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id="toc-Wars_of_Scottish_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_of_the_Crowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_the_Crowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Union of the Crowns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_the_Crowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Treaty of Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_age_and_the_Scottish_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_age_and_the_Scottish_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Industrial age and the Scottish Enlightenment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_age_and_the_Scottish_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_wars_and_Scotland_Act_1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_wars_and_Scotland_Act_1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 World wars and Scotland Act 1998 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_wars_and_Scotland_Act_1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography and natural history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography and natural history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology_and_geomorphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_geomorphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology and geomorphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_geomorphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Urbanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_and_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_and_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Diplomacy and relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_and_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devolution_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolution_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Devolution and independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolution_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Law and order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Income_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Income and poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_and_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_and_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Infrastructure and transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_and_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science,_technology_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science,_technology_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Science, technology and energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science,_technology_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture and society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scottish_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Scottish music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature and media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Celtic connections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 National identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Scotland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 218 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-218" aria-hidden="true" > 218 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Искочый – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Искочый" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skotland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottland" title="Schottland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schottland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ስኮትላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስኮትላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Skotland" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्कॉट्लैण्ड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="स्कॉट्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia" title="Escocia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escocia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սկովտիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սկովտիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandia" title="Scotlandia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Scotlandia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia" title="Escocia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escocia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C3%B3sia" title="Ekósia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ekósia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskusiya" title="Iskusiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Iskusiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eotlandiya" title="Şotlandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şotlandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایسکاتلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="স্কটল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কটল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-kat-l%C3%A2n" title="So͘-kat-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-kat-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Шатландыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шатландыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Шатляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шатляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्कॉटलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्कॉटलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskosya" title="Eskosya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Eskosya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottland" title="Schottland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schottland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ཁོ་ཁྲི་ལན་ཌི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ཁོ་ཁྲི་ལན་ཌི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotska" title="Škotska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Škotska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-Skos" title="Bro-Skos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-Skos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шотланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шотланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Шотланди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шотланди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_(apil_sa_nasod)" title="Scotland (apil sa nasod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Scotland (apil sa nasod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotsko" title="Skotsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skotsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia" title="Escocia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Escocia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scozia" title="Scozia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Scozia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Alban" title="Yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skotland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سكوطلاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سكوطلاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottland" title="Schottland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schottland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otiska" title="Šotiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Šotiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्कटल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="स्कटल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otimaa" title="Šotimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šotimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σκωτία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκωτία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B2sia" title="Scòsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Scòsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia" title="Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlando" title="Skotlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skotlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia" title="Escocia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Escocia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskozia" title="Eskozia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskozia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اسکاتلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skotland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cosse" title="Écosse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écosse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotl%C3%A2n" title="Skotlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skotlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albain" title="Albain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Albain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalbin" title="Nalbin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nalbin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba" title="Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escocia" title="Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اسکاتلند – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्कॉटलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="स्कॉटलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="스코틀랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코틀랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekokia" title="Kekokia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kekokia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Շոտլանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոտլանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्कॉट्लैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कॉट्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otiska" title="Šotiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Šotiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotska" title="Škotska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Škotska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotia" title="Skotia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skotia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskosia" title="Eskosia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eskosia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scotia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Scotia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Шотланди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Шотланди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESkotlani" title="ESkotlani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ESkotlani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiKotilandi" title="IsiKotilandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiKotilandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skotland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scozia" title="Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekotlan" title="Sekotlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sekotlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C9%94s%C9%A9" title="Ekɔsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ekɔsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ಕಾಟ್‌ಲೆಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಕಾಟ್‌ಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შოტლანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შოტლანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%88" title="سٕکاٹ لینٛڈ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سٕکاٹ لینٛڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szk%C3%B2ck%C3%B4" title="Szkòckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szkòckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban" title="Alban – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alban" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskoti" title="Uskoti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uskoti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C3%B2s" title="Ekòs – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlenda" title="Skotlenda – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Skotlenda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scozia" title="Scozia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scozia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskosia" title="Eskosia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Eskosia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດເອກົດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເອກົດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scotia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotija" title="Skotija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skotija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottland" title="Schottland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schottland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotija" title="Škotija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Škotija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B2%C3%A7ia" title="Scòçia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Scòçia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjotland" title="Sjotland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjotland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C3%B3si" title="Ekósi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ekósi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scozia" title="Scozia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scozia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3cia" title="Skócia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skócia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шкотска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шкотска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C3%B4sy" title="Ekôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ekôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്കോട്ട്‌ലൻഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്കോട്ട്‌ലൻഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skozja" title="Skozja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skozja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dtirana" title="Kōtirana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kōtirana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="स्कॉटलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्कॉटलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="შოტლანდია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შოტლანდია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سكوتلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سكوتلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="သကတ်လာန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သကတ်လာန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اسکاتلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯠꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯠꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AD-g%C3%A1ik-l%C3%A0ng" title="Sŭ-gáik-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sŭ-gáik-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B3cia" title="Scócia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scócia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шотланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шотланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="စကော့တလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စကော့တလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikoteladi" title="Sikoteladi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sikoteladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotland" title="Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotlaand" title="Schotlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Schotlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्कटल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्कटल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="スコットランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコットランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Шотланди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шотланди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlun" title="Skotlun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skotlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottland" title="Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottland" title="Skottland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Acosse" title="Êcosse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êcosse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotia" title="Skotia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Skotia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Escòcia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotlandiya" title="Shotlandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shotlandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਸਕਾਟਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕਾਟਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="سکاٹ لینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکاٹ لینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="သကော့တလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သကော့တလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskosia" title="Eskosia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Eskosia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89" title="سکاټلينډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سکاټلينډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ស្កុតឡិន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្កុតឡិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cosse" title="Écosse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Écosse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B2ssia" title="Scòssia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scòssia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlan" title="Skotlan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Skotlan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottland" title="Schottland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schottland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkocja" title="Szkocja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkocja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotlandiya" title="Shotlandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shotlandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schottland" title="Schottland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schottland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sco%C8%9Bia" title="Scoția – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scoția" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scozia" title="Scozia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Scozia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskutusuyu" title="Iskutusuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskutusuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шкоция – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шкоция" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikotilani" title="Sikotilani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Sikotilani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱠᱚᱴᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isc%C3%B2tzia" title="Iscòtzia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscòtzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlound" title="Skotlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Skotlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skocia" title="Skocia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skocia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scozzia" title="Scozzia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scozzia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්කොට්ලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්කොට්ලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%BD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="اسڪاٽلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسڪاٽلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikoshilandi" title="Sikoshilandi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Sikoshilandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0k%C3%B3tsko" title="Škótsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Škótsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotska" title="Škotska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škotska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkocyjo" title="Szkocyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szkocyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotland" title="Skotland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Skotland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سکۆتلاند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سکۆتلاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шкотска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шкотска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotska" title="Škotska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Škotska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlanti" title="Skotlanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skotlanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottland" title="Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இசுக்கொட்லாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுக்கொட்லாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%A2ku%E1%B9%ADlanda" title="Ṣkuṭlanda – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ṣkuṭlanda" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skutlanda" title="Skutlanda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Skutlanda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသၵွတ်ႉတလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသၵွတ်ႉတလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="స్కాట్లాండ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్కాట్లాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esk%C3%B3sia" title="Eskósia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Eskósia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikotilani" title="Sikotilani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Sikotilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ya" title="İskoçya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskoçya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eotlandi%C3%BDa" title="Şotlandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şotlandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шотландия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шотландия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Шотландія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шотландія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="اسکاٹ لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکاٹ لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="شوتلاندىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شوتلاندىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B2sia" title="Scòsia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scòsia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otlandii" title="Šotlandii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šotlandii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skot%C3%A4n" title="Skotän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Skotän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotimaa" title="Sotimaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sotimaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B4sse" title="Escôsse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Escôsse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇格蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotland" title="Schotland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Schotland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="苏格兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏格兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סקאטלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סקאטלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%E1%BB%8D%CC%81tl%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Skọ́tlándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Skọ́tlándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇格蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ya" title="İskoçya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İskoçya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotland" title="Schotland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Schotland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kuot%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Škuotėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Škuotėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇格蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlan" title="Skotlan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Skotlan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Scotland" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0otlandij%C9%99" title="Šotlandijə – Talysh" lang="tly" 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.ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Scotland</div><div class="ib-country-names">Scotland (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>) Alba (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Scotland"><img alt="Flag of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Scotland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom#In_Scotland" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">various</a>, predominantly "<a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Scotland" title="Flower of Scotland">Flower of Scotland</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Flower_of_Scotland.mp3" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/f/f4/Flower_of_Scotland.mp3/Flower_of_Scotland.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Flower_of_Scotland.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Scotland (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)"><img alt="Location of Scotland (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Scotland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/250px-Scotland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Scotland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/500px-Scotland_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Scotland (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scotland&params=55_57_11_N_3_11_20_W_type:city">55°57′11″N 3°11′20″W / 55.95306°N 3.18889°W / 55.95306; -3.18889</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scotland&params=55_51_40_N_4_15_00_W_type:city_region:GB">55°51′40″N 4°15′00″W / 55.86111°N 4.25000°W / 55.86111; -4.25000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census#2022_census_for_Scotland" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2022</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2022_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 92.9% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.9% <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Asians" title="Scottish Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.1% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-2022_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 51.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland#Irreligion" title="Religion in Scotland">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>38.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland#Christianity" title="Religion in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li>20.4% <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li>13.3% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li>5.1% other Christian</li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.1% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.2% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish • Scots</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li><li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom#Three_legal_systems" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Legal jurisdiction</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scotland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolved parliamentary legislature</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy#England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-left:10px;">• <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Murray_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Murray (Scottish politician)">Ian Murray</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-left:10px;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">House of Commons</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2024–present)">57 MPs</a> (of 650)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Origins of the Kingdom of Alba">Established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9th century (<a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">traditionally</a> 843)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh%E2%80%93Northampton" title="Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton">Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1328</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1357)" title="Treaty of Berwick (1357)">Treaty of Berwick</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1357<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with England</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Devolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 November 1998</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">80,231 km2 (30,977 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-6">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Land<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">77,901 km2 (30,078 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-6">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 5,439,842</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">70/km2 (181.3/sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-census2022-7">[5]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">£165.7 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">£30,419<a href="#cite_note-ONS_GVA-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£218.0 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£39,707<a href="#cite_note-Scot_Gov_GDP-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2020–23)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/20px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/40px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 33<a href="#cite_note-Scot_Gov_GINI-11">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.933<a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign">£</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+0 (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Scotland">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB-SCT" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:GB-SCT">GB-SCT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.scot" title=".scot">.scot</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[d]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Scotland<a href="#cite_note-14">[e]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country</a> that is part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and more than 790 adjacent <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Scotland">islands</a>, principally in the archipelagos of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a>. To the south-east, Scotland has its <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">only land border</a>, which is 96 miles (154 km) long and shared with <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>; the country is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the north and west, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the north-east and east, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to the south. The population in 2022 was 5,439,842.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-15">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> is the capital and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> is the most populous of the <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">cities of Scotland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> emerged as an independent <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in the 9th century. In 1603, <a href="/wiki/James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI">James VI</a> succeeded to the thrones of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">three kingdoms</a>. On 1 May 1707, Scotland and England combined to create the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Keay-16">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mackie-17">[12]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>. In 1999, a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> was re-established, and has <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> authority over many areas of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive arm</a> of the devolved government, headed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">first minister</a> who chairs the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cabinet" title="Scottish Cabinet">cabinet</a> and responsible for government policy and <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">international engagement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> Further powers are devolved to <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">local government</a> from the Scottish Government to the countries 32 <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">subdivisions</a> (known as "council areas").<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> The country has its own distinct <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">legal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">education system</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">religious history</a>, which have all contributed to the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scottish culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-administrative_control-23">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> are the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">languages in the country</a>, existing on a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> with each other.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> speakers can be found all over Scotland, however the language is largely spoken natively by communities within the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>;<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> Gaelic speakers now constitute less than 2% of the total population, though state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Revitalisation_of_Scottish_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Revitalisation of Scottish Gaelic">revitalisation</a> attempts have led to a growing community of <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[21]</a> The mainland of Scotland is broadly divided into three regions: the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a>, a mountainous region in the north and north-west; the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a>, a flatter plain across the centre of the country; and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>, a hilly region along the southern border. The Highlands are the most mountainous region of the British Isles and contain its highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a>, at 4,413 feet (1,345 m).<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-15">[10]</a> The region also contains many lakes, called <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">lochs</a>; the term is also applied to the many saltwater inlets along the country's deeply indented western coastline. The geography of the many islands is varied. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Mull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Skye</a>, are noted for their mountainous terrain, while the likes of <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coll" title="Coll">Coll</a> are much flatter.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Scotland" title="Etymology of Scotland">Etymology of Scotland</a></div> Scotland comes from <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a>, the Latin name for the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Freeman" title="Philip Freeman">Philip Freeman</a> has speculated on the likelihood of a group of raiders adopting a name from an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European root">Indo-European root</a>, *skot, citing the parallel in Greek skotos (σκότος), meaning "darkness, gloom".<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> word <a href="/wiki/Scotia" title="Scotia">Scotia</a> ("land of the Gaels") was initially used to refer to Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> and likewise in early <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> Scotland was used for Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-30">[25]</a> By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a>, alongside Albania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brewer-31">[26]</a> The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keay-16">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline of Scottish history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a>, before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, was culturally divergent.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of <a href="/wiki/Human_habitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Human habitation">human habitation</a> that may have existed before the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic period">Mesolithic period</a>. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glaciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> At the time, Scotland was covered in forests, had more bog-land, and the main form of transport was by water.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a> These settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> on the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> dates from this period. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> habitation, burial, and ritual sites are particularly common and well preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>, where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> Evidence of sophisticated pre-Christian belief systems is demonstrated by sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Callanish_Stones" title="Callanish Stones">Callanish Stones</a> on <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maes_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maes Howe">Maes Howe</a> on <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, which were built in the third millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-short-36">[31]</a>: 38  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland during the Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pictland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictland">Pictland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skara_Brae_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Skara_Brae_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912232.jpg/220px-Skara_Brae_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912232.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Skara_Brae_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912232.jpg/330px-Skara_Brae_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Skara_Brae_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912232.jpg/440px-Skara_Brae_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3912232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, Europe's most complete <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> village, occupied from roughly 3180 BC – 2500 BC</figcaption></figure> The first written reference to Scotland was in 320 BC by Greek sailor <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, who called the northern tip of Britain "Orcas", the source of the name of the Orkney islands.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 10  Most of modern Scotland was not <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">incorporated</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and Roman control over parts of the area fluctuated over a rather short period. The first Roman incursion into Scotland was in 79 AD, when <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> invaded Scotland; he defeated a Caledonian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Graupius" title="Battle of Mons Graupius">Battle of Mons Graupius</a> in 83 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 12  After the Roman victory, Roman forts were briefly set along the <a href="/wiki/Gask_Ridge" title="Gask Ridge">Gask Ridge</a> close to the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland line</a>, but by three years after the battle, the Roman armies had withdrawn to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> Remains of Roman forts established in the 1st century have been found as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[33]</a> By the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117), Roman control had lapsed to Britain south of a line between the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-39">[34]</a> Along this line, Trajan's successor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138) erected <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in northern England<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 12  and the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Britannicus" title="Limes Britannicus">Limes Britannicus</a> became the northern border of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> The Roman influence on the southern part of the country was considerable, and they introduced <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 13–14 <a href="#cite_note-short-36">[31]</a>: 38  The <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> was built from 142 at the order of Hadrian's successor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161), defending the Roman part of Scotland from the unadministered part of the island, north of a line between the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_208%E2%80%93210" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210">Roman invasion of Caledonia 208–210</a> was undertaken by emperors of the imperial <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> in response to the breaking of a treaty by the Caledonians in 197,<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[33]</a> but permanent conquest of the whole of Great Britain was forestalled by Roman forces becoming bogged down in punishing <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> and the death of the senior emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193–211) at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>) after he was taken ill while on campaign. Although forts erected by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> in the Severan campaign were placed near those established by Agricola and were clustered at the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Glens" class="mw-redirect" title="Glens">glens</a> in the Highlands, the Caledonians were again in revolt in 210–211 and these were overrun.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Callanish_at_sunset_-_geograph.org.uk_-_820680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Callanish_at_sunset_-_geograph.org.uk_-_820680.jpg/220px-Callanish_at_sunset_-_geograph.org.uk_-_820680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Callanish_at_sunset_-_geograph.org.uk_-_820680.jpg/330px-Callanish_at_sunset_-_geograph.org.uk_-_820680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Callanish_at_sunset_-_geograph.org.uk_-_820680.jpg/440px-Callanish_at_sunset_-_geograph.org.uk_-_820680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Callanish_Stones" title="Callanish Stones">Callanish Stones</a>, erected in the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era</figcaption></figure> To the Roman historians <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> and the area north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a> was called <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[33]</a> According to Cassius Dio, the inhabitants of Caledonia were the <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maeatae" title="Maeatae">Maeatae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[33]</a> Other ancient authors used the adjective "Caledonian" to mean anywhere in northern or inland Britain, often mentioning the region's people and animals, its cold climate, its pearls, and a noteworthy region of wooded hills (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: saltus) which the 2nd century AD Roman philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a>, described as being south-west of the <a href="/wiki/Beauly_Firth" title="Beauly Firth">Beauly Firth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[33]</a> The name Caledonia is echoed in the place names of <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld" title="Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohallion" title="Rohallion">Rohallion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schiehallion" title="Schiehallion">Schiehallion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-38">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a> constituted a seemingly coordinated invasion against Roman rule in Britain in the later 4th century, which included the participation of the Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a> and the Caledonians, who were then known as <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> by the Romans. This was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Comes_Theodosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes Theodosius">comes Theodosius</a>; but Roman military government was withdrawn from the island altogether by the early 5th century, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> and the immigration of the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> to southeastern Scotland and the rest of eastern Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-:8-39">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Scotland in the Early Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">Scotland in the High Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Scotland in the Late Middle Ages</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Medieval_Scotland_areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Early_Medieval_Scotland_areas.png/164px-Early_Medieval_Scotland_areas.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Early_Medieval_Scotland_areas.png/246px-Early_Medieval_Scotland_areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Early_Medieval_Scotland_areas.png/328px-Early_Medieval_Scotland_areas.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1123" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Political divisions in early medieval Scotland</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1362" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Norse kingdoms at the end of the eleventh century</div></div></div></div></div> Beginning in the sixth century, the area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas: <a href="/wiki/Pictland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictland">Pictland</a>, a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland;<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 25–26  the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a>, which had conquered southeastern Scotland;<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 18–20  and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, which included territory in western Scotland and northern Ireland, and spread Gaelic language and culture into Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> These societies were based on the family unit and had sharp divisions in wealth, although the vast majority were poor and worked full-time in <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>. The Picts kept slaves (mostly captured in war) through the ninth century.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 26–27  Gaelic influence over Pictland and Northumbria was facilitated by the large number of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Church">Gaelic-speaking clerics</a> working as missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 23–24  Operating in the sixth century on the island of <a href="/wiki/Iona" title="Iona">Iona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Columba" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Columba">Saint Columba</a> was one of the earliest and best-known missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-short-36">[31]</a>: 39  The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> began to raid Scotland in the eighth century. Although the raiders sought slaves and luxury items, their main motivation was to acquire land. The oldest <a href="/wiki/Norse_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse Scotland">Norse</a> settlements were in northwest Scotland, but they eventually conquered many areas along the coast. <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> entirely displaced <a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> In the ninth century, the Norse threat allowed a Gael named <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth I">Kenneth I</a> (Cináed mac Ailpín) to seize power over Pictland, establishing a royal dynasty to which the modern monarchs trace their lineage, and marking the beginning of the end of Pictish culture.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 31–32 <a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> The kingdom of Cináed and his descendants, called Alba, was Gaelic in character but existed on the same area as Pictland. By the end of the tenth century, the Pictish language went extinct as its speakers shifted to Gaelic.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 32–33  From a base in eastern Scotland north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a> and south of the <a href="/wiki/River_Spey" title="River Spey">River Spey</a>, the kingdom expanded first southwards, into the former Northumbrian lands, and northwards into <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Moray" title="Province of Moray">Moray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 34–35  Around the turn of the millennium, there was a centralization in agricultural lands and the first towns began to be established.<a href="#cite_note-Forsyth-34">[29]</a>: 36–37  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG/220px-Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG/330px-Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG/440px-Court.of.Session.1532.James.V.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> in 1532, at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House, Edinburgh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> until 1707</figcaption></figure> In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, much of Scotland was under the control of a single ruler. Initially, Gaelic culture predominated, but immigrants from France, England and Flanders steadily created a more diverse society, with the Gaelic language starting to be replaced by Scots; and a modern nation-state emerged from this. At the end of this period, war against England started the growth of a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish national consciousness">Scottish national consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stringer-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrell_2000-47">[42]</a>: ch 1  <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a> (1124–1153) and his successors centralised royal power<a href="#cite_note-Stringer-46">[41]</a>: 41–42  and united mainland Scotland, capturing regions such as Moray, <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, although he could not extend his power over the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, which had been ruled by various <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish clans">Scottish clans</a> following the death of <a href="/wiki/Somerled" title="Somerled">Somerled</a> in 1164.<a href="#cite_note-Stringer-46">[41]</a>: 48–49  In 1266, Scotland fought the short but consequential <a href="/wiki/Scottish-Norwegian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish-Norwegian War">Scottish-Norwegian War</a> which saw the reclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> after the strong defeat of King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV" title="Haakon IV">Haakon IV</a> and his forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> Up until that point, the Hebrides had been under Norwegian Viking control for roughly 400 years and had developed a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse–Gaelic">Norse–Gaelic</a> culture that saw many <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> loanwords enter the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> spoken by islanders, and through successive generations the Norse would become almost completely assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic culture">Gaelic culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a> system. After the conflict, Scotland had to affirm Norwegian sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a>, but they were later integrated into Scotland in the 15th century. Scandinavian culture in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn language</a> survived for a lot longer than in the Hebrides, and would strongly influence the local <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> dialect on <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Later, a system of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> was consolidated, with both Anglo-Norman incomers and native Gaelic chieftains being granted land in exchange for serving the king.<a href="#cite_note-Stringer-46">[41]</a>: 53–54  The relationship with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> was complex during this period: Scottish kings tried several times, sometimes with success, to exploit English political turmoil, followed by the longest period of peace between Scotland and England in the mediaeval period: from 1217–1296.<a href="#cite_note-Stringer-46">[41]</a>: 45-46  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_Scottish_Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War of Scottish Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace_Monument_,_Stirling,_Scotland,_in_Autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wallace_Monument_%2C_Stirling%2C_Scotland%2C_in_Autumn.jpg/250px-Wallace_Monument_%2C_Stirling%2C_Scotland%2C_in_Autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wallace_Monument_%2C_Stirling%2C_Scotland%2C_in_Autumn.jpg/500px-Wallace_Monument_%2C_Stirling%2C_Scotland%2C_in_Autumn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Monument" title="Wallace Monument">Wallace Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>, commemorates Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a>, a Scottish independence leader<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> The death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a> in March 1286 broke the succession line of Scotland's kings. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> arbitrated between various claimants for the Scottish crown. In return for surrendering Scotland's nominal independence, <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a> was pronounced king in 1292.<a href="#cite_note-Stringer-46">[41]</a>: 47 <a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> In 1294, Balliol and other Scottish lords refused Edward's demands to serve in his army against the French. Scotland and France sealed a treaty on 23 October 1295, known as the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>. War ensued, and John was deposed by Edward who took personal control of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moray" title="Andrew Moray">Andrew Moray</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> initially emerged as the principal leaders of the resistance to English rule in the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> until <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> was crowned king of Scotland in 1306.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> Victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a> in 1314 proved the Scots had regained control of their kingdom. In 1320 the world's first documented declaration of independence, the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath" title="Declaration of Arbroath">Declaration of Arbroath</a>, won the support of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a>, leading to the legal recognition of Scottish sovereignty by the English Crown.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-54">[49]</a>: 70, 72  A civil war between the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce dynasty">Bruce dynasty</a> and their long-term rivals of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Comyn" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Comyn">House of Comyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">House of Balliol</a> lasted until the middle of the 14th century. Although the Bruce faction was successful, <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a>'s lack of an heir allowed his half-nephew <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Steward of Scotland">Lord High Steward of Scotland</a>, to come to the throne and establish the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">House of Stewart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-54">[49]</a>: 77  The Stewarts ruled Scotland for the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The country they ruled experienced greater prosperity from the end of the 14th century through the Scottish Renaissance to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mason-55">[50]</a>: 93  despite the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> in 1349<a href="#cite_note-Brown-54">[49]</a>: 76  and increasing division between <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-54">[49]</a>: 78  Multiple truces reduced warfare on the southern border.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-54">[49]</a>: 76, 83  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_of_the_Crowns">Union of the Crowns</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Scotland in the early modern period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_de_Colone_(c.1572-1651)_-_James_VI_and_I_(1566%E2%80%931625),_King_of_Scotland_(1567%E2%80%931625),_King_of_England_and_Ireland_(1603%E2%80%931625)_-_PG_2172_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adam_de_Colone_%28c.1572-1651%29_-_James_VI_and_I_%281566%E2%80%931625%29%2C_King_of_Scotland_%281567%E2%80%931625%29%2C_King_of_England_and_Ireland_%281603%E2%80%931625%29_-_PG_2172_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adam_de_Colone_%28c.1572-1651%29_-_James_VI_and_I_%281566%E2%80%931625%29%2C_King_of_Scotland_%281567%E2%80%931625%29%2C_King_of_England_and_Ireland_%281603%E2%80%931625%29_-_PG_2172_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adam_de_Colone_%28c.1572-1651%29_-_James_VI_and_I_%281566%E2%80%931625%29%2C_King_of_Scotland_%281567%E2%80%931625%29%2C_King_of_England_and_Ireland_%281603%E2%80%931625%29_-_PG_2172_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a>, succeeded to the English and Irish thrones in 1603.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perpetual_Peace" title="Treaty of Perpetual Peace">Treaty of Perpetual Peace</a> was signed in 1502 by <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>. James married Henry's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> James invaded England in support of France under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> and became the last monarch in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to die in battle, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Flodden</a> in 1513.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> The war with England during the minority years of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> between 1543 and 1551 is known as the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> In 1560, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh" title="Treaty of Edinburgh">Treaty of Edinburgh</a> brought an end to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leith" title="Siege of Leith">Siege of Leith</a> and recognized the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> as Queen of England.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-55">[50]</a>: 112  The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Parliament of Scotland</a> met and immediately adopted the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a>, which signalled the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>'s sharp break from papal authority and Roman Catholic teaching.<a href="#cite_note-short-36">[31]</a>: 44  The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to <a href="/wiki/Act_Anent_the_demission_of_the_Crown_in_favour_of_our_Sovereign_Lord,_and_his_Majesty%27s_Coronation_1567" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567">abdicate in 1567</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> In 1603, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI, King of Scots</a> inherited the thrones of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, and moved to London.<a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> This was a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> as despite having the same monarch the kingdoms retained their separate parliaments, laws and other institutions. The first <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> was designed at James's behest, to be flown in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">St Andrew's Cross</a> on Scots vessels at sea. James VI and I intended to create a single kingdom of Great Britain, but was thwarted in his attempt to do so by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, which supported the wrecking proposal that a full legal union be sought instead, a proposal to which the Scots Parliament would not assent, causing the king to withdraw the plan.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> Except for a short period under <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">the Protectorate</a>, Scotland remained a separate state in the 17th century, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> over the form of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_church_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian church governance">church government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald-62">[57]</a>: 124  The military was strengthened, allowing the imposition of royal authority on the western Highland clans. The 1609 <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a> compelled the cultural integration of Hebridean clan leaders.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a>: 37–40  In 1641 and again in 1643, the Parliament of Scotland unsuccessfully sought a union with England which was "federative" and not "incorporating", in which Scotland would retain a separate parliament.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> The issue of union split the parliament in 1648.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> After the execution of the Scottish king at <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> in 1649, amid the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">its events in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, the victorious <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a>, imposed the British Isles' first written constitution – the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government" title="Instrument of Government">Instrument of Government</a> – on Scotland in 1652 as part of the republican <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England,_Scotland,_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland">Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> The Protectorate Parliament was the first Westminster parliament to include representatives nominally from Scotland. The monarchy of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> was resumed with the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration in Scotland">Restoration in Scotland</a> in 1660. The Parliament of Scotland sought a commercial union with England in 1664; the proposal was rejected in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> In 1670 the Parliament of England rejected a proposed political union with Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> English proposals along the same lines were abandoned in 1674 and in 1685.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> The Scots Parliament rejected proposals for a political union with England in 1689.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a>, the political support for the exiled Catholic Stuart dynasty, remained a threat to the security of the British state under the Protestant <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orange">House of Orange</a> and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> until the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> In 1698, the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_Scotland" title="Company of Scotland">Company of Scotland</a> attempted a project to secure a trading colony on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>. Almost every Scottish landowner who had money to spare is said to have invested in the <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-66">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Union">Treaty of Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Union.jpg/250px-Treaty_of_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Union.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Union.jpg/500px-Treaty_of_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>Scottish Exemplification (official copy) of the Treaty of Union of 1707</figcaption></figure> After another proposal from the English House of Lords was rejected in 1695, and a further Lords motion was voted down in the House of Commons in 1700, the Parliament of Scotland again rejected union in 1702.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> The failure of the Darien Scheme bankrupted the landowners who had invested, though not the burghs. Nevertheless, the nobles' bankruptcy, along with the threat of an English invasion, played a leading role in convincing the Scots elite to back a union with England.<a href="#cite_note-:6-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-66">[61]</a> On 22 July 1706, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> was agreed between representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scots Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>. The following year, twin <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> were passed by both parliaments to create the united <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> with effect from 1 May 1707<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> with popular opposition and anti-union riots in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-1707_protests-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> The union also created the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>, which succeeded both the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, which rejected proposals from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> that the third kingdom be incorporated in the union.<a href="#cite_note-:5-64">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg/200px-JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg/300px-JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg/400px-JamesFirstEarlOfSeafield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Ogilvy,_4th_Earl_of_Findlater" title="James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater">James Ogilvy</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor</a> (1702–1708), initially supported union but by 1713 advocated for its reversal</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fletcher_(patriot)" title="Andrew Fletcher (patriot)">Andrew Fletcher</a>, a prominent Scottish patriot, argued that the ratification of the treaty would see Scotland "more like a conquered province",<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> and by 1713, the former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ogilvy,_4th_Earl_of_Findlater" title="James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater">James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater</a>, who was a prominent supporter for the Treaty of Union between Scotland and England had changed his position on the treaty, and unsuccessfully advocated for the treaty to be reversed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> The deposed <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite Stuart</a> claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly among non-<a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>, including Roman Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian Protestants">Episcopalian Protestants</a>. Two major Jacobite risings launched in <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">1745</a> failed to remove the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a> from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a>, Great Britain's last <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battle</a>. The passing of the Treaty of Union did not bring about immediate economic prosperity to Scotland as was widely speculated by the <a href="/wiki/Pamphleteer" title="Pamphleteer">pamphleteer</a> as a result of the little consideration given to prospects of the Scottish economy.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Campaigners for the union between Scotland and England believed that there would be economic advantages to Scotland as a result of the failed <a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a> which left the Kingdom of Scotland bankrupt.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Eventually however, with trade tariffs with England abolished, trade blossomed, especially with <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>. The clippers belonging to the Glasgow <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Lords" title="Tobacco Lords">Tobacco Lords</a> were the fastest ships on the route to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> in 1776, Glasgow was the world's premier tobacco port, dominating world trade.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> The disparity between the wealth of the merchant classes of the Scottish Lowlands and the ancient clans of the Scottish Highlands grew, amplifying centuries of division. In the Highlands, clan chiefs gradually started to think of themselves more as commercial landlords than leaders of their people. These social and economic changes included the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a> and, ultimately, the demise of clanship.<a href="#cite_note-Devine_1994-75">[70]</a>: 32–53, passim  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_age_and_the_Scottish_Enlightenment">Industrial age and the Scottish Enlightenment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Scotland in the modern era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg/250px-Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg/330px-Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg/500px-Sir_Henry_Raeburn_-_Portrait_of_Sir_Walter_Scott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Waverley_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Waverley Novels">Waverley Novels</a> helped define Scottish identity in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> turned Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> — so much so <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilisation."<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> With the demise of Jacobitism and the advent of the Union, thousands of Scots, mainly Lowlanders, took up numerous positions of power in politics, civil service, the army and navy, trade, economics, colonial enterprises and other areas across the nascent <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Historian Neil Davidson notes "after 1746 there was an entirely new level of participation by Scots in political life, particularly outside Scotland." Davidson also states "far from being 'peripheral' to the British economy, Scotland – or more precisely, the Lowlands – lay at its core."<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scottish Reform Act 1832</a> increased the number of Scottish MPs and widened the franchise to include more of the middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-Devine&Finlay1996pp64-5-79">[74]</a> From the mid-century, there were increasing calls for Home Rule for Scotland and the post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a> was revived.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> Towards the end of the century prime ministers of Scottish descent included <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Quinault2007-81">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">the Earl of Rosebery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> In the late 19th century the growing importance of the working classes was marked by <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>'s success in the <a href="/wiki/Mid_Lanarkshire_by-election,_1888" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888">Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888</a>, leading to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party_(1888)" title="Scottish Labour Party (1888)">Scottish Labour Party</a>, which was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> in 1895, with Hardie as its first leader.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world and known as "the <a href="/wiki/Second_City_of_the_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second City of the Empire">Second City of the Empire</a>" after London.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> After 1860, the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron (after 1870, made of steel), which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing vessels of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world. It became the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre.<a href="#cite_note-Shields1949-85">[80]</a> The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with overcrowding, high infant mortality, and growing rates of tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-Magnusson-87">[82]</a> disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as the physicists <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>, and the engineers and inventors <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a>, whose work was critical to the technological developments of the Industrial Revolution throughout Britain.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> In literature, the most successful figure of the mid-19th century was <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. His first prose work, <a href="/wiki/Waverley_(novel)" title="Waverley (novel)">Waverley</a> in 1814, is often called the first historical novel.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> It launched a highly successful career that probably more than any other helped define and popularise Scottish cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> In the late 19th century, a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations, such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Scotland also played a major part in the development of art and architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_School" title="Glasgow School">Glasgow School</a>, which developed in the late 19th century, and flourished in the early 20th century, produced a distinctive blend of influences including the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonism">Japonism</a>, which found favour throughout the <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> world of continental Europe and helped define the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style. Proponents included architect and artist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_wars_and_Scotland_Act_1998">World wars and Scotland Act 1998</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagpiper_Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge_14-07-1916_IWM_Q_4012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bagpiper_Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge_14-07-1916_IWM_Q_4012.jpg/250px-Bagpiper_Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge_14-07-1916_IWM_Q_4012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bagpiper_Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge_14-07-1916_IWM_Q_4012.jpg/330px-Bagpiper_Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge_14-07-1916_IWM_Q_4012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bagpiper_Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge_14-07-1916_IWM_Q_4012.jpg/500px-Bagpiper_Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge_14-07-1916_IWM_Q_4012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>A piper of the <a href="/wiki/Seaforth_Highlanders" title="Seaforth Highlanders">Seaforth Highlanders</a> leads the <a href="/wiki/26th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="26th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">26th Brigade</a> back from the trenches during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazentin_Ridge" title="Battle of Bazentin Ridge">Battle of Bazentin Ridge</a>, July 1916</figcaption></figure> Scotland played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">British effort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. It especially provided manpower, ships, machinery, fish and money.<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> With a population of 4.8 million in 1911, Scotland sent over half a million men to the war, of whom over a quarter died in combat or from disease, and 150,000 were seriously wounded.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Sir Douglas Haig</a> was Britain's commander on the Western Front. The war saw the emergence of a radical movement called "<a href="/wiki/Red_Clydeside" title="Red Clydeside">Red Clydeside</a>" led by militant trades unionists. Formerly a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> stronghold, the industrial districts switched to <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> by 1922, with a base among the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> working-class districts. Women were especially active in building neighbourhood solidarity on housing issues. The "Reds" operated within the Labour Party with little influence in Parliament and the mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> During the Second World War, Scotland was targeted by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> largely due to its factories, shipyards, and coal mines.<a href="#cite_note-blitz-96">[91]</a> Cities such as <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> were targeted by German bombers, as were smaller towns mostly located in the central belt of the country.<a href="#cite_note-blitz-96">[91]</a> Perhaps the most significant air raid in Scotland was the <a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank Blitz</a> of March 1941, which intended to destroy naval shipbuilding in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Clydebank_blitz-97">[92]</a> 528 people were killed and 4,000 homes destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Clydebank_blitz-97">[92]</a> Perhaps Scotland's most unusual wartime episode occurred in 1941 when <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> flew to Renfrewshire, possibly intending to broker a peace deal through the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Douglas-Hamilton,_14th_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton">Duke of Hamilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> Before his departure from Germany, Hess had given his adjutant, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Pintsch" title="Karlheinz Pintsch">Karlheinz Pintsch</a>, a letter addressed to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> that detailed his intentions to open peace negotiations with the British. Pintsch delivered the letter to Hitler at the Berghof around noon on 11 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008168-99">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> later said Hitler described Hess's departure as one of the worst personal blows of his life, as he considered it a personal betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESereny1996240-100">[95]</a> Hitler worried that his allies, Italy and Japan, would perceive Hess's act as an attempt by Hitler to secretly open peace negotiations with the British. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Flight_103._Crashed_Lockerbie,_Scotland,_21_December_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pan_Am_Flight_103._Crashed_Lockerbie%2C_Scotland%2C_21_December_1988.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_Flight_103._Crashed_Lockerbie%2C_Scotland%2C_21_December_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pan_Am_Flight_103._Crashed_Lockerbie%2C_Scotland%2C_21_December_1988.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Flight_103._Crashed_Lockerbie%2C_Scotland%2C_21_December_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pan_Am_Flight_103._Crashed_Lockerbie%2C_Scotland%2C_21_December_1988.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_Flight_103._Crashed_Lockerbie%2C_Scotland%2C_21_December_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="2177" /></a><figcaption>The explosion of <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> over Lockerbie remains the deadliest act of terror in the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> After 1945, Scotland's economic situation worsened due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Only in recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. Economic factors contributing to this recovery included a resurgent financial services industry, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronics manufacturing">electronics manufacturing</a>, (see <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a>),<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> and gas industry.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> The introduction in 1989 by Margaret Thatcher's government of the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)" title="Poll tax (Great Britain)">Community Charge</a> (widely known as the Poll Tax) one year before the rest of Great Britain,<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> contributed to a growing movement for Scottish control over domestic affairs.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> On 21 December 1988, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am Flight 103</a> exploded mid–air over the town of <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie" title="Lockerbie">Lockerbie</a>, killing all on board as well as eleven Lockerbie residents. It remains the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Terrorism in the United Kingdom">terrorist attack in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> Following a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution_referendum,_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish devolution referendum, 1997">referendum on devolution proposals in 1997</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> was passed by the British Parliament, which established a devolved <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> with responsibility for most laws specific to Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> The Scottish Parliament was reconvened in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> on 4 July 1999.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> The first to hold the office of <a href="/wiki/First_minister_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="First minister of Scotland">first minister of Scotland</a> was <a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Donald Dewar</a>, who served until his sudden death in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament,_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament%2C_1999.jpg/220px-Opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament%2C_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament%2C_1999.jpg/330px-Opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament%2C_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament%2C_1999.jpg/440px-Opening_of_the_Scottish_Parliament%2C_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>The official reconvening of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> in July 1999 with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Donald Dewar</a>, then <a href="/wiki/First_minister_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="First minister of Scotland">first minister of Scotland</a> (left) with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> (centre)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a> at Holyrood opened in October 2004 after lengthy construction delays and running over budget.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> The Scottish Parliament's form of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">additional member system</a>) resulted in no one party having an overall majority for the first three Scottish parliament elections. The pro-<a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">independence</a> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a> achieved an overall majority in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament election">2011 election</a>, winning 69 of the 129 seats available.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> The success of the SNP in achieving a majority in the Scottish Parliament paved the way for the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence_referendum,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish independence referendum, 2014">September 2014 referendum on Scottish independence</a>. The majority voted against the proposition, with 55% voting no to independence.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> More powers, particularly concerning taxation, were devolved to the Scottish Parliament after the referendum, following cross-party talks in the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Commission" title="Smith Commission">Smith Commission</a>. Since the 2014 referendum, events such as the UK leaving the European Union, despite a majority of voters in Scotland voting to remain a member, have led to calls for a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">second independence referendum</a>. In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bain" title="Dorothy Bain">Dorothy Bain</a> argued the case for the Scottish Government to hold another referendum on the issue, with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> later ruling against the argument.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Following the Supreme Court decision, the Scottish Government stated that it wished to make amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a> that would allow a referendum to be held.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-r556-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_natural_history">Geography and natural history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corpach_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5757851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Corpach_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5757851.jpg/250px-Corpach_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5757851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Corpach_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5757851.jpg/330px-Corpach_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5757851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Corpach_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5757851.jpg/500px-Corpach_Basin_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5757851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>At 4,413 feet (1,345 m), <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a> is the highest peak in Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></figcaption></figure> The mainland of Scotland comprises the northern third of the land mass of the island of Great Britain, which lies off the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. The total area is 30,977 square miles (80,231 km2) with a land area of 30,078 square miles (77,901 km2),<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-6">[4]</a> comparable to the size of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 miles (154 km) between the basin of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> on the east coast and the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a> in the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders the west coast and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> is to the east. The island of Ireland lies only 13 miles (21 km) from the south-western peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a>;<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> Norway is 190 miles (305 km) to the northeast and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, 168 miles (270 km) to the north. The territorial extent of Scotland is generally that established by the 1237 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_York" title="Treaty of York">Treaty of York</a> between Scotland and the Kingdom of England<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> and the 1266 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a> between Scotland and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Mackie-17">[12]</a> Important exceptions include the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, which having been lost to England in the 14th century is now a <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependency">crown dependency</a> outside of the United Kingdom; the island groups <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, which were acquired from Norway in 1472;<a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-119">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a> (after changing ownership several times) was ceded to England in 1482.<a href="#cite_note-q088-120">[115]</a> The geographical <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of Scotland">centre of Scotland</a> lies a few miles from the village of <a href="/wiki/Newtonmore" title="Newtonmore">Newtonmore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Badenoch" title="Badenoch">Badenoch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Rising to 4,413 feet (1,345 m) above sea level, Scotland's highest point is the summit of <a href="/wiki/Ben_Nevis" title="Ben Nevis">Ben Nevis</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a>, while Scotland's longest river, the <a href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</a>, flows for a distance of 117 miles (188 km).<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-15">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology_and_geomorphology">Geology and geomorphology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Crags_and_Arthur%27s_seat_dec.23_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Salisbury_Crags_and_Arthur%27s_seat_dec.23_%281%29.jpg/250px-Salisbury_Crags_and_Arthur%27s_seat_dec.23_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Salisbury_Crags_and_Arthur%27s_seat_dec.23_%281%29.jpg/330px-Salisbury_Crags_and_Arthur%27s_seat_dec.23_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Salisbury_Crags_and_Arthur%27s_seat_dec.23_%281%29.jpg/500px-Salisbury_Crags_and_Arthur%27s_seat_dec.23_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a>, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> The whole of Scotland was covered by ice sheets during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice ages">ice ages</a> and the landscape is much affected by glaciation. From a geological perspective, the country has three main sub-divisions: the Highlands and Islands, the Central Lowlands, and the Southern Uplands. The <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands" title="Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a> lie to the north and west of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Boundary_Fault" title="Highland Boundary Fault">Highland Boundary Fault</a>, which runs from <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Arran" title="Isle of Arran">Arran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stonehaven" title="Stonehaven">Stonehaven</a>. This part of Scotland largely comprises ancient rocks from the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>, which were uplifted during the later <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian orogeny</a>. It is interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> intrusions of a more recent age, remnants of which formed mountain massifs such as the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms" title="Cairngorms">Cairngorms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skye" class="mw-redirect" title="Skye">Skye</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuillins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuillins">Cuillins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> In north-eastern mainland Scotland <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of rock that occurred before the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Ice Age</a> has shaped much of the landscape.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1986-123">[118]</a> A significant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing beds of <a href="/wiki/Old_Red_Sandstone" title="Old Red Sandstone">Old Red Sandstones</a> found principally along the <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a> coast. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> are generally mountainous and the highest elevations in the British Isles are found here. Scotland has over 790 islands divided into four main groups: <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>. There are numerous bodies of freshwater including <a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness" title="Loch Ness">Loch Ness</a>. Some parts of the coastline consist of <a href="/wiki/Machair_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machair (geography)">machair</a>, a low-lying dune pasture land. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loch_Lomond_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Loch_Lomond_2013.JPG/250px-Loch_Lomond_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Loch_Lomond_2013.JPG/330px-Loch_Lomond_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Loch_Lomond_2013.JPG/500px-Loch_Lomond_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a>, a freshwater <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a>, often considered the boundary between the lowlands and Highlands<a href="#cite_note-weir-124">[119]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Central Lowlands</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> mainly comprising <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> formations. Many of these sediments have economic significance for it is here that the coal and iron-bearing rocks that fuelled Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a> are found. This area has also experienced intense volcanism, <a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat" title="Arthur's Seat">Arthur's Seat</a> in Edinburgh being the remnant of a once much larger volcano. This area is relatively low-lying, although even here hills such as the <a href="/wiki/Ochil_Hills" title="Ochil Hills">Ochils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campsie_Fells" title="Campsie Fells">Campsie Fells</a> are rarely far from view. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a> is a range of hills almost 125 miles (200 km) long, interspersed with broad valleys. They lie south of a second <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault line</a> (the Southern Uplands fault) that runs from <a href="/wiki/Girvan" title="Girvan">Girvan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scotland_Today_»_ITKT-127">[122]</a> The geological foundations largely comprise <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> deposits laid down some 400 to 500 million years ago. The high point of the Southern Uplands is <a href="/wiki/Merrick,_Galloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrick, Galloway">Merrick</a> with an elevation of 843 m (2,766 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Keay-16">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> The Southern Uplands is home to Scotland's highest village, <a href="/wiki/Wanlockhead" title="Wanlockhead">Wanlockhead</a> (430 m or 1,411 ft above sea level).<a href="#cite_note-Scotland_Today_»_ITKT-127">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traigh_Bail,_Tiree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traigh_Bail%2C_Tiree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7983.jpg/220px-Traigh_Bail%2C_Tiree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traigh_Bail%2C_Tiree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7983.jpg/330px-Traigh_Bail%2C_Tiree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Traigh_Bail%2C_Tiree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7983.jpg/440px-Traigh_Bail%2C_Tiree_-_geograph.org.uk_-_7983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a> is one of the sunniest locations in Scotland.</figcaption></figure> The climate of most of Scotland is <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a>, and tends to be very changeable. As it is warmed by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow region">Moscow region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> on the opposite side of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Temperatures are generally lower than in the rest of the UK, with the temperature of −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) recorded at <a href="/wiki/Braemar" title="Braemar">Braemar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grampian_Mountains" title="Grampian Mountains">Grampian Mountains</a>, on 11 February 1895, the coldest ever recorded anywhere in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> Winter maxima average 6 °C (43 °F) in the Lowlands, with summer maxima averaging 18 °C (64 °F). The highest temperature recorded was 35.1 °C (95.2 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Floors_Castle" title="Floors Castle">Floors Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a> on 19 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> The west of Scotland is usually warmer than the east, owing to the influence of Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Ocean_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean currents">ocean currents</a> and the colder surface temperatures of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tiree" title="Tiree">Tiree</a>, in the Inner Hebrides, is one of the sunniest places in the country: it had more than 300 hours of sunshine in May 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Metext-133">[128]</a> Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. The western highlands of Scotland are the wettest, with annual rainfall in a few places exceeding 3,000 mm (120 in).<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> In comparison, much of lowland Scotland receives less than 800 mm (31 in) annually.<a href="#cite_note-Meteast-135">[130]</a> Heavy snowfall is not common in the lowlands, but becomes more common with altitude. Braemar has an average of 59 snow days per year,<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> while many coastal areas average fewer than 10 days of lying snow per year.<a href="#cite_note-Meteast-135">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-tailed_eagle_in_flight_at_Falkenhof_Schloss_Rosenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/White-tailed_eagle_in_flight_at_Falkenhof_Schloss_Rosenburg.jpg/220px-White-tailed_eagle_in_flight_at_Falkenhof_Schloss_Rosenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/White-tailed_eagle_in_flight_at_Falkenhof_Schloss_Rosenburg.jpg/330px-White-tailed_eagle_in_flight_at_Falkenhof_Schloss_Rosenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/White-tailed_eagle_in_flight_at_Falkenhof_Schloss_Rosenburg.jpg/440px-White-tailed_eagle_in_flight_at_Falkenhof_Schloss_Rosenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_sea_eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="White-tailed sea eagle">White-tailed sea eagle</a></figcaption></figure> Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north-west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals such as the lynx, brown bear, wolf, elk and walrus were hunted to extinction in historic times. There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting grounds for a variety of seabirds such as <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">gannets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> is something of a national icon.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> On the high mountain tops, species including <a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">ptarmigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hare" title="Mountain hare">mountain hare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoat</a> can be seen in their white colour phase during winter months.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Remnants of the native <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a> forest exist<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> and within these areas the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_crossbill" title="Scottish crossbill">Scottish crossbill</a>, the UK's only <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> bird species and <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>, can be found alongside <a href="/wiki/Western_capercaillie" title="Western capercaillie">capercaillie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_wildcat" title="Scottish wildcat">Scottish wildcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">pine marten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Various animals have been re-introduced, including the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagle</a> in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Red_kite" title="Red kite">red kite</a> in the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> and there have been experimental projects involving the <a href="/wiki/European_beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="European beaver">beaver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>. Today, much of the remaining native <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Forest" title="Caledonian Forest">Caledonian Forest</a> lies within the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorms_National_Park" title="Cairngorms National Park">Cairngorms National Park</a> and remnants of the forest remain at 84 locations across Scotland. On the west coast, remnants of ancient Celtic Rainforest remain, particularly on the Taynish peninsula in <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>, these forests are particularly rare due to high rates of deforestation throughout Scottish history.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-147">[142]</a> The flora of the country is varied incorporating both <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> woodland as well as <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> species. Large-scale commercial tree planting and management of upland moorland habitat for the grazing of sheep and <a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">field sport</a> activities like <a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">deer stalking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">driven grouse shooting</a> impacts the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The UK's tallest tree is a <a href="/wiki/Abies_grandis" title="Abies grandis">grand fir</a> planted beside <a href="/wiki/Loch_Fyne" title="Loch Fyne">Loch Fyne</a>, Argyll in the 1870s, and the <a href="/wiki/Fortingall_Yew" title="Fortingall Yew">Fortingall Yew</a> may be 5,000 years old and is probably the oldest living thing in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> Although the number of native <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> is low by world standards, Scotland's substantial <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophyte</a> flora is of global importance.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-RBGE-153">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_population_cartogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Scotland_population_cartogram.svg/250px-Scotland_population_cartogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Scotland_population_cartogram.svg/330px-Scotland_population_cartogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Scotland_population_cartogram.svg/500px-Scotland_population_cartogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Scotland population <a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">cartogram</a>. The size of councils is in proportion to their population.</figcaption></figure> During the 1820s, many Scots migrated from Scotland to countries such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, principally from the Highlands which remained poor in comparison to elsewhere in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> The Highlands was the only part of mainland Britain with a recurrent famine.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> A small range of products were exported from the region, which had negligible industrial production and a continued population growth that tested the subsistence agriculture. These problems, and the desire to improve agriculture and profits were the driving forces of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>, in which many of the population of the Highlands suffered eviction as lands were enclosed, principally so that they could be used for sheep farming. The first phase of the clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout Britain. The second phase was driven by overpopulation, the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Potato_Famine" title="Highland Potato Famine">Highland Potato Famine</a> and the collapse of industries that had relied on the wartime economy of the Napoleonic Wars.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The population of Scotland grew steadily in the 19th century, from 1,608,000 in the census of 1801 to 2,889,000 in 1851 and 4,472,000 in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> Even with the development of industry, there were not enough good jobs. As a result, during the period 1841–1931, about 2 million Scots migrated to North America and Australia, and another 750,000 Scots relocated to England.<a href="#cite_note-Huston&Knox2001pxxxii-158">[153]</a> Caused by the advent of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> and imports of lamb, mutton and wool from overseas, the 1870s brought with them a collapse of sheep prices and an abrupt halt in the previous sheep farming boom.<a href="#cite_note-:0-159">[154]</a> Scotland is the <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">most sparsely populated</a> <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country</a> of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> In August 2012, the Scottish population reached an all-time high of 5.25 million people.<a href="#cite_note-thecourier1-162">[157]</a> The reasons given were that, in Scotland, births were outnumbering the number of deaths, and immigrants were moving to Scotland from overseas. In 2011, 43,700 people moved from Wales, Northern Ireland or England to live in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-thecourier1-162">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census#2022_Census_for_Scotland" title="2021 United Kingdom census">most recent census in Scotland</a> was conducted by the Scottish Government and the <a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a> in March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-163">[158]</a> The population of Scotland at the 2022 Census was 5,436,600, the highest ever,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-163">[158]</a> beating the previous record of 5,295,400 at the 2011 Census. It was 5,062,011 at the 2001 Census.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-164">[159]</a> An ONS estimate for mid-2021 was 5,480,000.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-165">[160]</a> In the 2011 Census, 62% of Scotland's population stated their <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> as '<a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> only', 18% as 'Scottish and British', 8% as 'British only', and 4% chose 'other identity only'.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> Throughout its history, Scotland has long had a tradition of migration from Scotland and immigration into Scotland. In 2021, the Scottish Government released figures showing that an estimated 41,000 people had immigrated from other international countries into Scotland, while an average of 22,100 people had migrated from Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> Scottish Government data from 2002 shows that by 2021, there had been a sharp increase in immigration to Scotland, with 2002 estimates standing at 27,800 immigrants. While immigration had increased from 2002, migration from Scotland had dropped, with 2002 estimates standing at 26,200 people migrating from Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">List of towns and cities in Scotland by population</a></div> Although <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> is the capital of Scotland, the largest city is Glasgow, which has just over 584,000 inhabitants. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Glasgow" title="Greater Glasgow">Greater Glasgow</a> conurbation, with a population of almost 1.2 million, is home to nearly a quarter of Scotland's population.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a> is where most of the main towns and cities of Scotland are located, including Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee, and Perth. Scotland's only major city outside the Central Belt is Aberdeen. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> host 80% of the total population, where the <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a> accounts for 3.5 million people. In general, only the more accessible and larger islands remain inhabited. Currently, fewer than 90 remain inhabited. The Southern Uplands is essentially rural and dominated by agriculture and forestry.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> Because of housing problems in Glasgow and Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom#Scotland" title="New towns in the United Kingdom">five new towns</a> were designated between 1947 and 1966. They are <a href="/wiki/East_Kilbride" title="East Kilbride">East Kilbride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld" title="Cumbernauld">Cumbernauld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire" title="Irvine, North Ayrshire">Irvine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> The largest council area by population is <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a> being the largest in terms of geographical area. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Scotland <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census#2022_census_for_Scotland" title="2021 United Kingdom census">Scotland's Census 2022</a><a href="#cite_note-2022_census-173">[168]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Scotland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">Council area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Scotland">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Council_areas_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Council areas of Scotland">Council area</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Scotland_by_population" title="List of towns and cities in Scotland by population"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnieston_Crane_%5E_Clyde_Arc_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3851383.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glasgow"><img alt="Glasgow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Finnieston_Crane_%5E_Clyde_Arc_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3851383.jpg/120px-Finnieston_Crane_%5E_Clyde_Arc_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3851383.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Finnieston_Crane_%5E_Clyde_Arc_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3851383.jpg/180px-Finnieston_Crane_%5E_Clyde_Arc_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3851383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Finnieston_Crane_%5E_Clyde_Arc_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3851383.jpg/240px-Finnieston_Crane_%5E_Clyde_Arc_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3851383.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> <a href="/wiki/File:00_3331_Edinburgh_-_Schottland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edinburgh"><img alt="Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/00_3331_Edinburgh_-_Schottland.jpg/120px-00_3331_Edinburgh_-_Schottland.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/00_3331_Edinburgh_-_Schottland.jpg/180px-00_3331_Edinburgh_-_Schottland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/00_3331_Edinburgh_-_Schottland.jpg/240px-00_3331_Edinburgh_-_Schottland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow City</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">632,350</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kirkcaldy" title="Kirkcaldy">Kirkcaldy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,370 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberdeen_from_Torry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aberdeen"><img alt="Aberdeen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aberdeen_from_Torry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454885.jpg/120px-Aberdeen_from_Torry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454885.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aberdeen_from_Torry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454885.jpg/250px-Aberdeen_from_Torry_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454885.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> <a href="/wiki/File:DundeeSkyline2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dundee"><img alt="Dundee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/DundeeSkyline2017.jpg/120px-DundeeSkyline2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/DundeeSkyline2017.jpg/180px-DundeeSkyline2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/DundeeSkyline2017.jpg/240px-DundeeSkyline2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="2821" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">506,520</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,790 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">198,590</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_Council" title="Dundee City Council">Dundee City</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">148,210</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kilmarnock" title="Kilmarnock">Kilmarnock</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Paisley</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,270</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire" title="South Ayrshire">South Ayrshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Kilbride" title="East Kilbride">East Kilbride</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,310</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coatbridge" title="Coatbridge">Coatbridge</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,950 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_West_Lothian" title="Livingston, West Lothian">Livingston</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,840</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,990</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Glenrothes" title="Glenrothes">Glenrothes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,480</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)" title="Stirling (council area)">Stirling</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cumbernauld" title="Cumbernauld">Cumbernauld</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,530</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire" title="Airdrie, North Lanarkshire">Airdrie</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,390 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_South_Ayrshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6168042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Welcome_to_South_Ayrshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6168042.jpg/220px-Welcome_to_South_Ayrshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6168042.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Welcome_to_South_Ayrshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6168042.jpg/330px-Welcome_to_South_Ayrshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6168042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Welcome_to_South_Ayrshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6168042.jpg/440px-Welcome_to_South_Ayrshire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6168042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire" title="South Ayrshire">South Ayrshire</a> boundary sign, displaying English and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></figcaption></figure> Scotland has three <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous languages</a>: English, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> Scottish Standard English, a variety of English as spoken in Scotland, is at one end of a bipolar <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic continuum">linguistic continuum</a>, with broad <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> at the other.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Scottish Standard English may have been influenced to varying degrees by Scots.<a href="#cite_note-Stuart-Smith_J._2008._p.48-177">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a> is spoken in that region, while Gaelic is mostly spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>, where it continues to be used by a large proportion of residents. Overall, the use of Scotland's indigenous languages other than English has declined since the 19th century. The 2011 census indicated that 63% of the population had "no skills in Scots".<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> The use of Gaelic is confined to 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> The number of Gaelic speakers in Scotland dropped from 250,000 in 1881 to 60,000 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Across the whole of Scotland, the 2011 census showed that 25,000 people (0.49% of the population) used Gaelic at home. The most common language spoken at home in Scotland after English and Scots is Polish, with about 1.1% of the population, or 54,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Immigration since World War II has given Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Dundee small South Asian communities.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> In 2011, there were an estimated 49,000 ethnically Pakistani people living in Scotland, making them the largest non-White ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-185">[180]</a> The 2004 <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargement of the European Union</a> spurred an increase in migration from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> to Scotland, and the 2011 census indicated that 61,000 <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> lived there.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> There are many more people with Scottish ancestry living abroad than the total population of Scotland. In the 2000 Census, 9.2 million Americans self-reported some degree of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish American">Scottish</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>'s Protestant population is mainly of lowland Scottish descent,<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scots-Irish</a> migration now living in the US.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish-Canadian">Scottish-Canadian</a> community accounts for 4.7 million people.<a href="#cite_note-cancensus-191">[186]</a> About 20% of the original European settler population of New Zealand came from Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Giles_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St.Giles_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-St.Giles_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St.Giles_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-St.Giles_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/St.Giles_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-St.Giles_Cathedral_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/High_Kirk_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="High Kirk of Edinburgh">High Kirk of Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> As per the 2022 Census, a majority of Scots (51.12%) reported not following any religion. The most practiced religion is Christianity (38.79%), mostly the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> (20.36%) and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a> (13.3%).<a href="#cite_note-:1-193">[188]</a> In almost every council area, the most common response to the census question was "No religion," except in <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Na h-Eileanan Siar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a>, where the Church of Scotland (35.3%) and Catholicism (33.4%) were the most common responses, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:1-193">[188]</a> Forms of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> have dominated religious life in what is now Scotland for more than 1,400 years.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a> of 1560, the <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Kirk" title="Kirk">The Kirk</a>) has been <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> in orientation and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed theology">Reformed</a> in theology. Since 1689 it has had a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> system of church government independent from the state.<a href="#cite_note-Keay-16">[11]</a> Its membership dropped just below 300,000 in 2020 (5% of the total population)<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-scotsman.com-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> The Church operates a territorial parish structure, with every community in Scotland having a local congregation. Scotland also has a significant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholic</a> population with 13.3% professing that faith, particularly in Greater Glasgow and the north-west.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-193">[188]</a> After the Reformation, Roman Catholicism in Scotland continued in the Highlands and some western islands like <a href="/wiki/Uist" title="Uist">Uist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barra" title="Barra">Barra</a>, and it was strengthened during the 19th century by immigration from Ireland. Other Christian denominations in Scotland include the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>, and various other Presbyterian offshoots. Scotland's third largest church is the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Other minority faiths include <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a> (2.2%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a> (0.55%), Sikhism and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-:1-193">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-2011_census_religion-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-GROSCOT-202">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samy%C3%A9_Ling" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyé Ling">Samyé Ling</a> monastery near <a href="/wiki/Eskdalemuir" title="Eskdalemuir">Eskdalemuir</a>, which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2007, is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monastery in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._13_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._13_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._13_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._13_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._13_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._13_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._13_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5455" data-file-height="3062" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1413, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St. Andrews">University of St. Andrews</a> is the oldest in Scotland and one of the oldest worldwide<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Scottish education system</a> has always had a characteristic emphasis on a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_education" title="Liberal education">broad education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> In the 15th century, the Humanist emphasis on education cumulated with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1496" title="Education Act 1496">Education Act 1496</a>, which decreed that all sons of barons and freeholders of substance should attend grammar schools to learn "perfyct Latyne", resulting in an increase in literacy among a male and wealthy elite.<a href="#cite_note-Bawcutt&Williams2006pp29-30-206">[201]</a> In the Reformation, the 1560 <a href="/wiki/First_Book_of_Discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="First Book of Discipline">First Book of Discipline</a> set out a plan for a school in every parish, but this proved financially impossible.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a> In 1616 an <a href="/wiki/School_Establishment_Act_1616" title="School Establishment Act 1616">act in Privy council</a> commanded every parish to establish a school.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> By the late seventeenth century there was a largely complete network of parish schools in the lowlands, but in the Highlands basic education was still lacking in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2003-209">[204]</a> Education remained a matter for the church rather than the state until the <a href="/wiki/Education_(Scotland)_Act_1872" title="Education (Scotland) Act 1872">Education (Scotland) Act 1872</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> Education in Scotland is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> and is overseen by its executive agency <a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a>, Scotland's national school curriculum, presently provides the curricular framework for children and young people from age 3 to 18.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> All 3- and 4-year-old children in Scotland are entitled to a free nursery place. Formal primary education begins at approximately 5 years old and lasts for 7 years (P1–P7); children in Scotland study National Qualifications of the <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a> between the ages of 14 and 18. The school leaving age is 16, after which students may choose to remain at school and study further qualifications. A small number of students at certain <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_schools_in_Scotland" title="List of private schools in Scotland">private schools</a> may follow the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">English system</a> and study towards <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSEs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">AS-Levels</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> There are fifteen <a href="/wiki/Scottish_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish universities">Scottish universities</a>, some of which are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The four universities founded before the end of the 16th century – the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> – are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities of Scotland</a>, all of which rank among the 200 best universities in the world in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE rankings</a>, with Edinburgh placing in the top 50.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Scotland had more universities per capita in <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS' World University Rankings'</a> top 100 in 2012 than any other nation.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> The country produces 1% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">published research</a> with less than 0.1% of the world's population, and higher education institutions account for 9% of Scotland's service sector exports.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> Scotland's University Courts are the only bodies in Scotland authorised to award degrees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Healthcare in Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Scotland" title="List of hospitals in Scotland">List of hospitals in Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_Scotland" title="Social care in Scotland">Social care in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_along_the_access_road_towards_the_new_Southern_General_Hospital_(geograph_4542089).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/View_along_the_access_road_towards_the_new_Southern_General_Hospital_%28geograph_4542089%29.jpg/220px-View_along_the_access_road_towards_the_new_Southern_General_Hospital_%28geograph_4542089%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/View_along_the_access_road_towards_the_new_Southern_General_Hospital_%28geograph_4542089%29.jpg/330px-View_along_the_access_road_towards_the_new_Southern_General_Hospital_%28geograph_4542089%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/View_along_the_access_road_towards_the_new_Southern_General_Hospital_%28geograph_4542089%29.jpg/440px-View_along_the_access_road_towards_the_new_Southern_General_Hospital_%28geograph_4542089%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_University_Hospital" title="Queen Elizabeth University Hospital">Queen Elizabeth University Hospital</a>, Glasgow. It is the largest hospital campus in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a></figcaption></figure> Health care in Scotland is mainly provided by <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a>, Scotland's public health care system. This was founded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(Scotland)_Act_1947" title="National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947">National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947</a> (later repealed by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1978) that took effect on 5 July 1948 to coincide with the launch of the NHS in England and Wales. Prior to 1948, half of Scotland's landmass was already covered by state-funded health care, provided by the <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Medical_Service" title="Highlands and Islands Medical Service">Highlands and Islands Medical Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> Healthcare policy and funding is the responsibility of the Scottish Government's <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government_Health_Directorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Government Health Directorates">Health Directorates</a>. In 2014, the NHS in Scotland had around 140,000 staff.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in Scotland is below the replacement rate of 2.1 (the TFR was 1.73 in 2011<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a>). The majority of births are to unmarried women (51.3% of births were outside of marriage in 2012<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a>). Life expectancy for those born in Scotland between 2012 and 2014 is 77.1 years for males and 81.1 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-life_expectancy_2015-225">[220]</a> This is the lowest of any of the four countries of the UK.<a href="#cite_note-life_expectancy_2015-225">[220]</a> The number of hospital admissions in Scotland for diseases such as cancer was 2,528 in 2002. Over the next ten years, by 2012, this had increased to 2,669.<a href="#cite_note-hospitaladmissions-226">[221]</a> Hospital admissions for other diseases, such as coronary heart disease (CHD) were lower, with 727 admissions in 2002, and decreasing to 489 in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-hospitaladmissions-226">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Scotland">Political parties in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/145px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/218px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/290px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> since 2022</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Swinney_-_First_Minister_(53720492021)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Swinney_-_First_Minister_%2853720492021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/159px-John_Swinney_-_First_Minister_%2853720492021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Swinney_-_First_Minister_%2853720492021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/239px-John_Swinney_-_First_Minister_%2853720492021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Swinney_-_First_Minister_%2853720492021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-John_Swinney_-_First_Minister_%2853720492021%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="3076" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a> since 2024</div></div></div></div></div> Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> whose current sovereign is <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> The monarchy uses a variety of styles, titles and other symbols specific to Scotland, most of which originated in the pre–union <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Standard of Scotland">Royal Standard of Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms</a>, and the title <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a>, which is traditionally given to the heir apparent. There are also distinct Scottish <a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State_(United_Kingdom)#Scotland" title="Great Officers of State (United Kingdom)">Officers of State</a> and Officers of the Crown, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Order of the Thistle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">chivalric order</a>, is specific to the country.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament of Scotland</a> are the country's primary legislative bodies. The UK Parliament is <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">sovereign</a> and therefore has supremacy over the Scottish Parliament,<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> but generally restricts itself to legislating over reserved matters: primarily some taxes, some aspects of social security, defence, international relations, and broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-Gate22-230">[225]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_consent_motion" title="Legislative consent motion">convention</a> the UK Parliament will not legislate over devolved matters without the Scottish Parliament's consent.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Scotland is represented in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower chamber">lower chamber</a> of the UK Parliament, by 57 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (out of a total of 650).<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> They are elected to single-member <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Westminster_constituencies" title="Scottish Westminster constituencies">constituencies</a> under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> system of voting. The <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a> represents the British government in Scotland and represents Scottish interests within the government.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> The Scotland Office is led by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">secretary of state for Scotland</a>, who sits in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet of the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jack2-234">[229]</a> The Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Ian_Murray_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Murray (Scottish politician)">Ian Murray</a> has held the position since July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Parliament_-_49188771378.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scottish_Parliament_-_49188771378.jpg/250px-Scottish_Parliament_-_49188771378.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scottish_Parliament_-_49188771378.jpg/330px-Scottish_Parliament_-_49188771378.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scottish_Parliament_-_49188771378.jpg/500px-Scottish_Parliament_-_49188771378.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="2707" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a> in Edinburgh is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Committees of the Scottish Parliament">committees</a></figcaption></figure> The Scottish Parliament is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> legislature with 129 members (MSPs): 73 of them represent individual constituencies and are elected on a <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> system, and the other 56 are elected in eight different electoral regions by the <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system_(Scottish_Parliament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system (Scottish Parliament)">additional member system</a>. MSPs normally serve for a five-year period.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> The Scottish Parliament has the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Devolved,_reserved_and_excepted_matters" title="Devolved, reserved and excepted matters">devolved powers</a> amongst the <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolved parliaments</a> in the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> and considered one of the most powerful devolved parliaments internationally.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> The largest party since the <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021 Scottish Parliament election</a>, has been the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (SNP), which won 64 of the 129 seats.<a href="#cite_note-2016_results-239">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a> also have representation in the current Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-2016_results-239">[234]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Next_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="Next Scottish Parliament election">next Scottish Parliament election</a> is due to be held on 7 May 2026.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a>, which has been described as one of the most powerful devolved governments globally,<a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a> is led by the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">first minister</a>, who is nominated by MSPs and is typically the leader of the largest party in the Parliament. Other ministers are appointed by the first minister and serve at their discretion.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> As the head of the Scottish Government, the first minister is responsible for the comprehensive development, implementation and presentation of government policy, and is responsible for promoting the interests of the country at home and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a>, leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP), has served as the first minister since 8 May 2024.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy_and_relations">Diplomacy and relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_consular_missions_in_Scotland" title="List of consular missions in Scotland">List of consular missions in Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_relations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom">Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Minister_meets_President_of_Zambia_(53802279691).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/First_Minister_meets_President_of_Zambia_%2853802279691%29.jpg/250px-First_Minister_meets_President_of_Zambia_%2853802279691%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/First_Minister_meets_President_of_Zambia_%2853802279691%29.jpg/330px-First_Minister_meets_President_of_Zambia_%2853802279691%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/First_Minister_meets_President_of_Zambia_%2853802279691%29.jpg/500px-First_Minister_meets_President_of_Zambia_%2853802279691%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4011" /></a><figcaption>First Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a> meets with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zambia" title="President of Zambia">President of Zambia</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a>, 2024</figcaption></figure> As leader of the Scottish Government, the first minister is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_relations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom">Heads of Government Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nations_and_Regions" title="Council of the Nations and Regions">Council of the Nations and Regions</a>, the bodies which facilitate intergovernmental relations.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> Foreign policy is a reserved matter and primarily the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a>, a department of the UK Government.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> Nevertheless, the Scottish Government may promote Scottish interests abroad and encourage foreign investment in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> The first minister and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution secretary">constitution secretary</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> have portfolios which include foreign affairs.<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-assets.publishing.service.gov.uk-250">[245]</a> Scotland's international network consists of two Scotland Houses, one in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and the other in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, seven Scottish Government international offices, and over thirty Scottish Development International offices in other countries globally. Both Scotland Houses are independent Scottish Government establishments, whilst the seven Scottish Government international offices are based in <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom">British embassies</a> or British High Commission offices.<a href="#cite_note-report-2022-23-251">[246]</a> The Scottish Government has a network of offices in Beijing, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Dublin, London, Ottawa, Paris, and Washington, D.C., which promote Scottish interests in their respective areas.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a> Additionally, the country has a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_consular_missions_in_Scotland" title="List of consular missions in Scotland">foreign diplomatic missions</a>, most of which are located in the capital city, Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_McLeish_and_George_Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Henry_McLeish_and_George_Bush.jpeg/250px-Henry_McLeish_and_George_Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e2/Henry_McLeish_and_George_Bush.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>First Minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_McLeish" title="Henry McLeish">Henry McLeish</a> meets with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, 2001</figcaption></figure> The nation has historic ties to France as a result of the '<a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>', a treaty signed between the Kingdom of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> in 1295 to discourage an English invasion of either country.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-254">[249]</a> The alliance effectively ended in the sixteenth century, but the two countries continue to have a close relationship, with a Statement of Intent being signed in 2013 between the Scottish Government and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Malawi_Partnership" title="Scotland Malawi Partnership">Scotland Malawi Partnership</a> was established, which co-ordinates Scottish activities to strengthen existing links with <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, and in 2021, the Scottish Government and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a> signed the Ireland-Scotland Bilateral Review, committing both governments to increased levels of co-operation on areas such as diplomacy, economy and business.<a href="#cite_note-report-2022-23-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-firstminister.gov.scot-257">[252]</a> Scotland also has <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">historical and cultural</a> ties with the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian countries">Scandinavian countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> Scottish Government policy advocates for stronger political relations with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> countries, which has resulted in some Nordic-inspired policies being adopted such as baby boxes.<a href="#cite_note-:11-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Representatives from the Scottish Parliament attended the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> for the first time in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> Scotland is a member of the <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/REGLEG" class="mw-redirect" title="REGLEG">Conference of European Regions with Legislative Power</a> (REGLEG), the <a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Municipalities_and_Regions" title="Council of European Municipalities and Regions">Council of European Municipalities and Regions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Forum" title="Inter-Parliamentary Forum">Inter-Parliamentary Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Local_and_Regional_Authorities" title="Congress of Local and Regional Authorities">Congress of Local and Regional Authorities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly" title="EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly">Parliamentary Partnership Assembly with the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> Scotland held the Presidency of Conference of European Regions with Legislative Power from November 2003 until November 2004 during the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Jack_McConnell" title="Premiership of Jack McConnell">premiership of Jack McConnell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devolution_and_independence">Devolution and independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Dewar_in_Strasbourg_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Donald_Dewar_in_Strasbourg_01.jpg/250px-Donald_Dewar_in_Strasbourg_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Donald_Dewar_in_Strasbourg_01.jpg/300px-Donald_Dewar_in_Strasbourg_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dewar" title="Donald Dewar">Donald Dewar</a>, the inaugural <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">first minister</a> and widely regarded as the "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>"<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a>—the granting of central government powers to a regional government<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a>– gained increasing popularity as a policy in the United Kingdom the late twentieth century; it was described by <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">John Smith</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a>, as the "settled will of the Scottish people".<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> The Scottish Parliament and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> were subsequently established under the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_1998" title="Scotland Act 1998">Scotland Act 1998</a>; the Act followed a successful <a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution_referendum,_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish devolution referendum, 1997">referendum in 1997</a> which found majority support for both creating the Parliament and granting it limited powers to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_variable_rate" title="Scottish variable rate">vary income tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> The Act enabled the new institutions to legislate in all areas not explicitly reserved by the UK Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Two more pieces of legislation, the Scotland Acts of <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2012" title="Scotland Act 2012">2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Act_2016" title="Scotland Act 2016">2016</a>, gave the Scottish Parliament further powers to legislate on taxation and social security;<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> the 2016 Act also gave the Scottish Government powers to manage the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate_Scotland" title="Crown Estate Scotland">Crown Estate in Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020" title="United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020">United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020</a> constrains the Scottish Parliament's autonomy to regulate goods and services,<a href="#cite_note-MaMu22-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-DouHu22-278">[273]</a> and the academic view is that this undermines devolution.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_general_election,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Parliament general election, 2007">2007 Scottish Parliament elections</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (SNP), which supports <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. The new government established a "<a href="/wiki/National_Conversation" title="National Conversation">National Conversation</a>" on constitutional issues, proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federalism</a>, or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. The three main unionist opposition parties–<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a>–created a separate <a href="/wiki/Calman_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Calman Commission">commission</a> to investigate the distribution of powers between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies while not considering independence.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> In August 2009 the SNP proposed a bill to hold a referendum on independence in November 2010, but was defeated by opposition from all other major parties.<a href="#cite_note-ReferendumBill2010-286">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times3Sep09-287">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Edinburgh_Agreement_signing_(8090772713).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Edinburgh_Agreement_signing_%288090772713%29.jpg/220px-The_Edinburgh_Agreement_signing_%288090772713%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Edinburgh_Agreement_signing_%288090772713%29.jpg/330px-The_Edinburgh_Agreement_signing_%288090772713%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_Edinburgh_Agreement_signing_%288090772713%29.jpg/440px-The_Edinburgh_Agreement_signing_%288090772713%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Agreement_(2012)" title="Edinburgh Agreement (2012)">Edinburgh Agreement</a> in 2012 to hold a referendum on independence</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011 Scottish Parliament election</a> resulted in an SNP overall majority in the Scottish Parliament, and on 18 September 2014 a <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">referendum on Scottish independence</a> was held.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> The referendum resulted in a rejection of independence, by 55.3% to 44.7%.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> During the campaign, the three main parties in the British Parliament–the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>–pledged to extend the powers of the Scottish Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-kelvin-293">[288]</a> An all-party <a href="/wiki/Smith_Commission" title="Smith Commission">commission</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Kelvin" title="Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin">Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin</a> was formed,<a href="#cite_note-kelvin-293">[288]</a> which led to the Scotland Act 2016.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015" title="European Union Referendum Act 2015">European Union Referendum Act 2015</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a> was held on 23 June 2016 on Britain's membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. A majority in the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU, while a majority within Scotland voted to remain a member.<a href="#cite_note-:2-295">[290]</a> The first minister, Nicola Sturgeon, announced the following day that as a result a <a href="/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="Proposed second Scottish independence referendum">new independence referendum</a> was "highly likely".<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-295">[290]</a> On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union. Because constitutional affairs are reserved matters under the Scotland Act, the Scottish Parliament would again have to be granted temporary additional powers under Section 30 to hold a legally binding vote.<a href="#cite_note-:3-297">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government in Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Subdivisions of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthLanarkshireCouncilHQ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SouthLanarkshireCouncilHQ.JPG/250px-SouthLanarkshireCouncilHQ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SouthLanarkshireCouncilHQ.JPG/330px-SouthLanarkshireCouncilHQ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SouthLanarkshireCouncilHQ.JPG/500px-SouthLanarkshireCouncilHQ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lanark_County_Buildings" title="Lanark County Buildings">Lanark County Buildings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_South_Lanarkshire" title="Hamilton, South Lanarkshire">Hamilton</a>, seat of <a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire_Council" title="South Lanarkshire Council">South Lanarkshire Council</a></figcaption></figure> For <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">local government</a> purposes Scotland is subdivided into 32 single-tier council areas.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> The areas were established in 1996, and their councils are responsible for the provision of all local government services. Decisions are made by councillors, who are elected at <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">local elections</a> every five years. The leader of the council is typically a councillor from the party with the most seats; councils also have a civic head, typically called the <a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">provost</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lord_provost" title="Lord provost">lord provost</a>, who represents the council on ceremonial occasions and chairs council meetings.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> <a href="/wiki/Community_council" title="Community council">Community Councils</a> are informal organisations that represent smaller subdivisions within each council area.<a href="#cite_note-:9-302">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Scottish Fire and Rescue Service">Scottish Fire and Rescue Service</a> cover the entire country. For healthcare and postal districts, and a number of other governmental and non-governmental organisations such as the churches, there are other long-standing methods of subdividing Scotland for the purposes of administration. There are <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">eight cities in Scotland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status in the United Kingdom</a> is conferred by the monarch through <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces in Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scots_Army" title="Scots Army">Scots Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurofighter_Typhoon,_ZK312_(19451923880).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Eurofighter_Typhoon%2C_ZK312_%2819451923880%29.jpg/250px-Eurofighter_Typhoon%2C_ZK312_%2819451923880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Eurofighter_Typhoon%2C_ZK312_%2819451923880%29.jpg/330px-Eurofighter_Typhoon%2C_ZK312_%2819451923880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Eurofighter_Typhoon%2C_ZK312_%2819451923880%29.jpg/500px-Eurofighter_Typhoon%2C_ZK312_%2819451923880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Typhoon FGR4</a> in <a href="/wiki/No._6_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 6 Squadron RAF">No. 6 Squadron</a> markings at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a></figcaption></figure> As one of the countries of the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> are the armed forces of Scotland. Of the money spent on UK defence, about £3.3 billion can be attributed to Scotland as of 2018/2019.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> Scotland had a long military tradition predating the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> with England. Following the Treaty of Union in 1707, the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Army" title="Scots Army">Scots Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a> merged with their English counterparts to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, which together form part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Atholl_Highlanders" title="Atholl Highlanders">Atholl Highlanders</a>, Europe's only remaining legal <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private army</a>, did not join the Scots Army or Royal Scots Navy in merging with English armed forces, remaining a private army not under the command of the British Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Scottish_regiment" title="Scottish regiment">Scottish regiments</a> have at various times existed in the British Army. Distinctively Scottish regiments in the British Army include the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Guards" title="Scots Guards">Scots Guards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Dragoon_Guards" title="Royal Scots Dragoon Guards">Royal Scots Dragoon Guards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/154_(Scottish)_Regiment_RLC" title="154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC">154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Reserve (United Kingdom)">Army Reserve</a> regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Logistic_Corps" title="Royal Logistic Corps">Royal Logistic Corps</a>. In 2006, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Delivering_Security_in_a_Changing_World" title="Delivering Security in a Changing World">Delivering Security in a Changing World</a> <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a>, the Scottish infantry regiments in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Division" title="Scottish Division">Scottish Division</a> were amalgamated to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Scotland" title="Royal Regiment of Scotland">Royal Regiment of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron–Clegg coalition</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2010" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010</a>, the Scottish regiments of the line in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry_of_the_British_Army" title="Infantry of the British Army">infantry</a>, having previously formed the Scottish Division, were reorganised into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish,_Welsh_and_Irish_Division" title="Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division">Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division</a> in 2017. Before the formation of the Scottish Division, the Scottish infantry was organised into a <a href="/wiki/Lowland_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lowland Brigade (United Kingdom)">Lowland Brigade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="Highland Brigade (United Kingdom)">Highland Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> Because of their topography and perceived remoteness, parts of Scotland have housed many sensitive defence establishments.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> Between 1960 and 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Loch" title="Holy Loch">Holy Loch</a> was a base for the US fleet of <a href="/wiki/Polaris_ballistic_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris ballistic missile">Polaris</a>-equipped <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> Today, <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Clyde" title="HMNB Clyde">His Majesty's Naval Base Clyde</a>, 25 miles (40 kilometres) north-west of Glasgow, is the base for the four <a href="/wiki/Trident_(missile)" title="Trident (missile)">Trident</a>-armed <a href="/wiki/Vanguard-class_submarine" title="Vanguard-class submarine">Vanguard-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a> that comprise the Britain's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrent">nuclear deterrent</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg/220px-Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg/330px-Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg/440px-Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Dragoon_Guards" title="Royal Scots Dragoon Guards">Royal Scots Dragoon Guards</a></figcaption></figure> Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a> was the main base for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> intensified in 1961, the United States deployed <a href="/wiki/Polaris_ballistic_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris ballistic missile">Polaris ballistic missiles</a>, and submarines, in the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holy_Loch" title="Holy Loch">Holy Loch</a>. Public protests from <a href="/wiki/CND" class="mw-redirect" title="CND">CND</a> campaigners proved futile. The Royal Navy successfully convinced the government to allow the base because it wanted its own Polaris submarines, and it obtained them in 1963. The RN's nuclear submarine base opened with four <a href="/wiki/Resolution-class_submarine" title="Resolution-class submarine">Resolution-class</a> Polaris submarines at the expanded <a href="/wiki/HMNB_Clyde" title="HMNB Clyde">Faslane Naval Base</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gare_Loch" title="Gare Loch">Gare Loch</a>. The first patrol of a <a href="/wiki/Trident_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident missile">Trident</a>-armed submarine occurred in 1994, although the US base was closed at the end of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> A single front-line <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> base is located in Scotland. <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a>, is the most northerly <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">air defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> base in the United Kingdom and is home to four <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> combat aircraft squadrons, three <a href="/wiki/Poseidon_MRA1" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidon MRA1">Poseidon MRA1</a> squadrons, and a full–time, permanently based RAF Regiment squadron.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> An additional four RAF Reserve Squadrons are based in Scotland – 612 Squadron, 2622 (Highland) Squadron and 602 Squadron in Glasgow, and 603 Squadron in Edinburgh.<a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Square,_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Parliament_Square%2C_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg/250px-Parliament_Square%2C_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Parliament_Square%2C_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg/330px-Parliament_Square%2C_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Parliament_Square%2C_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg/500px-Parliament_Square%2C_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House, Edinburgh</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>, houses the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> Scots law has a basis derived from <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> combining features of both uncodified <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> with <a href="/wiki/Legal_institutions_of_Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Legal institutions of Scotland in the High Middle Ages">medieval sources</a>. The terms of the Treaty of Union with England in 1707 guaranteed the continued existence of a separate legal system in Scotland from that of England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> Prior to 1611, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, most notably <a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, based on old Norse law. Various other systems derived from common <a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Celtic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brehon_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Brehon laws">Brehon laws</a> survived in the Highlands until the 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> Scots law provides for three types of <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">courts</a> responsible for the administration of justice: civil, criminal and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Arms">heraldic</a>. The supreme civil court is the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, although civil <a href="/wiki/Appeal_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal (law)">appeals</a> can be taken to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> (or before 1 October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">House of Lords</a>). The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> is the supreme criminal court in Scotland. The Court of Session is housed at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Edinburgh" title="Parliament House, Edinburgh">Parliament House</a>, in Edinburgh, which was the home of the pre-Union <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> with the High Court of Justiciary and the Supreme Court of Appeal currently located at the <a href="/wiki/Lawnmarket" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawnmarket">Lawnmarket</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_court" title="Sheriff court">sheriff court</a> is the main criminal and civil court, hearing most cases. There are 49 sheriff courts throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="District Courts of Scotland">District courts</a> were introduced in 1975 for minor offences and small claims. These were gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace Court">Justice of the Peace Courts</a> from 2008 to 2010. For three centuries the Scots legal system was unique for being the only national legal system without a parliament. This ended with the advent of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, which legislates for devolved matters.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> Many features within the system have been preserved. Within criminal law, the Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts: "guilty", "not guilty" and "<a href="/wiki/Not_proven" title="Not proven">not proven</a>".<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquittal</a>, typically with no possibility of retrial per the rule of <a href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a>. A retrial can hear new evidence at a later date that might have proven conclusive in the earlier trial at first instance, where the person acquitted subsequently admits the offence or where it can be proved that the acquittal was tainted by an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">pervert the course of justice</a>. Scots juries, sitting in criminal cases, consist of fifteen jurors, which is three more than is typical in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Session_(53707036026).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Court_of_Session_%2853707036026%29.jpg/220px-Court_of_Session_%2853707036026%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Court_of_Session_%2853707036026%29.jpg/330px-Court_of_Session_%2853707036026%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Court_of_Session_%2853707036026%29.jpg/440px-Court_of_Session_%2853707036026%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9215" data-file-height="5471" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> is the highest national court for <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil cases</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a> is the chief legal officer of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> in Scotland. The Lord Advocate is the head of the systems in Scotland for the investigation and prosecution of crime, the investigation of deaths as well as serving as the principal legal adviser to the Scottish Government and representing the government in legal proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-326">[321]</a> They are the chief <a href="/wiki/Public_prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Public prosecutor">public prosecutor</a> for Scotland and all <a href="/wiki/Prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution">prosecutions</a> on indictment are conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service</a> in the Lord Advocate's name on behalf of the Monarch.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-326">[321]</a> The officeholder is one of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State_(United_Kingdom)#Scotland" title="Great Officers of State (United Kingdom)">Great Officers of State</a> of Scotland. The current Lord Advocate, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bain" title="Dorothy Bain">Dorothy Bain</a>, was nominated by first minister Nicola Sturgeon, and was appointed in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> The Lord Advocate is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General for Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> Since 2013, Scotland has had a unified police force known as <a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scottish Prison Service</a> (SPS) manages the prisons in Scotland, which collectively house over 8,500 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Justice_and_Home_Affairs" title="Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs">Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs</a> is responsible for the Scottish Prison Service within the Scottish Government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">Economic history of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Scotland" title="Taxation in Scotland">Taxation in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_budget" title="Scottish budget">Scottish budget</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-Skyline_of_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, the 13th-largest financial centre in the world and 4th largest in Europe in 2020<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a></figcaption></figure> Scotland has a Western-style <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> closely linked with the rest of the UK and the wider world. Scotland is one of the leading financial centres in Europe, and is the largest financial centre in the United Kingdom outside of London.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> Edinburgh is the financial services centre of Scotland, with many large finance firms based there, including: <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a>, the Government-owned <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Life" title="Standard Life">Standard Life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> Edinburgh was ranked 15th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">list of world financial centres</a> in 2007, but fell to 37th in 2012, following damage to its reputation,<a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a> and in 2016 was ranked 56th out of 86.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a> Its rank had returned to 17th by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a> Historically, the Scottish economy was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> underpinned by shipbuilding in Glasgow, coal mining and <a href="/wiki/Steel_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel making">steel industries</a>. Petroleum-related industries associated with the extraction of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> have also been important employers since the 1970s, especially in the north-east of Scotland. De-industrialisation during the 1970s and 1980s saw a shift from a manufacturing focus towards a more <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_economic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector of economic activity">service</a>-oriented economy. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Investment_Bank" title="Scottish National Investment Bank">Scottish National Investment Bank</a> was established in 2020 by the Scottish Government, which uses public money to fund commercial projects across Scotland in the hope that this seed capital will encourage further private investment, to help develop a fairer, more sustainable economy. £2 billion of taxpayers' money was earmarked for the bank.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-336">[331]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distillery-gates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Distillery-gates.jpg/250px-Distillery-gates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Distillery-gates.jpg/330px-Distillery-gates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Distillery-gates.jpg/500px-Distillery-gates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a> production at <a href="/wiki/Bruichladdich_distillery" title="Bruichladdich distillery">Bruichladdich distillery</a></figcaption></figure> In 2023, Scotland's gross domestic product (GDP), including offshore oil and gas, was estimated at £218.0 billion.<a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a> In 2021, Scottish exports in goods and services (excluding intra-UK trade) were estimated to be £50.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_international_trade-338">[333]</a> Scotland's primary goods exports are mineral fuels, machinery and transport, and beverages and tobacco.<a href="#cite_note-HMRC_goods_trade-339">[334]</a> The country's largest export markets in goods are the European Union, Asia and Oceania, and North America.<a href="#cite_note-HMRC_goods_trade-339">[334]</a> Whisky is one of Scotland's more known goods of economic activity. Exports increased by 87% in the decade to 2012<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> and were valued at £4.3 billion in 2013, which was 85% of Scotland's food and drink exports.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and 25,000 indirectly.<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> It may contribute £400–682 million to Scotland, rather than several billion pounds, as more than 80% of whisky produced is owned by non-Scottish companies.<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> A briefing published in 2002 by the Scottish Parliament Information Centre (SPICe) for the Scottish Parliament's Enterprise and Life Long Learning Committee stated that tourism accounted for up to 5% of GDP and 7.5% of employment.<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg/220px-North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg/330px-North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg/440px-North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil extraction in Scottish waters</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></figcaption></figure> Scotland was one of the industrial powerhouses of Europe from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> onwards, being a world leader in manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> This left a legacy in the diversity of goods and services which Scotland produces, from textiles, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortbread" title="Shortbread">shortbread</a> to jet engines, buses, computer software, <a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">investment management</a> and other related financial services.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> In common with most other advanced industrialised economies, Scotland has seen a decline in the importance of both manufacturing industries and primary-based extractive industries. This has been combined with a rise in the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service</a> sector of the economy, which has grown to be the largest sector in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income_and_poverty">Income and poverty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_Scotland" title="Income tax in Scotland">Income tax in Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_variable_rate" title="Scottish variable rate">Scottish variable rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Consolidated_Fund" title="Scottish Consolidated Fund">Scottish Consolidated Fund</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_Expenditure_and_Revenue_Scotland" title="Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland">Government Expenditure and Revenue Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_on_the_mound,_Edinburgh_(41404375864).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Museum_on_the_mound%2C_Edinburgh_%2841404375864%29.jpg/220px-Museum_on_the_mound%2C_Edinburgh_%2841404375864%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Museum_on_the_mound%2C_Edinburgh_%2841404375864%29.jpg/330px-Museum_on_the_mound%2C_Edinburgh_%2841404375864%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Museum_on_the_mound%2C_Edinburgh_%2841404375864%29.jpg/440px-Museum_on_the_mound%2C_Edinburgh_%2841404375864%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a> is one of the oldest banks in the world</figcaption></figure> The average weekly income for workplace-based employees in Scotland is £573,<a href="#cite_note-obs-348">[343]</a> and £576 for home-based employees.<a href="#cite_note-obs-348">[343]</a> Scotland has the third highest median gross salary in the United Kingdom at £26,007, which is higher than the overall UK average annual salary of £25,971.<a href="#cite_note-dig-349">[344]</a> With an average of £14.28, Scotland has the third highest median hourly rate (excluding overtime working hours) of the countries of the United Kingdom, and like the annual salary, this is higher than the average UK figure as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-dig-349">[344]</a> The highest paid industries in Scotland tend of be in the <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> sectors,<a href="#cite_note-dig-349">[344]</a> while industries like <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, accommodation and food and drink tend to be the lowest paid.<a href="#cite_note-dig-349">[344]</a> The top <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authority</a> for pay, based on place of residence, is <a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire" title="East Renfrewshire">East Renfrewshire</a> (£20.87 per hour).<a href="#cite_note-dig-349">[344]</a> The top local authority for pay based on place of work is <a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a> (£16.92 per hour). Scotland's cities commonly have the largest salaries in Scotland based on place of work.<a href="#cite_note-dig-349">[344]</a> 2021/2022 data indicate that there were 2.6 million <a href="/wiki/Dwelling" title="Dwelling">dwellings</a> across Scotland, with 318,369 <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authority</a> dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a> A typical price for a house in Scotland was £195,391 in August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> Between 2016 and 2020, the Scottish Government estimated that 10% of people in Scotland were in persistent poverty following[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] housing costs, with similar rates of persistent poverty for children (10%), working-age adults (10%) and pensioners (11%).<a href="#cite_note-persistentpoverty2022-352">[347]</a> Persistent child poverty rates had seen a relatively sharp drop; however, the accuracy of this was deemed to be questionable due to various factors such as households re-entering the longitudinal sample allowing data gaps to be filled.<a href="#cite_note-persistentpoverty2022-352">[347]</a> The Scottish Government introduced the Scottish Child Payment in 2021 for low-income families with children under six years of age in an attempt to reduce child poverty rates, with families receiving a payment of roughly £1,040 per year.<a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a> As of October 2023, 10% of the Scottish population were estimated to be living in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency">Currency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Scotland" title="Banknotes of Scotland">Banknotes of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyBankScotland100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/RoyBankScotland100.jpg/250px-RoyBankScotland100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/RoyBankScotland100.jpg/330px-RoyBankScotland100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/RoyBankScotland100.jpg/440px-RoyBankScotland100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>Example of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> banknote</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> for the UK, three Scottish <a href="/wiki/Clearing_bank_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearing bank (United Kingdom)">clearing banks</a> issue <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Sterling</a> <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_Bank" title="Clydesdale Bank">Clydesdale Bank</a>. The Bank of Scotland was the first bank in Europe to successfully print its own paper currency, with the new banknotes entering circulation in 1696, making the Bank of Scotland the longest continuous issuer of banknotes in the world.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> The issuing of banknotes by <a href="/wiki/Retail_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail bank">retail banks</a> in Scotland is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_2009" title="Banking Act 2009">Banking Act 2009</a>, which repealed all earlier legislation under which banknote issuance was regulated, and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknote Regulations 2009.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> The value of the Scottish banknotes in circulation in 2013 was £3.8 billion, underwritten by the Bank of England using funds deposited by each clearing bank, under the <a href="/wiki/Banking_Act_2009" title="Banking Act 2009">Banking Act 2009</a>, to cover the total value of such notes in circulation.<a href="#cite_note-Banknotes-357">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_and_transportation">Infrastructure and transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airport_and_plane_Barra_airstrip_-_geograph.org.uk_-_852094.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Airport_and_plane_Barra_airstrip_-_geograph.org.uk_-_852094.jpg/250px-Airport_and_plane_Barra_airstrip_-_geograph.org.uk_-_852094.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Airport_and_plane_Barra_airstrip_-_geograph.org.uk_-_852094.jpg/330px-Airport_and_plane_Barra_airstrip_-_geograph.org.uk_-_852094.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Airport_and_plane_Barra_airstrip_-_geograph.org.uk_-_852094.jpg/500px-Airport_and_plane_Barra_airstrip_-_geograph.org.uk_-_852094.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barra_Airport" title="Barra Airport">Barra Airport</a>, the only airport in the world to use a <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> as the runway</figcaption></figure> Scotland has <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_British_Crown_Dependencies#Scotland" title="List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies">five international airports</a> operating scheduled services to Europe, North America and Asia, as well as domestic services to England, Northern Ireland and Wales and within Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Highlands_and_Islands_Airports" title="Highlands and Islands Airports">Highlands and Islands Airports</a> operates eleven airports across the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a>, which are primarily used for short distance, public service operations, although Inverness Airport has a number of scheduled flights to destinations across the UK and mainland Europe.<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> Edinburgh Airport is currently Scotland's busiest airport handling over 13 million passengers in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> It is also the UK's 6th busiest airport. The airline <a href="/wiki/Loganair" title="Loganair">Loganair</a> has its headquarters at Glasgow Airport and markets itself as Scotland's Airline.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a> owns and operates the fixed infrastructure assets of the railway system in Scotland, while the Scottish Government retains overall responsibility for rail strategy and funding in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_Rail_Regulation-362">[357]</a> Scotland's rail network has 359 railway stations and around 1,710 miles (2,760 km) of track.<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> In 2018–19 there were 102 million passenger journeys on Scottish railways.<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a> On 1 January 2006, <a href="/wiki/Transport_Scotland" title="Transport Scotland">Transport Scotland</a> was established, which would oversee the regulation of railways in Scotland and administer major rail projects.<a href="#cite_note-TransportSco-365">[360]</a> Since April 2022, Transport Scotland has taken ScotRail back into public ownership via its <a href="/wiki/Operator_of_last_resort" title="Operator of last resort">operator of last resort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rail_Holdings" title="Scottish Rail Holdings">Scottish Rail Holdings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> It did the same with the Caledonian Sleeper service in June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-ts323-367">[362]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forth_bridge_evening_long_exposure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Forth_bridge_evening_long_exposure.jpg/220px-Forth_bridge_evening_long_exposure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Forth_bridge_evening_long_exposure.jpg/330px-Forth_bridge_evening_long_exposure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Forth_bridge_evening_long_exposure.jpg/440px-Forth_bridge_evening_long_exposure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4225" data-file-height="2806" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a>, a well-known structure in Scottish rail and a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Subway" title="Glasgow Subway">Glasgow Subway</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground system</a> in Scotland. It opened on 14 December 1896, making it the third-oldest underground network in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Metro" title="Budapest Metro">Budapest Metro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>. It is owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde_Partnership_for_Transport" title="Strathclyde Partnership for Transport">Strathclyde Partnership for Transport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> The Scottish motorways and major <a href="/wiki/Trunk_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk roads">trunk roads</a> are managed by Transport Scotland. The remainder of the road network is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_local_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish local authorities">Scottish local authorities</a> in each of their areas. Regular ferry services operate between the Scottish mainland and outlying islands. Ferries serving both the inner and outer <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> are principally operated by the <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprise</a> <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_MacBrayne" title="Caledonian MacBrayne">Caledonian MacBrayne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> Services to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> are operated by <a href="/wiki/Serco" title="Serco">Serco</a>. Other routes, such as southwest Scotland to Northern Ireland, are served by multiple companies.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/DFDS_Seaways" title="DFDS Seaways">DFDS Seaways</a> operated a freight-only <a href="/wiki/Rosyth_%E2%80%93_Zeebrugge_ferry_service" title="Rosyth – Zeebrugge ferry service">Rosyth – Zeebrugge ferry service</a>, until a fire damaged the vessel DFDS were using.<a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> A passenger service was also operated between 2002 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science,_technology_and_energy">Science, technology and energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Scotland" title="Nuclear power in Scotland">Nuclear power in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Scotland" title="Energy in Scotland">Energy in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Scotland" title="Space industry of Scotland">Space industry of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A donkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg/148px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg/222px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg/296px-Synthetic_Production_of_Penicillin_TR1468_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="590" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>, the discoverer of the world's first broadly effective <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> substance – <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Logie_Baird_in_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A trout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/John_Logie_Baird_in_1917.jpg/156px-John_Logie_Baird_in_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/John_Logie_Baird_in_1917.jpg/234px-John_Logie_Baird_in_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/John_Logie_Baird_in_1917.jpg/312px-John_Logie_Baird_in_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3918" data-file-height="5397" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> demonstrated the first working television system on 26 January 1926.<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Scotland's primary sources of energy are provided through renewable energy (61.8%), nuclear (25.7%) and fossil fuel generation (10.9%).<a href="#cite_note-:10-375">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whitelee_Wind_Farm" title="Whitelee Wind Farm">Whitelee Wind Farm</a> is the largest onshore <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> in the United Kingdom, and was Europe's largest onshore wind farm for some time.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> is an emerging source of energy in Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/MeyGen" title="MeyGen">MeyGen</a> tidal stream energy plant in the north of the country is claimed to be the largest tidal stream energy project in the world.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a> In Scotland, 98.6% of all electricity used was from renewable sources. This is minus net exports.<a href="#cite_note-:10-375">[370]</a> Between October 2021 and September 2022 63.1% of all electricity generated in Scotland was from renewable sources, 83.6% was classed as low carbon and 14.5% was from fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> The Scottish Government has a target to have the equivalent of 50% of the energy for Scotland's heat, transport and electricity consumption to be supplied from renewable sources by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> They have stated that, in 2022, the equivalent of 113% of the country's overall electrical consumption was produced by renewable energy, making it the highest recorded figure of renewable energy generated to date.<a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Scottish inventions and discoveries">Scotland's inventions and discoveries</a> are said to have revolutionised human technology and have played a major role in the creation of the modern world. Such inventions – the <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigerators">refrigerators</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MRI_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI scanner">MRI scanner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flushing_toilet" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing toilet">flushing toilets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> – are said to have been possible by Scotland's universities and parish schools, together with the commitment Scots had to education during the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> is responsible for the discovery of the world's first broadly effective <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> substance, which he named <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>, earning him a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-lesprixnobel-382">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a> Modern Scottish inventions – the <a href="/wiki/Falkirk_Wheel" title="Falkirk Wheel">Falkirk Wheel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Tower" title="Glasgow Tower">Glasgow Tower</a> – hold world records for being the only rotating <a href="/wiki/Boat_lift" title="Boat lift">boat lift</a> and the tallest fully rotating freestanding structure in the world respectively.<a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Scotland" title="Space industry of Scotland">space industry</a> is a world leader in sustainable space technology,<a href="#cite_note-auto-387">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> and, according to the <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a>, there are 173 space companies currently operating in Scotland as of May 2021.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> These include spacecraft manufacturers, launch providers, downstream data analyzers, and research organisations.<a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a> The space industry in Scotland is projected to generate £2billion in income for Scotland's space cluster by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-auto-387">[382]</a> Scottish space industry jobs represent almost one in five of all UK space industry employment.<a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> In addition to its space industry, Scotland is home to two planned <a href="/wiki/Spaceports" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceports">spaceports</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sutherland_spaceport" title="Sutherland spaceport">Sutherland spaceport</a> and <a href="/wiki/SaxaVord_Spaceport" title="SaxaVord Spaceport">SaxaVord Spaceport</a> – with launch vehicles such as the <a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a> from Scottish–based <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace company">aerospace company</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbex" title="Orbex">Orbex</a> expected to be launched from Sutherland.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scottish_music">Scottish music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Scottish_bagpiper_(49552292312).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Edinburgh_Scottish_bagpiper_%2849552292312%29.jpg/250px-Edinburgh_Scottish_bagpiper_%2849552292312%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Edinburgh_Scottish_bagpiper_%2849552292312%29.jpg/330px-Edinburgh_Scottish_bagpiper_%2849552292312%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Edinburgh_Scottish_bagpiper_%2849552292312%29.jpg/500px-Edinburgh_Scottish_bagpiper_%2849552292312%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4146" data-file-height="2765" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a> are an instrument largely associated with Scotland, and an early example of popular Scottish music</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish music">Scottish music</a> is a significant aspect of the nation's culture, with both traditional and modern influences. A famous traditional Scottish instrument is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Highland_bagpipe" title="Great Highland bagpipe">Great Highland bagpipe</a>, a woodwind reed instrument consisting of three drones and a melody pipe (called the chanter), which are fed continuously by a reservoir of air in a bag. The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe bands</a>—primarily featuring bagpipes, various types of snares and drums, and showcasing Scottish traditional dress and music—has spread throughout the world. Bagpipes are featured in holiday celebrations, parades, funerals, weddings, and other events internationally. Many military regiments have a pipe band of their own. In addition to the Great Highland pipes, several smaller, somewhat quieter <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>-blown varieties of bagpipe are played in Scotland, including the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_smallpipes" title="Scottish smallpipes">smallpipes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Border_pipes" title="Border pipes">Border pipes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland#Pop,_rock_and_fusion" title="Music of Scotland">Scottish popular music</a> has gained an international following, with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Capaldi" title="Lewis Capaldi">Lewis Capaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Macdonald" title="Amy Macdonald">Amy Macdonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/KT_Tunstall" title="KT Tunstall">KT Tunstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Nesbitt" title="Nina Nesbitt">Nina Nesbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chvrches" title="Chvrches">Chvrches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Cinnamon" title="Gerry Cinnamon">Gerry Cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Nutini" title="Paolo Nutini">Paolo Nutini</a> gaining international success. DJ <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Harris" title="Calvin Harris">Calvin Harris</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-streamed_artists_on_Spotify" title="List of most-streamed artists on Spotify">most streamed artists on Spotify</a> in 2023,<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> whilst <a href="/wiki/Susan_Boyle" title="Susan Boyle">Susan Boyle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I_Dreamed_a_Dream_(album)" title="I Dreamed a Dream (album)">debut album</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_of_the_21st_century" title="List of best-selling albums of the 21st century">one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century</a>, and was the best-selling album internationally in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> <a href="/wiki/Runrig" title="Runrig">Runrig</a> popularised <a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a> and frequently performed in <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, with their 1995 single "<a href="/wiki/An_Ubhal_as_%C3%80irde_(The_Highest_Apple)" title="An Ubhal as Àirde (The Highest Apple)">An Ubhal as Àirde</a>" the first song in the language to reach the UK Top 20.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a> Musical talent in Scotland is recognised via the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Music_Awards" title="Scottish Music Awards">Scottish Music Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Album_of_the_Year_Award" title="Scottish Album of the Year Award">Scottish Album of the Year Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Trad_Music_Awards" title="Scots Trad Music Awards">Scots Trad Music Awards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland_Young_Traditional_Musician" title="BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician">BBC Radio Scotland Young Traditional Musician</a> award. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_media">Literature and media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Scottish art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy in Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals in Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Cinema of Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg/190px-PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg/285px-PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>World renowned poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> is considered the national poet, best known for works such as "<a href="/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne" title="Auld Lang Syne">Auld Lang Syne</a>" and writing in the Scots language</figcaption></figure> Scotland has a literary heritage dating back to the early Middle Ages. The earliest extant literature composed in what is now Scotland was in <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a> speech in the 6th century, but is preserved as part of <a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a> Later medieval literature included works in Latin,<a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a> Gaelic,<a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a> Old English<a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> and French.<a href="#cite_note-401">[396]</a> The first surviving major text in <a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a> is the 14th-century poet <a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">John Barbour</a>'s epic <a href="/wiki/The_Brus" title="The Brus">Brus</a>, focusing on the life of Robert I,<a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a> and was soon followed by a series of vernacular romances and prose works.<a href="#cite_note-Wormald1991pp60-7-403">[398]</a> In the 16th century, the crown's patronage helped the development of Scots drama and poetry,<a href="#cite_note-Brownetalpp256-7-404">[399]</a> but the accession of James VI to the English throne removed a major centre of literary patronage and Scots was sidelined as a literary language.<a href="#cite_note-405">[400]</a> Interest in Scots literature was revived in the 18th century by figures including <a href="/wiki/James_Macpherson" title="James Macpherson">James Macpherson</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian Cycle</a> made him the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation and was a major influence on the European Enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-406">[401]</a> It was also a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, whom many consider the national poet,<a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Waverley_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Waverley Novels">Waverley Novels</a> did much to define Scottish identity in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-408">[403]</a> Towards the end of the Victorian era a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations as writers in English, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[404]</a> In the 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance" title="Scottish Renaissance">Scottish Renaissance</a> saw a surge of literary activity and attempts to reclaim the Scots language as a medium for serious literature.<a href="#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-410">[405]</a> Members of the movement were followed by a new generation of post-war poets including <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Morgan_(poet)" title="Edwin Morgan (poet)">Edwin Morgan</a>, who would be appointed the first Makar by the Scottish Government in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sorley_MacLean" title="Sorley MacLean">Sorley MacLean</a> was described by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Poetry_Library" title="Scottish Poetry Library">Scottish Poetry Library</a> as "one of the major Scottish poets of the modern era" because of his "mastery of his chosen medium and his engagement with the European poetic tradition and European politics".<a href="#cite_note-library-412">[407]</a> Nobel Prize Laureate <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> credited MacLean with saving <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[408]</a> From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with a group of writers including <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Welsh" title="Irvine Welsh">Irvine Welsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VisitingArtsScotland-410">[405]</a> Scottish poets who emerged in the same period included <a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a>, who, in May 2009, was the first Scot named the monarch's <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-414">[409]</a> Scotland's national poet is known as the <a href="/wiki/Makar" title="Makar">Makar</a> and is appointed by the first minister to promote literacy, writing and poetry across the country, as well as to produce work for national events and produce annual reports to the government.<a href="#cite_note-415">[410]</a> The incumbent Makar is <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0draig_MacAoidh" title="Pàdraig MacAoidh">Pàdraig MacAoidh</a>, the first Scottish Gaelic writer to hold the position.<a href="#cite_note-416">[411]</a> National newspapers such as the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)" title="Daily Record (Scotland)">Daily Record</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Scotland)" title="The National (Scotland)">The National</a> are all produced in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Newspapers-417">[412]</a> Important regional dailies include the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Evening_News" title="Edinburgh Evening News">Evening News</a> in Edinburgh, <a href="/wiki/The_Courier_(Dundee)" title="The Courier (Dundee)">The Courier</a> in Dundee in the east, and <a href="/wiki/The_Press_and_Journal" title="The Press and Journal">The Press and Journal</a> serving Aberdeen and the north.<a href="#cite_note-Newspapers-417">[412]</a> Scotland is represented at the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a>, which showcases film and television from the Celtic countries. Scottish entrants have won many awards since the festival began in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Media_1-418">[413]</a> Scotland's national broadcaster is <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland" title="BBC Scotland">BBC Scotland</a>, a division of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, which runs three national <a href="/wiki/Scottish_television_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish television stations">television stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_One_Scotland" title="BBC One Scotland">BBC One Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland_(TV_channel)" title="BBC Scotland (TV channel)">BBC Scotland</a> and the Gaelic-language <a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a>, and the national radio stations, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a>. The main Scottish commercial television station is <a href="/wiki/STV_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="STV (TV network)">STV</a> which broadcasts on two of the three <a href="/wiki/ITV_(network)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV (network)">ITV</a> regions of Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-419">[414]</a> Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">film industry</a> is supported by <a href="/wiki/Creative_Scotland" title="Creative Scotland">Screen Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">executive non-departmental public body</a> of the Scottish Government which provides funding and support for film production in the country.<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_connections">Celtic connections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></div> As one of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>, Scotland and Scottish culture are represented at inter-Celtic events at home and over the world. Scotland hosts several music festivals including <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a> (Glasgow), and the <a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a> (Stornoway). Festivals celebrating Celtic culture, such as <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a> (Ireland), and the National Celtic Festival (<a href="/wiki/Portarlington,_Victoria" title="Portarlington, Victoria">Portarlington</a>, Australia), feature elements of Scottish culture such as language, music and dance.<a href="#cite_note-Celtic_connections_1-421">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-Festival_1-422">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dingle_1-423">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-Festival_3-424">[419]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_identity">National identity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">National symbols of Scotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:yes;;height:210px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Royal Arms of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/180px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/270px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/360px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="599" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of Scotland">Royal Arms of Scotland</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:yes;;height:210px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mooie_bloeiwijze_van_een_Speerdistel_(Cirsium_vulgare)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scottish Thistle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mooie_bloeiwijze_van_een_Speerdistel_%28Cirsium_vulgare%29_03.jpg/124px-Mooie_bloeiwijze_van_een_Speerdistel_%28Cirsium_vulgare%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mooie_bloeiwijze_van_een_Speerdistel_%28Cirsium_vulgare%29_03.jpg/186px-Mooie_bloeiwijze_van_een_Speerdistel_%28Cirsium_vulgare%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mooie_bloeiwijze_van_een_Speerdistel_%28Cirsium_vulgare%29_03.jpg/248px-Mooie_bloeiwijze_van_een_Speerdistel_%28Cirsium_vulgare%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Spear_thistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear thistle">spear thistle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">national emblem</a> of Scotland</div></div></div></div></div> The image of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">St. Andrew</a>, martyred while bound to an X-shaped cross, first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NAS-425">[420]</a> Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">King Alexander III</a> in 1286 an image of Andrew was used on the <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardians of Scotland">Guardians of Scotland</a> who assumed control of the kingdom during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-426">[421]</a> Use of a simplified symbol associated with Saint Andrew, the <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a>, has its origins in the late 14th century; the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> decreeing in 1385 that Scottish soldiers should wear a white Saint Andrew's Cross on the front and back of their tunics.<a href="#cite_note-427">[422]</a> Use of a blue background for the Saint Andrew's Cross is said to date from at least the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-428">[423]</a> Since 1606 the saltire has also formed part of the design of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a>. There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>, the nation's <a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">floral emblem</a> (celebrated in the song, <a href="/wiki/The_Thistle_o%27_Scotland" title="The Thistle o' Scotland">The Thistle o' Scotland</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath" title="Declaration of Arbroath">Declaration of Arbroath</a>, incorporating a statement of political independence made on 6 April 1320, the textile pattern <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> that often signifies a particular <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a> and the royal <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Standard of Scotland">Lion Rampant</a> flag.<a href="#cite_note-429">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[426]</a> Highlanders can thank <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_3rd_Duke_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose">James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose</a>, for the repeal in 1782 of the <a href="/wiki/Dress_Act_1746" title="Dress Act 1746">Dress Act 1746</a>, which prohibiting the wearing of tartans.<a href="#cite_note-Works-432">[427]</a> Scotland has its own <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Scotland" title="Honours of Scotland">Honours of Scotland</a> (informally the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Crown Jewels">Scottish Crown Jewels</a>) which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a>, a Sceptre and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sword_of_State" title="Scottish Sword of State">Scottish Sword of State</a>. The Scottish crown was worn by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish monarchs">Scottish monarchs</a> during their coronation, and today is kept in the Crown Room at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>. The Crown of Scotland is present at each state opening of the Scottish Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-433">[428]</a> Collectively, the Honours of Scotland are the oldest regalia in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-434">[429]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_crop.jpg/250px-The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_crop.jpg/330px-The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_crop.jpg/500px-The_Queen_at_the_Scottish_Parliament_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> Although there is no official <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">national anthem of Scotland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-435">[430]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower_of_Scotland" title="Flower of Scotland">Flower of Scotland</a> is played on special occasions and sporting events such as football and rugby matches involving the Scotland national teams and since 2010 is also played at the Commonwealth Games after it was voted the overwhelming favourite by participating Scottish athletes.<a href="#cite_note-436">[431]</a> Other currently less popular candidates for the National Anthem of Scotland include <a href="/wiki/Scotland_the_Brave" title="Scotland the Brave">Scotland the Brave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Cathedral" title="Highland Cathedral">Highland Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_Wha_Hae" title="Scots Wha Hae">Scots Wha Hae</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Man%27s_A_Man_for_A%27_That" class="mw-redirect" title="A Man's A Man for A' That">A Man's A Man for A' That</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[432]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew's Day">St Andrew's Day</a>, 30 November, is the <a href="/wiki/National_day" title="National day">national day</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Burns%27_Night" class="mw-redirect" title="Burns' Night">Burns' Night</a> tends to be more widely observed, particularly outside Scotland. In 2006, the Scottish Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Day_Bank_Holiday_(Scotland)_Act_2007" title="St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007">St Andrew's Day Bank Holiday (Scotland) Act 2007</a>, designating the day an official <a href="/wiki/Bank_holiday" title="Bank holiday">bank holiday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tartan_Day" title="Tartan Day">Tartan Day</a> is a recent innovation from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-439">[434]</a> The national animal of Scotland is the <a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a>, which has been a Scottish heraldic symbol since the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-440">[435]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lord_Lyon" title="Court of the Lord Lyon">Court of the Lord Lyon</a> regulates <a href="/wiki/Scottish_heraldry" title="Scottish heraldry">Scottish heraldry</a> and the Public Register of All Armorial Bearings in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-441">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg/220px-Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg/330px-Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg/440px-Haggis_neeps_and_tatties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haggis" title="Haggis">Haggis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">neeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">tatties</a></figcaption></figure> Scottish cuisine has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own but shares much with wider <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European cuisine</a> as a result of local and foreign influences, both ancient and modern. Traditional Scottish dishes exist alongside international foodstuffs brought about by migration. Scotland's natural larder of <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a>, dairy products, fish, fruit, and vegetables is the chief factor in traditional Scots cooking, with a high reliance on simplicity and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> from abroad, as these were historically rare and expensive.<a href="#cite_note-442">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irn-Bru" title="Irn-Bru">Irn-Bru</a> is the most common Scottish carbonated soft drink, often described as "Scotland's other national drink" (after whisky).<a href="#cite_note-443">[438]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern era">early modern era</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> played a role in Scottish cookery due to cultural exchanges brought about by the "<a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>",<a href="#cite_note-444">[439]</a> especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>. Mary, on her return to Scotland, brought an entourage of French staff who are considered responsible for revolutionising Scots cooking and for some of Scotland's unique food terminology.<a href="#cite_note-445">[440]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport in Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_v_Scotland_25_(5575226993).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brazil_v_Scotland_25_%285575226993%29.jpg/220px-Brazil_v_Scotland_25_%285575226993%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brazil_v_Scotland_25_%285575226993%29.jpg/330px-Brazil_v_Scotland_25_%285575226993%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brazil_v_Scotland_25_%285575226993%29.jpg/440px-Brazil_v_Scotland_25_%285575226993%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">national football team</a>'s fans are commonly known as The Tartan Army</figcaption></figure> Scotland hosts its own national sporting competitions and has independent representation at several international sporting events, including the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Nations_League" title="UEFA Nations League">UEFA Nations League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European Championship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union World Cup">Rugby Union World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netball_World_Cup" title="Netball World Cup">Netball World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>. Scotland has its own national governing bodies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association" title="Scottish Football Association">Scottish Football Association</a> (the second oldest national football association in the world)<a href="#cite_note-446">[441]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union" title="Scottish Rugby Union">Scottish Rugby Union</a>. Variations of football have been played in Scotland for centuries, with the earliest reference dating back to 1424.<a href="#cite_note-FIFA-447">[442]</a> The world's first official international association football match, between <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> was held in Glasgow on 30 November 1872, and resulted in a 0–0 draw.<a href="#cite_note-448">[443]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cup" title="Scottish Cup">Scottish Cup</a> was first contested in 1873, and is the oldest trophy in association football.<a href="#cite_note-449">[444]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association" title="Scottish Football Association">Scottish Football Association</a> (SFA) is the main <a href="/wiki/Sport_governing_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport governing body">governing body</a> for Scottish association football, and a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Football_Association_Board" title="International Football Association Board">International Football Association Board</a> (IFAB) which governs the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a>. Scotland is one of only four countries to have a permanent representative on the IFAB; the other four representatives being appointed for set periods by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-450">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[446]</a> The SFA has responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland national football team</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Scotland women's national football team">Scotland women's team</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg/220px-Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg/330px-Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg/440px-Old_18th_tee_lr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course at St Andrews</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> course in the world</figcaption></figure> With the modern game of <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a> originating in 15th-century Scotland, the country is promoted as the <a href="/wiki/Golf_in_Scotland" title="Golf in Scotland">home of golf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[449]</a> To many golfers the <a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course</a> in the Fife town of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Links_(golf)" title="Links (golf)">links</a> course dating to before 1552,<a href="#cite_note-455">[450]</a> is considered a site of pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-456">[451]</a> In 1764, the standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes.<a href="#cite_note-457">[452]</a> The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major, is <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">The Open Championship</a>, which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland, with <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships#Major_championship_winners" title="Men's major golf championships">Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-458">[453]</a> There are many other famous <a href="/wiki/Golf_in_Scotland" title="Golf in Scotland">golf courses in Scotland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carnoustie_Golf_Links" title="Carnoustie Golf Links">Carnoustie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleneagles (Scotland)">Gleneagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muirfield" title="Muirfield">Muirfield</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Troon" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Troon">Royal Troon</a>. The Scottish Rugby Union is the second oldest rugby union in the world. <a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium" title="Murrayfield Stadium">Murrayfield Stadium</a> in Edinburgh is the national stadium of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scottish national rugby team</a>. The Scotland rugby team played <a href="/wiki/1871_Scotland_versus_England_rugby_union_match" title="1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match">their first official</a> <a href="/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_union)" title="Test match (rugby union)">test match</a>, winning 1–0 against England at <a href="/wiki/Raeburn_Place" title="Raeburn Place">Raeburn Place</a> in 1871. Scotland has competed in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations</a> from the inaugural tournament in 1883, winning it 14 times outright—including the last Five Nations in <a href="/wiki/1999_Five_Nations_Championship" title="1999 Five Nations Championship">1999</a>—and sharing it another 8. The Rugby World Cup was introduced in 1987 and Scotland have competed in all nine competitions, the most recent being in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2023 Rugby World Cup">2023 Rugby World Cup</a>. Scotland competes with the England rugby team annually for the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cup" title="Calcutta Cup">Calcutta Cup</a>. Each year, this fixture is played out as part of the Six Nations, with Scotland having last won in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-459">[454]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murrayfield_Autumn_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Murrayfield_Autumn_2017.jpg/220px-Murrayfield_Autumn_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Murrayfield_Autumn_2017.jpg/330px-Murrayfield_Autumn_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Murrayfield_Autumn_2017.jpg/440px-Murrayfield_Autumn_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3534" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium" title="Murrayfield Stadium">Murrayfield Stadium</a>, the national stadium of the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scottish national rugby team</a></figcaption></figure> Other distinctive features of the national sporting culture include the <a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">curling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">shinty</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, Scotland has had 13 world champions, including <a href="/wiki/Ken_Buchanan" title="Ken Buchanan">Ken Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Lynch" title="Benny Lynch">Benny Lynch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Watt_(boxer)" title="Jim Watt (boxer)">Jim Watt</a>. Scotland has also been successful in <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>. Notable drivers include; <a href="/wiki/David_Coulthard" title="David Coulthard">David Coulthard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clark" title="Jim Clark">Jim Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Di_Resta" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Di Resta">Paul Di Resta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Stewart" title="Jackie Stewart">Jackie Stewart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-460">[455]</a> In <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dario_Franchitti" title="Dario Franchitti">Dario Franchitti</a> has won 4 consecutive <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar world championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-461">[456]</a> Scotland has competed at every <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> since 1930 and has won 356 medals in total—91 Gold, 104 Silver and 161 Bronze.<a href="#cite_note-462">[457]</a> Scotland has <a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_Games_venues" title="List of Commonwealth Games venues">hosted the Commonwealth Games</a> three times – Edinburgh played host to the Commonwealth Games in <a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a> and <a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986</a>, and most recently <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-463">[458]</a> Glasgow was confirmed as the host city for the <a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026 Commonwealth Games</a> in September 2024.<a href="#cite_note-464">[459]</a> Edinburgh was the host city for the inaugural <a href="/wiki/2000_Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="2000 Commonwealth Youth Games">Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-465">[460]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water' </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, 'total extent of the realm' (area to mean low water) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Scottish Government figures include oil and gas revenues generated beyond UK territorial waters in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Continental_Shelf" title="United Kingdom Continental Shelf">country's continental shelf region</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> .scot is not a <a href="/wiki/CcTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="CcTLD">ccTLD</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">GeoTLD</a>, open to use by all with a connection to Scotland or Scottish culture. <a href="/wiki/.uk" title=".uk">.uk</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is also used. <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> is <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">GB</a>, but <a href="/wiki/.gb" title=".gb">.gb</a> is unused. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: Scotland; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/">"Languages"</a>. Scottish Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303154153/https://www.gov.scot/policies/languages/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Government&rft.atitle=Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2Fpolicies%2Flanguages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_census_-_ethnicity_and_religion_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx">"Scotland's Census 2022 - Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion - Chart data"</a>. Scotland's Census. 21 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521173147/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/media/trbdxzme/scotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland%27s+Census&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Census+2022+-+Ethnic+group%2C+national+identity%2C+language+and+religion+-+Chart+data&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2Ftrbdxzme%2Fscotland-s-census-2022-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-chart-data.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyscotland.com/history/the-treaty-of-berwick-was-signed-on-this-day-in-scottish-history">"The Treaty of Berwick was signed – On this day in Scottish history"</a>. History Scotland. 3 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205232820/https://www.historyscotland.com/history/the-treaty-of-berwick-was-signed-on-this-day-in-scottish-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. 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Scotland's Census. 21 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528160444/https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/2022-results/scotland-s-census-2022-quality-assurance-reports/quality-assurance-report-unrounded-population-estimates-and-ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-topic-data/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024. 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Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209115545/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/a-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023/about">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=A+Beginners+Guide+to+UK+Geography+%282023%29&rft.date=2023-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fa-beginners-guide-to-uk-geography-2023%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keay-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keay_16-3">d</a> Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackie-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackie_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackie_17-1">b</a> Mackie, J.D. (1969) A History of Scotland. London. Penguin. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-settlement-scotland">"Devolution Settlement, Scotland"</a>. gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409023423/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/devolution-settlement-scotland">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devolution+Settlement%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fdevolution-settlement-scotland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/first-minister/#:~:text=As%20head%20of%20the%20Scottish,Scotland%20at%20home%20and%20overseas.">"First Minister"</a>. www.gov.scot. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.scot&rft.atitle=First+Minister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2Fabout%2Fwho-runs-government%2Ffirst-minister%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAs%2520head%2520of%2520the%2520Scottish%2CScotland%2520at%2520home%2520and%2520overseas.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z69y8p3#zsmktcw">"What is the role of Scotland's First Minister?"</a>. BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=What+is+the+role+of+Scotland%27s+First+Minister%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Farticles%2Fz69y8p3%23zsmktcw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/policies/taxes/">"Taxes"</a>. www.gov.scot. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.scot&rft.atitle=Taxes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2Fpolicies%2Ftaxes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mygov.scot/organisations#scottish-local-authority">"Organisations"</a>. www.mygov.scot. Retrieved 27 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mygov.scot&rft.atitle=Organisations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mygov.scot%2Forganisations%23scottish-local-authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-administrative_control-23"><a href="#cite_ref-administrative_control_23-0">^</a> Devine, T. M. (1999), The Scottish Nation 1700–2000, P.288–289, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-023004-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-023004-1">0-14-023004-1</a> "created a new and powerful local state run by the Scottish bourgeoisie and reflecting their political and religious values. It was this local state, rather than a distant and usually indifferent Westminster authority, that in effect routinely governed Scotland" </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2012" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, Warren (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/14727592/Maguire_2012.pdf">"English and Scots in Scotland"</a> (PDF). In Hickey, Raymond (ed.). Areal Features of the Anglophone World. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 53–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106180510/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/14727592/Maguire_2012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English+and+Scots+in+Scotland&rft.btitle=Areal+Features+of+the+Anglophone+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F14727592%2FMaguire_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitouterhebrides.co.uk/see-and-do/gaelic/gaelic-language">"Gaelic Language"</a>. Outer Hebrides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106180508/https://www.visitouterhebrides.co.uk/see-and-do/gaelic/gaelic-language">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outer+Hebrides&rft.atitle=Gaelic+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitouterhebrides.co.uk%2Fsee-and-do%2Fgaelic%2Fgaelic-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/languages/gaelic-modern-scotland/content-section-3.3">"Gaelic in modern Scotland"</a>. 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BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107011630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/kingdom_of_the_gaels/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+History+-+The+Kingdom+of+the+Gaels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fkingdom_of_the_gaels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> P. Freeman, Ireland and the Classical World, Austin, 2001, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA93">93</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610011812/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSHhfOM-5AEC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 10 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGwynn2009" class="citation book cs1">Gwynn, Stephen (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RlF7sq48n4C&pg=PA16">The History Of Ireland</a>. BiblioBazaar. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781113155177" title="Special:BookSources/9781113155177"><bdi>9781113155177</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610011757/https://books.google.com/books?id=2RlF7sq48n4C&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+Of+Ireland&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=9781113155177&rft.aulast=Gwynn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RlF7sq48n4C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Lemke, Andreas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/bitstream/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-189-4/GSEP8_lemke.pdf?sequence=1">The Old English Translation of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum in its Historical and Cultural Context</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125160601/https://www.univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/bitstream/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-189-4/GSEP8_lemke.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 25 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter II: The OEHE: The Material Evidence; page 71 (Universitätsdrucke Göttingen, 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewer-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Brewer_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAytoIan_Crofton2005" class="citation book cs1">Ayto, John; Ian Crofton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brewersbritainir0000unse">Brewer's Britain & Ireland: The History, Culture, Folklore and Etymology of 7500 Places in These Islands</a>. WN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35385-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35385-9"><bdi>978-0-304-35385-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewer%27s+Britain+%26+Ireland%3A+The+History%2C+Culture%2C+Folklore+and+Etymology+of+7500+Places+in+These+Islands&rft.pub=WN&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35385-9&rft.aulast=Ayto&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ian+Crofton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrewersbritainir0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagedaily.com/2021/12/prehistoric-scotland-was-culturally-divergent-before-the-romans-arrived/142216">"Prehistoric Scotland was culturally divergent before the Romans arrived"</a>. www.heritagedaily.com. Heritage Daily. 10 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240111203704/https://www.heritagedaily.com/2021/12/prehistoric-scotland-was-culturally-divergent-before-the-romans-arrived/142216">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritagedaily.com&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Scotland+was+culturally+divergent+before+the+Romans+arrived&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagedaily.com%2F2021%2F12%2Fprehistoric-scotland-was-culturally-divergent-before-the-romans-arrived%2F142216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The earliest known evidence is a flint arrowhead from <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a>. See Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. 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Retrieved 25 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+Regained%2C+1297%E2%80%931328&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Futk%2Fscotland%2Fregained.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurison1899" class="citation book cs1">Murison, A. F. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMEMc45g9s8C">King Robert the Bruce</a> (reprint 2005 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-1494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-1494-4"><bdi>978-1-4179-1494-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610011800/https://books.google.com/books?id=iMEMc45g9s8C">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Robert+the+Bruce&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=reprint+2005&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-1494-4&rft.aulast=Murison&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMEMc45g9s8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_54-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownBoardman2005" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michael; Boardman, Steve (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotland00jenn">"Survival and Revival: Late Medieval Scotland"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (ed.). Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199601646" title="Special:BookSources/9780199601646"><bdi>9780199601646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Survival+and+Revival%3A+Late+Medieval+Scotland&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199601646&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Boardman%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotland00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mason_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason2005" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Roger (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotland00jenn">"Renaissance and Reformation: The Sixteenth Century"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (ed.). Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199601646" title="Special:BookSources/9780199601646"><bdi>9780199601646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation%3A+The+Sixteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199601646&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotland00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_iv">"James IV, King of Scots 1488–1513"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219173805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_iv/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+IV%2C+King+of+Scots+1488%E2%80%931513&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2Fjames_iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210431/Battle-of-Flodden">"Battle of Flodden, (Sept. 9, 1513)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426233409/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210431/Battle-of-Flodden">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Flodden%2C+%28Sept.+9%2C+1513%29&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F210431%2FBattle-of-Flodden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Merriman" title="Marcus Merriman">Marcus Merriman</a>, The Rough Wooings (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm">"Religion, Marriage and Power in Scotland, 1503–1603"</a>. The National Archives of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707113937/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Marriage+and+Power+in+Scotland%2C+1503%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=The+National+Archives+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Futk%2Fscotland%2Freligion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Ross, David (2002). Chronology of Scottish History. Geddes & Grosset. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85534-380-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85534-380-1"><bdi>978-1-85534-380-1</bdi></a>. <q>1603: James VI becomes <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, and leaves Edinburgh for London</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Scottish+History&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Geddes+%26+Grosset&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85534-380-1&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/stuarts/day-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland">"On this Day: 21 November 1606: The proposed union between England and Scotland | History of Parliament Online"</a>. www.historyofparliamentonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125101617/https://historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/stuarts/day-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofparliamentonline.org&rft.atitle=On+this+Day%3A+21+November+1606%3A+The+proposed+union+between+England+and+Scotland+%7C+History+of+Parliament+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fperiods%2Fstuarts%2Fday-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wormald-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Wormald_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWormald2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotland00jenn">"Confidence and Perplexity: The Seventeenth Century"</a>. In Wormald, Jenny (ed.). Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199601646" title="Special:BookSources/9780199601646"><bdi>9780199601646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confidence+and+Perplexity%3A+The+Seventeenth+Century&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199601646&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotland00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevine2018" class="citation book cs1">Devine, T M (2018). The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241304105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241304105"><bdi>978-0241304105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Clearances%3A+A+History+of+the+Dispossessed%2C+1600%E2%80%931900&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0241304105&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=T+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_64-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml">"BBC – History – British History in depth: Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220160524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+British+History+in+depth%3A+Acts+of+Union%3A+The+creation+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Facts_of_union_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123611/http://www.scottishaffairs.org/backiss/pdfs/sa52/Sa52_Scott.pdf">"Why did the Scottish parliament accept the Treaty of Union?"</a> (PDF). Scottish Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishaffairs.org/backiss/pdfs/sa52/Sa52_Scott.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+did+the+Scottish+parliament+accept+the+Treaty+of+Union%3F&rft.pub=Scottish+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishaffairs.org%2Fbackiss%2Fpdfs%2Fsa52%2FSa52_Scott.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scottishhistorysociety.com/popular-opposition-to-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-anglo-scottish-union-in-1706-7">"Popular Opposition to the Ratification of the Treaty of Anglo-Scottish Union in 1706–7"</a>. scottishhistorysociety.com. Scottish Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728164330/https://scottishhistorysociety.com/popular-opposition-to-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-anglo-scottish-union-in-1706-7/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scottishhistorysociety.com&rft.atitle=Popular+Opposition+to+the+Ratification+of+the+Treaty+of+Anglo-Scottish+Union+in+1706%E2%80%937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscottishhistorysociety.com%2Fpopular-opposition-to-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-anglo-scottish-union-in-1706-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/#:~:text=The%20Acts%20of%20Union%2C%20passed,1%20May%20of%20that%20year.">"Act of Union 1707"</a>. www.parliament.uk. UK Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923180635/https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/#:~:text=The%20Acts%20of%20Union%2C%20passed,1%20May%20of%20that%20year.">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Act+of+Union+1707&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2Flegislativescrutiny%2Fact-of-union-1707%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Acts%2520of%2520Union%252C%2520passed%2C1%2520May%2520of%2520that%2520year.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1707_protests-68"><a href="#cite_ref-1707_protests_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevine1999" class="citation book cs1">Devine, T. M. (1999). The Scottish Nation 1700–2000. Penguin Books. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023004-8"><bdi>978-0-14-023004-8</bdi></a>. <q>From that point on anti-union demonstrations were common in the capital. In November rioting spread to the southwest, that stronghold of strict Calvinism and covenanting tradition. The Glasgow mob rose against union sympathisers in disturbances that lasted intermittently for over a month</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Nation+1700%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-023004-8&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101193416/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/06_03_mob.html">"Act of Union 1707 Mob unrest and disorder"</a>. London: The House of Lords. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/06_03_mob.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Act+of+Union+1707+Mob+unrest+and+disorder&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+House+of+Lords&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Factofunion%2F06_03_mob.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nls.uk/collections/rare-books/collections/union-of-parliaments/">"Union of Parliaments"</a>. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 19 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Union+of+Parliaments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nls.uk%2Fcollections%2Frare-books%2Fcollections%2Funion-of-parliaments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/3734">"James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Seafield, 1663 - 1730. Lord Chancellor"</a>. Nationalgalleries.org. 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Manchester University Press. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719007279" title="Special:BookSources/9780719007279"><bdi>9780719007279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+of+England+and+Scotland+A+Study+in+Anglo-Scottish+Politics+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780719007279&rft.aulast=William%2C+Rilley&rft.aufirst=Patrick%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nls.uk/collections/rare-books/collections/union-of-parliaments/">"Union of Parliaments"</a>. 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The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 84 (1): 100–102. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4248011">4248011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Tobacco+Lords%3A+A+study+of+the+Tobacco+Merchants+of+Glasgow+and+their+Activities&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4248011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robert&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devine_1994-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Devine_1994_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevine1994" class="citation book cs1">Devine, T M (1994). 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Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9076-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9076-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-9076-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clanship+to+Crofters%27+War%3A+The+social+transformation+of+the+Scottish+Highlands&rft.edition=2013&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-9076-9&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=T+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Ec008224b/scotline2.htm">Some Dates in Scottish History from 1745 to 1914</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031090022/http://www.uiowa.edu/~c008224b/scotline2.htm">Archived</a> 31 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The University of Iowa. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishenlightenment/scotland/index.asp">"Enlightenment Scotland"</a>. Learning and Teaching Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630064903/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/scottishenlightenment/scotland/index.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+Scotland&rft.pub=Learning+and+Teaching+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ltscotland.org.uk%2Fscottishenlightenment%2Fscotland%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Davidson(2000)" class="citation book cs1">Neil Davidson(2000). The Origins of Scottish Nationhood. 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Requejo and K-J Nagel, Federalism Beyond Federations: Asymmetry and Processes of Re-symmetrization in Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Quinault2007-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Quinault2007_81-0">^</a> R. Quinault, "Scots on Top? Tartan Power at Westminster 1707–2007", History Today, 2007 57(7): 30–36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-2753">0018-2753</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">Ebsco</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> K. Kumar, The Making of English National Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> D. Howell, British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow – imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds, Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity (2003), pp. 215–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shields1949-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Shields1949_85-0">^</a> J. Shields, Clyde Built: a History of Ship-Building on the River Clyde (1949). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> C. H. Lee, Scotland and the United Kingdom: the Economy and the Union in the Twentieth Century (1995), p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnusson-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Magnusson_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Magnusson2003" class="citation cs2">M. 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Wills, Scottish Firsts: a Celebration of Innovation and Achievement (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFK._S._Whetter2008" class="citation cs2">K. S. Whetter (2008), Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance, Ashgate, p. 28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Genre+and+Medieval+Romance&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.au=K.+S.+Whetter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFN._Davidson2000" class="citation cs2">N. Davidson (2000), The Origins of Scottish Nationhood, Pluto Press, p. 136</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Scottish+Nationhood&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=N.+Davidson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930034445/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html">"Cultural Profile: 19th and early 20th century developments"</a>, Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalprofiles.net/scotland/Directories/Scotland_Cultural_Profile/-5402.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visiting+Arts%3A+Scotland%3A+Cultural+Profile&rft.atitle=Cultural+Profile%3A+19th+and+early+20th+century+developments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalprofiles.net%2Fscotland%2FDirectories%2FScotland_Cultural_Profile%2F-5402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Stephan Tschudi-Madsen, The Art Nouveau Style: a Comprehensive Guide (Courier Dover, 2002), pp. 283–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Richard J. Finlay, Modern Scotland 1914–2000 (2006), pp 1–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> R. A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, eds. The New Penguin History of Scotland (2001) p 426.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VI5nAAAAMAAJ&q=casualties">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240610011816/https://books.google.com/books?id=VI5nAAAAMAAJ&q=casualties">Archived</a> 10 June 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> points out in "The Pity of War" that the proportion of enlisted Scots who died was third highest in the war behind Serbia and Turkey and a much higher proportion than in other parts of the UK.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrYhAQAAIAAJ&q=enlisted">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404004726/https://books.google.com/books?id=QrYhAQAAIAAJ&q=enlisted">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.scotsman.com/worldwarone/39Savage-Scots39-wish-you-weren39t.6487746.jp">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005094654/http://news.scotsman.com/worldwarone/39Savage-Scots39-wish-you-weren39t.6487746.jp">Archived</a> 5 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Iain McLean, The Legend of Red Clydeside (1983) </li> <li id="cite_note-blitz-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blitz_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blitz_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/scotlands_blitz">"Primary History – World War 2 – Scotland's Blitz"</a>. 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Hoboken: Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90050-4"><bdi>978-1-317-90050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90050-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Steven+G.&rft.au=Maginn%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtonmore.com/our-community/centre-of-scotland.html">"Centre of Scotland"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204114042/http://www.newtonmore.com/our-community/centre-of-scotland.html">Archived</a> 4 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Newtonmore.com. Retrieved 7 September 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishgeologytrust.org/geology/scotlands-geology/regional-geology/hebrides/">"Hebrides – Scottish Geology Trust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125153024/https://www.scottishgeologytrust.org/geology/scotlands-geology/regional-geology/hebrides/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrides+%E2%80%93+Scottish+Geology+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishgeologytrust.org%2Fgeology%2Fscotlands-geology%2Fregional-geology%2Fhebrides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall1986-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Hall1986_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Adian M. (1986). "Deep weathering patterns in north-east Scotland and their geomorphological significance". <a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Geomorphologie" title="Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie">Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie</a>. 30 (4): 407–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fzfg%2F30%2F1987%2F407">10.1127/zfg/30/1987/407</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0372-8854">0372-8854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Geomorphologie&rft.atitle=Deep+weathering+patterns+in+north-east+Scotland+and+their+geomorphological+significance&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2Fzfg%2F30%2F1987%2F407&rft.issn=0372-8854&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Adian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weir-124"><a href="#cite_ref-weir_124-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Weir" title="Tom Weir">Tom Weir</a>. The Scottish Lochs. pp. 33-43. Published by Constable and Company, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-463270-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-463270-7">0-09-463270-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041128062644/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0029160.html">"Southern Uplands"</a>. Tiscali.co.uk. 16 November 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0029160.html">the original</a> on 28 November 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southern+Uplands&rft.pub=Tiscali.co.uk&rft.date=1990-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiscali.co.uk%2Freference%2Fencyclopaedia%2Fhutchinson%2Fm0029160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071454/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/other/sos/geography/physical/answerphysical_59.shtml">"Education Scotland – Standard Grade Bitesize Revision – Ask a Teacher – Geography – Physical – Question From PN"</a>. BBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/other/sos/geography/physical/answerphysical_59.shtml">the original</a> on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+Scotland+%E2%80%93+Standard+Grade+Bitesize+Revision+%E2%80%93+Ask+a+Teacher+%E2%80%93+Geography+%E2%80%93+Physical+%E2%80%93+Question+From+PN&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Feducation%2Fbitesize%2Fstandard%2Fother%2Fsos%2Fgeography%2Fphysical%2Fanswerphysical_59.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotland_Today_»_ITKT-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scotland_Today_»_ITKT_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scotland_Today_»_ITKT_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106204251/http://www.intheknowtraveler.com/1144">"Scotland Today " ITKT"</a>. Intheknowtraveler.com. 28 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intheknowtraveler.com/1144">the original</a> on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+Today+%22+ITKT&rft.pub=Intheknowtraveler.com&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intheknowtraveler.com%2F1144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland. London. Eyre Methuen <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-30380-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-30380-6">978-0-413-30380-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Murray, W.H. (1968) The Companion Guide to the West Highlands of Scotland. London. Collins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-211135-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-211135-7">0-00-211135-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Johnstone, Scott et al. (1990) The Corbetts and Other Scottish Hills. Edinburgh. Scottish Mountaineering Trust. Page 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202071307/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/uk_records.shtml">"UK Records"</a>. BBC Weather. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/understanding/uk_records.shtml">the original</a> on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Records&rft.pub=BBC+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Ffeatures%2Funderstanding%2Fuk_records.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> The same temperature was also recorded in Braemar on 10 January 1982 and at <a href="/wiki/Altnaharra" title="Altnaharra">Altnaharra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a>, on 30 December 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoudon2022" class="citation web cs1">Loudon, Calum (20 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stv.tv/scotland/hottest-day-in-scotland-officially-recorded-as-temperatures-reach-35-1c-at-floors-castle">"Temperature reached 35.1C in Scotland as hottest ever day confirmed"</a>. STV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720103257/https://news.stv.tv/scotland/hottest-day-in-scotland-officially-recorded-as-temperatures-reach-35-1c-at-floors-castle">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=STV+News&rft.atitle=Temperature+reached+35.1C+in+Scotland+as+hottest+ever+day+confirmed&rft.date=2022-07-20&rft.aulast=Loudon&rft.aufirst=Calum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stv.tv%2Fscotland%2Fhottest-day-in-scotland-officially-recorded-as-temperatures-reach-35-1c-at-floors-castle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metext-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Metext_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes">"Weather extremes"</a>. Met Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221004454/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+extremes&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2Fweather%2Fclimate-extremes%2F%23%3Ftab%3DclimateExtremes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008091252/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws">"Western Scotland: climate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ws">the original</a> on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Scotland%3A+climate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Fws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteast-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meteast_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteast_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008085154/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/es">"Eastern Scotland: climate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/es">the original</a> on 8 October 2014. 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Aurum Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85410-978-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85410-978-2">1-85410-978-2</a> p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairngorms.co.uk/resource/docs/publications/CNPA.Paper.225.State%20of%20the%20Park%20Report%20-%20Chapter%202%20Natural%20Resources.pdf">"State of the Park Report. 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Scottish Government. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212071332/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2asbtable2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups%2C+Scotland%2C+2001+and+2011&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotlandscensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcensusresults%2Frelease2a%2Frel2asbtable2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> The Pole Position (6 August 2005). Glasgow. Sunday Herald newspaper. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on">US Census 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108032342/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on">Archived</a> 8 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 4 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devolution&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F4958732321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F4958732321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Cavanagh, Michael (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/aspect/docs/aspectcampaigns.htm">The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202030909/http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/aspect/docs/aspectcampaigns.htm">Archived</a> 2 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a>. Retrieved 12 April 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKerr2017" class="citation news cs1">Kerr, Andrew (8 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41189455">"Scottish devolution referendum: The birth of a parliament"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129022824/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-41189455">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scottish+devolution+referendum%3A+The+birth+of+a+parliament&rft.date=2017-09-08&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-41189455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers">"Devolved and Reserved Powers"</a>. www.parliament.scot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920053732/https://www.parliament.scot/about/how-parliament-works/devolved-and-reserved-powers">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.scot&rft.atitle=Devolved+and+Reserved+Powers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.scot%2Fabout%2Fhow-parliament-works%2Fdevolved-and-reserved-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraser2016" class="citation web cs1">Fraser, Douglas (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35470086">"Scotland's tax powers: What it has and what's coming?"</a>. BBC News. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203203616/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35470086">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+tax+powers%3A+What+it+has+and+what%27s+coming%3F&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-35470086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35815426">"Holyrood gives approval to devolved powers Scotland Bill"</a>. BBC News. 16 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125214530/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-35815426">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Holyrood+gives+approval+to+devolved+powers+Scotland+Bill&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-scotland-politics-35815426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaMu22-277"><a href="#cite_ref-MaMu22_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMastermanMurray2022" class="citation book cs1">Masterman, Roger; Murray, Colin (2022). "The United Kingdom's Devolution Arrangements". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/constitutional-and-administrative-law/E1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5">Constitutional and Administrative Law</a> (Third ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 471–473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009158497">10.1017/9781009158497</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009158503" title="Special:BookSources/9781009158503"><bdi>9781009158503</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248929397">248929397</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504011056/https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/constitutional-and-administrative-law/E1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2023. <q>UK Internal Market Act 2020 imposed new restrictions on the ability of the devolved institutions to enact measures...mutual recognition and non-discrimination requirements mean that standards set by the legislatures in Wales and Scotland cannot restrict the sale of goods which are acceptable in other parts of the UK. In other words, imposing such measures would simply create competitive disadvantages for businesses in Wales and Scotland; they would not change the product standards or environmental protections applicable to all goods which can be purchased in Wales and Scotland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3EUnited+Kingdom%27s+Devolution+Arrangements&rft.btitle=Constitutional+and+Administrative+Law&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E473&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248929397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009158497&rft.isbn=9781009158503&rft.aulast=Masterman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Murray%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fhighereducation%2Fbooks%2Fconstitutional-and-administrative-law%2FE1EB9FEDC43459C991E42BD945231DB5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouHu22-278"><a href="#cite_ref-DouHu22_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouganHuntMcEwenMcHarg2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a>; Hunt, Jo; <a href="/wiki/Nicola_McEwen" title="Nicola McEwen">McEwen, Nicola</a>; McHarg, Aileen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/">"Sleeping with an Elephant: Devolution and the United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Law_Quarterly_Review" title="Law Quarterly Review">Law Quarterly Review</a>. 138 (Oct). London: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_%26_Maxwell" title="Sweet & Maxwell">Sweet & Maxwell</a>: 650–676. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-933X">0023-933X</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4018581">4018581</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802185022/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35167/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham Research Online</a>. <q>The Act has restrictive – and potentially damaging – consequences for the regulatory capacity of the devolved legislatures...the primary purpose of the legislation was to constrain the capacity of the devolved institutions to use their regulatory autonomy...in practice, it constrains the ability of the devolved institutions to make effective regulatory choices for their territories in ways that do not apply to the choices made by the UK government and parliament for the English market.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Sleeping+with+an+Elephant%3A+Devolution+and+the+United+Kingdom+Internal+Market+Act+2020&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=Oct&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E650-%3C%2Fspan%3E676&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4018581%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0023-933X&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jo&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft.au=McHarg%2C+Aileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F35167%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gu23-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Gu23_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuderjan2023" class="citation book cs1">Guderjan, Marius (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Intergovernmental-Relations-in-the-UK-Cooperation-and-Conflict-in-a-Devolved/Guderjan/p/book/9781032394855">Intergovernmental Relations in the UK: Cooperation and Conflict in a Devolved Unitary State</a>. London/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 166–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003349952">10.4324/9781003349952</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-39485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-39485-5"><bdi>978-1-032-39485-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257877108">257877108</a>. <q>Since the act became law on 17 December 2020, the devolved administrations can continue to set standards for goods and services produced within their territory, but their rules do not apply to goods and services coming from other jurisdictions. They also must accept products imported into one part of the UK. This undermines their legislative autonomy and renders certain policies ineffective</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intergovernmental+Relations+in+the+UK%3A+Cooperation+and+Conflict+in+a+Devolved+Unitary+State&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257877108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003349952&rft.isbn=978-1-032-39485-5&rft.aulast=Guderjan&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FIntergovernmental-Relations-in-the-UK-Cooperation-and-Conflict-in-a-Devolved%2FGuderjan%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032394855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating21-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Keating21_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeating2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keating_(political_scientist)" title="Michael Keating (political scientist)">Keating, Michael</a> (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156">"Taking back control? Brexit and the territorial constitution of the United Kingdom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_European_Public_Policy" title="Journal of European Public Policy">Journal of European Public Policy</a>. 29 (4). Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 491–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156">10.1080/13501763.2021.1876156</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F70296">1814/70296</a>. <q>The UK Internal Market Act gives ministers sweeping powers to enforce mutual recognition and non-discrimination across the four jurisdictions. Existing differences and some social and health matters are exempted but these are much less extensive than the exemptions permitted under the EU Internal Market provisions. Only after an amendment in the House of Lords, the Bill was amended to provide a weak and non-binding consent mechanism for amendments (equivalent to the Sewel Convention) to the list of exemptions. The result is that, while the devolved governments retain regulatory competences, these are undermined by the fact that goods and services originating in, or imported into, England can be marketed anywhere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Taking+back+control%3F+Brexit+and+the+territorial+constitution+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F70296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501763.2021.1876156&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13501763.2021.1876156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLydgateAnthony2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lydgate, Emily; Anthony, Chloe (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.12735">"Brexit, food law and the UK's search for a post-EU identity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Law_Review" title="Modern Law Review">Modern Law Review</a>. 85 (5). London: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 1168–1190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2230.12735">10.1111/1468-2230.12735</a>. <q>While the mutual recognition principle preserves devolved powers, rather than requiring that devolved nations conform with a wide range of harmonised standards (as they did in the EU), the Act undermines devolution simply because devolved legislation will no longer apply to all relevant activity in the devolved territory...Devolution is also undermined by the asymmetry of legislative authority...the UK Internal Market Act is a protected enactment, which devolved administrations are unable to appeal or modify, but which the UK parliament will be able to modify when legislating for England.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Brexit%2C+food+law+and+the+UK%27s+search+for+a+post-EU+identity&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1168-%3C%2Fspan%3E1190&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2230.12735&rft.aulast=Lydgate&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft.au=Anthony%2C+Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1468-2230.12735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouganMcEwen20-282"><a href="#cite_ref-DouganMcEwen20_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouganHaywardHuntMcEwen2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougan" title="Michael Dougan">Dougan, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Katy_Hayward" title="Katy Hayward">Hayward, Katy</a>; Hunt, Jo; <a href="/wiki/Nicola_McEwen" title="Nicola McEwen">McEwen, Nicola</a>; McHarg, Aileen; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wincott" title="Daniel Wincott">Wincott, Daniel</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">UK and the Internal Market, Devolution and the Union</a>. Centre on Constitutional Change (Report). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. pp. 2–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185830/https://www.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk/publications/uk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. <q>The market access principles undermine devolved competences in two ways...[they] significantly undermine the purpose of devolution, which was to enable the devolved nations and regions to legislate according to their own local needs and political preferences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=UK+and+the+Internal+Market%2C+Devolution+and+the+Union&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh%3B+University+of+Aberdeen&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hayward%2C+Katy&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Jo&rft.au=McEwen%2C+Nicola&rft.au=McHarg%2C+Aileen&rft.au=Wincott%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreonconstitutionalchange.ac.uk%2Fpublications%2Fuk-and-internal-market-devolution-and-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arm22-283"><a href="#cite_ref-Arm22_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2022" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Kenneth A. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/organisation/ip-100_04e_ifab_9481.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIFA&rft.atitle=IFAB+Meetings+1914-2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fmm%2Fdocument%2Ffifafacts%2Forganisation%2Fip-100_04e_ifab_9481.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Kevin (2019). "FIFA does not make the rules, and never has". What you think you know about football is wrong. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472955678" title="Special:BookSources/9781472955678"><bdi>9781472955678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FIFA+does+not+make+the+rules%2C+and+never+has&rft.btitle=What+you+think+you+know+about+football+is+wrong&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781472955678&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828200541/http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html">"Scotland is the home of golf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a> official website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgatour.com/2008/tourlife/travel/04/08/trans_atlantic/index.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008. <q>Scotland is the home of golf...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scotland+is+the+home+of+golf&rft.pub=PGA+Tour+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pgatour.com%2F2008%2Ftourlife%2Ftravel%2F04%2F08%2Ftrans_atlantic%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2007/03/06090032">"The Home of Golf"</a>. Scottish Government. 6 March 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2008. <q>The Royal & Ancient and three public sector agencies are to continue using the Open Championship to promote Scotland as the worldwide home of golf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Home+of+Golf&rft.pub=Scottish+Government&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.scot%2FNews%2FReleases%2F2007%2F03%2F06090032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> Keay (1994) op cit page 839. "In 1834 the <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews" title="The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews">Royal and Ancient Golf Club</a> declared St. Andrews 'the Alma Mater of golf'". </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/oldest-golf-sites/1574-st-andrews">"1574 St Andrews – The Student Golfer"</a>. Scottish Golf History. Retrieved 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1574+St+Andrews+%E2%80%93+The+Student+Golfer&rft.pub=Scottish+Golf+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishgolfhistory.org%2Foldest-golf-sites%2F1574-st-andrews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> Cochrane, Alistair (ed) Science and Golf IV: proceedings of the World Scientific Congress of Golf. Page 849. Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> Forrest L. Richardson (2002). "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons </li> <li id="cite_note-458"><a href="#cite_ref-458">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html">The Open Championship – More Scottish than British</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002214520/http://www.pgatour.com/2007/travel/07/16/trans_071607/index.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PGA Tour. Retrieved 23 September 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvert2024" class="citation web cs1">Calvert, Lee (24 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2024/feb/24/scotland-v-england-six-nations-2024-live">"Scotland 30-21 England: Six Nations 2024 – as it happened"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scotland+30-21+England%3A+Six+Nations+2024+%E2%80%93+as+it+happened&rft.date=2024-02-24&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2Flive%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F24%2Fscotland-v-england-six-nations-2024-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/other_sports/13199539.10-scottish-motor-racing-great">"10 Scottish motor racing great"</a>. heraldscotland.com. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heraldscotland.com&rft.atitle=10+Scottish+motor+racing+great&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fsport%2Fother_sports%2F13199539.10-scottish-motor-racing-great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOreovicz2010" class="citation web cs1">Oreovicz, John (4 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/racing/racing/indycar/columns/story?columnist=oreovicz_john&id=5649822">"Dario Franchitti seals his place as the greatest Indy car driver of the modern era"</a>. ESPN.com. Retrieved 4 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Dario+Franchitti+seals+his+place+as+the+greatest+Indy+car+driver+of+the+modern+era&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft.aulast=Oreovicz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fracing%2Fracing%2Findycar%2Fcolumns%2Fstory%3Fcolumnist%3Doreovicz_john%26id%3D5649822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205624/http://www.cgcs.org.uk/team-scotland/medal-tally/">"Medal Tally"</a>. Cgcs.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgcs.org.uk/team-scotland/medal-tally">the original</a> on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cgcs.org.uk&rft.atitle=Medal+Tally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgcs.org.uk%2Fteam-scotland%2Fmedal-tally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-463"><a href="#cite_ref-463">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205508/http://www.cgcs.org.uk/past-games/overview-and-history/">"Overview and History"</a>. Cgcs.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgcs.org.uk/past-games/overview-and-history">the original</a> on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cgcs.org.uk&rft.atitle=Overview+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgcs.org.uk%2Fpast-games%2Foverview-and-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czj978gnmgpo">"Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games - What do we know so far?"</a>. BBC News. 18 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Glasgow+2026+Commonwealth+Games+-+What+do+we+know+so+far%3F&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fczj978gnmgpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-youth-games/edinburgh-2000">"Edinburgh 2000 Commonwealth Youth Games"</a>. Commonwealth Sport. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+Sport&rft.atitle=Edinburgh+2000+Commonwealth+Youth+Games&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthsport.com%2Fcommonwealth-youth-games%2Fedinburgh-2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSereny1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gitta_Sereny" title="Gitta Sereny">Sereny, Gitta</a> (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76812-8"><bdi>978-0-679-76812-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Speer%3A+His+Battle+With+Truth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76812-8&rft.aulast=Sereny&rft.aufirst=Gitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScotland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Devine, T. M. [1999] (2000). The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 (New edition). London: Penguin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-023004-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-023004-1">0-14-023004-1</a></li> <li>Donnachie, Ian and George Hewitt. Dictionary of Scottish History. (2001). 384 pp.</li> <li>Keay, John, and Julia Keay. Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland (2nd ed. 2001), 1101pp; 4000 articles; emphasis on history</li> <li>Koch, J. T. Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7">1-85109-440-7</a>, 999pp.</li> <li>MacGibbon, David and Ross, Thomas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65014">The ecclesiastical architecture of Scotland from the earliest Christian times to the seventeenth century; vol. 3/3</a>, (1897).</li> <li>Tabraham, Chris, and Colin Baxter. The Illustrated History of Scotland (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1932573011/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper, Hugh</a>, The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History, Yale, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-13686-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-13686-2">0-300-13686-2</a></li> <li>Watson, Fiona, Scotland; From Prehistory to the Present. Tempus, 2003. 286 pp.</li> <li>Wilson, Neil. Lonely Planet Scotland (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Wormald" title="Jenny Wormald">Wormald, Jenny</a>, Scotland: A History (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198206151/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Scotland at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Scotland" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Scotland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Scotland" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Scotland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Scotland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Scotland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Scotland" class="extiw" title="voy:Scotland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22" class="extiw" title="d:Q22">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotland.org/">Scotland</a> – official online gateway to Scotland managed by the Scottish Government</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitscotland.com/">Visit Scotland</a> – official site of Scotland's national tourist board</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.scot/">Scottish Government</a> – official site of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Scotland">Scotland</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_topics" title="Template talk:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scotland_articles448" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">1707 Acts of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_Clearances" title="Lowland Clearances">Lowland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era" title="Scotland in the modern era">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">Central Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Scotland" title="Climate of Scotland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Scotland" title="Conservation in Scotland">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Scotland" title="Fauna of Scotland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Scotland" title="Flora of Scotland">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Scotland" title="Geology of Scotland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lochs_of_Scotland" title="List of lochs of Scotland">Lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_hills_of_Scotland" title="Mountains and hills of Scotland">Mountains and hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains_in_Scotland" title="List of highest mountains in Scotland">Highest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Scotland" title="Protected areas of Scotland">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Scotland" title="List of waterfalls in Scotland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Scotland" title="List of valleys of Scotland">Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Scotland" title="List of ecoregions in Scotland">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Scotland" title="List of biosphere reserves in Scotland">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Scotland" title="Environment of Scotland">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Scotland" title="Municipalities of Scotland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Munro_mountains" title="List of Munro mountains">Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Scotland">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_governments" title="List of Scottish governments">List of governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland" title="Elections in Scotland">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Scotland" title="Electoral system of Scotland">Electoral system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland">Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="Deputy First Minister of Scotland">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Scotland" title="Great Seal of Scotland">Great Seal of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Scotland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Scotland">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Scotland" title="History of local government in Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Scotland" title="Cities of Scotland">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Scotland" title="Armed forces in Scotland">Armed forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland" title="Lists of MPs for constituencies in Scotland">Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">Member of the Scottish Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Scotland" title="List of political parties in Scotland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Office" title="Scotland Office">Scotland Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Scotland" title="Unionism in Scotland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_for_Scotland" title="Advocate General for Scotland">Advocate General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_in_Scotland" title="List of courts in Scotland">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Courts_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Courts of Scotland">Supreme Courts of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Accountant_of_Court" title="Office of the Accountant of Court">Office of the Accountant of Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Court_of_Session" title="Lord President of the Court of Session">Lord President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">Procurator fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland" title="Solicitor General for Scotland">Solicitor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_principal" title="Sheriff principal">Sheriff principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Justice" title="College of Justice">College of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">Udal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_population_of_Scotland" title="Prison population of Scotland">Prison population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Scotland" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland" title="Bank of Scotland">Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities in Scotland">Charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Scotland" title="List of companies of Scotland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Tweed">Harris Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_industry_in_Scotland" title="Oil industry in Scotland">Oil industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Scotland" title="List of power stations in Scotland">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Scotland" title="Unemployment in Scotland">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_Scotland" title="International relations of Scotland">International trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Scotland" title="Category:Society of Scotland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_art" title="Scottish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Excellence" title="Curriculum for Excellence">Curriculum for Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Scotland" title="Lists of schools in Scotland">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_Scotland" title="List of further education colleges in Scotland">Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Qualifications_Authority" title="Scottish Qualifications Authority">Scottish Qualifications Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Scotland" title="Education Scotland">Education Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogmanay" title="Hogmanay">Hogmanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Scotland" title="List of museums in Scotland">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_in_Scotland" title="List of oldest buildings in Scotland">Oldest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Scotland" title="Theatre of Scotland">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_toponymy" title="Scottish toponymy">Placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Scotland" title="Prostitution in Scotland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Royal National Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Scotland" title="Sport in Scotland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_surnames" title="Scottish surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Scotland" title="National anthem of Scotland">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regimental_tartan" title="Regimental tartan">regimental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">unicorn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Scotland" title="Festivals in Scotland">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Scotland" title="Comedy in Scotland">Comedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_actors" title="List of Scottish actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_artists" title="List of Scottish artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_musicians" title="List of Scottish musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_scientists" title="List of Scottish scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_writers" title="List of Scottish writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Scotland" title="Category:Christianity in Scotland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moderators_of_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="List of moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Moderators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Scotland" title="Ethnic minorities in Scotland">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Scotland" title="Outline of Scotland">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland" title="Category:Scotland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Breizh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (Éire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mannin)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a> (Alba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (Cymru)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_Scotland_(843–present)192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Scotland" title="Template:Years in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Years in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_Scotland_(843–present)192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Years in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a> (843–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1001_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1001 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1002_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1002 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1003_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1003 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1004_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1004 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1005_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1005 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1006_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1006 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1007_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1007 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1008_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1008 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1009_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1009 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1010_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1010 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1011_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1011 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1012_in_Scotland" title="1012 in Scotland">1012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1013_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1013 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1014_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1014 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1015_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1015 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1016_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1016 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1017_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1017 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1018_in_Scotland" title="1018 in Scotland">1018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1019_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1019 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1020_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1020 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1021_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1021 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1021</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1022_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1022 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1023_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1023 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1023</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1024_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1024 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1025_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1025 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1025</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1026_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1026 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1026</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1027_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1027 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1027</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1028_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1028 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1029_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1029 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1029</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1030_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1030 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1030</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1031_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1031 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1031</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1032_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1032 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1032</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1033_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1033 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1033</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1034_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1034 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1035_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1035 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1035</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1036_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1036 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1036</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1037_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1037 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1037</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1038_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1038 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1038</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1039_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1039 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1039</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1040_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1040 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1040</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1041_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1041 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1041</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1042_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1042 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1042</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1043_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1043 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1043</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1044_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1044 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1045_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1045 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1045</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1046_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1046 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1047_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1047 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1047</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1048_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1048 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1048</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1049_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1049 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1049</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1050_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1050 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1051_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1051 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1051</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1052_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1052 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1052</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1053_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1053 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1053</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1054_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1054 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1054</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1055_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1055 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1056_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1056 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1056</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1057_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1057 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1057</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1058_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1058 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1059_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1059 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1059</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1060_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1060 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1060</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1061_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1061 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1061</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1062_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1062 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1062</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1063_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1063 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1064_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1064 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1064</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1065_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1065 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1065</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1066_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1066 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1066</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1067_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1067 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1067</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1068_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1068 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1068</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1069_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1069 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1069</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1070_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1070 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1070</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1071_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1071 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1071</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1072_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1072 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1072</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1073_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1073 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1073</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1074_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1074 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1074</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1075_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1075 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1075</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1076_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1076 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1077_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1077 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1077</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1078_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1078 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1078</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1079_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1079 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1079</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1080_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1080 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1080</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1081_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1081 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1081</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1082_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1082 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1082</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1083_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1083 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1083</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1084_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1084 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1084</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1085_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1085 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1085</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1086_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1086 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1086</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1087_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1087 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1087</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1088_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1088 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1089_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1089 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1089</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1090_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1090 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1090</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1091_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1091 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1091</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1092 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1092</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1093_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1093 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1093</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1094_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1094 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1094</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1095_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1095 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1095</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1096_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1096 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1096</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1097_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1097 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1097</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1098_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1098 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1099_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1099 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1099</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1100_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1100 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1101_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1101 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1102_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1102 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1103_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1103 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1103</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1104_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1104 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1105_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1105 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1105</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1106_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1106 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1106</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1107_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1107 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1107</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1108_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1108 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1108</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1109_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1109 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1110_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1110 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1111_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1111 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1112_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1112 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1112</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1113_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1113 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1113</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1114_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1114 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1114</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1115_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1115 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1116_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1116 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1117_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1117 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1117</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1118_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1118 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1118</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1119_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1119 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1119</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1120_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1120 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1120</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1121_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1121 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1121</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1122_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1122 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1122</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1123_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1123 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1123</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1124_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1124 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1124</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1125_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1125 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1125</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1126_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1126 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1126</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1127_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1127 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1127</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1128_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1128 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1128</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1129_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1129 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1130_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1130 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1130</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1131_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1131 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1131</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1132_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1132 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1132</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1133_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1133 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1133</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1134_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1134 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1134</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1135_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1135 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1135</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1136_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1136 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1136</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1137_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1137 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1137</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1138_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1138 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1138</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1139_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1139 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1139</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1140_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1140 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1140</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1141_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1141 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1141</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1142_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1142 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1142</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1143_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1143 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1143</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1144_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1144 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1144</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1145_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1145 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1145</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1146_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1146 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1146</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1147_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1147 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1147</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1148_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1148 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1148</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1149_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1149 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1149</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1150_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1150 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1150</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1151_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1151 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1151</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1152_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1152 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1152</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1153_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1153 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1153</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1154_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1154 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1155_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1155 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1156_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1156 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1156</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1157_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1157 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1157</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1158_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1158 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1158</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1159_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1159 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1159</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1160_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1160 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1160</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1161_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1161 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1161</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1162_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1162 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1162</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1163_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1163 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1163</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1164_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1164 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1165_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1165 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1165</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1166_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1166 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1166</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1167_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1167 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1167</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1168_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1168 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1168</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1169_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1169 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1169</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1170_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1170 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1170</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1171_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1171 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1172_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1172 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1172</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1173_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1173 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1173</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1174_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1174 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1174</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1175_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1175 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1175</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1176_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1176 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1176</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1177_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1177 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1177</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1178_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1178 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1178</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1179_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1179 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1179</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1180 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1180</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1181 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1181</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1182 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1182</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1183_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1183 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1183</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1184 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1184</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1185 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1185</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1186_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1186 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1186</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1187 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1188_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1188 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1188</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1189_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1189 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1189</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1190_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1190 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1190</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1191_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1191 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1191</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1192_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1192 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1192</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1193_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1193 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1193</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1194_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1194 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1194</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1195_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1195 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1195</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1196_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1196 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1196</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1197_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1197 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1197</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1198_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1198 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1198</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1199_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1199 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1199</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1200_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1200 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1200s_in_Scotland" title="1200s in Scotland">1200s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1210s_in_Scotland" title="1210s in Scotland">1210s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1220s_in_Scotland" title="1220s in Scotland">1220s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1230s_in_Scotland" title="1230s in Scotland">1230s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1240s_in_Scotland" title="1240s in Scotland">1240s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1250s_in_Scotland" title="1250s in Scotland">1250s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1260s_in_Scotland" title="1260s in Scotland">1260s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1270s_in_Scotland" title="1270s in Scotland">1270s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1280s_in_Scotland" title="1280s in Scotland">1280s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290s_in_Scotland" title="1290s in Scotland">1290s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1301_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1301 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1301</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1302_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1302 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1302</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1303_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1303 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1303</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1304_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1304 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1305_in_Scotland" title="1305 in Scotland">1305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1306_in_Scotland" title="1306 in Scotland">1306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1307_in_Scotland" title="1307 in Scotland">1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1308_in_Scotland" title="1308 in Scotland">1308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1309_in_Scotland" title="1309 in Scotland">1309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1310_in_Scotland" title="1310 in Scotland">1310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_in_Scotland" title="1311 in Scotland">1311</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1312_in_Scotland" title="1312 in Scotland">1312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1313_in_Scotland" title="1313 in Scotland">1313</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1314_in_Scotland" title="1314 in Scotland">1314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1315_in_Scotland" title="1315 in Scotland">1315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1316_in_Scotland" title="1316 in Scotland">1316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1317_in_Scotland" title="1317 in Scotland">1317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1318_in_Scotland" title="1318 in Scotland">1318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1319_in_Scotland" title="1319 in Scotland">1319</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1320_in_Scotland" title="1320 in Scotland">1320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_in_Scotland" title="1321 in Scotland">1321</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1322_in_Scotland" title="1322 in Scotland">1322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1323_in_Scotland" title="1323 in Scotland">1323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1324_in_Scotland" title="1324 in Scotland">1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1325_in_Scotland" title="1325 in Scotland">1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1326_in_Scotland" title="1326 in Scotland">1326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1327_in_Scotland" title="1327 in Scotland">1327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1328_in_Scotland" title="1328 in Scotland">1328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1329_in_Scotland" title="1329 in Scotland">1329</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1330_in_Scotland" title="1330 in Scotland">1330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1331_in_Scotland" title="1331 in Scotland">1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1332_in_Scotland" title="1332 in Scotland">1332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1333_in_Scotland" title="1333 in Scotland">1333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1334_in_Scotland" title="1334 in Scotland">1334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1335_in_Scotland" title="1335 in Scotland">1335</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1336_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1336 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1336</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1337_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1337 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1337</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1338_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1338 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1338</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1339_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1339 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1339</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1340_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1340 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1341_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1341 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1341</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1342_in_Scotland" title="1342 in Scotland">1342</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1343_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1343 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1343</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1344_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1344 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1344</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1345_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1345 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1345</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1346_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1346 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1347_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1347 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1347</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1348_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1348 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1348</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1349_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1349 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1349</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1350_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1350 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1351_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1351 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1351</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1352_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1352 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1352</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1353_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1353 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1353</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1354_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1354 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1354</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1355_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1355 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1356_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1356 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1356</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1357_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1357 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1357</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1358_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1358 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1358</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1359_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1359 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1359</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1360_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1360 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1360</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1361_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1361 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1361</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1362_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1362 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1363_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1363 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1363</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1364_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1364 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1365_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1365 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1366_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1366 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1366</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1367_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1367 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1367</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1368_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1368 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1368</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1369_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1369 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1369</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1370_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1370 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1370</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1371_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1371 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1371</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1372_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1372 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1372</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1373_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1373 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1373</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1374_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1374 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1374</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1375_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1375 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1375</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1376_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1376 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1376</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1377_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1377 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1377</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1378_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1378 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1378</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1379_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1379 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1379</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1380_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1380 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1380</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1381_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1381 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1381</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1382_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1382 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1382</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1383_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1383 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1383</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1384_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1384 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1384</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1385_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1385 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1385</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1386_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1386 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1386</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1387_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1387 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1387</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1388_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1388 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1388</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1389_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1389 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1389</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1390_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1390 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1390</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1391_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1391 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1391</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1392_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1392 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1392</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1393_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1393 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1393</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1394_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1394 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1395_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1395 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1395</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1396_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1396 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1396</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1397_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1397 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1397</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1398_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1398 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1398</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1399_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1399 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1400_in_Scotland" title="1400 in Scotland">1400</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1401_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1401 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1401</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1402_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1402 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1402</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1403_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1403 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1403</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1404_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1404 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1404</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1405_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1405 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1405</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1406_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1406 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1406</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1407_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1407 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1407</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1408_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1408 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1408</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1409_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1409 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1409</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1410_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1410 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1410</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1411_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1411 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1411</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1412_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1412 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1412</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1413_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1413 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1414_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1414 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1415_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1415 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1415</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1416_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1416 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1416</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1417_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1417 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1417</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1418_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1418 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1418</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1419_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1419 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1419</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1420_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1420 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1420</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1421_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1421 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1421</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1422_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1422 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1422</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1423_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1423 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1423</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1424_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1424 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1424</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1425_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1425 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1425</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1426_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1426 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1426</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1427_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1427 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1427</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1428_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1428 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1428</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1439_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1439 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1430_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1430 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1430</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1431_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1431 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1432_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1432 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1432</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1433_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1433 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1433</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1434_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1434 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1434</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1435_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1435 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1435</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1436_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1436 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1436</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1437_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1437 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1437</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1438_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1438 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1438</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1439_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1439 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1439</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1440_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1440 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1440</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1441_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1441 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1441</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1442_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1442 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1442</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1443_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1443 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1443</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1444_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1444 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1444</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1445_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1445 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1445</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1446_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1446 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1446</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1447_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1447 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1447</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1448_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1448 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1448</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1449_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1449 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1449</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1450_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1450 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1450</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1451_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1451 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1452_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1452 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1452</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1453_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1453 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1453</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1454_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1454 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1455_in_Scotland" title="1455 in Scotland">1455</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1456_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1456 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1457_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1457 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1457</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1458_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1458 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1458</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1459_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1459 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1459</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1460_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1460 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1460</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1461_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1461 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1462_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1462 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1462</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1463_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1463 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1464_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1464 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1465_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1465 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1465</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1466_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1466 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1467_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1467 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1468_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1468 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1469_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1469 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1469</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1470_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1470 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1470</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1471_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1471 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1471</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1472_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1472 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1473_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1473 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1473</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1474_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1474 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1475_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1475 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1475</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1476_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1476 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1477_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1477 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1478_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1478 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1478</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1479_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1479 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1479</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1480_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1480 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1480</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1481_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1481 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1481</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1482_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1482 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1483_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1483 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1484_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1484 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1484</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1485_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1485 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1486_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1486 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1486</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1487_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1487 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1488_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1488 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1489_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1489 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1489</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1490_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1490 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1490</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1491_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1491 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1492_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1492 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1492</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1493_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1493 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1493</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1494_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1494 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1494</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1495_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1495 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1496_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1496 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1497_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1497 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1498_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1498 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1499_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1499 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1500_in_Scotland" title="1500 in Scotland">1500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1501_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1501 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1502_in_Scotland" title="1502 in Scotland">1502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1503_in_Scotland" title="1503 in Scotland">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1504_in_Scotland" title="1504 in Scotland">1504</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1505_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1505 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1505</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1506_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1506 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1506</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1507_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1507 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1507</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1508_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1508 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1508</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1509_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1509 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1510_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1510 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1511_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1511 in Scotland">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1512_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1512 in Scotland">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1513_in_Scotland" title="1513 in Scotland">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1514_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1514 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1515_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1515 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1516_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1516 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1517_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1517 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1517</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1518_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1518 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1518</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1519_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1519 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1519</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1520_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1520 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1520</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1521_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1521 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1521</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1522_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1522 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1522</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1523_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1523 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1524_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1524 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1524</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1525_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1525 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1525</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1526_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1526 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1526</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1527_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1527 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1527</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1528_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1528 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1528</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1539_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1539 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1530_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1530 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1531_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1531 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1532_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1532 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1533_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1533 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1534_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1534 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1535_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1535 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1536_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1536 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1537_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1537 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1537</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1538_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1538 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1539_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1539 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1540_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1540 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1541_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1541 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1542_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1542 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1543_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1543 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1544_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1544 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1544</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1545_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1545 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1546_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1546 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1547_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1547 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1548_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1548 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1549_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1549 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1550_in_Scotland" title="1550 in Scotland">1550</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1551_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1551 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1552_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1552 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1553_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1553 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1554_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1554 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1555_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1555 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1556_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1556 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1556</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1557_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1557 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1558_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1558 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1559_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1559 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1560_in_Scotland" title="1560 in Scotland">1560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1561_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1561 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1561</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1562_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1562 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1563_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1563 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1563</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1564_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1564 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1564</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1565_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1565 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1565</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_in_Scotland" title="1566 in Scotland">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1567_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1567 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1568_in_Scotland" title="1568 in Scotland">1568</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1569_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1569 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1569</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1570_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1570 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1570</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1571_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1571 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1572_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1572 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1573_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1573 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1573</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1574_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1574 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1574</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1575_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1575 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1576_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1576 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1576</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1577_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1577 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1577</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1578_in_Scotland" title="1578 in Scotland">1578</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1579_in_Scotland" title="1579 in Scotland">1579</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1580_in_Scotland" title="1580 in Scotland">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1581_in_Scotland" title="1581 in Scotland">1581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1582_in_Scotland" title="1582 in Scotland">1582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1583_in_Scotland" title="1583 in Scotland">1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1584_in_Scotland" title="1584 in Scotland">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_in_Scotland" title="1585 in Scotland">1585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1586_in_Scotland" title="1586 in Scotland">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1587_in_Scotland" title="1587 in Scotland">1587</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1588_in_Scotland" title="1588 in Scotland">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1589_in_Scotland" title="1589 in Scotland">1589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1590_in_Scotland" title="1590 in Scotland">1590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1591_in_Scotland" title="1591 in Scotland">1591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1592_in_Scotland" title="1592 in Scotland">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1593_in_Scotland" title="1593 in Scotland">1593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1594_in_Scotland" title="1594 in Scotland">1594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1595_in_Scotland" title="1595 in Scotland">1595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1596_in_Scotland" title="1596 in Scotland">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1597_in_Scotland" title="1597 in Scotland">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1598_in_Scotland" title="1598 in Scotland">1598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1599_in_Scotland" title="1599 in Scotland">1599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600_in_Scotland" title="1600 in Scotland">1600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1601_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1601 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1602_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1602 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1602</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1603_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1603 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1604_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1604 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1604</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1605_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1605 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1606_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1606 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1607_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1607 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1608_in_Scotland" title="1608 in Scotland">1608</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1609_in_Scotland" title="1609 in Scotland">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1610_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1610 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1610</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1611_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1611 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1611</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1612_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1612 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1612</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1613_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1613 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1614_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1614 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1614</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1615_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1615 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1615</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1616_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1616 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1616</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1617_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1617 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1617</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1618_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1618 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1618</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1619_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1619 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1620_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1620 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1621_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1621 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1621</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1622_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1622 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1622</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1623_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1623 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1624_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1624 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1624</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1625_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1625 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1626_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1626 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1627_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1627 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1628_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1628 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1639 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1630_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1630 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1630</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1631_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1631 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1631</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1632_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1632 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1632</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1633_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1633 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1633</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1634_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1634 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1634</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1635_in_Scotland" title="1635 in Scotland">1635</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1636_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1636 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1636</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1637_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1637 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1637</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1638_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1638 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1638</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1639 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1640_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1640 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1641_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1641 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1641</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1642_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1642 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1642</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1643_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1643 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1643</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1644_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1644 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1644</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1645_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1645 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1645</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1646_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1646 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1646</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1647_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1647 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1647</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1648_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1648 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1648</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1649_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1649 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1650_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1650 in Scotland">1650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1651_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1651 in Scotland">1651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1652_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1652 in Scotland">1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1653_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1653 in Scotland">1653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1654_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1654 in Scotland">1654</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1655_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1655 in Scotland">1655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1656_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1656 in Scotland">1656</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1657_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1657 in Scotland">1657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1658_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1658 in Scotland">1658</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1659_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1659 in Scotland">1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1660 in Scotland">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1661_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1661 in Scotland">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1662_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1662 in Scotland">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1663_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1663 in Scotland">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1664_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1664 in Scotland">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1665 in Scotland">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1666_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1666 in Scotland">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1667_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1667 in Scotland">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1668_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1668 in Scotland">1668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1669_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="1669 in Scotland">1669</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1670_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1670 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1671_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1671 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1671</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1672_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1672 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1673_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1673 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1673</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1674_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1674 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1674</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1675_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1675 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1676_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1676 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1676</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1677_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1677 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1678_in_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1678 in Scotland (page does not exist)">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1679_in_Scotland" title="1679 in Scotland">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1680_in_Scotland" title="1680 in Scotland">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1681_in_Scotland" title="1681 in Scotland">1681</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1682_in_Scotland" title="1682 in Scotland">1682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1683_in_Scotland" title="1683 in Scotland">1683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1684_in_Scotland" title="1684 in Scotland">1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1685_in_Scotland" title="1685 in Scotland">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1686_in_Scotland" title="1686 in Scotland">1686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1687_in_Scotland" title="1687 in Scotland">1687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1688_in_Scotland" title="1688 in Scotland">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1689_in_Scotland" title="1689 in Scotland">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1690_in_Scotland" title="1690 in Scotland">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1691_in_Scotland" title="1691 in Scotland">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1692_in_Scotland" title="1692 in Scotland">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1693_in_Scotland" title="1693 in Scotland">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1694_in_Scotland" title="1694 in Scotland">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1695_in_Scotland" title="1695 in Scotland">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1696_in_Scotland" title="1696 in Scotland">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1697_in_Scotland" title="1697 in Scotland">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1698_in_Scotland" title="1698 in Scotland">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1699_in_Scotland" title="1699 in Scotland">1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1700_in_Scotland" title="1700 in Scotland">1700</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1701_in_Scotland" title="1701 in Scotland">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1702_in_Scotland" title="1702 in Scotland">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1703_in_Scotland" title="1703 in Scotland">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1704_in_Scotland" title="1704 in Scotland">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1705_in_Scotland" title="1705 in Scotland">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1706_in_Scotland" title="1706 in Scotland">1706</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1707_in_Scotland" title="1707 in Scotland">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1708_in_Scotland" title="1708 in Scotland">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1709_in_Scotland" title="1709 in Scotland">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1710_in_Scotland" title="1710 in Scotland">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711_in_Scotland" title="1711 in Scotland">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1712_in_Scotland" title="1712 in Scotland">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1713_in_Scotland" title="1713 in Scotland">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1714_in_Scotland" title="1714 in Scotland">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_in_Scotland" title="1715 in Scotland">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1716_in_Scotland" title="1716 in Scotland">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1717_in_Scotland" title="1717 in Scotland">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1718_in_Scotland" title="1718 in Scotland">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1719_in_Scotland" title="1719 in Scotland">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720_in_Scotland" title="1720 in Scotland">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721_in_Scotland" title="1721 in Scotland">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1722_in_Scotland" title="1722 in Scotland">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1723_in_Scotland" title="1723 in Scotland">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1724_in_Scotland" title="1724 in Scotland">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1725_in_Scotland" title="1725 in Scotland">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1726_in_Scotland" title="1726 in Scotland">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1727_in_Scotland" title="1727 in Scotland">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1728_in_Scotland" title="1728 in Scotland">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1729_in_Scotland" title="1729 in Scotland">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1730_in_Scotland" title="1730 in Scotland">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1731_in_Scotland" title="1731 in Scotland">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1732_in_Scotland" title="1732 in Scotland">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1733_in_Scotland" title="1733 in Scotland">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_in_Scotland" title="1734 in Scotland">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1735_in_Scotland" title="1735 in Scotland">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1736_in_Scotland" title="1736 in Scotland">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1737_in_Scotland" title="1737 in Scotland">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1738_in_Scotland" title="1738 in Scotland">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1739_in_Scotland" title="1739 in Scotland">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_in_Scotland" title="1740 in Scotland">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1741_in_Scotland" title="1741 in Scotland">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1742_in_Scotland" title="1742 in Scotland">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1743_in_Scotland" title="1743 in Scotland">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1744_in_Scotland" title="1744 in Scotland">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1745_in_Scotland" title="1745 in Scotland">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1746_in_Scotland" title="1746 in Scotland">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1747_in_Scotland" title="1747 in Scotland">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1748_in_Scotland" title="1748 in Scotland">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1749_in_Scotland" title="1749 in Scotland">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1750_in_Scotland" title="1750 in Scotland">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1751_in_Scotland" title="1751 in Scotland">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1752_in_Scotland" title="1752 in Scotland">1752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1753_in_Scotland" title="1753 in Scotland">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754_in_Scotland" title="1754 in Scotland">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_in_Scotland" title="1755 in Scotland">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1756_in_Scotland" title="1756 in Scotland">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1757_in_Scotland" title="1757 in Scotland">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1758_in_Scotland" title="1758 in Scotland">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1759_in_Scotland" title="1759 in Scotland">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1760_in_Scotland" title="1760 in Scotland">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_in_Scotland" title="1761 in Scotland">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1762_in_Scotland" title="1762 in Scotland">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1763_in_Scotland" title="1763 in Scotland">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1764_in_Scotland" title="1764 in Scotland">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765_in_Scotland" title="1765 in Scotland">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_in_Scotland" title="1766 in Scotland">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1767_in_Scotland" title="1767 in Scotland">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_in_Scotland" title="1768 in Scotland">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_in_Scotland" title="1769 in Scotland">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1770_in_Scotland" title="1770 in Scotland">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1771_in_Scotland" title="1771 in Scotland">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1772_in_Scotland" title="1772 in Scotland">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1773_in_Scotland" title="1773 in Scotland">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774_in_Scotland" title="1774 in Scotland">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1775_in_Scotland" title="1775 in Scotland">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_in_Scotland" title="1776 in Scotland">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1777_in_Scotland" title="1777 in Scotland">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1778_in_Scotland" title="1778 in Scotland">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1779_in_Scotland" title="1779 in Scotland">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_in_Scotland" title="1780 in Scotland">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1781_in_Scotland" title="1781 in Scotland">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1782_in_Scotland" title="1782 in Scotland">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783_in_Scotland" title="1783 in Scotland">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1784_in_Scotland" title="1784 in Scotland">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1785_in_Scotland" title="1785 in Scotland">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786_in_Scotland" title="1786 in Scotland">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1787_in_Scotland" title="1787 in Scotland">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_in_Scotland" title="1788 in Scotland">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1789_in_Scotland" title="1789 in Scotland">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_in_Scotland" title="1790 in Scotland">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_in_Scotland" title="1791 in Scotland">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_in_Scotland" title="1792 in Scotland">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_in_Scotland" title="1793 in Scotland">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_in_Scotland" title="1794 in Scotland">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1795_in_Scotland" title="1795 in Scotland">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_in_Scotland" title="1796 in Scotland">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_in_Scotland" title="1797 in Scotland">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_in_Scotland" title="1798 in Scotland">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_in_Scotland" title="1799 in Scotland">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_in_Scotland" title="1800 in Scotland">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_in_Scotland" title="1801 in Scotland">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_in_Scotland" title="1802 in Scotland">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803_in_Scotland" title="1803 in Scotland">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_in_Scotland" title="1804 in Scotland">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_in_Scotland" title="1805 in Scotland">1805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_in_Scotland" title="1806 in Scotland">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_in_Scotland" title="1807 in Scotland">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_in_Scotland" title="1808 in Scotland">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809_in_Scotland" title="1809 in Scotland">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_in_Scotland" title="1810 in Scotland">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_in_Scotland" title="1811 in Scotland">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_in_Scotland" title="1812 in Scotland">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_in_Scotland" title="1813 in Scotland">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_in_Scotland" title="1814 in Scotland">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_in_Scotland" title="1815 in Scotland">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_in_Scotland" title="1816 in Scotland">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_in_Scotland" title="1817 in Scotland">1817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_in_Scotland" title="1818 in Scotland">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_in_Scotland" title="1819 in Scotland">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_in_Scotland" title="1820 in Scotland">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_Scotland" title="1821 in Scotland">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_in_Scotland" title="1822 in Scotland">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_in_Scotland" title="1823 in Scotland">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_in_Scotland" title="1824 in Scotland">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_in_Scotland" title="1825 in Scotland">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_in_Scotland" title="1826 in Scotland">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_in_Scotland" title="1827 in Scotland">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_in_Scotland" title="1828 in Scotland">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_in_Scotland" title="1839 in Scotland">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_in_Scotland" title="1830 in Scotland">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_in_Scotland" title="1831 in Scotland">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_in_Scotland" title="1832 in Scotland">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_in_Scotland" title="1833 in Scotland">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_in_Scotland" title="1834 in Scotland">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_in_Scotland" title="1835 in Scotland">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_in_Scotland" title="1836 in Scotland">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_in_Scotland" title="1837 in Scotland">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_in_Scotland" title="1838 in Scotland">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_in_Scotland" title="1839 in Scotland">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_in_Scotland" title="1840 in Scotland">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_in_Scotland" title="1841 in Scotland">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_in_Scotland" title="1842 in Scotland">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_in_Scotland" title="1843 in Scotland">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_in_Scotland" title="1844 in Scotland">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1845_in_Scotland" title="1845 in Scotland">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_in_Scotland" title="1846 in Scotland">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_in_Scotland" title="1847 in Scotland">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_in_Scotland" title="1848 in Scotland">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1849_in_Scotland" title="1849 in Scotland">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_in_Scotland" title="1850 in Scotland">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_in_Scotland" title="1851 in Scotland">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_in_Scotland" title="1852 in Scotland">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_in_Scotland" title="1853 in Scotland">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_in_Scotland" title="1854 in Scotland">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_in_Scotland" title="1855 in Scotland">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_in_Scotland" title="1856 in Scotland">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_in_Scotland" title="1857 in Scotland">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_in_Scotland" title="1858 in Scotland">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_in_Scotland" title="1859 in Scotland">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_in_Scotland" title="1860 in Scotland">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Scotland" title="1861 in Scotland">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_in_Scotland" title="1862 in Scotland">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_in_Scotland" title="1863 in Scotland">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_in_Scotland" title="1864 in Scotland">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_in_Scotland" title="1865 in Scotland">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_in_Scotland" title="1866 in Scotland">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_in_Scotland" title="1867 in Scotland">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_in_Scotland" title="1868 in Scotland">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Scotland" title="1869 in Scotland">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Scotland" title="1870 in Scotland">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_in_Scotland" title="1871 in Scotland">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_in_Scotland" title="1872 in Scotland">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_in_Scotland" title="1873 in Scotland">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_in_Scotland" title="1874 in Scotland">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_in_Scotland" title="1875 in Scotland">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_in_Scotland" title="1876 in Scotland">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Scotland" title="1877 in Scotland">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_in_Scotland" title="1878 in Scotland">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_in_Scotland" title="1879 in Scotland">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_in_Scotland" title="1880 in Scotland">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_in_Scotland" title="1881 in Scotland">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_in_Scotland" title="1882 in Scotland">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_in_Scotland" title="1883 in Scotland">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_in_Scotland" title="1884 in Scotland">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_in_Scotland" title="1885 in Scotland">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_in_Scotland" title="1886 in Scotland">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_in_Scotland" title="1887 in Scotland">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_in_Scotland" title="1888 in Scotland">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_in_Scotland" title="1889 in Scotland">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_Scotland" title="1890 in Scotland">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_in_Scotland" title="1891 in Scotland">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_in_Scotland" title="1892 in Scotland">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_in_Scotland" title="1893 in Scotland">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_in_Scotland" title="1894 in Scotland">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_in_Scotland" title="1895 in Scotland">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_in_Scotland" title="1896 in Scotland">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_in_Scotland" title="1897 in Scotland">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_in_Scotland" title="1898 in Scotland">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_in_Scotland" title="1899 in Scotland">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_in_Scotland" title="1900 in Scotland">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_Scotland" title="1901 in Scotland">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_Scotland" title="1902 in Scotland">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Scotland" title="1903 in Scotland">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_Scotland" title="1904 in Scotland">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_Scotland" title="1905 in Scotland">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_Scotland" title="1906 in Scotland">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_Scotland" title="1907 in Scotland">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_Scotland" title="1908 in Scotland">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_Scotland" title="1909 in Scotland">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_Scotland" title="1910 in Scotland">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_Scotland" title="1911 in Scotland">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_Scotland" title="1912 in Scotland">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_Scotland" title="1913 in Scotland">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_Scotland" title="1914 in Scotland">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_Scotland" title="1915 in Scotland">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_Scotland" title="1916 in Scotland">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_Scotland" title="1917 in Scotland">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_Scotland" title="1918 in Scotland">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_Scotland" title="1919 in Scotland">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_Scotland" title="1920 in Scotland">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_Scotland" title="1921 in Scotland">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_Scotland" title="1922 in Scotland">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_Scotland" title="1923 in Scotland">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_Scotland" title="1924 in Scotland">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_Scotland" title="1925 in Scotland">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_Scotland" title="1926 in Scotland">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_Scotland" title="1927 in Scotland">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_Scotland" title="1928 in Scotland">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_Scotland" title="1929 in Scotland">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_Scotland" title="1930 in Scotland">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_Scotland" title="1931 in Scotland">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_Scotland" title="1932 in Scotland">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_Scotland" title="1933 in Scotland">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_Scotland" title="1934 in Scotland">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_Scotland" title="1935 in Scotland">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_Scotland" title="1936 in Scotland">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_Scotland" title="1937 in Scotland">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_Scotland" title="1938 in Scotland">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_Scotland" title="1939 in Scotland">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_Scotland" title="1940 in Scotland">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_Scotland" title="1941 in Scotland">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_Scotland" title="1942 in Scotland">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_Scotland" title="1943 in Scotland">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_Scotland" title="1944 in Scotland">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_Scotland" title="1945 in Scotland">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_Scotland" title="1946 in Scotland">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_Scotland" title="1947 in Scotland">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_Scotland" title="1948 in Scotland">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_Scotland" title="1949 in Scotland">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_Scotland" title="1950 in Scotland">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_Scotland" title="1951 in Scotland">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_Scotland" title="1952 in Scotland">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_Scotland" title="1953 in Scotland">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_Scotland" title="1954 in Scotland">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_Scotland" title="1955 in Scotland">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_Scotland" title="1956 in Scotland">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_Scotland" title="1957 in Scotland">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_Scotland" title="1958 in Scotland">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Scotland" title="1959 in Scotland">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_Scotland" title="1960 in Scotland">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_Scotland" title="1961 in Scotland">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_Scotland" title="1962 in Scotland">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_Scotland" title="1963 in Scotland">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_Scotland" title="1964 in Scotland">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_Scotland" title="1965 in Scotland">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_Scotland" title="1966 in Scotland">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_Scotland" title="1967 in Scotland">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_Scotland" title="1968 in Scotland">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_Scotland" title="1969 in Scotland">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_Scotland" title="1970 in Scotland">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_Scotland" title="1971 in Scotland">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_Scotland" title="1972 in Scotland">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_Scotland" title="1973 in Scotland">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_Scotland" title="1974 in Scotland">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_Scotland" title="1975 in Scotland">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_Scotland" title="1976 in Scotland">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_Scotland" title="1977 in Scotland">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_Scotland" title="1978 in Scotland">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Scotland" title="1979 in Scotland">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Scotland" title="1980 in Scotland">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Scotland" title="1981 in Scotland">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Scotland" title="1982 in Scotland">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Scotland" title="1983 in Scotland">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Scotland" title="1984 in Scotland">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_Scotland" title="1985 in Scotland">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_Scotland" title="1986 in Scotland">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_Scotland" title="1987 in Scotland">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_Scotland" title="1988 in Scotland">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_Scotland" title="1989 in Scotland">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_Scotland" title="1990 in Scotland">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Scotland" title="1991 in Scotland">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_Scotland" title="1992 in Scotland">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_Scotland" title="1993 in Scotland">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_Scotland" title="1994 in Scotland">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_Scotland" title="1995 in Scotland">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_Scotland" title="1996 in Scotland">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_Scotland" title="1997 in Scotland">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Scotland" title="1998 in Scotland">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Scotland" title="1999 in Scotland">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_Scotland" title="2000 in Scotland">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Scotland" title="2001 in Scotland">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_Scotland" title="2002 in Scotland">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Scotland" title="2003 in Scotland">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Scotland" title="2004 in Scotland">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Scotland" title="2005 in Scotland">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Scotland" title="2006 in Scotland">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Scotland" title="2007 in Scotland">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Scotland" title="2008 in Scotland">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Scotland" title="2009 in Scotland">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Scotland" title="2010 in Scotland">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Scotland" title="2011 in Scotland">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Scotland" title="2012 in Scotland">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Scotland" title="2013 in Scotland">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Scotland" title="2014 in Scotland">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Scotland" title="2015 in Scotland">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Scotland" title="2016 in Scotland">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Scotland" title="2017 in Scotland">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Scotland" title="2018 in Scotland">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Scotland" title="2019 in Scotland">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Scotland" title="2020 in Scotland">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Scotland" title="2021 in Scotland">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Scotland" title="2022 in Scotland">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Scotland" title="2023 in Scotland">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Scotland" title="2024 in Scotland">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Scotland" title="2025 in Scotland">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_government_of_Scotland326" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bfd7ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Template talk:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland_subdivisions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland subdivisions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_government_of_Scotland326" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland" title="Local government in Scotland">Local government</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Council areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen City (council area)">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus,_Scotland" title="Angus, Scotland">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute" title="Argyll and Bute">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire" title="Clackmannanshire">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundee City (council area)">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire" title="East Ayrshire">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire" title="East Dunbartonshire">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire" title="East Renfrewshire">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Edinburgh (council area)">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_(council_area)" title="Falkirk (council area)">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_(council_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow City (council area)">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_(council_area)" title="Highland (council area)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde" title="Inverclyde">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire" title="North Lanarkshire">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire" title="Renfrewshire">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire" title="South Ayrshire">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)" title="Stirling (council area)">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire" title="West Dunbartonshire">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian" title="West Lothian">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Scotland" title="Subdivisions of Scotland">Councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_City_Council" title="Aberdeen City Council">Aberdeen City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire_Council" title="Aberdeenshire Council">Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Council" title="Angus Council">Angus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Bute_Council" title="Argyll and Bute Council">Argyll and Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clackmannanshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Clackmannanshire Council">Clackmannanshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumfries and Galloway Council">Dumfries and Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_Council" title="Dundee City Council">Dundee City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ayrshire_Council" title="East Ayrshire Council">East Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Dunbartonshire Council">East Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lothian_Council" title="East Lothian Council">East Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Renfrewshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="East Renfrewshire Council">East Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Edinburgh_Council" title="City of Edinburgh Council">City of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkirk_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkirk Council">Falkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_Council" title="Fife Council">Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_City_Council" title="Glasgow City Council">Glasgow City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Council" title="Highland Council">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverclyde_Council" title="Inverclyde Council">Inverclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlothian_Council" title="Midlothian Council">Midlothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moray_Council" title="Moray Council">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ayrshire Council">North Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lanarkshire_Council" title="North Lanarkshire Council">North Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross_Council" title="Perth and Kinross Council">Perth and Kinross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrewshire_Council" title="Renfrewshire Council">Renfrewshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Borders Council">Scottish Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands_Council" title="Shetland Islands Council">Shetland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ayrshire_Council" title="South Ayrshire Council">South Ayrshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire_Council" title="South Lanarkshire Council">South Lanarkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirling Council">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dunbartonshire_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="West Dunbartonshire Council">West Dunbartonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lothian_Council" title="West Lothian Council">West Lothian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by area">List by area</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population">population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_council_areas_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scottish council areas by population density">density</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_people110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_peoples" title="Template:British peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_peoples" title="Template talk:British peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_people110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Anguilla" title="Demographics of Anguilla">Anguillans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands">Caymanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossians" title="Chagossians">Chagossians (Îlois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islanders" title="Falkland Islanders">Falkland Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian people">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey people">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">Hongkongers</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British Nationals (Overseas)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montserrat" title="Demographics of Montserrat">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_Commoner" class="mw-redirect" title="New Forest Commoner">New Forest Commoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islanders" title="Pitcairn Islanders">Pitcairn Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Saint Helena">Saint Helenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaels">Scots Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="British migration to Spain">Spanish Brits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_census_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK census ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_group_classifications_in_the_2021_UK_Census309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Ethnic group classifications</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2021_UK_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 UK Census">2021 UK Census</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">White Scottish</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">White Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Gypsy_or_Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="White Gypsy or Irish Traveller">White Gypsy or Irish Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">White Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Polish" title="White Polish">White Polish</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showman#United_Kingdom" title="Showman">White Showman or Showwoman</a> (Scotland only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Any other white background</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>White and Black Caribbean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_White_and_Black_African_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom">White and Black African</a></li> <li>White and Asian</li> <li>Any other Mixed or multiple ethnic background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian or Asian British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Filipinos in the United Kingdom">Filipino</a> (Northern Ireland only)</li> <li>Any other Asian background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Black African</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Black Caribbean</a></li> <li>Any other Black background</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ethnic group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Any other ethnic group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British–Irish_Council120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British-Irish_Council" title="Template:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British-Irish_Council" title="Template talk:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British-Irish_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British–Irish_Council120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Member jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Member bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_%26_Resources_Committee" title="Policy & Resources Committee">Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Government" title="Isle of Man Government">Isle of Man Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Work areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">eHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Misuse of drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion#Social_inclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Representatives of states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (of Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of the Isle of Man">Chief Minister of the Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">Chief Minister of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister of Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world69" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links69" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority236"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language161"> <ul><li>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2098" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2098" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134799371">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206715/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRx4M4xHbtFTRj7p6BmM">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4053233-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79123936">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571670">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130825&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569264805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007552608805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512220606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6fa1c7da-6689-4cec-85f9-680f853e8a08">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/89132">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027261050">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Scotland</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-xbmbp","wgBackendResponseTime":503,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.073","walltime":"4.584","ppvisitednodes":{"value":42077,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1444651,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":238534,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":112,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1539668,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3540.569 1 -total"," 50.73% 1796.076 2 Template:Reflist"," 27.68% 980.158 262 Template:Cite_web"," 10.94% 387.300 1 Template:Infobox_UK_country"," 10.85% 384.163 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 4.33% 153.201 40 Template:Cite_news"," 4.23% 149.691 31 Template:Rp"," 4.13% 146.386 2 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