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id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australian_English_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_English_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australian English influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_English_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_English_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_English_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>American English influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_English_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealandisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealandisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>New Zealandisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealandisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_Australian_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_Australian_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Differences from Australian English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_Australian_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māori_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Māori influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects_and_accents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects_and_accents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dialects and accents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects_and_accents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="न्यूजीलैंड अंग्रेजी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="न्यूजीलैंड अंग्रेजी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إنجليزية نيوزلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجليزية نيوزلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s_neozeland%C3%A9s" title="Anglés neozelandés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anglés neozelandés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_neozeland%C3%A9s" title="Inglés neozelandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglés neozelandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Zelandiya_ingilisc%C9%99si" title="Yeni Zelandiya ingiliscəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeni Zelandiya ingiliscəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Eng-g%C3%AD" title="New Zealand Eng-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="New Zealand Eng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuseel%C3%A4ndisches_Englisch" title="Neuseeländisches Englisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuseeländisches Englisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_neozeland%C3%A9s" title="Inglés neozelandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés neozelandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی نیوزیلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی نیوزیلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglais_n%C3%A9o-z%C3%A9landais" title="Anglais néo-zélandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglais néo-zélandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%A7%88%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="뉴질랜드 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴질랜드 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Selandia_Baru" title="Bahasa Inggris Selandia Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Selandia Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDsj%C3%A1lensk_enska" title="Nýsjálensk enska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýsjálensk enska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglese_neozelandese" title="Inglese neozelandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inglese neozelandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj-z%C3%A9landi_angol_nyelv" title="Új-zélandi angol nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Új-zélandi angol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuw-Zeelands-Engels" title="Nieuw-Zeelands-Engels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuw-Zeelands-Engels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="ニュージーランド英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュージーランド英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newzealandsk_engelsk" title="Newzealandsk engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Newzealandsk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowozelandzka_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_angielskiego" title="Nowozelandzka odmiana języka angielskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowozelandzka odmiana języka angielskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_neozeland%C3%AAs" title="Inglês neozelandês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês neozelandês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Новозеландский вариант английского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новозеландский вариант английского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New Zealand English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novozelandski_engleski" title="Novozelandski engleski – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Novozelandski engleski" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novozelandski_engleski" title="Novozelandski engleski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novozelandski engleski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uudenseelanninenglanti" title="Uudenseelanninenglanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uudenseelanninenglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyzeel%C3%A4ndsk_engelska" title="Nyzeeländsk engelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nyzeeländsk engelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Zelanda_%C4%B0ngilizcesi" title="Yeni Zelanda İngilizcesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni Zelanda İngilizcesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Новозеландська англійська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Новозеландська англійська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh_New_Zealand" title="Tiếng Anh New Zealand – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of the English language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NZE" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NZE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="NZE (disambiguation)">NZE (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">New Zealand English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealanders</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3.8 million in New Zealand (2013 census)<sup id="cite_ref-ethn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />150,000 <a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2 speakers</a> of English in New Zealand (Crystal 2003)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>New Zealand English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English#19th_Century_Rural_Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">19th century Cockney English</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Southland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/newz1240">newz1240</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-NZ</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>New Zealand English</b> (<b>NZE</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">variant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> spoken and written by most English-speaking <a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">language code</a> in <a href="/wiki/ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet standard">Internet standards</a> is <b>en-NZ</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> of the majority of the population. </p><p>The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. It is one of "the newest native-speaker variet[ies] of the English language in existence, a variety which has developed and become distinctive only in the last 150 years".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The varieties of English that had the biggest influence on the development of New Zealand English were <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_in_southern_England" class="mw-redirect" title="English in southern England">Southern England English</a>, with lesser influences from <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and the British prestige accent <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP).<sup id="cite_ref-Bayard2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayard2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important source of vocabulary is the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> of the indigenous people of New Zealand, whose contribution distinguishes New Zealand English from other varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayard2000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayard2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Non-rhotic</a> New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, but has key differences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prominent difference is the realisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">the <small>KIT</small> vowel</a>): in New Zealand English this is pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>. New Zealand English has several increasingly distinct varieties, and while most New Zealanders speak non-rhotic English, <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a> is increasing quickly, especially among <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika</a> and Māori in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> and the upper <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-explained_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explained-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first dictionary with entries documenting New Zealand English was probably the <i>Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary</i> published in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Trove_Reed_dict_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trove_Reed_dict-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edited by Harry Orsman (1928–2002), it is a 1,337-page book with information relating to the usage and pronunciation of terms that were widely accepted throughout the English-speaking world, and those peculiar to New Zealand. It includes a one-page list of the approximate date of entry into common parlance of the many terms found in New Zealand English but not elsewhere, such as "<a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a>" (1827), "boohai" (1920), and "<a href="/wiki/Bach_(New_Zealand)" title="Bach (New Zealand)">bach</a>" (1905). A second edition was published in 1989 with the cover subtitle "The first dictionary of New Zealand English and New Zealand pronunciation". A third edition, edited by Nelson Wattie, was published as <i>The Reed Dictionary of New Zealand English</i> by <a href="/wiki/Reed_Publishing" title="Reed Publishing">Reed Publishing</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-Trove_Reed_dict_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trove_Reed_dict-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first dictionary fully dedicated to the New Zealand variety of English was <i>The New Zealand Dictionary</i> published by New House Publishers in 1994 and edited by Elizabeth and Harry Orsman.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict1994_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second edition was published in 1995, edited by Elizabeth Orsman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> produced the Harry Orsman-edited <i>The Dictionary of New Zealand English: A Dictionary of New Zealandisms on Historical Principles</i>, a 981-page book, which it claimed was based on over 40 years of research. This research started with Orsman's 1951 thesis and continued with his editing this dictionary. To assist with and maintain this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre was founded in 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a> and Oxford University Press. This was followed by <i>The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary</i> in 1998, edited by New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">lexicographer</a> Tony Deverson. It is based on <i>The Oxford Paperback Dictionary, fourth edition</i>, and <i>The Australian Oxford Paperback Dictionary, second edition</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further lexicographical work culminated in the 1,374-page <i>The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary</i> published in 2004, by Tony Deverson and Graeme Kennedy. The dictionary contains over 100,000 definitions, including over 12,000 New Zealand entries and a wide range of encyclopedic information.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second, revised edition of <i>The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary</i> was published in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this time using standard lexicographical regional markers to identify the New Zealand content, which were absent from the first edition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The NZ Dictionary Centre ceased active operations after the retirement of its second Director, Dr Dianne Bardsley, in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another authoritative work is the <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>, first published in 1979 by <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, which contains an abundance of well-cited New Zealand words and phrases, drawing from the 650-million-word <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a>, a British research facility set up at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> in 1980 and funded by Collins publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this is a British dictionary of International English there has always been a credited New Zealand advisor for the New Zealand content, namely Professor Ian Gordon from 1979 until 2002 and Professor Elizabeth Gordon from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> since 2003.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Australia's <i><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Dictionary" title="Macquarie Dictionary">Macquarie Dictionary</a></i> was first published in 1981, and has since become the authority on Australian English. It has always included an abundance of New Zealand words and phrases additional to the mutually shared words and phrases of both countries. Every edition has retained a New Zealand resident advisor for the New Zealand content,<sup id="cite_ref-Manser2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manser2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first being Harry Orsman.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most recent being <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a> lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Bauer" title="Laurie Bauer">Laurie Bauer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manser2021_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manser2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European and American goods with the indigenous Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first European settlers to New Zealand were mainly from Australia, some of them ex-convicts or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and traders from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When in 1788 the <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_South_Wales#1788:_Establishment_of_the_colony" title="History of New South Wales">colony of New South Wales was formed</a>, most of New Zealand was nominally included, but no real legal authority or control was exercised. As a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">non-sovereign nation</a>, New Zealand remained ungoverned and most European settlers intermarried with and lived among the Maori tribes in harmony. Settlers were greatly outnumbered by Maori and relied on them for security and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first official <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> arrived in New Zealand in 1814, bringing formal education and farming skills as well as Christianity to the communities, many of which by this time had become <a href="/wiki/Bi-lingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-lingual">bi-lingual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> announced in 1839 its plans to establish formal colonies in New Zealand, this and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British to take stronger action to establish British sovereignty over New Zealand. Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> was sent to New Zealand to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown and on 6 February 1840 Hobson and about forty Māori chiefs signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-colenso_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colenso-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Zealand broke its connection with New South Wales and became the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a> on 1 July 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point there was considerable European settlement, primarily from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, and to a lesser extent the United States, South Africa, and various parts of continental Europe. Some 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of whom 300,000 stayed permanently. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born. </p><p>After the Treaty of Waitangi, the next few years saw tensions grow over disputed land purchases by settlers as well as some communities refusing to accept British rule. Conflicts escalated into what became the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> from 1845 to 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonial government summoned thousands of British troops from Britain and Australia, as well as locally recruited pro-British <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> forces, to mount major campaigns to overpower the Māori and Māori-allied <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist movements</a>, eventually resulting in the defeat of the rebel forces.<sup id="cite_ref-King_1977,_p._26_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1977,_p._26-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belich_1986x,_pp=204–205_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belich_1986x,_pp=204–205-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the wars, gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865) caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the New Zealand population from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. Between 1864 and 1865, under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, 13 ships carrying citizens of England, Scotland, Ireland and South Africa arrived in New Zealand under the Waikato Immigration Scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to census data from 1871, around half the early settlers were English, a quarter Scots, a quarter Irish and 5% Australian.<sup id="cite_ref-explained_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explained-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European population of New Zealand grew explosively from fewer than 1000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881. By 1911 the <a href="/wiki/1911_New_Zealand_census" title="1911 New Zealand census">population of New Zealand</a> had reached a million, of which 49,844 were Māori. 702,779 were New Zealand-born. The largest foreign-born demographics were those born in England and Scotland, followed by Australia and Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-1912_results_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1912_results-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinct New Zealand variant of the English language has been recognised since at least 1912, when <a href="/wiki/Frank_Arthur_Swinnerton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Arthur Swinnerton">Frank Arthur Swinnerton</a> described it as a "carefully modulated murmur". From the beginning of the haphazard Australian and European settlements and latter official British migrations, a new dialect began to form by adopting Māori words to describe the different flora and fauna of New Zealand, for which English did not have words.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Zealand accent first appeared in towns with mixed populations of immigrants from Australia, England, Ireland, and Scotland. These included the militia towns of the North Island and the gold-mining towns of the South Island. In more homogeneous towns such as those in Otago and Southland, settled mainly by people from Scotland, the New Zealand accent took longer to appear,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the accent was quick to develop in schools starting from the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-explained_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explained-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the latter 20th century New Zealand society has gradually divested itself of its fundamentally British roots<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has adopted influences from all over the world, especially in the early 21st century when New Zealand experienced an increase of non-British immigration, which has brought about a more prominently multi-ethnic society. The Internet, television,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> movies and popular music have all brought international influences into New Zealand society and the New Zealand lexicon. <a href="/wiki/Americanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanisation">Americanisation</a> of New Zealand society and language has subtly and gradually been taking place since World War II and especially since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a> are <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutory</a> <a href="/wiki/Official_language#New_Zealand" title="Official language">official languages</a> of New Zealand, English is a <i>de facto</i> official language, which may be used in any public or official context.<sup id="cite_ref-Walters_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, MP <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Mitchell_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Clayton Mitchell (New Zealand politician)">Clayton Mitchell</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> put forward a bill for English to be recognised as an official language in legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand English phonology</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right"> <caption>Variation in New Zealand vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lexical_set" title="Lexical set">Lexical set</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Phoneme </th> <th colspan="2">Phonetic realisation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Cultivated </th> <th>Broad </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">ɪ̠</a>]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NEAR</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̞ə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̝ə]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̞ə]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">SQUARE</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eə/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞ə]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">FACE</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æɪ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æɪ]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐɪ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PRICE</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑɪ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ̟ɪ]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒ̝ˑɪ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔɪ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɐʉ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɵʊ]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐʉ]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">MOUTH</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æʊ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aʊ]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞ə]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Not all New Zealanders have the same accent, as the level of cultivation (i.e. the closeness to <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a>) of every speaker's accent differs. An identifiable feature of New Zealand English is its <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> where the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> vowel has moved up to the place of the traditional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">DRESS</span> vowel, which in turn has moved up towards the traditional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">KIT</span> vowel, which in turn is centralised. This makes "bat" sound like "bet", "bet" sound like "bit", and "bit" sound like "but" to foreign ears. For example "six" is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[səks]</span> in New Zealand English but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɪks]</span> in Australian English. General New Zealand English is <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a>, however Southland is semi-rhotic due to the accent's Scottish influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand English has a number of dialectal words and phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-NZImm_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZImm-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are mostly informal terms that are more common in casual speech. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> have been taken from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> or from Australian English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>New Zealand adopted decimal currency in 1967 and the <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_New_Zealand" title="Metrication in New Zealand">metric system</a> in 1974. Despite this, several imperial measures are still widely encountered and usually understood, such as feet and inches for a person's height, pounds and ounces for an infant's birth weight, and in colloquial terms such as referring to drinks in pints.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the food manufacturing industry in New Zealand both metric and non-metric systems of weight are used and usually understood, owing to raw food products being imported from both metric and non-metric countries. However, per the December 1976 Weights and Measures Amendment Act, all foodstuffs must be retailed using the metric system.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the knowledge of non-metric units is lessening.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Both the words <i>amongst</i> and <i>among</i> are used, as in British English. The same is true for two other pairs, <i>whilst</i> and <i>while</i> and <i>amidst</i> and <i>amid</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_English_influences">Australian English influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australian English influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand English terms of Australian origin include <i>bushed</i> (lost or bewildered), <i>chunder</i> (to vomit), <i>drongo</i> (a foolish or stupid person), <i><a href="/wiki/Fossicking" title="Fossicking">fossick</a></i> (to search), <i>larrikin</i> (mischievous person), <i>Maccas</i> (slang for <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> food), <i>maimai</i> (a duckshooter's hide; originally a makeshift shelter, from aboriginal <i>mia-mia</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Paddock" title="Paddock">paddock</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">field</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">meadow</a>), <i>pom</i> or <i>pommy</i> (an Englishman), <i>skite</i> (verb: to boast), <i>station</i> (for a very large farm), <i>wowser</i> (non-drinker of alcohol, or killjoy), and <i>ute</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup truck</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_English_influences">American English influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American English influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advancing from its British and Australian English origins, New Zealand English has evolved to include many terms of American origin, or which are otherwise used in American English, in preference over the equivalent contemporary British terms. In a number of instances, terms of British and American origin can be used interchangeably. Many American borrowings are not unique to New Zealand English, and may be found in other dialects of English, including British English.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of such words in New Zealand English are the preferred usage of the American <i>bobby pin</i> over the British <i>hair pin</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>muffler</i> for <i>silencer</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>truck</i> for <i>lorry</i>, <i>station wagon</i> for <i>estate car</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>stove</i> for <i>cooker</i>, <i>creek</i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over <i>brook</i> or <i>stream</i>, <i>eggplant</i> for <i>aubergine</i>, <i>median strip</i> for <i>central reservation</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>pushup</i> for <i>press-up</i>, and <i>potato chip</i> for <i>potato crisp</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of vocabulary directly borrowed from American English include <i><a href="/wiki/The_boonies" class="mw-redirect" title="The boonies">the boonies</a></i>, <i>bucks</i> (dollars), <i>butt</i> (bum or arse), <i>ding</i> (dent), <i>dude</i>, <i>duplex</i>, <i>faggot</i> or <i>fag</i> (interchangeable with the British <i>poof</i> and <i>poofter</i>), <i>figure</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (to think or conclude; consider), <i>hightail it</i>, <i>homeboy</i>, <i>hooker</i>, <i>lagoon</i>, <i>lube</i> (oil change), <i>man</i> (in place of <i>mate</i> or <i>bro</i> in direct address), <i>major</i> (to study or qualify in a subject), <i>to be over</i> [some situation] (be fed up), <i>rig</i> (large truck),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>sheltered workshop</i> (workplace for disabled persons),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>spat</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a small argument), and <i>subdivision</i>, and <i>tavern</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding grammar, since about 2000 the American <i>gotten</i> has been increasingly commonly used as the past participle of "get"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of the standard British English <i>got</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealandisms">New Zealandisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealandisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thames_Kumara_n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Thames_Kumara_n.jpg/220px-Thames_Kumara_n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Thames_Kumara_n.jpg/330px-Thames_Kumara_n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Thames_Kumara_n.jpg/440px-Thames_Kumara_n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Kūmara (<a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>) for sale in <a href="/wiki/Thames,_New_Zealand" title="Thames, New Zealand">Thames</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Zealand_English" title="Special:EditPage/New Zealand English">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+Zealand+English%22">"New Zealand English"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+Zealand+English%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+Zealand+English%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+Zealand+English%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+Zealand+English%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+Zealand+English%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some English words are used almost exclusively in New Zealand. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bach_(New_Zealand)" title="Bach (New Zealand)">bach</a></i> (noun) – cheaply built and basic holiday home; located at beaches throughout the country<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Carbonettes</i> (noun, especially in the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>) – pieces of charcoal used in barbecues<sup id="cite_ref-genderi.org_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genderi.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>convert</i> (verb) – to steal a car, hence also the name for car theft being <i>car conversion</i><sup id="cite_ref-genderi.org_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genderi.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>chur</i> (interj) — hello, cheers, thanks<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bach_(New_Zealand)" title="Bach (New Zealand)">crib</a></i> (noun) – similar to <i>bach</i> (above), used more in <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dairy_(store)" title="Dairy (store)">dairy</a></i> (noun) – corner shop; convenience store.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>durry</i> (noun<i>) –</i> cigarette<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eh" title="Eh">eh</a>?</i> (particle) – used to elicit a response. Used much more in New Zealand than in the stereotypical <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>handle</i> (noun) – a 425–500 mL glass of beer with a handle, as sold in pubs<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>hardout/hard</i> – used to show agreement, or used to show emphasis/intensity. Examples: Agreement: "Yeah hard/hardout". "He was running hardout."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>heaps</i> (adjective, adverb) – abundant, plenty, plentifully. Examples: "There are heaps of cops surrounding the house." "I love you heaps." "Give it heaps!" – give it your best effort!<sup id="cite_ref-NZImm_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZImm-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often in cooking someone would say, "that's heaps" meaning 'that's too much' (also used in Australia)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hokey_pokey_(ice_cream)" title="Hokey pokey (ice cream)">hokey pokey</a></i> (noun) – the New Zealand term for <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_toffee" title="Honeycomb toffee">honeycomb toffee</a>; also a flavour of <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> consisting of plain vanilla ice cream with small, solid lumps of honeycomb toffee.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>jandals</i> (noun) – the NZ term for <a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">flip-flops</a>. Originally a trademarked name derived from "Japanese sandals".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>jug</i> (noun) – a kettle (also used in Australia)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>kai</i> (noun) – <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> word meaning food, or something to eat, used by Māori and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> alike<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>kūmara</i> (noun) – sweet potato,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically those historically cultivated by Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>puckerood</i> (adj) – broken; busted; wrecked.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Māori "<i>pakaru</i>" – to shatter<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>sweet as!</i> (interj) – Cool! Awesome!<sup id="cite_ref-nmit_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmit-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZImm_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZImm-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>tramping</i> (noun) <i> tramp</i> (verb) – Bushwalking, hiking. Usage is exclusive to New Zealand<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_Australian_English">Differences from Australian English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Differences from Australian English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of these relate to words used to refer to common items, often based on which major brands become <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_eponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary eponym">eponyms</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:120px;">NZ</th> <th style="width:120px;">Australia </th> <th>Translation to US/UK English </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Cooler" title="Cooler">chilly bin</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Esky" title="Esky">Esky</a><sup id="cite_ref-tm_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">An insulated box used to keep food or drink cool, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Cooler" title="Cooler">cooler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bach_(New_Zealand)" title="Bach (New Zealand)">bach</a><br />crib<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Shack" title="Shack">shack</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">a small, often very modest <a href="/wiki/Vacation_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacation property">holiday property</a>, often at the seaside </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_(store)" title="Dairy (store)">dairy</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Milk_bar" title="Milk bar">milk bar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">deli</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">Convenience store</a>, a small store selling mainly food </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">drinking fountain </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Bubbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubbler">bubbler</a> </td> <td valign="top">Drinking fountain. (Bubbler is also used in some parts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of United States) </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Duvet" title="Duvet">duvet</a> </td> <td valign="top">Doona<sup id="cite_ref-tm_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">Doona is an Australian trade mark for a brand of duvet/quilt. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Ice_pop" title="Ice pop">ice block</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ice_pop" title="Ice pop">popsicle</a> </td> <td valign="top">ice block<br />Icy Pole<sup id="cite_ref-tm_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Ice_pop" title="Ice pop">Ice pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_lolly" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice lolly">ice lolly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Jandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandals">jandals</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">thongs </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">Flip-flops</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">thong</a>, <a href="/wiki/G-string" title="G-string">G-string</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/G-string" title="G-string">G-string</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">Thong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">candy floss</a> </td> <td valign="top">fairy floss </td> <td valign="top">Candy floss in the UK, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">cotton candy</a> in the US </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Cattle_grid" title="Cattle grid">cattle stop</a> </td> <td valign="top">cattle grid </td> <td valign="top">A device for preventing cattle wandering onto country roads </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">sallies </td> <td valign="top">salvos </td> <td valign="top">Followers of the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> church; also the second-hand shops run by the Salvation Army Church. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">speed bump</a><br />judder bar<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">speed bump<br />speed hump<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">A raised section of road used to deter excessive speed </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">no exit </td> <td valign="top">no through road </td> <td valign="top">Signage for a road with a dead end, a <a href="/wiki/Cul-de-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cul-de-sac">cul-de-sac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Correction_fluid" title="Correction fluid">Twink</a><sup id="cite_ref-tm_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Paper" title="Liquid Paper">Liquid Paper</a><sup id="cite_ref-tm_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Wite-Out" title="Wite-Out">Wite-Out</a><sup id="cite_ref-tm_81-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Correction_fluid" title="Correction fluid">Correction fluid</a>. Twink is a New Zealand brand name which has entered the vernacular as a generic term, being the first product of its kind introduced in the 1980s. The common Australian general term is white-out.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquid Paper is also a brand name which is sometimes used as a generic term in Australia or New Zealand. As with other countries (but not Australia) the European brand <a href="/wiki/Tipp-Ex" title="Tipp-Ex">Tipp-Ex</a> is also available in New Zealand and is sometimes used as a generic term as well. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> </td> <td valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> </td> <td valign="top">In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a> can be named as either freeway (a term not used in NZ; generally used in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>) or motorway (used in NZ, as well as <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, etc.), depending on the state. Tolled roads are common in some cities in Australia, and the term freeway is not used for roads that require a toll for use, the implication being that their use is not "free". "Highway" is common outside major cities in Australia. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">"<a href="/wiki/Kia_ora" title="Kia ora">kia ora</a>"<br />"howdy"<br />"g'day"<br />"hello" </td> <td valign="top">"g'day"<br />"hello" (etc.) </td> <td valign="top">Although the greeting "g'day" is as common in New Zealand as it is in Australia, the term "howdy" can be heard throughout New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Two forum posts aren't adequate to establish consensus and this seems like original research, is there an academic source for this? (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but not as frequently in Australia. This contraction of "how do you do?" is actually of English origin (South English dialect <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span>), however is contemporarily associated with cowboys and Southern American English, particularly <a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a> where it is a common greeting. It is possible the NZ origin is from the earlier British usage. In present day, "howdy" is not commonly used, with "how are you?" being more ubiquitous. When a rising intonation is used the phrase may be interpreted as an enquiry, but when slurred quickly and/or with a descending intonation, may be used as a casual greeting. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">togs </td> <td valign="top">bathers, swimmers, togs </td> <td valign="top">A <a href="/wiki/Bathing_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathing suit">bathing suit</a>. In NZ, "togs" is used throughout the country. In Australia however, it is one of the most well-known examples of regional variation in Australian English. The term for a bathing suit is "bathers" in the southern states as well as <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, "swimmers" in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> and "togs" in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">vivid </td> <td valign="top">texta </td> <td valign="top">A <a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">marker pen</a>; permanent marker. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">tramping </td> <td valign="top">bushwalking <br />(or less commonly) hiking </td> <td valign="top">Travel through open or (more often) forested areas on foot </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>Notes</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tm-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tm_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tm_81-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">genericised trademark</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Crib</i> is mainly used in the southern part of the South Island, <i>bach</i> in the rest of New Zealand.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In larger cities in New Zealand <i>convenience store</i> is used due to immigration (and to current NZ law forbidding a dairy from selling alcohol), though <i>dairy</i> is used commonly in conversation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>jandals</i> was originally a trademarked name derived from "Japanese sandals".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>judder bar</i> is regional in its usage in New Zealand, and is rarely encountered in some parts of the country.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The latter is used in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some New Zealanders often reply to a question with a statement spoken with a <a href="/wiki/High_rising_terminal" title="High rising terminal">rising intonation</a> at the end. This often has the effect of making their statement sound like another question. There is enough awareness of this that it is seen in exaggerated form in comedy parody of New Zealanders, such as in the 1970s comedy character <i><a href="/wiki/Ginette_McDonald#"Lyn_of_Tawa"" title="Ginette McDonald">Lyn Of Tawa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rising intonation can also be heard at the end of statements that are not in response to a question but to which the speaker wishes to add emphasis. High rising terminals are also heard in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrystal2003355_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrystal2003355-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In informal speech, some New Zealanders use the third person feminine <i>she</i> in place of the third person neuter <i>it</i> as the subject of a sentence, especially when the subject is the first word of the sentence. The most common use of this is in the phrase "She'll be right" meaning either "It will be okay" or "It is close enough to what is required". Similar to Australian English are uses such as "she was great car" or "she's a real beauty, this [object]".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another specific New Zealand usage is the way in which New Zealanders refer to the country's two main islands. They are always (except on maps) referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>" and "the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>". And because of their size, New Zealanders tend to think of these two islands as being 'places', rather than 'pieces of land', so the <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> "in" (rather than "on") is usually used – for example, "my mother lives in the North Island", "Christchurch is in the South Island". This is true only for the two main islands; for smaller islands, the usual preposition "on" is used – for example, "on <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a>", or "on <a href="/wiki/Waiheke_Island" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As in some other varieties of English, "us" is sometimes used in place of "me". A common example is "give us a go", meaning "give me a go".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Māori_influence"><span id="M.C4.81ori_influence"></span>Māori influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Māori influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language_influence_on_New_Zealand_English" title="Māori language influence on New Zealand English">Māori language influence on New Zealand English</a></div> <p>Many local everyday words are <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> that have been assimilated from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a>, including words for local flora, fauna, place names and the natural environment. </p><p>The dominant influence of Māori on New Zealand English is lexical. A 1999 estimate based on the Wellington corpora of written and spoken New Zealand English put the proportion of words of Māori origin at approximately 0.6%, mostly place and personal names.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Māori words occur in New Zealand English, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kia_ora" title="Kia ora">kia ora</a></i> (hello).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Māori is ever present and has a significant conceptual influence in the legislature, government, and community agencies (e.g. health and education), where legislation requires that proceedings and documents be translated into Māori (under certain circumstances, and when requested). Political discussion and analysis of issues of sovereignty, environmental management, health, and social well-being thus rely on Māori at least in part. Māori as a spoken language is particularly important wherever community consultation occurs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects_and_accents">Dialects and accents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dialects and accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recognisable regional variations are slight, except for <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> and the southern part of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>, with its "Southland burr", where the <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">postvocalic R</a> is pronounced rather than clipped. This southern area traditionally received heavy immigration from Scotland (see <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>). Several words and phrases common in <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> or Scottish English persist there; examples include the use of <i>wee</i> for "small", and phrases such as <i>to do the messages</i> meaning "to go shopping". Other Southland features which may also relate to early Scottish settlement are the use of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">TRAP</span> (short A) vowel in a set of words which usually use the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">PALM</span> vowel (long A), such as <i>dance</i> or <i>castle</i>, which is also common in Australian English. Another feature is the maintaining of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʍ/</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> distinction (e.g. where <i>which</i> and <i>witch</i> are not homophones).<sup id="cite_ref-warren_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research (2012) suggests that postvocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is not restricted to Southland, but is found also in the central North Island where there may be a <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika</a> influence, but also a possible influence from modern New Zealand hip‐hop music, which has been shown to have high levels of non‐prevocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> after the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">NURSE</span> vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-warren_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warren-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> has been said to have a minor regional accent, possibly due to the high number of immigrants from the south-west of England. However, this is becoming less pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> have an accent distinct from the general New Zealand accent; and also tend to include <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori words</a> more frequently. Comedian <a href="/wiki/Billy_T._James" title="Billy T. James">Billy T. James</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bro%27Town" title="Bro'Town">bro'Town</a></i> TV programme were notable for featuring exaggerated versions of this.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists recognise this as "Māori English", and describe it as strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Isochrony" title="Isochrony">syllable-timed</a> Māori speech patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguists count "Pākehā English" as the other main accent, and note that it is beginning to adopt similar rhythms, distinguishing it from other stress-timed English accents.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is commonly held that New Zealand English is spoken very quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is given support by a study comparing adult New Zealand English and American English speakers which observed faster speaking and <a href="/wiki/Speech_tempo" title="Speech tempo">articulation rates</a> among the New Zealand English group overall.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a similar study with American and New Zealand English-speaking children found the opposite, with the speaking and articulation rates of the New Zealand children being slower.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study proposed that differences in the relative number of <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tense</a> and lax vowels between the two speaker groups may have influenced the speaking and articulation rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Where there is a difference between British and US spelling (such as <i>cancelling</i>/<i>canceling</i> and <i>jewellery</i>/<i>jewelry</i>), the British spelling of double-<i>L</i> is universally used. The British use of single-<i>L</i> is also universally used in words such as <i>enrol</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>New Zealand English prefers the use of <i>tyres</i>, not <i>tires</i>, except for trademarks such as <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company" title="Cooper Tire & Rubber Company">Cooper Tires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Commonwealth spelling of <i>kerb</i> (at roadside) is used over US <i>curb</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New Zealand spelling of <i>-re</i> words such as <i>centre</i>, <i>fibre</i>, <i>litre</i>, and <i>theatre</i> has always followed the British spelling as opposed to the American <i>center</i>, <i>fiber</i>, <i>liter</i>, and <i>theater</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Nouns with the <i>-ce</i> suffix such as <i>defence</i> and <i>licence</i> are usually spelt with <i>-ce</i> as opposed to the American <i>defense</i> and <i>license</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>With <i>-our</i> words like <i>colour</i>/<i>color</i> or <i>favour</i>/<i>favor</i> the spelling of <i>-our</i> is almost always used<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except <i>arbor</i> in <a href="/wiki/Arbor_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbor day">Arbor day</a> or unless it is a trademark, such as Colorsteel<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or The Color Run.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>New Zealand English retains the distinctions between <i>program</i> ("computer heuristic") and <i>programme</i> ("schedule", "broadcast show"), <i>disk</i> ("information storage device") and <i>disc</i> ("flat circular object"), and <i>analog</i> (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">analog stick</a></i>) and <i>analogue</i> (all other senses) as found in British and often in Australian English.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is usual to form past tenses and past participles of certain verbs with <i>-t</i> and not <i>-ed</i>. For example, <i>learn</i> becomes <i>learnt</i>, <i>spoil</i> becomes <i>spoilt</i>, <i>burn</i> becomes <i>burnt</i>, <i>dream</i> becomes <i>dreamt</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɹemt/</span>, and <i>smell</i> becomes <i>smelt</i>. These verb forms are pronounced with a final unvoiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> sound, meaning <i>spoilt</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/spoɪlt/</span> not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/spoɪld/</span>. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, where <i>-ed</i> is far more common and is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> (e.g. <i>dwelled</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dweld/</span> is an American form of <i>dwelt</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dwelt/</span>). <i>Learned</i>, the adjective meaning "wise", is universally spelt thus and pronounced as two syllables (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈlɵːnəd/</span>). The past tenses and past participles of <i>earn</i> and <i>boil</i> are <i>earned</i> and <i>boiled</i> respectively, though they may be pronounced ending with a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> sound.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Words with the digraphs <i>ae</i> and <i>oe</i> in British English are usually spelt as such in New Zealand English (e.g. <i>faeces</i> not <i>feces</i>) rather than with just <i>e</i> as with American English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbolic statements</a>, the spellings of <i>ton</i> and <i>tons</i> are commonly used (e.g. <i>I have tons of friends</i> and <i>I feel tons better</i>), despite the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> having been introduced in the 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In words that may be spelt with either an <i>-ise</i> or an <i>-ize</i> suffix (such as <i>organise</i>/<i>organize</i>) it is acceptable to use either in New Zealand English but <i>-ise</i> has taken precedence over several decades. This contrasts with American and Canadian English, where <i>-ize</i> is generally preferred, and British English, where <i>-ise</i> is also generally preferred. In Australian English <i>-ise</i> is strictly used.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New Zealand favours <i>fiord</i> over <i><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a></i>, unlike most other English-speaking countries. The <i>fiord</i> spelling was the normal one in English until the early 1920s,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is preserved in many place names worldwide. In New Zealand it is used in <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>, a rugged region in the south-west.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>When spelling words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, New Zealand English can either spell them with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> or without (e.g. <i>Maori</i> and <i>Māori</i> are both accepted spellings).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Macrons have become more widespread over time.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Australia and New Zealand always use <i>jail</i> over the British <i>gaol</i> (which is now considered obsolete, even in the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">Gram</a>, the unit of mass, is commonly spelt as such and not <i>gramme</i>, which is somewhat found in British English. The same holds true for the word's derivates (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></i> is more common than <i>kilogramme</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">Contractions</a> (i.e. shortened words that retain the final letter of the full word) do not terminate with a full stop. Thus the abbreviation of <i>Doctor</i> is <i>Dr</i> and that of <i>Mister</i> is <i>Mr</i>, as opposed to <i>Dr.</i> and <i>Mr.</i> in American English. Initialisms and acronyms such as <i>USA</i> and <i>NASA</i> (or <i>Nasa</i>) also do not include full stops. This has been the practice in New Zealand since the late 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Since the advent of word processors with spell-checkers, in modern assignment writing in New Zealand universities<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the rule is to use either 100% British spelling or 100% American spelling, the emphasis being consistency.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2024)">failed verification</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:New_Zealand_English#Claimed_rule_not_supported_by_reference" title="Talk:New Zealand English">see discussion</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">Regional accents of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_New_Zealand" title="Date and time notation in New Zealand">Date and time notation in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/eng/">English (New Zealand)</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaclaganLewisGordonTrudgill2000" class="citation journal cs1">Maclagan, Margaret; Lewis, Gillian; Gordon, Elizabeth; Trudgill, Peter (2000). "Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English". <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022226700008161">10.1017/S0022226700008161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143393175">143393175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Determinism+in+new-dialect+formation+and+the+genesis+of+New+Zealand+English&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=300&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022226700008161&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143393175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maclagan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Gillian&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). <i>New Zealand English</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+English&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><code>en-NZ</code> is the language code for <i>New Zealand English</i>, as defined by ISO standards (see <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a>) and Internet standards (see <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayard2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayard2000_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayard2000_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayard2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bayard, Donn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~johnnewm/NZEnglish/Bayard.pdf">"New Zealand English: Origins, Relationships, and Prospects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Moderna Språk</i>. <b>94</b> (1). Sweden: Linnaeus University: 8–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58221%2Fmosp.v94i1.9625">10.58221/mosp.v94i1.9625</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2000-3560">2000-3560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254175799">254175799</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moderna+Spr%C3%A5k&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English%3A+Origins%2C+Relationships%2C+and+Prospects&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-14&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254175799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2000-3560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58221%2Fmosp.v94i1.9625&rft.aulast=Bayard&rft.aufirst=Donn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ualberta.ca%2F~johnnewm%2FNZEnglish%2FBayard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2011" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Laurie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/research/our-research-areas/new-zealand-english/publications/Origins_of_NZ_English.pdf">"Origins of NZ English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826012754/https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/research/our-research-areas/new-zealand-english/publications/Origins_of_NZ_English.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+Linguistics+and+Applied+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Origins+of+NZ+English&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wgtn.ac.nz%2Flals%2Fresearch%2Four-research-areas%2Fnew-zealand-english%2Fpublications%2FOrigins_of_NZ_English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-explained-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-explained_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-explained_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-explained_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2021" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, Keith (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/125209768/the-new-zealand-accent-explained">"The New Zealand accent explained"</a>. <i>Stuff</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=The+New+Zealand+accent+explained&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2F125209768%2Fthe-new-zealand-accent-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trove_Reed_dict-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trove_Reed_dict_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trove_Reed_dict_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrsmanWattie2001" class="citation book cs1">Orsman, H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reed+dictionary+of+New+Zealand+English+%3A+the+first+dictionary+of+New+Zealand+English+and+New+Zealand+pronunciation+%2F+general+editor%2C+H.W.+Orsman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780790007526&rft.aulast=Orsman&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Wattie%2C+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F22519219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookcouncil.org.nz/writer/orsman-harry/">"Orsman, Harry"</a>. <i>New Zealand Book Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Book+Council&rft.atitle=Orsman%2C+Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookcouncil.org.nz%2Fwriter%2Forsman-harry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict1994-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dict1994_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/resources/nzej/nzej-az-list#M">"New Zealand English Journal: Bibliography alphabetical by author"</a>. <i>Victoria University of Wellington</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+University+of+Wellington&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English+Journal%3A+Bibliography+alphabetical+by+author&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.victoria.ac.nz%2Flals%2Fresources%2Fnzej%2Fnzej-az-list%23M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/The-New-Zealand-Oxford-paperback-dictionary/oclc/45314926">https://search.worldcat.org/title/The-New-Zealand-Oxford-paperback-dictionary/oclc/45314926</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeversonKennedy2005" class="citation book cs1">Deverson, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme, eds. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195584516" title="Special:BookSources/9780195584516"><bdi>9780195584516</bdi></a> – via Oxford Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195584516&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001%2Facref-9780195584516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeversonNew_Zealand_Dictionary_Centre2006" class="citation book cs1">Deverson, Tony; New Zealand Dictionary Centre (2006). <i>The New Zealand Oxford paperback dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). Auckland: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195584790" title="Special:BookSources/9780195584790"><bdi>9780195584790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Oxford+paperback+dictionary&rft.place=Auckland&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195584790&rft.aulast=Deverson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=New+Zealand+Dictionary+Centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Zealand Dictionary Centre } URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/centres-and-institutes/dictionary-centre">https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/centres-and-institutes/dictionary-centre</a> | Victoria University of Wellington (accessed 1 October 2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417012433/http://www2.lingsoft.fi/doc/engcg/Bank-of-English.html">"The Bank of English Project"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bank+of+English+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lingsoft.fi%2Fdoc%2Fengcg%2FBank-of-English.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manser2021-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manser2021_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manser2021_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManser2021" class="citation book cs1">Manser, Pat (23 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYMSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56">"Ch. 5"</a>. <i>More Than Words: The Making of the Macquarie Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Why+English+does+not+need+to+be+made+an+official+language&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2F101497027%2Fanalysis-why-english-does-not-need-to-be-made-an-official-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/02/nz-first-submits-bill-for-english-to-be-recognised-as-official-language.html">"NZ First submits Bill for English to be recognised as official language"</a>. <i>Newshub</i>. 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newshub&rft.atitle=NZ+First+submits+Bill+for+English+to+be+recognised+as+official+language&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshub.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F02%2Fnz-first-submits-bill-for-english-to-be-recognised-as-official-language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1802/S00143/nz-first-bill-english-set-to-become-official.htm">"NZ First Bill: English set to become official"</a>. <i>Scoop News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scoop+News&rft.atitle=NZ+First+Bill%3A+English+set+to+become+official&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FPA1802%2FS00143%2Fnz-first-bill-english-set-to-become-official.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonMaclagan2004609_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordonMaclagan2004">Gordon & Maclagan (2004)</a>, p. 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZImm-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZImm_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZImm_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZImm_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.new-zealand-immigration.com/migrate-to-new-zealand/language/">"English and the official languages of New Zealand"</a>. <i>New Zealand Immigration Concepts</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Immigration+Concepts&rft.atitle=English+and+the+official+languages+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.new-zealand-immigration.com%2Fmigrate-to-new-zealand%2Flanguage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumeraffairs.govt.nz/news-1/consumer-alerts/when-is-a-pint-not-a-pint">"When is a pint not a pint? "</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207161708/http://www.consumeraffairs.govt.nz/news-1/consumer-alerts/when-is-a-pint-not-a-pint">Archived</a> 7 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ministry of Consumer Affairs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/local-papers/the-wellingtonian/7621775/Is-a-pint-really-a-pint-in-Wellington">"Is a pint really a pint in Wellington? "</a>, 6 September 2012, The Wellingtonian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDignanO'Shea1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dignan, J. R. E.; O'Shea, R. P. (1995). "Human use of metric measures of length". <i>New Zealand Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>24</b>: 21–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Human+use+of+metric+measures+of+length&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=21-25&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dignan&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+E.&rft.au=O%27Shea%2C+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/international.html#new_zealand">Metric usage and metrication in other countries</a>. U.S. Metric Association (USMA), Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831004546/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/international.html">Archived</a> 31 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVine1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vine, Bernardette (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-971X.00118">"Americanisms in the New Zealand English Lexicon"</a>. <i>World Englishes</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-971X.00118">10.1111/1467-971X.00118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-2919">0883-2919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=Americanisms+in+the+New+Zealand+English+Lexicon&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-971X.00118&rft.issn=0883-2919&rft.aulast=Vine&rft.aufirst=Bernardette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-971X.00118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/renting/300244904/why-im-moving-into-a-bus-with-an-11yearold-a-dog-and-a-cat">"Why I'm moving into a bus with an 11-year-old, a dog and a cat"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 21 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323060659/https://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/homed/renting/300244904/why-im-moving-into-a-bus-with-an-11yearold-a-dog-and-a-cat">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>I read about a woman who bartered her way up from a bobby pin to a small cabin. I don't have enough faith or spare time for that, and I can never find a bobby pin when I need it</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Why+I%27m+moving+into+a+bus+with+an+11-year-old%2C+a+dog+and+a+cat&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Flife-style%2Fhomed%2Frenting%2F300244904%2Fwhy-im-moving-into-a-bus-with-an-11yearold-a-dog-and-a-cat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124743456/an-illustrated-history-of-electric-car-design">"An illustrated history of electric car design"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 15 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818115320/https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124743456/an-illustrated-history-of-electric-car-design">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. <q>Milton O. Reeves and Marshall T. Reeves invented the first muffler to reduce petrol engine noise</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=An+illustrated+history+of+electric+car+design&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fmotoring%2Fevs%2F124743456%2Fan-illustrated-history-of-electric-car-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124857656/lessons-learned-after-living-with-a-nissan-leaf">"Lessons learned after living with a Nissan Leaf"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 16 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425055345/https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/evs/124857656/lessons-learned-after-living-with-a-nissan-leaf">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021. <q>it would be better if it was a little more squared off like a station wagon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Lessons+learned+after+living+with+a+Nissan+Leaf&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fmotoring%2Fevs%2F124857656%2Flessons-learned-after-living-with-a-nissan-leaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/creek">"Creek definition and meaning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creek+definition+and+meaning&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcreek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/300038987/safehit-posts-installed-on-state-highway-1-near-hakea-to-stop-overtaking-on-median-strip">"Safe-hit posts installed on State Highway 1 near Ōhakea to stop overtaking on median strip"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Safe-hit+posts+installed+on+State+Highway+1+near+%C5%8Chakea+to+stop+overtaking+on+median+strip&rft.date=2020-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2F300038987%2Fsafehit-posts-installed-on-state-highway-1-near-hakea-to-stop-overtaking-on-median-strip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/timaru-herald/news/122595783/mccain-resumes-normal-chip-production-after-covid-induced-backlog">"McCain resumes normal chip production after Covid induced backlog"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 4 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>With Kiwis eating fewer hot chips during lockdown, one of New Zealand's largest potato chip manufacturers was forced to cut production significantly</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=McCain+resumes+normal+chip+production+after+Covid+induced+backlog&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftimaru-herald%2Fnews%2F122595783%2Fmccain-resumes-normal-chip-production-after-covid-induced-backlog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/figure">"Figure definition and meaning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Figure+definition+and+meaning&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ffigure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/motoring/300272762/bigrig-driver-helps-end-police-chase-in-california-by-blocking-getaway-car">"Big-rig driver helps end police chase in California by blocking getaway car"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 9 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Big-rig+driver+helps+end+police+chase+in+California+by+blocking+getaway+car&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fmotoring%2F300272762%2Fbigrig-driver-helps-end-police-chase-in-california-by-blocking-getaway-car&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/79045618/closing-sheltered-workshops-did-more-harm-than-good-for-intellectually-disabled">"Closing sheltered workshops did more harm than good for intellectually disabled"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/70499">the original</a> on 18 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=fiord+%2F+fjord%2C+n.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fviewdictionaryentry%2FEntry%2F70499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewdson2017" class="citation web cs1">Crewdson, Patrick (10 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/96578644/why-stuff-is-introducing-macrons-for-te-reo-maori-words">"Why Stuff is introducing macrons for te reo Māori words"</a>. <i>Stuff</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Why+Stuff+is+introducing+macrons+for+te+reo+M%C4%81ori+words&rft.date=2017-09-10&rft.aulast=Crewdson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2F96578644%2Fwhy-stuff-is-introducing-macrons-for-te-reo-maori-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govt.nz/browse/crime-and-justice/prison-life/prison-life-and-going-to-prison/">"Prison life and going to prison"</a>. <i>Govt.nz</i>. 29 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213062711/https://www.govt.nz/browse/law-crime-and-justice/prison-life/prison-life-and-going-to-prison">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Govt.nz&rft.atitle=Prison+life+and+going+to+prison&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govt.nz%2Fbrowse%2Fcrime-and-justice%2Fprison-life%2Fprison-life-and-going-to-prison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11433763">"West Coast man sentenced to 11 months jail for serious assault on wife"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=West+Coast+man+sentenced+to+11+months+jail+for+serious+assault+on+wife&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D11433763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayworth" class="citation web cs1">Clayworth, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/prisons/page-1">"Prisons – New Zealand's prisons"</a>. <i>Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Prisons+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand%27s+prisons&rft.aulast=Clayworth&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fprisons%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://owll.massey.ac.nz/academic-writing/american-vs-british-spelling.php">"American vs. British spelling – OWLL"</a>. <i>Massey University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Massey+University&rft.atitle=American+vs.+British+spelling+%E2%80%93+OWLL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fowll.massey.ac.nz%2Facademic-writing%2Famerican-vs-british-spelling.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Bartlett, Christopher (1992), "Regional variation in New Zealand English: the case of Southland", <i>New Zealand English Newsletter</i>, <b>6</b>: 5–15</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+English+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Regional+variation+in+New+Zealand+English%3A+the+case+of+Southland&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=5-15&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerWarrenBardsleyKennedy2007" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282778721">"New Zealand English"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</a></i>, <b>37</b> (1): 97–102, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002830">10.1017/S0025100306002830</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002830&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Warren%2C+Paul&rft.au=Bardsley%2C+Dianne&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Marianna&rft.au=Major%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F282778721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryer,_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryer, Max">Cryer, Max</a> (2002). <i>Curious Kiwi Words</i>. Auckland: HarperCollins Publishers (NZ) Ltd.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2003" class="citation cs2">Crystal, David (2003), <i>The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language</i> (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+encyclopedia+of+the+English+language&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Deverson, Tony, and Graeme Kennedy (eds.) (2005). <i>The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonMaclagan2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), <i>A handbook of varieties of English</i>, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017532-0"><bdi>3-11-017532-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regional+and+social+differences+in+New+Zealand%3A+phonology&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+varieties+of+English&rft.pages=603-613&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-017532-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grant, L.E., and Devlin, G.A. (eds.) (1999). <i>In other words: A dictionary of expressions used in New Zealand</i>. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press.</li> <li>Leland, Louis S., jr. (1980). <i>A personal Kiwi-Yankee dictionary</i>. Dunedin: John McIndoe Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Orsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Orsman (page does not exist)">Orsman H.W.</a>, (ed.) (1997). <i>The Dictionary of New Zealand English: a dictionary of New Zealandisms on historical principles</i>. Auckland: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558380-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558380-9">978-0-19-558380-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Orsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Orsman (page does not exist)">Orsman H.W.</a>, (ed.) (1979). <i>Heinemann New Zealand dictionary</i>. Auckland: Heinemann Educational Books (NZ) Ltd.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgillHannah2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Trudgill, Peter</a>; Hannah, Jean (2002), <i>International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English</i> (4th ed.), London: Arnold</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+English%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Varieties+of+Standard+English&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hannah%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). <i>New Zealand English</i>. Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2529-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+English&rft.series=Dialects+of+English&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2529-1&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Zealand+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:New Zealand English">Category:New Zealand English</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzealandslang.com">New Zealand Slang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~johnnewm/NZEnglish/origins.html">Origins of New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/nzilbb/research/onze/">The Origins of New Zealand English Project</a> at the University of Canterbury</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/centres-and-institutes/dictionary-centre">New Zealand Dictionary Centre</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/centres-and-institutes/dictionary-centre/about-us/new-zealand-english-in-the-21st-century">New Zealand English in the 21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209041916/http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm">Kiwi Words & Phrases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/new-zild-2005">New Zild – The Story of New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/eng6365-ladd.htm">English, Maori, and Maori English in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/acref-9780195584516">The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brenontheroad.com/travellers-guide-new-zealand-slang">The Ultimate Traveller's Guide To New Zealand Slang</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_New_Zealand_English" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_New_Zealand_English" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to New Zealand English</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Realm_of_New_Zealand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Languages of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Languages of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Realm_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand English</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">New Zealand Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Cook Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_language" title="Penrhyn language">Penrhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Niue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tokelau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Zealand_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Zealand_topics" title="Template:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Zealand_topics" title="Template talk:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Zealand_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Zealand topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Zealand_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Timeline of New Zealand history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_New_Zealand" title="Archaeology of New Zealand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history" title="Māori history">Māori history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Natural history of New Zealand">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Political history of New Zealand">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand%27s_links_with_Antarctica" title="Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica">New Zealand and Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical geography of New Zealand">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_New_Zealand" title="List of caves in New Zealand">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_Zealand" title="Climate of New Zealand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Zealand" title="Climate change in New Zealand">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_New_Zealand" title="List of earthquakes in New Zealand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment of New Zealand">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_New_Zealand" title="Geology of New Zealand">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_New_Zealand" title="Lakes of New Zealand">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of New Zealand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_Zealand" title="Protected areas of New Zealand">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserves_of_New_Zealand" title="Marine reserves of New Zealand">Marine reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_New_Zealand" title="National parks of New Zealand">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of rivers of New Zealand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_New_Zealand" title="Volcanism of New Zealand">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_New_Zealand" title="Water in New Zealand">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand" title="Hastings, New Zealand">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand" title="Napier, New Zealand">Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei" title="Whangārei">Whangārei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting in New Zealand">Voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_New_Zealand" title="Gun law in New Zealand">Gun law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Disability rights in New Zealand">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Intersex rights in New Zealand">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New Zealand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in New Zealand">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" title="List of public sector organisations in New Zealand">Public sector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">Wine industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_New_Zealand" title="List of companies of New Zealand">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Information technology industry in New Zealand">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_New_Zealand" title="Manufacturing in New Zealand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Child poverty in New Zealand">Child poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_New_Zealand" title="Reserve Bank of New Zealand">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">Rail transport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Society of New Zealand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_Zealand" title="Crime in New Zealand">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_origins_of_New_Zealanders" title="List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders">Ethnic origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_New_Zealand" title="Gender inequality in New Zealand">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_New_Zealand" title="Euthanasia in New Zealand">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender equality in New Zealand">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_New_Zealand" title="Health in New Zealand">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_Zealand" title="Homelessness in New Zealand">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_New_Zealand" title="Housing in New Zealand">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_New_Zealand" title="Irreligion in New Zealand">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in New Zealand">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_New_Zealand" title="Naturism in New Zealand">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_(nickname)" title="Kiwi (nickname)">"Kiwi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_New_Zealand" title="Prostitution in New Zealand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination_in_New_Zealand" title="Structural discrimination in New Zealand">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_Zealand" title="Architecture of New Zealand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_New_Zealand" title="Mass media in New Zealand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing arts of New Zealand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand" title="Category:New Zealand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" 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Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&oldid=1259937445">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&oldid=1259937445</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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