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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1st millennium BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_millennium_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_millennium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_millennium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1st millennium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_millennium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1000–1500" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1000–1500"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1000–1500</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1000–1500-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Timeline+of+geometry%22">"Timeline of geometry"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Timeline+of+geometry%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Timeline+of+geometry%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Timeline+of+geometry%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Timeline+of+geometry%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Timeline+of+geometry%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> The following is a timeline of key developments of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>: </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_1000_BC">Before 1000 BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before 1000 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ca. 2000 BC – <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">carved stone balls</a> exhibit a variety of symmetries including all of the symmetries of <a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solids</a>.</li> <li>1800 BC – <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Moscow Mathematical Papyrus">Moscow Mathematical Papyrus</a>, findings volume of a frustum</li> <li>1800 BC – <a href="/wiki/Plimpton_322" title="Plimpton 322">Plimpton 322</a> contains the oldest reference to the Pythagorean triplets.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1650 BC – <a href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a>, copy of a lost scroll from around 1850 BC, the scribe <a href="/wiki/Ahmes" title="Ahmes">Ahmes</a> presents one of the first known approximate values of <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">π</a> at 3.16, the first attempt at <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">squaring the circle</a>, earliest known use of a sort of <a href="/wiki/Cotangent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotangent">cotangent</a>, and knowledge of solving first order linear equations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1st_millennium_BC">1st millennium BC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1st millennium BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>800 BC – Baudhayana, author of the Baudhayana <a href="/wiki/Sulba_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulba Sutras">Sulba Sutra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> geometric text, contains <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratic equations">quadratic equations</a>, and calculates the <a href="/wiki/Square_root_of_2" title="Square root of 2">square root of 2</a> correct to five decimal places</li> <li>ca. 600 BC – the other <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilization">Vedic</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sulba_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulba Sutras">Sulba Sutras</a>" ("rule of chords" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>) use <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_triples" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagorean triples">Pythagorean triples</a>, contain of a number of geometrical proofs, and approximate <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">π</a> at 3.16</li> <li>5th century BC – <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a> utilizes <a href="/wiki/Lune_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lune (mathematics)">lunes</a> in an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">square the circle</a></li> <li>5th century BC – <a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a>, author of the Apastamba <a href="/wiki/Sulba_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulba Sutras">Sulba Sutra</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> geometric text, makes an attempt at <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">squaring the circle</a> and also calculates the <a href="/wiki/Square_root" title="Square root">square root</a> of 2 correct to five decimal places</li> <li>530 BC – <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> studies propositional <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and vibrating lyre strings; his group also discover the <a href="/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number">irrationality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Square_root" title="Square root">square root</a> of <a href="/wiki/Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Two">two</a>,</li> <li>370 BC – <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a> states the <a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">method of exhaustion</a> for <a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">area</a> determination</li> <li>300 BC – <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Elements</a></i> studies <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">axiomatic system</a>, proves the <a href="/wiki/Infinite_set" title="Infinite set">infinitude</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime numbers</a> and presents the <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a>; he states the law of reflection in <i>Catoptrics</i>, and he proves the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_arithmetic" title="Fundamental theorem of arithmetic">fundamental theorem of arithmetic</a></li> <li>260 BC – <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> <a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">proved</a> that the value of <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">π</a> lies between 3 + 1/7 (approx. 3.1429) and 3 + 10/71 (approx. 3.1408), that the area of a circle was equal to π multiplied by the square of the radius of the circle and that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is 4/3 multiplied by the area of a triangle with equal base and height. He also gave a very accurate estimate of the value of the square root of 3.</li> <li>225 BC – <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius of Perga</a> writes <i>On <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">Conic Sections</a></i> and names the <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperbola" title="Hyperbola">hyperbola</a>,</li> <li>150 BC – <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> mathematicians in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a> write the "Sthananga Sutra", which contains work on the theory of numbers, arithmetical operations, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, operations with <a href="/wiki/Fractions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractions">fractions</a>, simple equations, <a href="/wiki/Cubic_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubic equations">cubic equations</a>, quartic equations, and <a href="/wiki/Permutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Permutations">permutations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Combinations">combinations</a></li> <li>140 BC – <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> develops the bases of <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1st_millennium">1st millennium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1st millennium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ca 340 – <a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus of Alexandria</a> states his <a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_hexagon_theorem" title="Pappus's hexagon theorem">hexagon theorem</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_centroid_theorem" title="Pappus's centroid theorem">centroid theorem</a></li> <li>50 – <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> writes the "Aryabhata-Siddhanta", which first introduces the trigonometric functions and methods of calculating their approximate numerical values. It defines the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">sine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosine">cosine</a>, and also contains the <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata%27s_sine_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryabhata's sine table">earliest tables of sine</a> and cosine values (in 3.75-degree intervals from 0 to 90 degrees)</li> <li>7th century – <a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara I">Bhaskara I</a> gives a rational approximation of the sine function</li> <li>8th century – <a href="/wiki/Virasena" title="Virasena">Virasena</a> gives explicit rules for the <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence" title="Fibonacci sequence">Fibonacci sequence</a>, gives the derivation of the <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Frustum" title="Frustum">frustum</a> using an <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a> procedure.</li> <li>8th century – <a href="/wiki/Shridhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shridhara">Shridhara</a> gives the rule for finding the volume of a sphere and also the formula for solving quadratic equations</li> <li>820 – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahani" title="Al-Mahani">Al-Mahani</a> conceived the idea of reducing <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometrical</a> problems such as <a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">doubling the cube</a> to problems in algebra.</li> <li>ca. 900 – <a href="/wiki/Abu_Kamil" title="Abu Kamil">Abu Kamil</a> of Egypt had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x^{n}\cdot x^{m}=x^{m+n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x^{n}\cdot x^{m}=x^{m+n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b707cd59ee05e726146a8362bae07ef3ea5c33de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:15.6ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x^{n}\cdot x^{m}=x^{m+n}}"></span></li> <li>975 – <a href="/wiki/Al-Batani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Batani">Al-Batani</a> – Extended the Indian concepts of sine and cosine to other trigonometrical ratios, like tangent, secant and their inverse functions. Derived the formula: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha =\tan \alpha /{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>tan</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \alpha =\tan \alpha /{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/047e709059d388c46355da0f8d29937ddec76499" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.841ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha =\tan \alpha /{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos \alpha =1/{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>tan</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos \alpha =1/{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dfbaea2505782d1c7ed9eeac0fd8591daa4128c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.024ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos \alpha =1/{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\alpha }}}"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1000–1500"><span id="1000.E2.80.931500"></span>1000–1500</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1000–1500"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ca. 1000 – <a href="/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines">Law of sines</a> is discovered by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Muslim mathematicians</a>, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between <a href="/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_al-Khujandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi">Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur">Abu Nasr Mansur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Waf%C4%81%27_al-B%C5%ABzj%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī">Abu al-Wafa</a>.</li> <li>ca. 1100 – <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Omar Khayyám</a> "gave a complete classification of <a href="/wiki/Cubic_equation" title="Cubic equation">cubic equations</a> with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">conic sections</a>." He became the first to find general <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> solutions of <a href="/wiki/Cubic_equation" title="Cubic equation">cubic equations</a> and laid the foundations for the development of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">analytic geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>. He also extracted <a href="/wiki/Root_of_a_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Root of a function">roots</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> system (<a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>).</li> <li>1135 – <a href="/wiki/Sharafeddin_Tusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharafeddin Tusi">Sharafeddin Tusi</a> followed al-Khayyam's application of algebra to geometry, and wrote a treatise on <a href="/wiki/Cubic_equation" title="Cubic equation">cubic equations</a> which "represents an essential contribution to another <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a> which aimed to study <a href="/wiki/Curve" title="Curve">curves</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">equations</a>, thus inaugurating the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ca. 1250 – <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Al-Din_Al-Tusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi">Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi</a> attempts to develop a form of <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>.</li> <li>15th century – <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a> mathematician, writes the "Aryabhatiya Bhasya", which contains work on infinite-series expansions, problems of algebra, and spherical geometry</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>17th century – Putumana Somayaji writes the "Paddhati", which presents a detailed discussion of various trigonometric series</li> <li>1619 – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> discovers two of the <a href="/wiki/Kepler-Poinsot_polyhedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra">Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra</a>.</li> <li>1637 - <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> publishes <a href="/wiki/La_G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie" title="La Géométrie">La Géométrie</a> which introduces <a href="/wiki/Analytic_geometry" title="Analytic geometry">analytic geometry</a>, which involves reducing geometry to a form of arithmetic and algebra and translating geometric shapes into algebraic equations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1722 – <a href="/wiki/Abraham_de_Moivre" title="Abraham de Moivre">Abraham de Moivre</a> states <a href="/wiki/De_Moivre%27s_formula" title="De Moivre's formula">de Moivre's formula</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Trigonometric_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonometric function">trigonometric functions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a>,</li> <li>1733 – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gerolamo_Saccheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri">Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri</a> studies what geometry would be like if <a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">Euclid's fifth postulate</a> were false,</li> <li>1796 – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> proves that the <a href="/wiki/Heptadecagon" title="Heptadecagon">regular 17-gon</a> can be constructed using only a <a href="/wiki/Compass_and_straightedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass and straightedge">compass and straightedge</a></li> <li>1797 – <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Wessel" title="Caspar Wessel">Caspar Wessel</a> associates vectors with <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a> and studies complex number operations in geometrical terms,</li> <li>1799 – <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> publishes Géométrie descriptive, in which he introduces <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_geometry" title="Descriptive geometry">descriptive geometry</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1806 – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Poinsot" title="Louis Poinsot">Louis Poinsot</a> discovers the two remaining <a href="/wiki/Kepler-Poinsot_polyhedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra">Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra</a>.</li> <li>1829 – <a href="/wiki/Bolyai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolyai">Bolyai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ivanovich_Lobachevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky">Lobachevsky</a> invent hyperbolic <a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">non-Euclidean geometry</a>,</li> <li>1837 – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Wantzel" title="Pierre Wantzel">Pierre Wantzel</a> proves that doubling the cube and <a href="/wiki/Trisecting_the_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisecting the angle">trisecting the angle</a> are impossible with only a compass and straightedge, as well as the full completion of the problem of <a href="/wiki/Constructible_polygon" title="Constructible polygon">constructibility</a> of regular polygons</li> <li>1843 – <a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">William Hamilton</a> discovers the calculus of <a href="/wiki/Quaternion" title="Quaternion">quaternions</a> and deduces that they are non-commutative,</li> <li>1854 – <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a> introduces <a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a>,</li> <li>1854 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> shows that <a href="/wiki/Quaternion" title="Quaternion">quaternions</a> can be used to represent rotations in four-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a>,</li> <li>1858 – <a href="/wiki/August_Ferdinand_M%C3%B6bius" title="August Ferdinand Möbius">August Ferdinand Möbius</a> invents the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip" title="Möbius strip">Möbius strip</a>,</li> <li>1870 – <a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> constructs an analytic geometry for Lobachevski's geometry thereby establishing its self-consistency and the logical independence of Euclid's fifth postulate,</li> <li>1873 – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Charles Hermite</a> proves that <a href="/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)" title="E (mathematical constant)">e</a> is transcendental,</li> <li>1878 – Charles Hermite solves the general quintic equation by means of elliptic and modular functions</li> <li>1882 – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Lindemann" title="Ferdinand von Lindemann">Ferdinand von Lindemann</a> proves that π is transcendental and that therefore the circle cannot be squared with a compass and straightedge,</li> <li>1882 – Felix Klein discovers the <a href="/wiki/Klein_bottle" title="Klein bottle">Klein bottle</a>,</li> <li>1899 – <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> presents a set of self-consistent geometric axioms in <i>Foundations of Geometry</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1901 – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan" title="Élie Cartan">Élie Cartan</a> develops the <a href="/wiki/Exterior_derivative" title="Exterior derivative">exterior derivative</a>,</li> <li>1912 – <a href="/wiki/Luitzen_Egbertus_Jan_Brouwer" class="mw-redirect" title="Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer">Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer</a> presents the <a href="/wiki/Brouwer_fixed-point_theorem" title="Brouwer fixed-point theorem">Brouwer fixed-point theorem</a>,</li> <li>1916 – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein's</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.</li> <li>1930 – <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Kuratowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir Kuratowski">Casimir Kuratowski</a> shows that the <a href="/wiki/Three-cottage_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-cottage problem">three-cottage problem</a> has no solution,</li> <li>1931 – <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_Rham" title="Georges de Rham">Georges de Rham</a> develops theorems in <a href="/wiki/Cohomology" title="Cohomology">cohomology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Characteristic_class" title="Characteristic class">characteristic classes</a>,</li> <li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Karol_Borsuk" title="Karol Borsuk">Karol Borsuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a> present the <a href="/wiki/Borsuk-Ulam_Theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Borsuk-Ulam Theorem">Borsuk-Ulam antipodal-point theorem</a>,</li> <li>1955 – <a href="/wiki/H._S._M._Coxeter" class="mw-redirect" title="H. S. M. Coxeter">H. S. M. Coxeter</a> et al. publish the complete list of <a href="/wiki/Uniform_polyhedron" title="Uniform polyhedron">uniform polyhedron</a>,</li> <li>1975 – <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractals</a> theory,</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gromov_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Gromov (mathematician)">Mikhail Gromov</a> develops the theory of <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_group" title="Hyperbolic group">hyperbolic groups</a>, revolutionizing both infinite group theory and global differential geometry,</li> <li>1983 – the <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups" title="Classification of finite simple groups">classification of finite simple groups</a>, a collaborative work involving some hundred mathematicians and spanning thirty years, is completed,</li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Alain_Connes" title="Alain Connes">Alain Connes</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lott_(mathematician)" title="John Lott (mathematician)">John Lott</a> develop <a href="/wiki/Non-commutative_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commutative geometry">non-commutative geometry</a>,</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Callister_Hales" title="Thomas Callister Hales">Thomas Callister Hales</a> proves the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_conjecture" title="Kepler conjecture">Kepler conjecture</a>,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Perelman" title="Grigori Perelman">Grigori Perelman</a> proves the <a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a>,</li> <li>2007 – a team of researchers throughout North America and Europe used networks of computers to map <a href="/wiki/E8_(mathematics)" title="E8 (mathematics)">E8 (mathematics)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_and_topology" title="Geometry and topology">Geometry and topology</a> – branch of mathematics at the intersection between geometry and topology<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">History of geometry</a> – Historical development of geometry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians">Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">Timeline of mathematical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">Timeline of mathematics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_geometry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJonesProust" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Alexander; <a href="/wiki/Christine_Proust" title="Christine Proust">Proust, Christine</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/before-pythagoras/items/plimpton-322/">"Before Pythagoras: The Culture of Old Babylonian Mathematics"</a>. <i>Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+the+Ancient+World%2C+New+York+University&rft.atitle=Before+Pythagoras%3A+The+Culture+of+Old+Babylonian+Mathematics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisaw.nyu.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fbefore-pythagoras%2Fitems%2Fplimpton-322%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+geometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacTutor-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Arabic_mathematics.html">Arabic mathematics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, Scotland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2007" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Elizabeth A. (18 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2007/e8">"Math research team maps E8: Calculation on paper would cover Manhattan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+News&rft.atitle=Math+research+team+maps+E8%3A+Calculation+on+paper+would+cover+Manhattan&rft.date=2007-03-18&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2007%2Fe8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+geometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_the_Elder" title="Aristaeus the Elder">Aristaeus the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Heraclea" title="Bryson of Heraclea">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Antioch" title="Carpus of Antioch">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domninus_of_Larissa" title="Domninus of Larissa">Domninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Larissa" title="Heliodorus of Larissa">Heliodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_(mathematician)" title="Leon (mathematician)">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_(grammarian)" title="Metrodorus (grammarian)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_(mathematician)" title="Nicomedes (mathematician)">Nicomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicoteles_of_Cyrene" title="Nicoteles of Cyrene">Nicoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(geometer)" title="Perseus (geometer)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philon" title="Philon">Philon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philonides_of_Laodicea" title="Philonides of Laodicea">Philonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_of_Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Serenus of Antinoöpolis">Serenus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Cyrene" title="Theodorus of Cyrene">Theodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymaridas" title="Thymaridas">Thymaridas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_(mathematician)" title="Zenodorus (mathematician)">Zenodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga#Conics" title="Apollonius of Perga"><i>Conics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Apollonius)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_(Euclid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (Euclid)"><i>Data</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>Elements</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_a_Circle" title="Measurement of a Circle">Measurement of a Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Conoids_and_Spheroids" title="On Conoids and Spheroids">On Conoids and Spheroids</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane"><i>On the Moving Sphere</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Autolycus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics" title="Euclid's Optics"><i>Optics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Spirals" title="On Spirals">On Spirals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder" title="On the Sphere and Cylinder">On the Sphere and Cylinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostomachion" title="Ostomachion">Ostomachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planisphaerium" title="Planisphaerium">Planisphaerium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius%27_Spherics" title="Theodosius' Spherics"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Theodosius)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Menelaus)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quadrature of the Parabola">The Quadrature of the Parabola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructible_number" title="Constructible number">Constructible numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">Angle trisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">Doubling the cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Problem of Apollonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts<br />and definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_angle" title="Central angle">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle" title="Inscribed angle">Inscribed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">Axiomatic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(geometry)" title="Chord (geometry)">Chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Apollonius" title="Circles of Apollonius">Circles of Apollonius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_circles" title="Apollonian circles">Apollonian circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_gasket" title="Apollonian gasket">Apollonian gasket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumscribed_circle" title="Circumscribed circle">Circumscribed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(mathematics)" title="Commensurability (mathematics)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_proportion_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Doctrine of proportion (mathematics)">Doctrine of proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles_of_a_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Incircle and excircles of a triangle">Incircle and excircles of a triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">Method of exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">Parallel postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates" title="Lune of Hippocrates">Lune of Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratrix_of_Hippias" title="Quadratrix of Hippias">Quadratrix of Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge_and_compass_construction" title="Straightedge and compass construction">Straightedge and compass construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_center" title="Triangle center">Triangle center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid's elements"><i>Elements</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem" title="Angle bisector theorem">Angle bisector theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_angle_theorem" title="Exterior angle theorem">Exterior angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem" title="Euclid's theorem">Euclid's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean_theorem" title="Geometric mean theorem">Geometric mean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_geometric_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek geometric algebra">Greek geometric algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_theorem" title="Hinge theorem">Hinge theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed angle theorem">Inscribed angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_chords_theorem" title="Intersecting chords theorem">Intersecting chords theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_secants_theorem" title="Intersecting secants theorem">Intersecting secants theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_cosines" title="Law of cosines">Law of cosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_asinorum" title="Pons asinorum">Pons asinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangent-secant_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangent-secant theorem">Tangent-secant theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem_of_the_gnomon" title="Theorem of the gnomon">Theorem of the gnomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius%27s_theorem" title="Apollonius's theorem">Apollonius's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality" title="Aristarchus's inequality">Aristarchus's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbar_theorem" title="Crossbar theorem">Crossbar theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_formula" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number">Irrational numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines">Law of sines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus%27s_theorem" title="Menelaus's theorem">Menelaus's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_area_theorem" title="Pappus's area theorem">Pappus's area theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus_II.VIII" title="Diophantus II.VIII">Problem II.8 of <i>Arithmetica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_Theodorus" title="Spiral of Theodorus">Spiral of Theodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Mouseion of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusis_construction" title="Neusis construction">Neusis construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Greek_Mathematics" title="A History of Greek Mathematics">A History of Greek Mathematics</a></i> <ul><li>by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_(classicist)" title="Thomas Heath (classicist)">Thomas Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algebra" title="Timeline of algebra">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of arithmetic">arithmetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and_arithmetic" title="Timeline of numerals and arithmetic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis" title="Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">geometry</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of numbers">numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">prehistoric counting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">numeral systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Arabian/Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mathematics" title="Japanese mathematics">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></b> •  <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_mathematics_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_mathematics" title="Template:History of mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_mathematics" title="Template talk:History of mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_mathematics_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">History of mathematics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">Algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algebra" title="Timeline of algebra">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li>Algorithms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algorithms" title="Timeline of algorithms">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of arithmetic">Arithmetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and_arithmetic" title="Timeline of numerals and arithmetic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">Calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis" title="Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grandi%27s_series" title="History of Grandi's series">Grandi's series</a></li></ul></li> <li>Category theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_category_theory_and_related_mathematics" title="Timeline of category theory and related mathematics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_topos_theory" title="History of topos theory">Topos theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_combinatorics" title="History of combinatorics">Combinatorics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_function_concept" title="History of the function concept">Functions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logarithms" title="History of logarithms">Logarithms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">Geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trigonometry" title="History of trigonometry">Trigonometry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_group_theory" title="History of group theory">Group theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_information_theory" title="History of information theory">Information theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_information_theory" title="Timeline of information theory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">Logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation" title="History of mathematical notation">Math notation</a></li> <li>Number theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_number_theory" title="Timeline of number theory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_statistics" title="History of statistics">Statistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_probability_and_statistics" title="Timeline of probability and statistics">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_probability" title="History of probability">Probability</a></li></ul></li> <li>Topology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manifolds_and_varieties" title="History of manifolds and varieties">Manifolds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_manifolds" title="Timeline of manifolds">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_separation_axioms" title="History of the separation axioms">Separation axioms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numeral systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ancient cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brouwer%E2%80%93Hilbert_controversy" title="Brouwer–Hilbert controversy">Brouwer–Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_Cantor%27s_theory" title="Controversy over Cantor's theory">Over Cantor's theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Newton_calculus_controversy" title="Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy">Leibniz–Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%E2%80%93Wallis_controversy" title="Hobbes–Wallis controversy">Hobbes–Wallis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Women in mathematics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_mathematics" title="Timeline of women in mathematics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80" title="Approximations of π">Approximations of π</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_computation_of_%CF%80" title="Chronology of computation of π">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_mathematics" title="Future of mathematics">Future of mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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