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class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Orodha ya ardhi adimu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orodha_ya_ardhi_adimu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanbihi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanbihi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tanbihi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanbihi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viungo_vya_Nje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viungo_vya_Nje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Viungo vya Nje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viungo_vya_Nje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Yaliyomo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Geuza uonekanaji wa yaliyomo</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ardhi adimu : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Nenda kwenye makala kwa lugha nyingine. Lugha 59 zinapatikana" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lugha 59</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seldsame_aardelement" title="Seldsame aardelement – Kiafrikana" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seldsame aardelement" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Kiafrikana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="عنصر أرضي نادر – Kiarabu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصر أرضي نادر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Kiarabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Рэдказямельныя элементы – Kibelarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэдказямельныя элементы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Kibelarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Редкоземен елемент – Kibulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Редкоземен елемент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Kibulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="বিরল মৃত্তিকা মৌল – Kibengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিরল মৃত্তিকা মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Kibengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_rara" title="Terra rara – Kikatalani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra rara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Kikatalani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cn%C3%A9_zeminy" title="Vzácné zeminy – Kicheki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzácné zeminy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Kicheki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çĕрти-сайра элементсем – Kichuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕрти-сайра элементсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Kichuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A6ldne_jordarter" title="Sjældne jordarter – Kidenmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sjældne jordarter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Kidenmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle_der_Seltenen_Erden" title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden – Kijerumani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Kijerumani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σπάνιες γαίες – Kigiriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπάνιες γαίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Kigiriki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element – Kiingereza" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rare-earth element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Kiingereza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_tero" title="Rara tero – Kiesperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rara tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Kiesperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierras_raras" title="Tierras raras – Kihispania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierras raras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Kihispania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruldased_muldmetallid" title="Haruldased muldmetallid – Kiestonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haruldased muldmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Kiestonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur_arraro" title="Lur arraro – Kibaski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lur arraro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Kibaski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="عناصر کمیاب زمین – Kiajemi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عناصر کمیاب زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Kiajemi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvinaiset_maametallit" title="Harvinaiset maametallit – Kifini" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harvinaiset maametallit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Kifini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare – Kifaransa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre rare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Kifaransa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_tearc-chr%C3%A9" title="Dúil tearc-chré – Kiayalandi" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil tearc-chré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Kiayalandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יסודות נדירים – Kiebrania" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יסודות נדירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Kiebrania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="दुर्लभ मृदा तत्व – Kihindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्लभ मृदा तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Kihindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijetki_zemni_metali" title="Rijetki zemni metali – Kikorasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rijetki zemni metali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kikorasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritkaf%C3%B6ldf%C3%A9mek" title="Ritkaföldfémek – Kihungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ritkaföldfémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Kihungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Շուէտի հազուագիւտ հողերը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շուէտի հազուագիւտ հողերը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_tanah_jarang" title="Logam tanah jarang – Kiindonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam tanah jarang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Kiindonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjaldg%C3%A6fur_jar%C3%B0m%C3%A1lmur" title="Sjaldgæfur jarðmálmur – Kiisilandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjaldgæfur jarðmálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Kiisilandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare – Kiitaliano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terre rare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Kiitaliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%9C%9F%E9%A1%9E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="希土類元素 – Kijapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="希土類元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Kijapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%97_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იშვიათ მიწათა ელემენტები – Kijojia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იშვიათ მიწათა ელემენტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Kijojia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сирекжер элементтер – Kikazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сирекжер элементтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kikazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ವಿರಳ ಭಸ್ಮ – Kikannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿರಳ ಭಸ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kikannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%AC%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="희토류 원소 – Kikorea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="희토류 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Kikorea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retieji_%C5%BEem%C4%97s_elementai" title="Retieji žemės elementai – Kilithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Retieji žemės elementai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Kilithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="റെയർ എർത്ത് മൂലകങ്ങൾ – Kimalayalamu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെയർ എർത്ത് മൂലകങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Kimalayalamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Газрын ховор элементүүд – Kimongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газрын ховор элементүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Kimongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_nadir_bumi" title="Unsur nadir bumi – Kimalei" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur nadir bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Kimalei" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မြေရှားဒြပ်စင်များ – Kiburma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေရှားဒြပ်စင်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Kiburma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeldzame_aarde" title="Zeldzame aarde – Kiholanzi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeldzame aarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Kiholanzi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeldne_jordartar" title="Sjeldne jordartar – Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjeldne jordartar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeldne_jordarter" title="Sjeldne jordarter – Kinorwe cha Bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjeldne jordarter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Kinorwe cha Bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra_rara" title="Tèrra rara – Kiokitani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra rara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Kiokitani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale_ziem_rzadkich" title="Metale ziem rzadkich – Kipolandi" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metale ziem rzadkich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Kipolandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra-rara" title="Terra-rara – Kireno" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra-rara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Kireno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nturi_rare" title="Pământuri rare – Kiromania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pământuri rare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Kiromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Редкоземельные элементы – Kirusi" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Редкоземельные элементы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Kirusi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element – Kiskoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rare-earth element" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Kiskoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijetki_zemni_metali" title="Rijetki zemni metali – Kiserbia-kroeshia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rijetki zemni metali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Kiserbia-kroeshia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_element" title="Rare earth element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rare earth element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov_vz%C3%A1cnych_zem%C3%ADn" title="Kov vzácnych zemín – Kislovakia" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kov vzácnych zemín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Kislovakia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4llsynta_jordartsmetaller" title="Sällsynta jordartsmetaller – Kiswidi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sällsynta jordartsmetaller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Kiswidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="ธาตุหายาก – Kithai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหายาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Kithai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_toprak_elementi" title="Nadir toprak elementi – Kituruki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nadir toprak elementi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Kituruki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%83_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="سىرەك توپا – Kiuyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىرەك توپا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Kiuyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рідкісноземельні елементи – Kiukraini" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рідкісноземельні елементи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Kiukraini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Đất hiếm – Kivietinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đất hiếm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Kivietinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="稀土金属 – Kichina cha Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="稀土金属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Kichina cha Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="稀土元素 – Kichina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="稀土元素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kichina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F" title="稀土 – Kikantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="稀土" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kikantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190444#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Hariri viungo vya lugha zingine" class="wbc-editpage">Hariri viungo</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Maeneo ya wiki"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ardhi_adimu" title="Onyesha kurasa zilizopo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Makala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano:Ardhi_adimu&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Mazungumzo kuhusu makala (bado haujaandikwa) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Majadiliano</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Badilisha lahaja ya lugha" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Kiswahili</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> 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id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=history" title="Mapitio ya awali ya ukurasa huu [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Fungua historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Zana za ukurasa"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zana" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Zana</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Zana</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">hamishia kwenye mwambaa upande</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ficha</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vitendo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ardhi_adimu"><span>Soma</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&veaction=edit" title="Hariri ukurasa huu na VisualEditor [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Hariri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=edit" title="Hariri chanzo msimbo za ukurasa huu [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Hariri chanzo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=history"><span>Fungua historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Kijumla </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:VingoViungavyoUkurasahuu/Ardhi_adimu" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote za Wiki zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Viungo viungavyo ukurasa huu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:RecentChangesLinked/Ardhi_adimu" rel="nofollow" title="Mabadiliko ya karibuni ya katika kurasa zilizounganishwa na ukurasa huu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Mabadiliko husika</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sw" title="Pakia picha, video, au sauti [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Pakia faili</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:KurasaMaalum" title="Orodha ya kurasa zote maalumu [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kurasa maalumu</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&oldid=1366751" title="Kiungo cha daima cha kufikisha pitio hili la ukurasa"><span>Kiungo cha daima</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Maelezo ya ukurasa</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:Taja&page=Ardhi_adimu&id=1366751&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Taarifa juu ya njia ya kutaja ukurasa huu"><span>Taja ukurasa huu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DArdhi_adimu%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1366751"><span>Pata URL iliyofupishwa</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maalum:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DArdhi_adimu%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D1366751"><span>Pakua 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class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Majadiliano_ya_mtumiaji:~2024-17480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:~2024-17480 (bado haujaandikwa)">majadiliano</a> | <a href="/wiki/Maalum:Michango/~2024-17480" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Maalum:Michango/~2024-17480">michango</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>4</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">unneeded poem versing</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Mstari 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Mstari 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Picha:Rareearthoxides.jpg|thumb|Kutoka fungu la juu kwa kuiga mishale ya saa: praseodymium, [[Seri|cerium]], lanthanum, [[Neodimi|neodymium]], samarium, na gadolinium . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm|title=News and events|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|accessdate=2012-03-13|archivedate=2012-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422064729/http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm}}</ref> ]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Picha:Rareearthoxides.jpg|thumb|Kutoka fungu la juu kwa kuiga mishale ya saa: praseodymium, [[Seri|cerium]], lanthanum, [[Neodimi|neodymium]], samarium, na gadolinium . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm|title=News and events|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|accessdate=2012-03-13|archivedate=2012-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422064729/http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm}}</ref> ]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Ardhi adimu''' (pia: '''metali za ardhi adimu'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''rare earth elements'', ''rare earth metals'') ni jumla ya [[Elementi za kikemia|elementi 17 za kikemia]] zikiwa [[lanthanidi]] 15 pamoja na [[Skandi]] na [[Ytri]]. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf|title=Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: IUPAC recommendations 2005|publisher=RSC Publ.|year=2005|isbn=0-85404-438-8|editor-last=Connelly N.G.|location=Cambridge|access-date=2012-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204340/http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf|archive-date=2008-05-27}}</ref> [[Skandi]] na [[Ytri]] zinahesabiwa kati ya ardhi adimu ka sababu mara nyingi hupatikana katika amana za [[mbale]] zilezile pamoja na [[lanthanidi]], pia zina [[tabia]] za kufanana.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Ardhi adimu''' (pia: '''metali za ardhi adimu'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''rare earth elements'', ''rare earth metals'') ni jumla ya [[Elementi za kikemia|elementi 17 za kikemia]] zikiwa [[lanthanidi]] 15 pamoja na [[Skandi]] na [[Ytri]]. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf|title=Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: IUPAC recommendations 2005|publisher=RSC Publ.|year=2005|isbn=0-85404-438-8|editor-last=Connelly N.G.|location=Cambridge|access-date=2012-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204340/http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf|archive-date=2008-05-27}}</ref> [[Skandi]] na [[Ytri]] zinahesabiwa kati ya ardhi adimu ka sababu mara nyingi hupatikana katika amana za [[mbale]] zilezile pamoja na [[lanthanidi]], pia zina [[tabia]] za kufanana<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Ardhi adimu zote ni [[metali]]</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Ardhi adimu zote ni [[metali]].</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Matumizi==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Matumizi==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Toleo la sasa la 16:55, 23 Novemba 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sw" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Rareearthoxides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/220px-Rareearthoxides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/330px-Rareearthoxides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/440px-Rareearthoxides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Kutoka fungu la juu kwa kuiga mishale ya saa: praseodymium, <a href="/wiki/Seri" class="mw-redirect" title="Seri">cerium</a>, lanthanum, <a href="/wiki/Neodimi" title="Neodimi">neodymium</a>, samarium, na gadolinium . <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ardhi adimu</b> (pia: <b>metali za ardhi adimu</b>; kwa <a href="/wiki/Kiingereza" title="Kiingereza">Kiingereza</a>: <i>rare earth elements</i>, <i>rare earth metals</i>) ni jumla ya <a href="/wiki/Elementi_za_kikemia" title="Elementi za kikemia">elementi 17 za kikemia</a> zikiwa <a href="/wiki/Lanthanidi" title="Lanthanidi">lanthanidi</a> 15 pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Skandi" title="Skandi">Skandi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri">Ytri</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skandi" title="Skandi">Skandi</a> na <a href="/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri">Ytri</a> zinahesabiwa kati ya ardhi adimu ka sababu mara nyingi hupatikana katika amana za <a href="/wiki/Mbale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbale">mbale</a> zilezile pamoja na <a href="/wiki/Lanthanidi" title="Lanthanidi">lanthanidi</a>, pia zina <a href="/wiki/Tabia" title="Tabia">tabia</a> za kufanana. Ardhi adimu zote ni <a href="/wiki/Metali" title="Metali">metali</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Matumizi">Matumizi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Hariri sehemu: Matumizi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Matumizi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ardhi adimu hazikujulikana zamani hivyo hazikuwa na matumizi. Tangu kutambuliwa kuna njia nyingi za kuzitumia katika <a href="/wiki/Teknolojia" title="Teknolojia">teknolojia</a> ya kisasa, hasa <a href="/wiki/Vifaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vifaa">vifaa</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektroniki" title="Elektroniki">elektroniki</a> kama <a href="/wiki/Kompyuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompyuta">kompyuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simu_za_mkononi" class="mw-redirect" title="Simu za mkononi">simu za mkononi</a>, vyombo vya <a href="/wiki/Tiba" title="Tiba">tiba</a> na <a href="/wiki/Silaha" title="Silaha">silaha</a> za kisasa. Tabia zake za kupitisha <a href="/wiki/Umeme" title="Umeme">umeme</a> zimeruhusu kuunda <a href="/wiki/Sumaku" title="Sumaku">sumaku</a> ndogo zenye nguvu, jambo lililowezesha kuunda vifaa vidogo kama kompyuta ndani ya <a href="/wiki/Simu" title="Simu">simu</a> zetu. </p><p>Kutokana na upanuzi wa vifaa vya elektroniki umuhimu wa ardhi adimu huongezeka. Kwa mfano <a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi">Europi</a> inahitajika kwa kuonyesha <a href="/wiki/Rangi" title="Rangi">rangi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyekundu" title="Nyekundu">nyekundu</a> katika <a href="/wiki/Kiwambo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiwambo">skrini</a> za <a href="/wiki/Runinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Runinga">runinga</a> na kompyuta. <a href="/wiki/Neodimi" title="Neodimi">Neodimi</a> ni lazima kwa sumaku ndogo za kudumu katika kompyuta, <a href="/wiki/Injini" title="Injini">injini</a> za umeme na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenereta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenereta (bado haujaandikwa)">jenereta</a> za <a href="/wiki/Rafadha" title="Rafadha">rafadha</a>. </p><p>Uthabiti wake ni muhimu katika <a href="/wiki/Aloi" title="Aloi">aloi</a> za metali zinazowezesha kutengeneza injini zenye mwendo mkubwa. </p><p>Zinatumiwa katika <a href="/wiki/Betri" title="Betri">betri</a> za kuchajisha upya na hivyo mahitaji yake ni makubwa kutokana na upanuzi za <a href="/wiki/Magari" class="mw-redirect" title="Magari">magari</a> ya umeme na simu za mkononi, lakini pia jitihada za kuhifadhi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umeme_jua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umeme jua (bado haujaandikwa)">umeme jua</a> na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umeme_upepo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umeme upepo (bado haujaandikwa)">umeme upepo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upatikanaji">Upatikanaji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Hariri sehemu: Upatikanaji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Upatikanaji"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hata kama zinaitwa "ardhi adimu", hakuna uhaba wa elementi hizi <a href="/wiki/Dunia" title="Dunia">duniani</a>. Zilipokea jina la ardhi kwa sababu mwanzoni zilitambuliwa tu kwa <a href="/wiki/Umbo" title="Umbo">umbo</a> la <a href="/wiki/Oksidi" title="Oksidi">oksidi</a> ambazo kwa jumla zilitajwa pia kama "ardhi" katika miaka ya kwanza ya <a href="/wiki/Kemia" title="Kemia">kemia</a> ya kisasa. Zilitwa adimu au haba, kwa sababu ziliweza kutambuliwa mwanzoni kwa viwango vidogo tu, tena kwa matatizo. <a href="/wiki/Seri" class="mw-redirect" title="Seri">Seri</a>, moja ya elementi hizo, ina nafasi ya 25 ukipanga elementi zote kufuatana na wingi wa akiba zake katika <a href="/wiki/Ganda_la_Dunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganda la Dunia">ganda la Dunia</a>. </p><p>Lakini ardhi adimu hupatikana tu kwa hali ya mchanganyiko na elementi nyingine za aina hiyo, zinazofanana zote kikemia na kwa hiyo huhitaji jitihada kubwa za kuzitenganisha na kuzisafisha. </p><p>Siku hizi mzalishaji mkubwa duniani ni <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-redirect" title="China">China</a> iliyotoa <a href="/wiki/Asilimia" title="Asilimia">asilimia</a> 80 za mahitaji ya Dunia <sup id="cite_ref-Wikinvest_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ikifuatwa na <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> na 15% <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Serikali" title="Serikali">Serikali</a> mbalimbali zimeona tatizo la kutegemea nchi 1 tu kwa <a href="/wiki/Malighafi" title="Malighafi">malighafi</a> muhimu kwa vifaa vya elektroniki, pia kulikuwa na hofu ya mahitaji kupita <a href="/wiki/Uzalishaji" title="Uzalishaji">uzalishaji</a> wa sasa, hivyo jitihada za kugundua akiba mbadala zilikaziwa<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changamoto_na_hatari_za_kimazingira">Changamoto na hatari za kimazingira</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Hariri sehemu: Changamoto na hatari za kimazingira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Changamoto na hatari za kimazingira"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Njia ya kawaida ni matumizi ya <a href="/wiki/Asidi" title="Asidi">asidi</a> mbalimbali zinazoacha <a href="/wiki/Matope" title="Matope">matope</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Sumu" title="Sumu">sumu</a> kwa <a href="/wiki/Viumbehai" class="mw-redirect" title="Viumbehai">viumbehai</a>. Michakato hiyo ni ghali na kama haisimamiwi ipasavyo inaweza pia kuleta hatari kwa <a href="/wiki/Mazingira" title="Mazingira">mazingira</a> na <a href="/wiki/Afya" title="Afya">afya</a>. </p><p>Mara nyingi ardhi adimu hupatikana pamoja na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementi_nururifu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementi nururifu (bado haujaandikwa)">elementi nururifu</a> kama <a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">urani</a> na <a href="/wiki/Thori" title="Thori">thori</a>; mchakato wa kuzichimba ardhini, kuzisafisha na kukoleza unaongeza <a href="/wiki/Mnururisho" title="Mnururisho">mnururisho</a> katika mazingira ya shughuli hizo pamoja na hatari kwa afya ya <a href="/wiki/Wafanyakazi" title="Wafanyakazi">wafanyakazi</a> na watu walio jirani<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nchini <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> akiba kubwa ya Neodimi imetambuliwa katika <a href="/wiki/Kilima_cha_Mrima" title="Kilima cha Mrima">Kilima cha Mrima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orodha_ya_ardhi_adimu">Orodha ya ardhi adimu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Hariri sehemu: Orodha ya ardhi adimu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Orodha ya ardhi adimu"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jedwali" title="Jedwali">Jedwali</a> linaorodhesha elementi 17 za ardhi adimu, <a href="/wiki/Namba_atomia" title="Namba atomia">namba atomia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishara_ya_kikemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishara ya kikemia (bado haujaandikwa)">ishara ya kikemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asili" title="Asili">asili</a> ya <a href="/wiki/Jina" title="Jina">majina</a> yake, na mifano ya matumizi yake. Baadhi ya ardhi adimu zilipokea majina kutokana na <a href="/wiki/Wataalamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wataalamu">wataalamu</a> waliozigundua, na nyingine zilitajwa kwa kutegemea mahali zilipogunduliwa. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Namba_atomia" title="Namba atomia"> Z</a> </th> <th>Alama </th> <th>Jina </th> <th class="unsortable">Asili ya jina </th> <th class="unsortable">Mifano ya matumizi </th></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Sc </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skandi" title="Skandi">Skandi</a> </td> <td>kutoka <a href="/wiki/Skandinavia" title="Skandinavia">Skandinavia</a>, ambapo mtapo wake uligunduliwa mara ya kwanza </td> <td>Aloi nyepesi ya alumini-skandi inatumika kwa vijenzi vya eropleni. Pia ni nyongeza katika balbu za taa fulani. <sup id="cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td>Y </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri">Ytri</a> </td> <td>kufuatana na kijiji cha Ytterby, Uswidi, ambapo iligunduliwa. </td> <td>Yttrium hutumiwa katika <a href="/wiki/Leza_(chombo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leza (chombo)">leza</a> fulani na runinga. Pia kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipitishi_bora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kipitishi bora (bado haujaandikwa)">kipitishi bora</a> vya joto, na <a href="/wiki/Mikrowevu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrowevu">mikrowevu</a>, na balbu zinazotumia nishati kidogo sana </ref> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td>La </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthani" title="Lanthani">Lanthani</a> </td> <td>kutoka kwa Kigiriki "lanthanein", ikimaanisha <i> kufichwa</i>. </td> <td>glasi za kipeo mchepuko, utunzaji wa hidrojeni, elektrodi za beteri, lenzi za <a href="/wiki/Kamera" title="Kamera">kamera</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kichocheo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kichocheo (bado haujaandikwa)">vichocheo</a> kwa mwatuko wa mafuta ya petroli. </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td>Ce </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri">Ceri</a> </td> <td>kufuatana na sayari kibete <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(sayari_ya_kibete)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceres (sayari ya kibete) (bado haujaandikwa)"> Ceres</a>, iliyopewa jina la mungu wa Kiroma wa kilimo. <p>[dawa la kuoksidisha, unga wa kusafishia, rangi ya njano katika glasi na kauri, kichocheo cha kujisafishia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oveni (bado haujaandikwa)">oveni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kichocheo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kichocheo (bado haujaandikwa)">vichocheo</a> kwa mwatuko wa mafuta ya petroli. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td>Pr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodimi" title="Praseodimi">Praseodimi</a> </td> <td>kutoka kwa Kigiriki "prasios" <i>kijani </i>, na "didymos" <i> mapacha </i>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumaku" title="Sumaku">sumaku</a> za ardhi adimu, <a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a>, inahitajika kwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taa_za_aki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taa za aki (bado haujaandikwa)">taa za aki</a>, rangi, nyongeza katika glasi miwani kwa kuchomelea vyuma </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>Nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodimi" title="Neodimi">Neodimi</a> </td> <td>kutoka kwa Kigiriki "neos" <i> mpya </i>, na "didymos" <i> mapacha </i>. </td> <td>Sumaku za ardhi adimu, <a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a>, rangi ya hudhurungi kwenye glasi na kauri, vijazi vya kauri </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethi" title="Promethi">Promethi</a> </td> <td>kutoka kwa <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> wa mitholjia ya Kigiriki, ambaye alileta moto kwa wanadamu. </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/atomic_battery" class="extiw" title="en:atomic battery"> beteri nyuklia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td>Sm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samari" title="Samari">Samari</a> </td> <td>kutokana na Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, aliyegundua mtapo wake </td> <td>Sumaku za ardhi adimu, <a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td>Eu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi">Europi</a> </td> <td>kutokana na bara la <a href="/wiki/Ulaya" title="Ulaya">Ulaya</a> (Europe), </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a>, taa za zebaki, </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td>Gd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolini" title="Gadolini">Gadolini</a> </td> <td>kutokana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gadolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Gadolin (bado haujaandikwa)">Johan Gadolin</a> (1760-1852), kuheshimu uchunguzi wake wa ardhi adimu. </td> <td>Sumaku za ardhi adimu, glasi za pekee, <a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a>, machine za <a href="/wiki/Eksirei" title="Eksirei">eksirei</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbukumbu_ya_kompyuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumbukumbu ya kompyuta (bado haujaandikwa)">kumbukumbu ya kompyuta</a>, teknolojia ya neutroni , <a href="/w/index.php?title=MRI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRI (bado haujaandikwa)">MRI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td>Tb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbi" title="Terbi">Terbi</a> </td> <td>kutokana na kijiji cha Ytterby, Uswidi. </td> <td>Fosifori kijani, <a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taa_mulikaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taa mulikaji (bado haujaandikwa)">taa mulikaji</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td>Dy </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosi (bado haujaandikwa)">Dysprosi</a> </td> <td>kutoka kwa Kigiriki "dysprositos" kwa maana <i> vigumu kupatikana </i>. </td> <td>Sumaku za ardhi adimu, <a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td>Ho </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Holmi</a> </td> <td>kutokana na <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, mji muuwa Uswidi na mji wa asili wa mmoja wa wagunduzi wake. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">Leza</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td>Er </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbi (bado haujaandikwa)">Erbi</a> </td> <td>kutokana na kijiji cha Ytterby, Uswidi. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">Leza</a>, feleji ya vanadi </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td>Tm </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thuli (bado haujaandikwa)">Thuli</a> </td> <td>kutokana na nchi ya [Thule]] katika mitholojia ya Skandinavia. </td> <td>mashine za <a href="/wiki/Eksirei" title="Eksirei">eksirei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>Yb </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterbi (bado haujaandikwa)">Ytterbi</a> </td> <td>kutokana na kijiji cha Ytterby, Uswidi. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leza" title="Leza">leza</a> za infraredi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakala_nakisishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakala nakisishi (bado haujaandikwa)">wakala nakisishi</a> katika kemia </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td>Lu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luteti" title="Luteti">Luteti</a> </td> <td>kutokana na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetia (bado haujaandikwa)">Lutetia</a>, jina la kale la <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (Ufaransa). </td> <td>Vifaa vya tiba, glasi za kipeo mchepuko </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanbihi">Tanbihi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Hariri sehemu: Tanbihi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tanbihi"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1346650">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422064729/http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm">"News and events"</a>. US Department of Agriculture. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/jun05/d115-1.htm">chanzo</a> mnamo 2012-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+events&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fis%2Fgraphics%2Fphotos%2Fjun05%2Fd115-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AArdhi+adimu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly_N.G.2005" class="citation book cs1">Connelly N.G., mhr. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527204340/http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf"><i>Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: IUPAC recommendations 2005</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge: RSC Publ. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (bado haujaandikwa)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-85404-438-8" title="Maalum:ZuiaChanzo/0-85404-438-8"><bdi>0-85404-438-8</bdi></a>. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 2008-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+inorganic+chemistry%3A+IUPAC+recommendations+2005&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=RSC+Publ.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-85404-438-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Frbook%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AArdhi+adimu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wikinvest-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wikinvest_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Interwiki_map/discontinued#Wikinvest" class="extiw" title="wikinvest:China's Rare Earth Dominance">China's Rare Earth Dominance</a>, Wikinvest. Retrieved on 11 Aug 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFGambogi2018" class="citation book cs1">Gambogi, Joseph (Januari 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2018-raree.pdf">"Rare Earths"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>. U.S. Geological Survey. ku. 132–133<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">14 Februari</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rare+Earths&rft.btitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Gambogi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Frare_earths%2Fmcs-2018-raree.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AArdhi+adimu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_book" title="Kigezo:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE57U02B20090831">"As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms"</a>. Reuters. August 31, 2009. Retrieved Aug 31, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/features/boom_in_mining_rare_earths_poses_mounting_toxic_risks">Boom in Mining Rare Earths Poses Mounting Toxic Risks</a>, tovuti ya yale.edu, iliangaliwa Novemba 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_ed89_elements_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> C. R. Hammond, "Sehemu ya 4; Vipengele", katika <i> CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Fizikia, 89th Edition (Internet Version 2009), David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press / Taylor na Francis, Boca Raton, FL. </i></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viungo_vya_Nje">Viungo vya Nje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Hariri sehemu: Viungo vya Nje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>hariri</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Viungo vya Nje"><span>hariri chanzo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Faili:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rare_earth_elements?uselang=sw">Ardhi adimu</a></b></i></div> </div></div> <ul><li>Tabuchi, Hiroko. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/business/global/05recycle.html">Japan Recycles Rare Earth Minerals From Used Electronics</a>", <i>The New York Times</i>, 5 October 2010.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft.aulast=Tabuchi&rft.title=Japan+Recycles+Rare+Earth+Minerals+From+Used+Electronics&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F05%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F05recycle.html&rft.source=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=5+October+2010"> </span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFKan2010" class="citation web cs1">Kan, Michael (7 Oktoba 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027081058/http://pcworld.co.nz/pcworld/pcw.nsf/news/common-gadgets-may-be-affected-by-shortage-of-rare-earths">"Common gadgets may be affected by shortage of rare earths"</a>. New Zealand PC World Magazine. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcworld.co.nz/pcworld/pcw.nsf/news/common-gadgets-may-be-affected-by-shortage-of-rare-earths">chanzo</a> mnamo 27 Oktoba 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">6 Oktoba</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+gadgets+may+be+affected+by+shortage+of+rare+earths&rft.pub=New+Zealand+PC+World+Magazine&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft.aulast=Kan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcworld.co.nz%2Fpcworld%2Fpcw.nsf%2Fnews%2Fcommon-gadgets-may-be-affected-by-shortage-of-rare-earths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AArdhi+adimu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Auslin, Michael. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703440004575549061903720950?mod=googlenews_wsj">Japan's Rare-Earth Jolt</a>", 13 October 2010. Retrieved on 13 October 2010.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Auslin&rft.title=Japan%27s+Rare-Earth+Jolt&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703440004575549061903720950%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&rft.date=13+October+2010"> </span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFAston2010" class="citation web cs1">Aston, Adam (15 Oktoba 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/26538/?p1=Headlines">"China's Rare-Earth Monopoly"</a>. Technology Review (MIT)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">17 Oktoba</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rare-Earth+Monopoly&rft.pub=Technology+Review+%28MIT%29&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fenergy%2F26538%2F%3Fp1%3DHeadlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AArdhi+adimu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1346650"><cite id="CITEREFHurst2010" class="citation web cs1">Hurst, Cindy (Machi 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011190324/http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/rareearth.pdf">"China's Rare Earth Elements Industry: What Can the West Learn?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security (IAGS). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/rareearth.pdf">chanzo</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> mnamo 11 Oktoba 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Iliwekwa mnamo <span class="nowrap">18 Oktoba</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rare+Earth+Elements+Industry%3A+What+Can+the+West+Learn%3F&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+Analysis+of+Global+Security+%28IAGS%29&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmso.leavenworth.army.mil%2Fdocuments%2Frareearth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AArdhi+adimu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Kigezo:Cite_web" title="Kigezo:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13777439">Rare earths mining: China's 21st Century gold rush</a>, BBC News June 2010 infographic examining China's role in the rare earths market.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195305/https://opencrs.com/document/R41744/">Rare Earth Elements in National Defense: Background, Oversight Issues, and Options for Congress</a> Congressional Research Service, March 31, 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57520121-37/digging-for-rare-earths-the-mines-where-iphones-are-born/">Digging for rare earths: The mines where iPhones are born | Apple – CNET News</a>, September 26, 2012</li> <li>Khan, Malek; Lundmark, Martin; Hellström, Jerker <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5475869/Rare_Earth_Elements_and_Europes_Dependence_on_China_in_Strategic_Outlook_2013_">"Rare Earth Elements and Europe’s Dependence on China"</a> in <i>Strategic Outlook 2013</i>, Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), June 2013, pp. 93–98.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richannel.org/andrea-sella--terra-rara">Terra Rara: The strange story of some political elements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/20170906175529/http://richannel.org/andrea-sella--terra-rara">Archived</a> 6 Septemba 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Prof Andrea Sella, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Institution (bado haujaandikwa)">Royal Institution</a> filmed event, 31 May 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26687605">BBC feature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017014316/http://www.prysmag.com/Rare-Earth-Metals/">Rare-earth Metals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antarn.ru/products/redkozemelnye-metally-i-ikh-soedineniya/">Редкоземельные металлы</a> список редкоземельных металлов с изображениями и описанием в переводе</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.com/science_and_tech/2014/10/26/moon_exploration_will_reduce_the_shortage_of_rare_earth_meta_40887.html">Moon exploration will reduce the shortage of rare earth metals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150402-the-worst-place-on-earth">The dystopian lake filled by the world’s tech lust</a> (April 2015), <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Future</i></li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rudishwa kutoka "<a dir="ltr" href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&oldid=1366751">https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardhi_adimu&oldid=1366751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maalum:Jamii" title="Maalum:Jamii">Jamii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:Pages using the JsonConfig extension (bado haujaandikwa)">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamii:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamii:CS1 maint: date auto-translated (bado haujaandikwa)">CS1 maint: date auto-translated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Metali" title="Jamii:Metali">Metali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jamii:Elementi" title="Jamii:Elementi">Elementi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 23 Novemba 2024, saa 16:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni ya <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; matakwa mengine yanaweza kutakiwa. 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