=0-52129719-2"> , <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128540-2">0-52128540-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128540-2&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"> , <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-52128541-0">0-52128541-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish-language+vowel+changes+before+historic+%2Fr%2F&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.volume=3%3A+Beyond+the+British+Isles&rft.isbn=0-52128541-0&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FCBO9780511611759"> .</cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_English" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_English" title="Template:History of English"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_English" title="Template talk:History of English"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_English" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of English"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">Proto-West-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Old_English" title="Kentish Old English">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Phonological_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">Phonological history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_vowels" title="Phonological history of English vowels">Vowels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /l/">Changes before historic /l/</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Changes before historic /r/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close back vowels">Close back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close front vowels">Close front vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">Diphthongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_open_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English open back vowels">Open back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisyllabic_laxing" title="Trisyllabic laxing">Trisyllabic laxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants" title="Phonological history of English consonants">Consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">Clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping">H-dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization">L-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8ng%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩">Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization">T-glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩">Th</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">stopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩">Wh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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