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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;padding:0;margin-top:-0.25rem;width:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:0.5rem;margin-right:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;}}.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:2.0625rem;vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;max-width:7rem;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 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off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;position:relative;display:block;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;padding:1rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:auto;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:absolute;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js .ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{display:none;}.ssrcss-n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper{min-width:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:100%;}.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{display:inline-block;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;border-radius:50%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:8.5rem;text-align:left;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:2rem;height:2rem;vertical-align:-0.6875rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;vertical-align:-0.5625rem;}}.ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;}}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct#more-menu-button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:3rem;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media ( min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}}.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#000000;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;color:#000000;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media ( min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li{padding-right:1.25rem;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#141414;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 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18.75rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 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https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734010_euro_uv_thnk624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734010_euro_uv_thnk624.jpg.webp 624w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Euro note under ultraviolet light" loading="eager" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734010_euro_uv_thnk624.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734010_euro_uv_thnk624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734010_euro_uv_thnk624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734010_euro_uv_thnk624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734010_euro_uv_thnk624.jpg 624w" width="624" height="351" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Thinkstock</span></div></figure></div><div data-component="byline-block" class="ssrcss-1hbb5i-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e8mq1e917"><div class="ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e8mq1e916"><div class="ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e8mq1e913"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e8mq1e96">By Justin Rowlatt</div><div class="ssrcss-84ltp5-Text e8mq1e910">BBC World Service</div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-jlwt2c-Divider e8mq1e915"></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10"><b class="ssrcss-1xjjfut-BoldText e5tfeyi3">You have probably never heard of most of the rare-earth elements yet they have insinuated themselves deep into the fabric of modern life - in ways of which most of us are completely oblivious. </b></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">There are between 15 and 17 of them (depending how you classify them), including such exotic sounding substances as holmium, praseodymium, cerium, lutetium, ytterbium, gadolinium or - my own personal favourite - promethium.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">They may be obscure but they have been transforming all sorts of industries. Wind turbine manufacture is a good example.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Henrik Stiesdal is celebrated as one of the fathers of the modern wind industry. He built his first turbine on his family's farm in Denmark as a teenager, and has been perfecting his designs ever since. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Now he's chief technology officer for one of the biggest wind turbine manufacturers in the world, the German engineering giant Siemens.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">When you enter his generous office overlooking the company's huge turbine factory on the windswept Jutland peninsula of Denmark, the first thing you notice is the intriguing antique clock opposite his desk.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 624w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Jutland peninsula" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 624w" width="624" height="351" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Thinkstock</span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Its loud ticking is impossible to ignore. He is delighted when I ask about it. It is, he says, an original example of a synchronome clock.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"I bought it to inspire, and because sometimes I feel the need to rub my colleagues' noses in the fact that there are simple solutions to engineering problems people have struggled with for centuries."</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Clearly, Stiesdal can be a demanding boss.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The synchronome, designed more than a century ago in Britain, is the most accurate pendulum clock ever built - correct, according to recent studies, to one second every 12 years. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It represents, he explains, an exceptionally elegant answer to the challenge for horologists down the centuries - by reducing the mechanism down to a single gear wheel.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Until very recently Stiesdal and his colleagues faced a similar challenge. They wanted to strip out the gear systems in their turbines.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Wind turbines need gears because the blades turn at about 10 revolutions a minute but the generators that convert that rotation into electricity operate at more like 1,500 revs. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The problem is that - just as with clocks - the more complex a mechanism becomes, the more things can go wrong. And, in the world of wind turbines - particularly offshore turbines - mechanical failure is very expensive. You need specialist crane ships, engineers and good weather. The bill very rapidly runs to hundreds of thousands of dollars.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">So how could Stiesdal and his team get rid of all those gears? The industry's solution - as you will have guessed - involves the rare earths.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In his laboratory in University College London, Prof Andrea Sella's face lights up when I ask him about them. Clearly this family of elements is particularly close to the chemist's heart.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"The first thing you need to know is they are neither rare nor earths," he tells me. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">They are known as "rare" because it is very unusual to find them in a pure form, but it turns out there are deposits of some of them all over the world - cerium, for example, is the 25th most common element on the planet. The term "earth" is simply an archaic term for something you can dissolve in acid.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">They are grouped together as a family because of their incredible chemical similarities - the reason it took a century of chemical investigation to finally isolate them all.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But the rare earths' chemical similarity belies all sorts of fascinating and often very useful electro-magnetic and optical differences. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">To demonstrate, Andrea produces a rack of test tubes containing a selection of the rare-earth elements, each one a different pastel shade - there are gentle pinks, purples, blues and greens. </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-11f8i2r-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 624w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="A rack of test tubes each showing various different colours" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 624w" width="624" height="301" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Andrea Sella </span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1kk6ucf-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Nitrate salts of 15 of the rare earth elements, known collectively as lanthanides</p></div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The radioactive element promethium, is missing from his collection. Andrea calls it the "cuckoo in the nest". </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Promethium isn't found naturally on earth, but is formed in nuclear reactors. You may be carrying a tiny trace of promethium now because it has been used in the luminous paint on some watches.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Andrea waves an ultraviolet light over his collection. Some suddenly light up in vivid fluorescent colours.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"One of the incredible properties of the rare-earth elements is that they produce different wavelengths of light - specific colours - exactly on demand," he explains.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It turns out this property forms part of the anti-counterfeiting system used in euro notes. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Andrea takes a 50-euro note from his wallet and places this under the UV light. Bright green and blue stripes and shapes appear together with a constellation of beautiful blue and pinky-purple stars.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Those stars contain europium," he says, grinning broadly. "This tells me that there is someone with a sense of humour at the beating heart of the European Union."</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But the optical properties of the rare earths do more than just deter forgers. The distinctive green light in a television or computer screen is generated using terbium, while the red colour is produced by a combination of europium and yttrium (which is often treated as an honorary member of the rare earths). </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But the most useful rare earth - in optical terms - is probably erbium. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The light produced by erbium is out in the near-infrared spectrum and is invisible to the human eye.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But it can send signals down optical fibres for many kilometres, which is why most of the optical fibre applications around the world use signal amplifiers made with erbium.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Rare earths are also essential for the catalytic converters that scrub the exhaust gases of cars clean and in glass polishing.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">But it is the incredible magnetic properties of some of the rare earths that most of us - unwittingly - exploit most often.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Andrea passes me a rectangular lump of dark grey metal a few centimetres long.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"Hold this," he orders. I clutch it in my fist.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">He produces a two pence coin and places it on the back of my hand. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Even through the thickness of my hand I can feel the magnet tugging at the disk of metal.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"That is a magnet made with neodymium," he explains. "It is 10 times as powerful as a normal iron magnet and can hold 1,000 times its own weight." </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 624w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Pacemaker" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 624w" width="624" height="351" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Thinkstock</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1kk6ucf-StyledFigureCaption ehbdhz00"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Pacemakers sometimes use nuclear batteries containing promethium</p></div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It is no exaggeration to say that the miniaturisation of technology would not be possible without these incredible magnets.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">They are a surprisingly recent breakthrough. The first magnets using the rare earths neodymium and scandium were developed only in 1982, but their discovery has revolutionised all sorts of technologies. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The tiny motors that power computer hard drives and the miniature speakers on mobile phones and laptops depend on rare-earth magnets. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Neodymium magnets are used in electric guitar pickups, MRI scanners and microwave ovens. You can even buy cufflinks that link up with neodymium magnets.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And they also hold the key to Mr Stiesdal's challenge - getting rid of the huge gear mechanism in wind turbines. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The stronger the magnets, the easier it is to generate power at lower speeds. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">An electric current is generated by induction - the electrons are driven as a magnet moves past a coil of wire. The stronger the magnet, the more the electrons move.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Down in one of Siemens' huge engineering sheds below Stiesdal's office, I was shown one of the company's new gearless turbines.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-5zsoxt-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 624w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Gearless doughnut turbine" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 624w" width="624" height="351" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Image source, </span>Other</span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It is much more compact than its forebears. The core is a ring about five metres in diameter, like a giant doughnut, which encloses the axle. </p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">This ring is packed with 648 22cm-long neodymium magnets laced with another rare-earth element, dysprosium, which makes them much less liable to become demagnetised.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It means, Henrik Stiesdal tells me with evident pride, that the same power can be generated without any gear system at all.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">The problem is getting hold of the rare earths that make this possible. More than 85% of the world's supply of rare-earth metals comes from China.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And practically 100% of the "heavy" rare earths - at the farther end of the periodic table - come from China, including Stiesdal's dysprosium.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">China has some very rich deposits of rare earths in Inner Mongolia. And, until recently, <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/07/china-rare-earth-village-pollution" class="ssrcss-f6h2dj-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">China has not been very squeamish about the consequences of rare-earth extraction<span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">, <!-- -->external</span></a>.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">It is a very dirty business. Rare earths are often found with radioactive elements like thorium and uranium, and separating them out requires a lot of toxic chemicals.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Jack Lifton, founder of Technology Metals Research and an expert on rare earths, describes how, in China, the process of extraction involves leaching out the elements. They flood the high ground with chemicals, he says, and then precipitate out the metals, leaving behind a lake of carcinogenic waste fluids.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">In recent years China has been trying to clean the industry up. But it can't actually stop production, because many of the hi-tech industries at the heart of the Chinese economy rely on rare-earth supplies.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Just how dependent the entire world is on Chinese rare earths became very clear at the end of 2010 when China threatened to restrict supplies. The spike in rare-earth prices was very dramatic - up to 3,000% for some of them.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-1b5y2ub-ComponentWrapper-FullWidthWrapper ey0461q0"><figure class="ssrcss-1vfya96-StyledFigure e34k3c22"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-vyclso-Placeholder etlorgc0"><span><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 624w" type="image/webp"/><img alt="Price of rare earths" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg" srcSet="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 624w" width="624" height="401.00000000000006" class="ssrcss-11yxrdo-Image edrdn950"/></picture></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">Prices have since fallen back, but the shock was enough to prompt companies to begin to explore producing and refining rare earths elsewhere in the world.</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And how did Stiesdal respond to this shock?</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"The neodymium exists in large abundance outside China. There are a couple of companies outside China that could keep us running for thousands of years."</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">And the dysprosium?</p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">"It turns out you can tweak the way you deal with your alloy so you need less. 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15 and 17 of them (depending how you classify them), including such exotic sounding substances as holmium, praseodymium, cerium, lutetium, ytterbium, gadolinium or - my own personal favourite - promethium.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There are between 15 and 17 of them (depending how you classify them), including such exotic sounding substances as holmium, praseodymium, cerium, lutetium, ytterbium, gadolinium or - my own personal favourite - promethium.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They may be obscure but they have been transforming all sorts of industries. Wind turbine manufacture is a good example.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They may be obscure but they have been transforming all sorts of industries. Wind turbine manufacture is a good example.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Henrik Stiesdal is celebrated as one of the fathers of the modern wind industry. He built his first turbine on his family's farm in Denmark as a teenager, and has been perfecting his designs ever since. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Henrik Stiesdal is celebrated as one of the fathers of the modern wind industry. He built his first turbine on his family's farm in Denmark as a teenager, and has been perfecting his designs ever since. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now he's chief technology officer for one of the biggest wind turbine manufacturers in the world, the German engineering giant Siemens.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now he's chief technology officer for one of the biggest wind turbine manufacturers in the world, the German engineering giant Siemens.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When you enter his generous office overlooking the company's huge turbine factory on the windswept Jutland peninsula of Denmark, the first thing you notice is the intriguing antique clock opposite his desk.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When you enter his generous office overlooking the company's huge turbine factory on the windswept Jutland peninsula of Denmark, the first thing you notice is the intriguing antique clock opposite his desk.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Jutland peninsula\",\"copyright\":\"Thinkstock\",\"height\":351,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg.webp 624w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734011_jutland_think624.jpg 624w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its loud ticking is impossible to ignore. He is delighted when I ask about it. It is, he says, an original example of a synchronome clock.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its loud ticking is impossible to ignore. He is delighted when I ask about it. It is, he says, an original example of a synchronome clock.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I bought it to inspire, and because sometimes I feel the need to rub my colleagues' noses in the fact that there are simple solutions to engineering problems people have struggled with for centuries.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"I bought it to inspire, and because sometimes I feel the need to rub my colleagues' noses in the fact that there are simple solutions to engineering problems people have struggled with for centuries.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"pullOut\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"Rare earths - key facts\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Rare earths in the periodic table\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Rare earths in the periodic table\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":171,\"width\":304,\"locator\":\"media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734013_rare_earth_periodic_spl304.jpg\",\"href\":\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734013_rare_earth_periodic_spl304.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"mcs\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Science Photo Library\",\"suitableForSyndication\":false}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"First rare-earth element discovered by Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin in 1792 after receiving a heavy mineral from Swedish village of Ytterby\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"First rare-earth element discovered by Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin in 1792 after receiving a heavy mineral from Swedish village of Ytterby\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Subsequent rare-earth elements identified and isolated over a period of about 150 years\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Subsequent rare-earth elements identified and isolated over a period of about 150 years\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The core group of 15 rare earths are known as lanthanides\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The core group of 15 rare earths are known as lanthanides\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These have an atomic number from 57 to 71 and are grouped together in the periodic table\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These have an atomic number from 57 to 71 and are grouped together in the periodic table\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Scandium and yttrium - making the total number 17 - are also considered rare earths as they exhibit similar chemical properties to lanthanides\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Scandium and yttrium - making the total number 17 - are also considered rare earths as they exhibit similar chemical properties to lanthanides\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Final one to be discovered, in 1945, was the radioactive promethium, which is the rarest\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Final one to be discovered, in 1945, was the radioactive promethium, which is the rarest\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wide range of uses such as in camera and telescope lenses, catalytic converters, refining crude oil, magnets and X-ray scanning systems\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wide range of uses such as in camera and telescope lenses, catalytic converters, refining crude oil, magnets and X-ray scanning systems\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Clearly, Stiesdal can be a demanding boss.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Clearly, Stiesdal can be a demanding boss.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The synchronome, designed more than a century ago in Britain, is the most accurate pendulum clock ever built - correct, according to recent studies, to one second every 12 years. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The synchronome, designed more than a century ago in Britain, is the most accurate pendulum clock ever built - correct, according to recent studies, to one second every 12 years. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It represents, he explains, an exceptionally elegant answer to the challenge for horologists down the centuries - by reducing the mechanism down to a single gear wheel.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It represents, he explains, an exceptionally elegant answer to the challenge for horologists down the centuries - by reducing the mechanism down to a single gear wheel.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Until very recently Stiesdal and his colleagues faced a similar challenge. They wanted to strip out the gear systems in their turbines.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Until very recently Stiesdal and his colleagues faced a similar challenge. They wanted to strip out the gear systems in their turbines.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wind turbines need gears because the blades turn at about 10 revolutions a minute but the generators that convert that rotation into electricity operate at more like 1,500 revs. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wind turbines need gears because the blades turn at about 10 revolutions a minute but the generators that convert that rotation into electricity operate at more like 1,500 revs. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The problem is that - just as with clocks - the more complex a mechanism becomes, the more things can go wrong. And, in the world of wind turbines - particularly offshore turbines - mechanical failure is very expensive. You need specialist crane ships, engineers and good weather. The bill very rapidly runs to hundreds of thousands of dollars.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The problem is that - just as with clocks - the more complex a mechanism becomes, the more things can go wrong. And, in the world of wind turbines - particularly offshore turbines - mechanical failure is very expensive. You need specialist crane ships, engineers and good weather. The bill very rapidly runs to hundreds of thousands of dollars.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"So how could Stiesdal and his team get rid of all those gears? The industry's solution - as you will have guessed - involves the rare earths.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"So how could Stiesdal and his team get rid of all those gears? The industry's solution - as you will have guessed - involves the rare earths.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In his laboratory in University College London, Prof Andrea Sella's face lights up when I ask him about them. Clearly this family of elements is particularly close to the chemist's heart.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In his laboratory in University College London, Prof Andrea Sella's face lights up when I ask him about them. Clearly this family of elements is particularly close to the chemist's heart.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The first thing you need to know is they are neither rare nor earths,\\\" he tells me. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The first thing you need to know is they are neither rare nor earths,\\\" he tells me. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They are known as \\\"rare\\\" because it is very unusual to find them in a pure form, but it turns out there are deposits of some of them all over the world - cerium, for example, is the 25th most common element on the planet. The term \\\"earth\\\" is simply an archaic term for something you can dissolve in acid.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They are known as \\\"rare\\\" because it is very unusual to find them in a pure form, but it turns out there are deposits of some of them all over the world - cerium, for example, is the 25th most common element on the planet. The term \\\"earth\\\" is simply an archaic term for something you can dissolve in acid.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They are grouped together as a family because of their incredible chemical similarities - the reason it took a century of chemical investigation to finally isolate them all.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They are grouped together as a family because of their incredible chemical similarities - the reason it took a century of chemical investigation to finally isolate them all.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the rare earths' chemical similarity belies all sorts of fascinating and often very useful electro-magnetic and optical differences. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the rare earths' chemical similarity belies all sorts of fascinating and often very useful electro-magnetic and optical differences. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"To demonstrate, Andrea produces a rack of test tubes containing a selection of the rare-earth elements, each one a different pastel shade - there are gentle pinks, purples, blues and greens. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"To demonstrate, Andrea produces a rack of test tubes containing a selection of the rare-earth elements, each one a different pastel shade - there are gentle pinks, purples, blues and greens. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nitrate salts of 15 of the rare earth elements, known collectively as lanthanides\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nitrate salts of 15 of the rare earth elements, known collectively as lanthanides\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"A rack of test tubes each showing various different colours\",\"copyright\":\"Andrea Sella \",\"height\":301,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg.webp 624w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734460_test_tubes624.jpg 624w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The radioactive element promethium, is missing from his collection. Andrea calls it the \\\"cuckoo in the nest\\\". \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The radioactive element promethium, is missing from his collection. Andrea calls it the \\\"cuckoo in the nest\\\". \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Promethium isn't found naturally on earth, but is formed in nuclear reactors. You may be carrying a tiny trace of promethium now because it has been used in the luminous paint on some watches.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Promethium isn't found naturally on earth, but is formed in nuclear reactors. You may be carrying a tiny trace of promethium now because it has been used in the luminous paint on some watches.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"pullOut\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"Andrea Sella\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea Sella\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea Sella\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":171,\"width\":304,\"locator\":\"media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734718_sella_bbc624.jpg\",\"href\":\"http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734718_sella_bbc624.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"mcs\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"BBC\",\"suitableForSyndication\":true}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They tarnish easily in air, they react quite violently, they burn like crazy... But the flipside of that is that once they've burnt and you've made an oxide, that oxide is incredibly robust and stable.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They tarnish easily in air, they react quite violently, they burn like crazy... But the flipside of that is that once they've burnt and you've made an oxide, that oxide is incredibly robust and stable.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Watch Sella's 2013 Royal Institution lecture\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Watch Sella's 2013 Royal Institution lecture\",\"locator\":\"http://richannel.org/andrea-sella--terra-rara\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Watch Sella's 2013 Royal Institution lecture\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea waves an ultraviolet light over his collection. Some suddenly light up in vivid fluorescent colours.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea waves an ultraviolet light over his collection. Some suddenly light up in vivid fluorescent colours.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"One of the incredible properties of the rare-earth elements is that they produce different wavelengths of light - specific colours - exactly on demand,\\\" he explains.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"One of the incredible properties of the rare-earth elements is that they produce different wavelengths of light - specific colours - exactly on demand,\\\" he explains.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It turns out this property forms part of the anti-counterfeiting system used in euro notes. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It turns out this property forms part of the anti-counterfeiting system used in euro notes. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea takes a 50-euro note from his wallet and places this under the UV light. Bright green and blue stripes and shapes appear together with a constellation of beautiful blue and pinky-purple stars.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea takes a 50-euro note from his wallet and places this under the UV light. Bright green and blue stripes and shapes appear together with a constellation of beautiful blue and pinky-purple stars.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Those stars contain europium,\\\" he says, grinning broadly. \\\"This tells me that there is someone with a sense of humour at the beating heart of the European Union.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Those stars contain europium,\\\" he says, grinning broadly. \\\"This tells me that there is someone with a sense of humour at the beating heart of the European Union.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the optical properties of the rare earths do more than just deter forgers. The distinctive green light in a television or computer screen is generated using terbium, while the red colour is produced by a combination of europium and yttrium (which is often treated as an honorary member of the rare earths). \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the optical properties of the rare earths do more than just deter forgers. The distinctive green light in a television or computer screen is generated using terbium, while the red colour is produced by a combination of europium and yttrium (which is often treated as an honorary member of the rare earths). \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the most useful rare earth - in optical terms - is probably erbium. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But the most useful rare earth - in optical terms - is probably erbium. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"pullOut\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"Elementary Business\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Plant, balloons and aluminium can\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Plant, balloons and aluminium 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phosphorus\",\"locator\":\"/news/business-24823266\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An insatiable hunger for phosphorus\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is it right to waste helium on balloons?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is it right to waste helium on balloons?\",\"locator\":\"/news/magazine-24903034\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is it right to waste helium on balloons?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The metal that just keeps on giving\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The metal that just keeps on giving\",\"locator\":\"/news/magazine-25020651\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The metal that just keeps on giving\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The glue holding our electronic world together\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The glue holding our electronic world together\",\"locator\":\"/news/magazine-25977432\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The glue holding our electronic world together\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The building block for both man and nature\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The building block for both man and nature\",\"locator\":\"/news/magazine-26416749\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The building block for both man and nature\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why do we value gold?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why do we value gold?\",\"locator\":\"/news/magazine-25255957\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why do we value gold?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The light produced by erbium is out in the near-infrared spectrum and is invisible to the human eye.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The light produced by erbium is out in the near-infrared spectrum and is invisible to the human eye.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it can send signals down optical fibres for many kilometres, which is why most of the optical fibre applications around the world use signal amplifiers made with erbium.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it can send signals down optical fibres for many kilometres, which is why most of the optical fibre applications around the world use signal amplifiers made with erbium.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Rare earths are also essential for the catalytic converters that scrub the exhaust gases of cars clean and in glass polishing.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Rare earths are also essential for the catalytic converters that scrub the exhaust gases of cars clean and in glass polishing.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it is the incredible magnetic properties of some of the rare earths that most of us - unwittingly - exploit most often.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But it is the incredible magnetic properties of some of the rare earths that most of us - unwittingly - exploit most often.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea passes me a rectangular lump of dark grey metal a few centimetres long.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Andrea passes me a rectangular lump of dark grey metal a few centimetres long.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Hold this,\\\" he orders. I clutch it in my fist.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Hold this,\\\" he orders. I clutch it in my fist.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He produces a two pence coin and places it on the back of my hand. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"He produces a two pence coin and places it on the back of my hand. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even through the thickness of my hand I can feel the magnet tugging at the disk of metal.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even through the thickness of my hand I can feel the magnet tugging at the disk of metal.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"That is a magnet made with neodymium,\\\" he explains. \\\"It is 10 times as powerful as a normal iron magnet and can hold 1,000 times its own weight.\\\" \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"That is a magnet made with neodymium,\\\" he explains. \\\"It is 10 times as powerful as a normal iron magnet and can hold 1,000 times its own weight.\\\" \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pacemakers sometimes use nuclear batteries containing promethium\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pacemakers sometimes use nuclear batteries containing promethium\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Pacemaker\",\"copyright\":\"Thinkstock\",\"height\":351,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg.webp 624w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734461_pacemaker_think624.jpg 624w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is no exaggeration to say that the miniaturisation of technology would not be possible without these incredible magnets.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is no exaggeration to say that the miniaturisation of technology would not be possible without these incredible magnets.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They are a surprisingly recent breakthrough. The first magnets using the rare earths neodymium and scandium were developed only in 1982, but their discovery has revolutionised all sorts of technologies. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"They are a surprisingly recent breakthrough. The first magnets using the rare earths neodymium and scandium were developed only in 1982, but their discovery has revolutionised all sorts of technologies. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The tiny motors that power computer hard drives and the miniature speakers on mobile phones and laptops depend on rare-earth magnets. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The tiny motors that power computer hard drives and the miniature speakers on mobile phones and laptops depend on rare-earth magnets. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Neodymium magnets are used in electric guitar pickups, MRI scanners and microwave ovens. You can even buy cufflinks that link up with neodymium magnets.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Neodymium magnets are used in electric guitar pickups, MRI scanners and microwave ovens. You can even buy cufflinks that link up with neodymium magnets.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And they also hold the key to Mr Stiesdal's challenge - getting rid of the huge gear mechanism in wind turbines. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And they also hold the key to Mr Stiesdal's challenge - getting rid of the huge gear mechanism in wind turbines. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stronger the magnets, the easier it is to generate power at lower speeds. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stronger the magnets, the easier it is to generate power at lower speeds. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An electric current is generated by induction - the electrons are driven as a magnet moves past a coil of wire. The stronger the magnet, the more the electrons move.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An electric current is generated by induction - the electrons are driven as a magnet moves past a coil of wire. The stronger the magnet, the more the electrons move.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Down in one of Siemens' huge engineering sheds below Stiesdal's office, I was shown one of the company's new gearless turbines.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Down in one of Siemens' huge engineering sheds below Stiesdal's office, I was shown one of the company's new gearless turbines.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Gearless doughnut turbine\",\"copyright\":\"Other\",\"height\":351,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg.webp 624w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734018_doughnut624.jpg 624w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is much more compact than its forebears. The core is a ring about five metres in diameter, like a giant doughnut, which encloses the axle. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is much more compact than its forebears. The core is a ring about five metres in diameter, like a giant doughnut, which encloses the axle. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This ring is packed with 648 22cm-long neodymium magnets laced with another rare-earth element, dysprosium, which makes them much less liable to become demagnetised.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This ring is packed with 648 22cm-long neodymium magnets laced with another rare-earth element, dysprosium, which makes them much less liable to become demagnetised.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It means, Henrik Stiesdal tells me with evident pride, that the same power can be generated without any gear system at all.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It means, Henrik Stiesdal tells me with evident pride, that the same power can be generated without any gear system at all.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The problem is getting hold of the rare earths that make this possible. More than 85% of the world's supply of rare-earth metals comes from China.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The problem is getting hold of the rare earths that make this possible. More than 85% of the world's supply of rare-earth metals comes from China.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And practically 100% of the \\\"heavy\\\" rare earths - at the farther end of the periodic table - come from China, including Stiesdal's dysprosium.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And practically 100% of the \\\"heavy\\\" rare earths - at the farther end of the periodic table - come from China, including Stiesdal's dysprosium.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"China has some very rich deposits of rare earths in Inner Mongolia. And, until recently, China has not been very squeamish about the consequences of rare-earth extraction.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"China has some very rich deposits of rare earths in Inner Mongolia. And, until recently, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"China has not been very squeamish about the consequences of rare-earth extraction\",\"locator\":\"http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/aug/07/china-rare-earth-village-pollution\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"China has not been very squeamish about the consequences of rare-earth extraction\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"pullOut\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"Find out more\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In Elementary Business, BBC World Service's Business Daily goes back to basics and examines key chemical elements - and asks what they mean for businesses and the global economy.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In Elementary Business, BBC World Service's Business Daily goes back to basics and examines key chemical elements - and asks what they mean for businesses and the global economy.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to past Elements programmes\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to past Elements programmes\",\"locator\":\"/elements\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to past Elements programmes\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the latest from Business Daily\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the latest from Business Daily\",\"locator\":\"/programmes/p002vsxs/episodes/player\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the latest from Business Daily\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Browse the Business Daily podcast archive\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Browse the Business Daily podcast archive\",\"locator\":\"/podcasts/series/bizdaily\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Browse the Business Daily podcast archive\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More from BBC World Service \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More from BBC World Service \",\"locator\":\"/worldserviceradio\",\"isExternal\":false,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More from BBC World Service \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is a very dirty business. Rare earths are often found with radioactive elements like thorium and uranium, and separating them out requires a lot of toxic chemicals.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is a very dirty business. Rare earths are often found with radioactive elements like thorium and uranium, and separating them out requires a lot of toxic chemicals.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Jack Lifton, founder of Technology Metals Research and an expert on rare earths, describes how, in China, the process of extraction involves leaching out the elements. They flood the high ground with chemicals, he says, and then precipitate out the metals, leaving behind a lake of carcinogenic waste fluids.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Jack Lifton, founder of Technology Metals Research and an expert on rare earths, describes how, in China, the process of extraction involves leaching out the elements. They flood the high ground with chemicals, he says, and then precipitate out the metals, leaving behind a lake of carcinogenic waste fluids.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In recent years China has been trying to clean the industry up. But it can't actually stop production, because many of the hi-tech industries at the heart of the Chinese economy rely on rare-earth supplies.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In recent years China has been trying to clean the industry up. But it can't actually stop production, because many of the hi-tech industries at the heart of the Chinese economy rely on rare-earth supplies.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Just how dependent the entire world is on Chinese rare earths became very clear at the end of 2010 when China threatened to restrict supplies. The spike in rare-earth prices was very dramatic - up to 3,000% for some of them.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Just how dependent the entire world is on Chinese rare earths became very clear at the end of 2010 when China threatened to restrict supplies. The spike in rare-earth prices was very dramatic - up to 3,000% for some of them.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Price of rare earths\",\"copyright\":null,\"height\":401.00000000000006,\"width\":624,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg.webp 624w\",\"mimeType\":\"image/webp\",\"fallbackSrcSets\":[{\"mimeType\":\"image/jpeg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/240/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/320/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/624/mcs/media/images/73734000/jpg/_73734272_price_chart624.jpg 624w\"}]}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prices have since fallen back, but the shock was enough to prompt companies to begin to explore producing and refining rare earths elsewhere in the world.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prices have since fallen back, but the shock was enough to prompt companies to begin to explore producing and refining rare earths elsewhere in the world.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And how did Stiesdal respond to this shock?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And how did Stiesdal respond to this shock?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The neodymium exists in large abundance outside China. There are a couple of companies outside China that could keep us running for thousands of years.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The neodymium exists in large abundance outside China. There are a couple of companies outside China that could keep us running for thousands of years.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And the dysprosium?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And the dysprosium?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It turns out you can tweak the way you deal with your alloy so you need less. In today's magnets we have 0.7% dysprosium, and in a few years it will be all gone.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It turns out you can tweak the way you deal with your alloy so you need less. In today's magnets we have 0.7% dysprosium, and in a few years it will be all gone.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Follow @BBCNewsMagazine on Twitter and on Facebook\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Follow \",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@BBCNewsMagazine\",\"locator\":\"https://twitter.com/BBCNewsMagazine\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@BBCNewsMagazine\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" on Twitter and on \",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Facebook\",\"locator\":\"http://www.facebook.com/BBCMagazine\",\"isExternal\":true,\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Facebook\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},\"contributor\":null,\"relatedUrls\":[],\"topics\":[]},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"onward-journeys?columnsByBreakpoint=%7B%22base%22%3A1%2C%22medium%22%3A3%2C%22large%22%3A1%7D&country=gb&dataType=onwardJourneys&enableDotcomAds=false&id=topStories&isUk=false&language=en-GB&limit=3&promoSize=small§ionHeader=%7B%22text%22%3A%22Top%20stories%22%7D&service=news×tampVariant=showByDefault&tracking=%7B%22groupName%22%3A%22CPS%20Top%20stories%22%2C%22experiencePresentation%22%3A%22standard_two_column%22%2C%22experienceIsBreaking%22%3Afalse%7D\":{\"name\":\"onward-journeys\",\"props\":{\"tracking\":{\"groupName\":\"CPS Top stories\",\"experiencePresentation\":\"standard_two_column\",\"experienceIsBreaking\":false},\"columnsByBreakpoint\":{\"base\":1,\"medium\":3,\"large\":1},\"country\":\"gb\",\"dataType\":\"onwardJourneys\",\"isUk\":false,\"id\":\"topStories\",\"limit\":3,\"promoSize\":\"small\",\"sectionHeader\":{\"text\":\"Top stories\"},\"service\":\"news\",\"timestampVariant\":\"showByDefault\",\"enableDotcomAds\":false,\"language\":\"en-GB\"},\"data\":{\"promos\":[{\"headline\":\"Residents seen fleeing Aleppo as rebels advance in Syrian city \",\"isLive\":true,\"tracking\":{\"group\":{\"name\":\"CPS Top stories\",\"type\":\"promo group\",\"item_count\":3},\"item\":{\"type\":\"promo\",\"link\":\"/news/live/cy5l50y76k3t\",\"text\":\"Residents seen fleeing Aleppo as rebels advance in Syrian city \",\"media_type\":\"article\",\"attribution\":\"news\",\"position\":1},\"experience\":{\"presentation\":\"standard_two_column\",\"is_breaking\":false}},\"metadataStripItems\":[],\"url\":\"/news/live/cy5l50y76k3t\",\"service\":\"news\"},{\"headline\":\"Who are the rebels seizing control of Syria's second city?\",\"tracking\":{\"group\":{\"name\":\"CPS Top stories\",\"type\":\"promo group\",\"item_count\":3},\"item\":{\"type\":\"promo\",\"link\":\"/news/articles/ce313jn453zo\",\"text\":\"Who are the rebels seizing control of Syria's second city?\",\"media_type\":\"article\",\"attribution\":\"news\",\"position\":2},\"experience\":{\"presentation\":\"standard_two_column\",\"is_breaking\":false}},\"metadataStripItems\":[{\"label\":\"Published\",\"text\":\"4 hours ago\"}],\"url\":\"/news/articles/ce313jn453zo\",\"service\":\"news\"},{\"headline\":\"'We voted for assisted dying bill - 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