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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-元素列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元素列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 元素列表 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元素列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 歷史 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关歷史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-光譜鑑定" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光譜鑑定"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 光譜鑑定 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-光譜鑑定-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分離史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分離史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 分離史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分離史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 分類 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关分類子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 早期分類 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輕稀土與重稀土" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輕稀土與重稀土"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 輕稀土與重稀土 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輕稀土與重稀土-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 起源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-全球稀土生產" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#全球稀土生產"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 全球稀土生產 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-全球稀土生產-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关全球稀土生產子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-全球稀土生產-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 中國 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國以外國家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國以外國家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 中國以外國家 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國以外國家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-馬來西亞精煉廠" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬來西亞精煉廠"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 馬來西亞精煉廠 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-馬來西亞精煉廠-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 其他來源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-回收" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#回收"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 回收 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-回收-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 用途 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對環境影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對環境影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 對環境影響 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-對環境影響-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关對環境影響子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-對環境影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-稀土回收和再利用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#稀土回收和再利用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 稀土回收和再利用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-稀土回收和再利用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-稀土污染的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#稀土污染的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 稀土污染的影響 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-稀土污染的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-對於植物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對於植物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 對於植物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對於植物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對於人體健康" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對於人體健康"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 對於人體健康 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對於人體健康-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對於動物健康" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對於動物健康"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 對於動物健康 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對於動物健康-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-污染後清理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#污染後清理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 污染後清理 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-污染後清理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地緣政治因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地緣政治因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 地緣政治因素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地緣政治因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-備註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#備註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 備註 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-備註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">稀土元素</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。59种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seldsame_aardelement" title="Seldsame aardelement – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seldsame aardelement" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="عنصر أرضي نادر – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصر أرضي نادر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Рэдказямельныя элементы – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэдказямельныя элементы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Редкоземен елемент – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Редкоземен елемент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="বিরল মৃত্তিকা মৌল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিরল মৃত্তিকা মৌল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_rara" title="Terra rara – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terra rara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vz%C3%A1cn%C3%A9_zeminy" title="Vzácné zeminy – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vzácné zeminy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çĕрти-сайра элементсем – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕрти-сайра элементсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A6ldne_jordarter" title="Sjældne jordarter – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sjældne jordarter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalle_der_Seltenen_Erden" title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metalle der Seltenen Erden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σπάνιες γαίες – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπάνιες γαίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rare-earth element" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rara_tero" title="Rara tero – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rara tero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierras_raras" title="Tierras raras – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierras raras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruldased_muldmetallid" title="Haruldased muldmetallid – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haruldased muldmetallid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur_arraro" title="Lur arraro – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lur arraro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="عناصر کمیاب زمین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عناصر کمیاب زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvinaiset_maametallit" title="Harvinaiset maametallit – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harvinaiset maametallit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre rare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAil_tearc-chr%C3%A9" title="Dúil tearc-chré – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúil tearc-chré" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יסודות נדירים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יסודות נדירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="दुर्लभ मृदा तत्व – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्लभ मृदा तत्व" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijetki_zemni_metali" title="Rijetki zemni metali – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rijetki zemni metali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritkaf%C3%B6ldf%C3%A9mek" title="Ritkaföldfémek – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ritkaföldfémek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A7%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Շուէտի հազուագիւտ հողերը – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շուէտի հազուագիւտ հողերը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam_tanah_jarang" title="Logam tanah jarang – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logam tanah jarang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjaldg%C3%A6fur_jar%C3%B0m%C3%A1lmur" title="Sjaldgæfur jarðmálmur – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjaldgæfur jarðmálmur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_rare" title="Terre rare – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terre rare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%9C%9F%E9%A1%9E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="希土類元素 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="希土類元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%97_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იშვიათ მიწათა ელემენტები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იშვიათ მიწათა ელემენტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сирекжер элементтер – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сирекжер элементтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ವಿರಳ ಭಸ್ಮ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿರಳ ಭಸ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%AC%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="희토류 원소 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="희토류 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retieji_%C5%BEem%C4%97s_elementai" title="Retieji žemės elementai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Retieji žemės elementai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="റെയർ എർത്ത് മൂലകങ്ങൾ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെയർ എർത്ത് മൂലകങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4" title="Газрын ховор элементүүд – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газрын ховор элементүүд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_nadir_bumi" title="Unsur nadir bumi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur nadir bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မြေရှားဒြပ်စင်များ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေရှားဒြပ်စင်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeldzame_aarde" title="Zeldzame aarde – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zeldzame aarde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeldne_jordartar" title="Sjeldne jordartar – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjeldne jordartar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeldne_jordarter" title="Sjeldne jordarter – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjeldne jordarter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8rra_rara" title="Tèrra rara – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tèrra rara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metale_ziem_rzadkich" title="Metale ziem rzadkich – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metale ziem rzadkich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra-rara" title="Terra-rara – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terra-rara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nturi_rare" title="Pământuri rare – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pământuri rare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Редкоземельные элементы – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Редкоземельные элементы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rare-earth element" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijetki_zemni_metali" title="Rijetki zemni metali – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rijetki zemni metali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_element" title="Rare earth element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rare earth element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov_vz%C3%A1cnych_zem%C3%ADn" title="Kov vzácnych zemín – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kov vzácnych zemín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4llsynta_jordartsmetaller" title="Sällsynta jordartsmetaller – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sällsynta jordartsmetaller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardhi_adimu" title="Ardhi adimu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ardhi adimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="ธาตุหายาก – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุหายาก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_toprak_elementi" title="Nadir toprak elementi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" 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.ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>的编者参与及协助编辑。 請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Talk:稀土元素">討論頁</a>。 另見其他<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要化学专家关注的页面">需要化學專家關注的頁面</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Proofreader_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/48px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/72px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/96px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>自英語維基百科，需要相關領域的編者協助校對翻譯。 如果您精通本領域，又能清楚地將英語翻譯為中文，歡迎您協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit">校訂翻譯</a>。原文参见<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rare-earth_element" class="extiw" title="en:rare-earth element">en:rare-earth element</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right; background:#f8f8f8; padding:2px; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; margin:0 0 0.25em 0.5em; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px; font-size:90%; line-height:110%; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>中的稀土元素 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="margin:0; padding:0;"><div style="width:100%;"><div style="margin:0 auto;"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table class="nogrid Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show;padding:0; border: none;border-spacing:1px;border-collapse:separate;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83953186">.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav span{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav td{border:none;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted{background-color:#ffffd6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas{background-color:#c0ffff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas_predicted{background-color:#ddffff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_supercritical_atom{background-color:#f4f4c6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_supercritical_atom_predicted{background-color:#f4f4c6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_no_electron{background-color:#d0d0d0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block{background-color:#ff6699}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block_predicted{background-color:#FBD}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block{background-color:#99ccff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block_predicted{background-color:#CEF}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block{background-color:#ccff99}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block_predicted{background-color:#DFC}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block{background-color:#90ffb0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block_predicted{background-color:#C7FFD7}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block{background-color:#66ffcc}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block_predicted{background-color:#BFE}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block{background-color:#ffcc66}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block_predicted{background-color:#FDA}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block{background-color:#F0908C}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg/227px-RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg/341px-RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg/454px-RareEarthOreUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="稀土礦物">稀土礦物</a>（和一枚直徑19<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%B1%B3" title="毫米">毫米</a>的<a href="/wiki/1%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%86%E7%A1%AC%E5%B9%A3" title="1美分硬幣">1美分硬幣</a>對比）</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rareearthoxides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/227px-Rareearthoxides.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/341px-Rareearthoxides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rareearthoxides.jpg/454px-Rareearthoxides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">精煉過的稀土氧化物呈粗糙的褐色或黑色粉粒狀，但也有如圖片中的淺色者。<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em;padding-top: 6px;">圖例: <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%93" class="mw-redirect" title="釓">釓</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鐠">鐠</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鈰">鈰</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="釤">釤</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鑭">鑭</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="釹">釹</a></div></div></div></div></div></div> 稀土元素（英語：rare-earth element，REE），或称稀土金屬，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a>上<a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">第3族</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">钪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">钇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="镧系元素">镧系元素</a>共17种<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬">金屬</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>的合称，皆屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="副族元素">副族元素</a>。稀土元素皆為質地較軟的銀白色金屬，彼此之間具有非常相似的化学性质，且總是在矿床中共生，難以分離、提取。<a href="#cite_note-ASella2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> 与其名称暗示的不同，實際上稀土元素在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="豐度">豐度</a>並不低（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">钷</a>除外），其中含量最高的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">铈</a>在地壳元素豐度排名第25，占0.0068%，与<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>相當。雖然稀土元素並不稀有，但由於其<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="地球化学">地球化學</a>特性，它們在地殼中的分佈相當分散，很少有稀土元素富集到容許商業开采的程度；此外，其彼此之間相似的化學性質導致它們傾向於兩兩或多種一起伴生於礦物中，而難以將稀土元素彼此單獨分離，導致開採和提取上的困難，因此被稱為「稀土」元素。<a href="#cite_note-Haxel02-4">[4]</a>稀土元素在礦藏中常與放射性<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="錒系元素">錒系元素</a>共生，以<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="釷">釷</a>為主，<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>礦中較為少見。<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95" class="mw-redirect" title="鉕">鉕</a>是稀土元素中唯一的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性元素">放射性元素</a>，且其所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F#物理學" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>都很短，在自然界中主要作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="自发分裂">自發分裂</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a>而痕量生成於鈾礦中，含量極為稀少。 第一种被人类发现的稀土<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="矿物">矿物</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%93%8D%E9%92%87%E7%9F%BF" title="硅铍钇矿">硅铍钇矿</a>，一種主要由鈰、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94" class="mw-redirect" title="釔">釔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="鈹">鈹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="矽">矽</a>等元素組成的黑色礦物，為1787年从<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="伊特比村">伊特比村</a>的矿井中所提取出，有四種稀土元素的英文名称都是源自于此地（釔、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鋱">鋱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鉺">鉺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="鐿">鐿</a>）。 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>的各類金屬元素中，稀土金屬的活潑性僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼金屬">鹼金屬</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼土金屬">鹼土金屬</a>元素，其中鑭系元素的反應性有隨著<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>增加而逐漸降低的趨勢（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="銪">銪</a>和鐿除外）。室溫下，稀土金屬在空氣中表面會逐漸失去光澤；與冷<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>接觸會反應生成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="氫氧根">氫氧化物</a>並釋出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A3" title="氫氣">氫氣</a>；與水蒸氣接觸則會反應生成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>。在400°C以上的高溫中會自燃。 稀土元素及其化合物在絕大多數生物體內並沒有已知的生物學功能，且其水溶性化合物具有輕度至中度<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7" title="毒性">毒性</a>，但難溶性化合物則沒有。<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 稀土元素在電氣及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="電子元件">電子元件</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="雷射器">雷射器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="磁鐵">磁鐵</a>和工業及化學<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>等領域中有著多樣且廣泛的應用，但由於它們在產業中不像<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="鋁">鋁</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="卑金屬">卑金屬</a>需要使用龐大的體積或消耗巨大的用量，且大多應用於較專業的用途，因此它們的名稱和屬性在日常生活中並不十分為人所知。其中最容易見到的可能是磁性很強的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="釹磁鐵">釹磁鐵</a>（人造<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%A3%81%E4%BD%93" title="永磁体">永磁體</a>），在一些商家作為新奇的玩具出售。 化學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E8%B3%BD%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德烈亞·賽拉（页面不存在）">安德烈亞·賽拉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Sella" class="extiw" title="en:Andrea Sella">Andrea Sella</a>）認為：稀土元素與週期表中其他元素的不同之處在於：從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>結構上來看，它們彼此之間的化學性質幾乎完全相同，幾乎是無法相互分離的。然而，就其<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>特性和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a>性質而言，每種稀土元素在我們的科技產業中都佔據著獨一無二的崗位，沒有任何其他的元素可以取代。<a href="#cite_note-ASella2016-1">[1]</a>例如：「<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鐠">鐠</a>（Pr）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="釹">釹</a>（Nd）都可摻入<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>中，以在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B9%E8%A3%BD%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吹製玻璃（页面不存在）">吹製玻璃</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glassblowing" class="extiw" title="en:glassblowing">glassblowing</a>）時，完全消除火焰中的眩光。」<a href="#cite_note-ASella2016-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="元素列表">元素列表</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：元素列表">编辑</a>]</div> 稀土金属包括15個<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="镧系元素">镧系元素</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">镧</a>（La）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">铈</a>（Ce）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">镨</a>（Pr）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">钕</a>（Nd）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">钷</a>（Pm）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">钐</a>（Sm）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">铕</a>（Eu）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">钆</a>（Gd）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">铽</a>（Tb）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">镝</a>（Dy）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">钬</a>（Ho）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">铒</a>（Er）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">铥</a>（Tm）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">镱</a>（Yb）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">镥</a>（Lu）以及与镧系元素密切相关的两个元素：<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">钇</a>（Y）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">钪</a>（Sc）。 下表列出了17個稀土元素之名稱、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="元素符號">元素符號</a>、名稱的詞源、應用範圍及其在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="地殼">地殼</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="元素丰度">豐度</a>。 <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">原子序数</a> </th> <th>化學符號 </th> <th>名稱 </th> <th>英文名 </th> <th class="unsortable">詞源 </th> <th class="unsortable">應用範圍 </th> <th>豐度<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide1997-7">[7]</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%90%AC%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百萬分率">ppm</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a>） </th></tr> <tr> <td width="5%">21 </td> <td width="8%">Sc </td> <td width="8%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">钪</a> </td> <td width="10%">Scandium </td> <td width="22%">源自第一個稀土矿石被發現的半岛<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="斯堪的纳维亚">斯堪的纳维亚</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>名"Scandia"。 </td> <td width="42%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">钪</a>合金（用于航空、航太及體育用品等）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%B9%B5%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%87%88" title="金屬鹵化物燈">金屬鹵化物燈</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-9">[8]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%99%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="牙科">牙科</a>的摻<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鉺">鉺</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鉻">鉻</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%94%E9%88%A7%E9%8E%B5%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釔鈧鎵石榴石（页面不存在）">釔鈧鎵石榴石</a>（Er,Cr:YSGG）<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="雷射器">雷射器</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%9F%E7%94%B2%E7%A3%BA%E9%85%B8%E9%92%AA" title="三氟甲磺酸钪">三氟甲磺酸鈧</a>用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="有机合成">有機合成</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>等 </td> <td width="5%">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td>Y </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">钇</a> </td> <td>Yttrium </td> <td>源自第一个稀土矿石被发现的地方，<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%AF%94" title="伊特比">伊特比</a>村之名（Ytterby）。 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="釔鋁石榴石">釔鋁石榴石</a>（YAG，用於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="雷射器">雷射器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%85%89%E4%BD%93" title="磷光体">磷光體</a>、人造寶石等）、摻<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="銪">銪</a>的釔化合物用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="映像管">映像管</a>紅色<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%85%89%E4%BD%93" title="磷光体">磷光體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87%E9%92%A1%E9%93%9C%E6%B0%A7" title="钇钡铜氧">钇钡铜氧</a>（YBCO）<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="高溫超導體">高溫超導体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%8B%AF" title="釔安定氧化鋯">釔安定氧化鋯</a>（YSZ）<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="陶瓷材料">陶瓷材料</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87%E9%93%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="钇铁石榴石">钇铁石榴石</a>（YIG，用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E6%BB%A4%E6%B3%A2%E5%99%A8" title="微波滤波器">微波濾波器</a>等）<a href="#cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-9">[8]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E9%9B%BB%E7%87%88%E6%B3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="省電燈泡">省電燈泡</a>的螢光粉塗層<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%8A%B1%E5%A1%9E" title="火花塞">火星塞</a>、合金添加劑、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%A3%E7%87%88" title="煤氣燈">煤氣燈</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%A3%E7%87%88%E7%B6%B2%E7%BD%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤氣燈網罩（页面不存在）">紗罩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mantle" class="extiw" title="en:Gas mantle">Gas mantle</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射治療</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%94-90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釔-90（页面不存在）">釔-90</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium-90" class="extiw" title="en:Yttrium-90">Yttrium-90</a>））、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="照相機">照相機</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="折射望远镜">折射望遠鏡</a>鏡頭等 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td>La </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">镧</a> </td> <td>Lanthanum </td> <td>源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>"lanthanon"，意為隐藏。 </td> <td>石油<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8C%96%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E8%A3%82%E5%8C%96" title="流化催化裂化">流化催化裂化</a>（FCC）<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%B2%E6%B0%AB" title="儲氫">儲氫</a>合金、高<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87" title="折射率">折射率</a>及耐鹼性玻璃、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="混合稀土金属">混合稀土金属</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%A7%E7%9F%B3" title="燧石">燧石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="電池">電池</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%9E%81" title="电极">電極</a>、照相機和折射望遠鏡鏡頭、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%9B%E5%85%89" title="抛光">拋光</a>研磨劑、去除導致水域<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E9%A4%8A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="優養化">優養化</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="磷酸鹽">磷酸鹽</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%95%A7" title="碳酸镧">碳酸镧</a>用作<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%A1%B0%E7%AB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="腎衰竭">腎衰竭</a>時的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E5%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磷酸盐结合剂（页面不存在）">磷酸盐结合剂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_binder" class="extiw" title="en:Phosphate binder">Phosphate binder</a>）等 </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td>Ce </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">铈</a> </td> <td>Cerium </td> <td>源自<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="矮行星">矮行星</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E7%A5%9E%E6%98%9F" title="穀神星">穀神星</a>（Ceres）之名。穀神星是以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬神話">羅馬神話</a>的農業女神<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E7%91%9E%E6%96%AF_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="刻瑞斯 (羅馬神話)">刻瑞斯</a>（Ceres）之名命名的。 </td> <td>石油流化催化裂化催化劑、拋光研磨劑、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%88%B0%E9%8A%A8" title="硝酸鈰銨">硝酸鈰銨</a>等鈰(IV)化合物用作化學及工業用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="氧化剂">氧化剂</a>、玻璃和陶瓷的黃色染料、打火機的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%B0%E9%90%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈰鐵（页面不存在）">鈰鐵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ferrocerium" class="extiw" title="en:ferrocerium">ferrocerium</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%A7%E7%9F%B3" title="燧石">燧石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E8%BC%AA%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="渦輪發動機">渦輪發動機</a>葉片的穩固<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%80%A7" title="疏水性">疏水性</a>塗層<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a>、摻鈰<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="釔鋁石榴石">釔鋁石榴石</a>（Ce:YAG，用於白色<a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%8A%80%E7%87%88" title="水銀燈">水銀燈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E6%A5%B5%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="陰極射線管">陰極射線管</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%83%81%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="闪烁体">閃爍體</a>等）、煤氣燈紗罩等 </td> <td>66.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td>Pr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">镨</a> </td> <td>Praseodymium </td> <td>源自希臘語"prasios"，意為韭菜綠，以及"didymos"，意為双胞胎。 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="稀土磁鐵">稀土磁鐵</a>、拋光研磨劑、摻鐠<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%87%94%E9%8B%B0" title="氟化釔鋰">氟化釔鋰</a>（Pr:YLF）雷射器、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E5%85%89%E7%87%88" title="弧光燈">弧光燈</a>核心、玻璃和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%BA%E7%91%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="琺瑯">琺瑯</a>的黃色染料、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8%E9%92%95" title="镨钕">鐠釹</a>玻璃（用於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%8A%E6%8E%A5%E8%AD%B7%E7%9B%AE%E9%8F%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="焊接護目鏡（页面不存在）">焊接護目鏡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/welding_goggles" class="extiw" title="en:welding goggles">welding goggles</a>））<a href="#cite_note-CRC_ed89_elements-9">[8]</a>、單模<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%96%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="光纖放大器">光纖放大器</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%BA%E6%9D%82%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="掺杂剂">摻雜劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopant" class="extiw" title="en:Dopant">Dopant</a>）等 </td> <td>9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>Nd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">钕</a> </td> <td>Neodymium </td> <td>源自希臘語"neo"，意為新的，以及"didymos"，意為双胞胎。 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="稀土磁鐵">稀土磁鐵</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="釹磁鐵">釹磁鐵</a>）、雷射材料摻雜劑（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%BB%E9%87%B9%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84" title="摻釹釔鋁石榴石雷射">摻釹釔鋁石榴石</a>（Nd:YAG）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%BA%E9%92%95%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%92%87%E9%94%82" title="掺钕氟化钇锂">摻釹氟化釔鋰</a>（Pr:YLF）等，用於醫療、牙科和工業等領域）、拋光研磨劑、玻璃和陶瓷的紫色染料、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8%E9%92%95" title="镨钕">鐠釹</a>玻璃等 </td> <td>41.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">钷</a> </td> <td>Promethium </td> <td>源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="希腊神话">希腊神话</a>中盗火者<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="普罗米修斯">普罗米修斯</a>（Prometheus）之名。 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="核電池">核電池</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9E%A2%E5%85%89%E6%BC%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="螢光漆（页面不存在）">螢光漆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/luminous_paint" class="extiw" title="en:luminous paint">luminous paint</a>）等 </td> <td data-sort-value="0">1×10-15<a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td>Sm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">钐</a> </td> <td>Samarium </td> <td>源自稀土矿石<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%8C%E9%92%87%E7%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铌钇矿（页面不存在）">铌钇矿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarskite" class="extiw" title="en:Samarskite">Samarskite</a>）（Samarskite）。铌钇矿是以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>矿務官<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasili_Samarsky-Bykhovets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets（页面不存在）">Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" class="extiw" title="en:Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>）之名命名的。 </td> <td>稀土磁鐵（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4%E9%88%B7%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="釤鈷磁鐵">釤鈷磁鐵</a>）、化學反應<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="有机合成">有機合成</a>試劑、雷射器、混合稀土金属燧石、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="邁射">邁射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%A3%92" title="控制棒">控制棒</a>等 </td> <td>7.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td>Eu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">铕</a> </td> <td>Europium </td> <td>源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>（Europe）。 </td> <td>紅色和藍色<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%85%89%E4%BD%93" title="磷光体">磷光體</a>（用於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電視">電視</a>螢幕、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E5%85%89%E7%87%88" title="螢光燈">日光燈</a>、螢光墨水等）、雷射器、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%A3%92" title="控制棒">控制棒</a>等 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td>Gd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">钆</a> </td> <td>Gadolinium </td> <td>源自<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%9E%97" title="约翰·加多林">約翰·加多林</a>（Johan Gadolin）之名，以紀念他對稀土研究的貢獻。 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRI%E9%A1%AF%E5%BD%B1%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRI顯影劑（页面不存在）">MRI顯影劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent" class="extiw" title="en:MRI contrast agent">MRI contrast agent</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X射線探測器（页面不存在）">X射線探測器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_detector" class="extiw" title="en:X-ray detector">X-ray detector</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%85%89%E4%BD%93" title="磷光体">磷光體</a>塗層、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E9%87%93" title="二氧硫化釓">二氧硫化釓</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%83%81%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="闪烁体">閃爍體</a>、鋼與<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鉻">鉻</a>合金添加劑、磁光材料（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%BB%E9%87%93%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摻釓釔鋁石榴石（页面不存在）">摻釓釔鋁石榴石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium-doped_yttrium_aluminium_garnet" class="extiw" title="en:Gadolinium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet">Gadolinium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet</a>）（Gd:YAG）等）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%BB%E9%87%93%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摻釓二氧化鈰（页面不存在）">摻釓二氧化鈰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadolinium-doped_ceria" class="extiw" title="en:Gadolinium-doped ceria">Gadolinium-doped ceria</a>）（GDC）用作<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="固態氧化物燃料電池">固態氧化物燃料電池</a>之<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E9%9B%BB%E8%A7%A3%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陶瓷電解質（页面不存在）">陶瓷電解質</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E8%87%B4%E5%86%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁致冷（页面不存在）">磁致冷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration" class="extiw" title="en:Magnetic refrigeration">Magnetic refrigeration</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%AE%B1" title="冰箱">冰箱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%A3%92" title="控制棒">控制棒</a>等 </td> <td>6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td>Tb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">铽</a> </td> <td>Terbium </td> <td>源自瑞典<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="伊特比村">伊特比村</a>之名。 </td> <td>綠色<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E5%85%89%E4%BD%93" title="磷光体">磷光體</a>（用於電視<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="映像管">映像管</a>、日光燈、X射線探測器等）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="釹磁鐵">釹磁鐵</a>添加劑、磁光材料（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8B%B1%E9%8E%B5%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鋱鎵石榴石（页面不存在）">鋱鎵石榴石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbium_gallium_garnet" class="extiw" title="en:Terbium gallium garnet">Terbium gallium garnet</a>）（TGG）等）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E8%87%B4%E4%BC%B8%E7%BC%A9" title="磁致伸缩">磁致伸縮</a>合金（如<a href="/wiki/Terfenol-D" title="Terfenol-D">Terfenol-D</a>，用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E5%99%A8" title="执行器">執行器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="海軍">海軍</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="聲納">聲納</a>系統、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%B8%AC%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="感測器">感測器</a>等）等 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td>Dy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">镝</a> </td> <td>Dysprosium </td> <td>源自希臘語"dysprositos"，意為难以获得。 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="釹磁鐵">釹磁鐵</a>添加劑（用於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="電動載具">電動車</a>馬達和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="風力發電機">風力發電機</a>等）、磁光材料、雷射器、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E8%87%B4%E4%BC%B8%E7%BC%A9" title="磁致伸缩">磁致伸縮</a>合金（如<a href="/wiki/Terfenol-D" title="Terfenol-D">Terfenol-D</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%B9%B5%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%87%88" title="金屬鹵化物燈">金屬鹵化物燈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%A3%92" title="控制棒">控制棒</a>、摻鏑<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="釔鋁石榴石">釔鋁石榴石</a>（Dy:YAG，用於螢光光纖測溫系統及白色<a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>等）等 </td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td>Ho </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">钬</a> </td> <td>Holmium </td> <td>源自其发现者的故乡<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a>之拉丁语名"Holmia"。 </td> <td>雷射材料摻雜劑（如摻鈥<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="釔鋁石榴石">釔鋁石榴石</a>（Ho:YAG）、摻鈥<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%87%94%E9%8B%B0" title="氟化釔鋰">氟化釔鋰</a>（Ho:YLF）等，用於醫療、牙科和光纖等領域）、玻璃著色劑、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化鈥">氧化鈥</a>玻璃用作<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="分光光度計">分光光度計</a>波長校正標準、稀土磁鐵、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%B9%B5%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%87%88" title="金屬鹵化物燈">金屬鹵化物燈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%A3%92" title="控制棒">控制棒</a>等 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td>Er </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">铒</a> </td> <td>Erbium </td> <td>源自瑞典<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="伊特比村">伊特比村</a>之名。 </td> <td>雷射材料摻雜劑（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%BB%E9%89%BA%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摻鉺釔鋁石榴石雷射（页面不存在）">摻鉺釔鋁石榴石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" class="extiw" title="en:Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG laser</a>）（Er:YAG）、摻鉺<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鉻">鉻</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%94%E9%88%A7%E9%8E%B5%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="釔鈧鎵石榴石（页面不存在）">釔鈧鎵石榴石</a>（Er,Cr:YSGG）等，用於醫療、牙科等領域）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%96%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="光纖放大器">光纖放大器</a>摻雜劑（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%BA%E9%93%92%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8" title="掺铒光纤放大器">摻鉺光纖放大器</a>）、玻璃的粉紅色染料、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上轉換奈米粒子（页面不存在）">上轉換奈米粒子</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upconverting_nanoparticles" class="extiw" title="en:Upconverting nanoparticles">Upconverting nanoparticles</a>）摻雜劑、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="釩">釩</a>鋼等合金添加劑、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E6%A3%92" title="控制棒">控制棒</a>等 </td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td>Tm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">铥</a> </td> <td>Thulium </td> <td>源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="希腊神话">希腊神话</a>中的北方神秘之地<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%8B%92" title="图勒">图勒</a>（Thule）。 </td> <td>雷射材料摻雜劑（如摻銩釔鋁石榴石（Tm:YAG）、鈥-鉻-銩-三摻雜<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="釔鋁石榴石">釔鋁石榴石</a>（Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG）等，用於醫療、軍事、氣象學等領域）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上轉換奈米粒子（页面不存在）">上轉換奈米粒子</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upconverting_nanoparticles" class="extiw" title="en:Upconverting nanoparticles">Upconverting nanoparticles</a>）摻雜劑、便携式<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9C%BA" title="X射线机">X射线机</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8A%A9-170&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="銩-170（页面不存在）">銩-170</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%B9%B5%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%87%88" title="金屬鹵化物燈">金屬鹵化物燈</a>等 </td> <td>0.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>Yb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">镱</a> </td> <td>Ytterbium </td> <td>源自瑞典<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="伊特比村">伊特比村</a>之名。 </td> <td>雷射材料摻雜劑、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%96" class="mw-redirect" title="光纖">光纖</a>摻雜劑、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%8A%B9%E9%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="不銹鋼">不銹鋼</a>摻雜劑、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%90%98" title="原子鐘">原子鐘</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上轉換奈米粒子（页面不存在）">上轉換奈米粒子</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upconverting_nanoparticles" class="extiw" title="en:Upconverting nanoparticles">Upconverting nanoparticles</a>）摻雜劑、便携式<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9C%BA" title="X射线机">X射线机</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%90%BF-169&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鐿-169（页面不存在）">鐿-169</a>）、監測<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>的應力計、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A%E7%81%AB%E7%84%B0%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅外線火焰干擾裝置（页面不存在）">紅外線火焰干擾裝置</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" class="extiw" title="en:Flare (countermeasure)">Flare (countermeasure)</a>）等 </td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td>Lu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">镥</a> </td> <td>Lutetium </td> <td>源自法國村鎮Lutetia之名（为現今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>）。 </td> <td>石油流化催化裂化催化劑、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%90%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="正子斷層造影">PET</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%83%81%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="闪烁体">閃爍體</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%A6%E9%8B%81%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎦鋁石榴石（页面不存在）">鎦鋁石榴石</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium_aluminium_garnet" class="extiw" title="en:Lutetium aluminium garnet">Lutetium aluminium garnet</a>）（LuAG，用於雷射器、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="透明陶瓷（页面不存在）">透明陶瓷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_ceramics" class="extiw" title="en:Transparent ceramics">Transparent ceramics</a>）、<a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>磷光體等）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射治療</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8E%A6-177&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鎦-177（页面不存在）">鎦-177</a>）等 </td> <td>0.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> 在地殼中的濃度為百萬分之幾，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>為13ppm </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> 钷沒有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定同位素</a>，在自然界中僅<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a>存在，因此大多數鉕是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>中人工合成的。 </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> 稀土元素都是作為礦物成分之一、而不是以純元素態被發現的，第一個被發現的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="稀土礦物">稀土礦物</a>是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>軍官（業餘<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學家">地質學家</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="化學家">化學家</a>）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E7%B4%90%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾·阿克塞爾·阿列紐斯（页面不存在）">卡爾·阿克塞爾·阿列紐斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Axel_Arrhenius" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Axel Arrhenius">Carl Axel Arrhenius</a>）於1787年在瑞典<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%AF%94" title="伊特比">伊特比</a>村（Ytterby）的一個採石場發現的，以其發現地將該礦物命名為“ytterbite”（在1800年更名為gadolinite，中文稱作<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%93%8D%E9%92%87%E7%9F%BF" title="硅铍钇矿">矽鈹釔礦</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> 阿列紐斯所發現的“ytterbite”被交到瑞典<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B8%83%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="奥布皇家学院">奧布皇家學院</a>教授<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%9E%97" title="约翰·加多林">約翰·加多林</a>手上，加多林從礦石中分離出了一種未知的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>，他將其稱為yttria（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%87%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化釔">氧化釔</a>）。而另一位瑞典<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="分析化学">分析化學</a>家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%85%8B%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德斯·古斯塔夫·埃克貝格（页面不存在）">安德斯·古斯塔夫·埃克貝格</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Gustav_Ekeberg" class="extiw" title="en:Anders Gustav Ekeberg">Anders Gustav Ekeberg</a>）從礦石中分離出<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="鈹">鈹</a>，但未能識別出礦石中其他的元素。在前項1794年的發現後，化學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="永斯·貝吉里斯">永斯·貝吉里斯</a>和物理學家兼化學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·希辛格">威廉·希辛格</a>重新研究了從瑞典<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%B1%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里達爾許坦（页面不存在）">里達爾許坦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddarhyttan" class="extiw" title="en:Riddarhyttan">Riddarhyttan</a>）附近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯特纳斯">巴斯特納斯</a>挖掘出的礦物，該礦物原先被認為是<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="鎢">鎢</a>礦物。1803年，兩人從中得到了一種白色氧化物，取名為ceria（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%88" title="二氧化铈">二氧化鈰</a>）。此外，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="普魯士王國">普魯士王國</a>化學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E7%89%B9" title="馬丁·克拉普羅特">馬丁·克拉普羅特</a>也獨立發現了相同的氧化物，他稱其為ochroia。 因此，直到1803年已發現兩種稀土元素：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94" class="mw-redirect" title="釔">釔</a>（yttrium）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鈰">鈰</a>（cerium），但研究人員又花了30年的時間才確定這兩種氧化物（ceria和yttria）中含有其他未知的元素（由於稀土元素間相似的化學性質，導致難以將它們相互分離）。 1839年，永斯·貝吉里斯的助手<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾·古斯塔夫·莫桑德（页面不存在）">卡爾·古斯塔夫·莫桑德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Mosande" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Gustav Mosande">Carl Gustav Mosande</a>）通過加熱硝酸鹽並將產物溶解<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸">硝酸</a>中，將ceria樣品中不溶於硝酸的二氧化鈰分離了出來，他將溶解於硝酸中的氧化物稱為lanthana（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%95%A7" title="氧化镧">氧化鑭</a>）。他又花了3年時間把lanthana進一步分離成didymia（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%90%A0%E9%87%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧化鐠釹（页面不存在）">氧化鐠釹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/didymia" class="extiw" title="en:didymia">didymia</a>））和純的氧化<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鑭">鑭</a>。Didymia實際上仍為多種稀土氧化物的混合物，但以莫桑德當時的技術無法將其進一步分離。 1842年，莫桑德將yttria分離成三種氧化物：純的yttria、terbia（當時指<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%92" title="氧化铒">氧化鉺</a>）和erbia（當時指<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="氧化铽">氧化鋱</a>），三者名稱均源於伊特比村之名。他將形成粉紅色鹽類的稀土命名為terbium（當時指<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鉺">鉺</a>），形成黃色過氧化物的稀土則命名為erbium（當時指<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鋱">鋱</a>）。 因此在1842年，已知的稀土元素數量共有六種：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94" class="mw-redirect" title="釔">釔</a>（yttrium）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鈰">鈰</a>（cerium）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鑭">鑭</a>（lanthanum）、<a href="/wiki/Didymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Didymium">didymium</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鉺">鉺</a>（erbium）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鋱">鋱</a>（terbium）。 另外，1839年時人們在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">帝俄</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉山脈">烏拉山脈</a>南部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF" title="米阿斯">米阿斯</a>發現了第三個稀土元素的來源，是一種類似於矽鈹釔礦的礦物，被命名為uranotantalum（如今稱為samarskite，中文稱作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%AE%E9%87%94%E7%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈮釔礦（页面不存在）">鈮釔礦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarskite-(Y)" class="extiw" title="en:Samarskite-(Y)">Samarskite-(Y)</a>））。該礦物被德國籍<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="礦物學">礦物學</a>家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古斯塔夫·羅斯（页面不存在）">古斯塔夫·羅斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Rose" class="extiw" title="en:Gustav Rose">Gustav Rose</a>）留下記錄。1847年，俄羅斯化學家R. Harmann在對鈮釔礦進行分析後提出在該礦物中存在一種類似於<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="鈮">鈮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鉭">鉭</a>的新元素，並將其命名為「ilmenium」（源自烏拉山脈的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%E9%97%A8%E5%B1%B1" title="伊尔门山">伊爾門山</a>）。但後來瑞典礦物學及化學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯蒂安·威爾海姆·布隆斯特蘭德（页面不存在）">克里斯蒂安·威爾海姆·布隆斯特蘭德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Blomstrand" class="extiw" title="en:Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand">Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>化學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%93-%E5%A4%8F%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E8%96%A9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="讓-夏爾·加利薩·德馬里尼亞（页面不存在）">讓-夏爾·加利薩·德馬里尼亞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" class="extiw" title="en:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>礦物學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海因里希·羅斯（页面不存在）">海因里希·羅斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" class="extiw" title="en:Heinrich Rose">Heinrich Rose</a>）證明ilmenium只是鈮和鉭的混合物。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="光譜鑑定">光譜鑑定</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：光譜鑑定">编辑</a>]</div> 在1842年後的30年間，稀土元素領域並沒有進一步的發現。當時<a href="/wiki/Didymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Didymium">didymium</a>被視為一個元素並列入<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="分子量">分子量</a>為138。 1878年，讓-夏爾·加利薩·德馬里尼亞將從矽鈹釔礦取得的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%93%92" title="硝酸铒">硝酸鉺</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分段結晶（页面不存在）">分段結晶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(chemistry)" class="extiw" title="en:Fractional crystallization (chemistry)">Fractional crystallization (chemistry)</a>）後，從中發現不同於粉紅色氧化鉺的白色結晶，將其命名為ytterbia（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%95%B1" title="氧化镱">氧化鐿</a>），並推斷其是一種名為ytterbium（<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="鐿">鐿</a>）的新元素形成的化合物。<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-XVI-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-RSYtterbium-19">[17]</a> 1879年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="马克·德拉方丹">馬克·德拉方丹</a>利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="原子发射光谱法">原子發射光譜法</a>在didymium中發現了幾條新的譜線，據此推測didymium並非純元素，而是混合物。同年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%93%A6%E5%8D%9A%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0" title="保罗·埃米尔·勒科克·德布瓦博德兰">保羅·德布瓦博德蘭</a>從鈮釔礦（samarskite）中提煉出的didymium樣本中分離出了新元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="釤">釤</a>（samarium），但仍無法證實關於didymium本身非純元素的猜測。 同樣於1879年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="拉斯·弗雷德里克·尼爾森">拉斯·弗雷德里克·尼爾森</a>和他的團隊從<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E7%A8%80%E9%87%91%E7%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑稀金礦（页面不存在）">黑稀金礦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/euxenite" class="extiw" title="en:euxenite">euxenite</a>）和矽鈹釔礦中通過光譜分析發現並分離出新元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鈧">鈧</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Nilsonfr-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nilsonde-21">[19]</a>接著瑞典化學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩爾·特奧多爾·克里夫（页面不存在）">佩爾·特奧多爾·克里夫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Teodor_Cleve" class="extiw" title="en:Per Teodor Cleve">Per Teodor Cleve</a>）對尼爾森分離出鈧後的含鉺殘餘物進行光譜分析，並使用莫桑德的方法從氧化鉺中分離出了兩種新物質，分別為綠色及棕色。克里夫將棕色物質命名為holmia（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化鈥">氧化鈥</a>），綠色物質命名為thulia（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%93%A5" title="氧化铥">氧化銩</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> 1884年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡爾·奧爾·馮·韋爾斯巴赫（页面不存在）">卡爾·奧爾·馮·韋爾斯巴赫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a>）從不純的didymia中分離出氧化鑭後，對提純後的didymium複鹽進行分段結晶。歷經極度費時費力的百餘次分段結晶後，韋爾斯巴赫最終於1885年成功地將didymium鹽拆分為二，並以光譜學手段證實其確為兩種不同元素的鹽。<a href="#cite_note-CRC-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-e341-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-wels-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Welsbach-26">[24]</a>韋爾斯巴赫將量較多且鹽為淺紫色者命名為neodidymium（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="釹">釹</a>，意為新的didymium）；鹽為綠色者則命名為praseodidymium（<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鐠">鐠</a>，意為綠色的didymium）。之後兩個新元素的名稱很快地被簡化為neodymium和praseodymium。 1886年，德布瓦博德蘭再度對samaria（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%90" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化钐">氧化釤</a>）進行分離程序並有了新發現，同時讓-夏爾·加利薩·德馬里尼亞通過直接對鈮釔礦進行分離亦得到了類似的結果，他們以約翰·加多林的名字將新元素命名為gadolinium（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%93" class="mw-redirect" title="釓">釓</a>），釓的氧化物則命名為gadolinia。同年，德布瓦博德蘭使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E6%B2%89%E6%BE%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分段沉澱（页面不存在）">分段沉澱</a>法從氧化鈥中分離出了一種新元素的氧化物，並將新元素命名為dysprosium（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鏑">鏑</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-DeKosky-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> 1886年至1901年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>物理學家及化學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·克鲁克斯">威廉·克魯克斯</a>、保羅·德布瓦博德蘭和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>化學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%9E" title="尤金·德马塞">尤金·德馬塞</a>對samaria、yttria和鈮釔礦做進一步的光譜分析，得出了幾條新的光譜線，表明其中仍有未知元素存在。1901年，以分段結晶法從這些氧化物中分離出了新元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="銪">銪</a>。 1902年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a>化學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8B%9E%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博胡斯拉夫·布勞納（页面不存在）">博胡斯拉夫·布勞納</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Brauner" class="extiw" title="en:Bohuslav Brauner">Bohuslav Brauner</a>）發現週期表所有相鄰的已發現稀土元素中，釹和釤之間的性質差異是最大的，因此他推測兩者之間有一個未知元素。<a href="#cite_note-61a-29">[27]</a> 1907年，法國化學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E4%BD%91%E7%88%BE%E7%8F%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬治·佑爾班（页面不存在）">喬治·佑爾班</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Urbain" class="extiw" title="en:Georges Urbain">Georges Urbain</a>）將德馬里尼亞發現的ytterbia又分離成兩種氧化物：neoytterbia和lutecia。Neoytterbia後來被確認只是更純的氧化鐿，而lutecia則是新元素lutecium（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="鎦">鎦</a>）的氧化物。至此，已發現的稀土元素數量達到了16種。 當時科學家們並不清楚稀土元素的確切數量，估計最多可能有25種。1913-1914年，英國物理學家及化學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="亨利·莫斯利">亨利·莫斯利</a>使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X射線發射光譜法（页面不存在）">X射線發射光譜法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_emission_spectroscopy" class="extiw" title="en:X-ray emission spectroscopy">X-ray emission spectroscopy</a>）測量了多種化學元素的電磁波譜，發現一個元素原子的電子層受激發後產生的<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線">X射線</a>的頻率之平方根與該元素的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>成線性比（稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="莫斯利定律">莫斯利定律</a>）。莫斯利測定出了當時所有已發現元素的原子序數，確定在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼土金屬">鹼土金屬</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鋇">鋇</a>（56號）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鉭">鉭</a>（73號）之間應當有16個元素存在，而該範圍內除了61號元素和72號元素尚屬未知之外，其餘14個元素都已經被發現，即前述16種已發現的稀土元素中除去21號的鈧和39號的釔後所剩下的14種（即今日所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鑭系元素">鑭系元素</a>）。此一研究成果證實了先前布勞納的猜測，即在釹（60號）和釤（62號）之間的確存在未知的61號元素。 1911年，喬治·佑爾班聲稱他在1907年製備的稀土樣本中含有72號元素。1921年，英國<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化學</a>家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E5%82%91%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查爾斯·魯傑利·伯里（页面不存在）">查爾斯·魯傑利·伯里</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Bury" class="extiw" title="en:Charles R. Bury">Charles R. Bury</a>）根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼爾斯·玻爾">尼爾斯·玻爾</a>的原子理論，指出72號元素應該並非稀土元素，而是與<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="鋯">鋯</a>性質相似的<a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a>，也就是說，72號元素不會在稀土礦物中出現，而應當從含鋯和鈦的礦石中尋找，該觀點得到玻爾等人的支持。1923年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>化學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%B5%B7%E9%9F%A6%E8%A5%BF" title="乔治·德海韦西">喬治·德海韋西</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="迪尔克·科斯特">迪爾克·科斯特</a>根據玻爾等人的推論，對多種含鋯礦石進行了X射線光譜分析，果真在<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%AF%E7%9F%B3" title="鋯石">鋯石</a>中發現了72號元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="鉿">鉿</a>，證實其並非稀土元素。 至於61號元素在歷經多組科學家團隊錯誤的發現報告後，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%99%B6%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約瑟夫·馬陶赫（页面不存在）">約瑟夫·馬陶赫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mattauch" class="extiw" title="en:Josef Mattauch">Josef Mattauch</a>）於1934年提出<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%99%B6%E8%B5%AB%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8F%E7%95%B0%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="馬陶赫同量異位素規則">馬陶赫同量異位素規則</a>，推導出61號元素無法形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定同位素</a>，在自然界中可能無法大量存在。最終於1945年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7A%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅各布·A·馬林斯基（页面不存在）">雅各布·A·馬林斯基</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_A._Marinsky" class="extiw" title="en:Jacob A. Marinsky">Jacob A. Marinsky</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7E%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%B9%E5%AF%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勞倫斯·E·格蘭丹寧（页面不存在）">勞倫斯·E·格蘭丹寧</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_E._Glendenin" class="extiw" title="en:Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7D%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%80%B6%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查爾斯·D·科耶爾（页面不存在）">查爾斯·D·科耶爾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_D._Coryell" class="extiw" title="en:Charles D. Coryell">Charles D. Coryell</a>）在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E6%A0%91%E5%B2%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="橡树岭国家实验室">柯林頓實驗室</a>將<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>燃料置於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="石墨反应堆">石墨反應爐</a>中輻照後，於其<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="裂变产物">裂變產物</a>中發現了61號元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95" class="mw-redirect" title="鉕">鉕</a>，至此週期表上最後一個稀土元素的空缺終於被補全。<a href="#cite_note-Marinsky-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分離史">分離史</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：分離史">编辑</a>]</div> 稀土金屬的主要來源是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%9F%E7%A2%B3%E9%88%B0%E7%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氟碳鈰礦（页面不存在）">氟碳鈰礦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bastn%C3%A4site" class="extiw" title="en:bastnäsite">bastnäsite</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%B1%85%E7%9F%B3" title="獨居石">獨居石</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%B0%E9%88%A3%E9%88%A6%E7%A4%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈰鈣鈦礦（页面不存在）">鈰鈣鈦礦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loparite-(Ce)" class="extiw" title="en:Loparite-(Ce)">Loparite-(Ce)</a>）以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%9F" title="紅土">紅土</a>型離子吸附<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%9C%9F" title="黏土">黏土</a>。雖然稀土元素在地殼中的蘊藏量相對豐富，但與<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a>相比，稀土金屬更加難以開採和提煉（原因包括其在地殼中分布稀散，且彼此間化學性質非常相似，難以分離），而使得稀土金屬的價格相對昂貴。早期科學家主要是通過反覆<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%BE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="沉澱">沉澱</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="結晶">結晶</a>來分離、萃取出個別的稀土金屬，不但難度高、成本高且費時耗力，因此當時稀土金屬在工業上的應用非常有限。<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a>歷史上稀土元素的早期用途大多使用多種稀土混合而成的合金，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="混合稀土金属">混合稀土金屬</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%B0%E9%90%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈰鐵（页面不存在）">鈰鐵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocerium" class="extiw" title="en:Ferrocerium">Ferrocerium</a>）合金等，以減少分離成本。至今混合稀土金屬仍大量用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8C%96%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E8%A3%82%E5%8C%96" title="流化催化裂化">流化催化裂化</a>等領域。 在1940年代，美國的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%BD%BC%E4%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法蘭克·史彼丁（页面不存在）">法蘭克·史彼丁</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spedding" class="extiw" title="en:Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a>）等人在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A0%93%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="曼哈頓計劃">曼哈頓計劃</a>執行期間開發出化學<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="離子交換">離子交換</a>程序來分離和提純<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="錒系元素">錒系元素</a>，從<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="釷">釷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="錒">錒</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>所產出的錒系元素混合物中分離出<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A-239" class="mw-redirect" title="钚-239">鈽-239</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plutonium-239" class="extiw" title="en:plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="錼">錼</a>。鈽-239是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="可裂变物质">可裂變物質</a>，在軍事及工業上有巨大的需求。該方法後來也被用於提取稀土元素。在離子交換和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%B6%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溶析法（页面不存在）">溶析法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/elution" class="extiw" title="en:elution">elution</a>）等高效的分離技術面世之後，稀土元素才開始在各個領域中展露頭角，在產業中的重要性大幅提升。 一些<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" title="钛铁矿">鈦鐵礦</a>的濃縮物含有少量的鈧和其他稀土元素，可透過<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E4%BB%AA" title="X射线荧光光谱仪">X射線熒光光譜儀</a>（XRF）分析而得。<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類">分類</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：分類">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期分類">早期分類</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：早期分類">编辑</a>]</div> 在使用分段<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E6%BE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="沉澱">沉澱</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="結晶">結晶</a>來分離稀土的年代，稀土礦石經過初步分離後的產物通常分為兩大類：鈰土（包括鈧、鑭、鈰、鐠、釹和釤）和釔土（包括釔、鏑、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="鈥">鈥</a>、鉺、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="銩">銩</a>、鐿和鎦），而銪、釓和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鋱">鋱</a>有時被視為單獨的一組（鋱組），有時則是把銪歸入鈰組、釓和鋱歸入釔組。使用這種分法的主因為三組稀土的<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鈉">鈉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="鉀">鉀</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E7%9B%90" title="复盐">複鹽</a>在水中<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E5%BA%A6" title="溶解度">溶解度</a>不同，鈰組的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="硫酸鈉">硫酸鈉</a>複鹽難溶於水，鋱組的微溶，釔組的則極易溶於水。<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a>有時釔組會進一步分成鉺組（鏑、鈥、鉺和銩）和鐿組（鐿和鎦），但主流的分法仍是分成鈰組和釔組兩類。<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輕稀土與重稀土">輕稀土與重稀土</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：輕稀土與重稀土">编辑</a>]</div> 如今，科學家已不使用鈰組和釔組的分法，而是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>作為分類的標準：原子序數較低者稱為輕稀土元素（light rare-earth elements，LREE），高原子序數者則稱為重稀土元素（heavy rare-earth elements，HREE），但對於兩類的分界點尚無統一的標準。<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a>通常，原子序數從57（鑭）到63（銪）者為輕稀土元素，原子序數大於63者則是重稀土元素。<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a>由於釔的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="离子半径">離子半徑</a>及化學性質和重鑭系元素非常相近，亦被歸類為重稀土元素。<a href="#cite_note-gsl-38">[36]</a>因此輕稀土元素相當於過去的鈰組，重稀土元素相當於釔組。至於鈧的離子半徑太小，化學性質與其他稀土元素相比差異較大，故一般既不列入重稀土也不歸於輕稀土序列。<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a>此外，原子序數居中的釤、銪和釓有時會被稱為中稀土元素（middle rare-earth elements，MREE）。<a href="#cite_note-Rollinson-41">[39]</a> <ul><li>輕稀土元素（LREE）：<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鑭">鑭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鈰">鈰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鐠">鐠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="釹">釹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95" class="mw-redirect" title="鉕">鉕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="釤">釤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="銪">銪</a>、（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%93" class="mw-redirect" title="釓">釓</a>）<a href="#cite_note-LREEGd-42">[註 1]</a></li> <li>中稀土元素（MREE）：釤、銪、釓、（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鋱">鋱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鏑">鏑</a>）</li> <li>重稀土元素（HREE）：釓、鋱、鏑、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="鈥">鈥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鉺">鉺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="銩">銩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="鐿">鐿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="鎦">鎦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94" class="mw-redirect" title="釔">釔</a></li></ul> 礦床中重稀土元素的含量通常比輕稀土元素來得稀少，因此價格相對高得多。<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源">起源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：起源">编辑</a>]</div> 稀土元素中，除了鈧之外都是比<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>重的元素，因此在宇宙中是經由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="超新星核合成">超新星核合成</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E8%BF%91%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E6%94%AF" title="漸近巨星支">漸近巨星支</a>中的<a href="/wiki/S-%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="S-過程">S-過程</a>（或稱<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="慢中子">慢中子</a>捕獲過程）所產生的。 由於鉕同位素的半衰期都很短，因此<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原生核素（页面不存在）">原生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Primordial nuclide">Primordial nuclide</a>）的鉕早已衰變殆盡。在自然界中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發裂變</a>會產生微量的鉕，但絕大多數鉕是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>中人工合成的。 由於稀土元素的化學性質非常相似，岩石中稀土的濃度在地球化學過程的作用中只會緩慢改變，岩石中不同稀土的比例可用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="地质年代学">地質年代學</a>、測定化石的年齡。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="全球稀土生產">全球稀土生產</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：全球稀土生產">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rareearth_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rareearth_production.svg/330px-Rareearth_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rareearth_production.svg/495px-Rareearth_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rareearth_production.svg/660px-Rareearth_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>全球產量1950年–2000年</figcaption></figure> 在1948年以前，世界上大部分稀土都產自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%A0%82%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D" title="漂砂沉積">漂砂沉積</a>礦場。到 1950年代，世界上的稀土則產自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E7%9C%81" title="西開普省">西開普省</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steenkampskraal%E7%A4%A6%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steenkampskraal礦場（页面不存在）">Steenkampskraal礦場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenkampskraal_mine" class="extiw" title="en:Steenkampskraal mine">Steenkampskraal mine</a>）內的獨居石礁礦石。<a href="#cite_note-Rose60-44">[41]</a>從1960年代到1980年代，位於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加利福尼亞州">加利福尼亞州</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountain_Pass%E7%A4%A6%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountain Pass礦場（页面不存在）">Mountain Pass礦場</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Pass_Mine" class="extiw" title="en:Mountain Pass Mine">Mountain Pass Mine</a>）讓美國成為主要的稀土生產國。印度和南非的礦場在今日仍然生產一些稀土精礦，但其規模無法與中國的生產規模相比。中國的儲藏量佔全世界的23%<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a>，但在2017年所生產的稀土數量佔全世界的81%，主要生產地點在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="內蒙古自治區">內蒙古</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Haxel02-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-46">[43]</a> 。澳大利亞的產量佔世界的15%，是世界第二大，也是中國以外唯一的主要生產國。<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a>世界上所有的重稀土元素（如鏑）都產自中國，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E9%84%82%E5%8D%9A%E7%9F%BF%E5%8C%BA" title="白云鄂博矿区">白雲鄂博礦區</a>（包含多種稀土金屬礦物）。<a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a>位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西澳大利亞州">西澳大利亞州</a>北部<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%BA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍爾斯溪（页面不存在）">霍爾斯溪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halls_Creek" class="extiw" title="en:Halls Creek">Halls Creek</a>）東南160公里處的布朗斯山脈礦山（Browns Range mine）目前正在開發中，並有望成為中國以外第一個重要的鏑生產礦區。<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> 由於世界對於稀土元素的需求增加導致供應緊張，人們日益擔心可能很快將會面臨短缺的情況。<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a>從2009年起的幾年之內，全球對稀土元素的需求預計每年造成超過40,000公噸的短缺，因此必須積極開發。<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-51">[48]</a>根據2013年的報導，由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲聯盟">歐盟</a>對這些元素的依賴、稀土元素又無法被其他元素替代，加上稀土元素的回收率低，世界對於這類元素的需求更會強化。由於需求增加，供應不足，將來的價格還會有更進一步上漲的可能，而中國以外的國家也會開發新的稀土礦場。<a href="#cite_note-Massari-52">[49]</a>此外，由於稀土對於新創科技開發很重要，世界對於它們的需求更會增長。這些在生產時需要用到稀土元素的高科技設備包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E5%9E%8B%E6%89%8B%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="智慧型手機">智慧型手機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="數位相機">數位相機</a>、電腦零組件、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體</a>等，另外如<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="再生能源">再生能源</a>、軍事設備、玻璃製造、和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="冶金學">冶金</a>等也需要用到稀土元素。<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國">中國</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：中國">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%AD" title="中國稀土業">中國稀土業</a></div> 中國在稀土元素生產具有絕對優勢地位，它在21世紀初期的幾項行動加深世界對於稀土供應不足的憂慮。<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a>具體方面是中國宣布出口管制和打擊走私。<a href="#cite_note-Livergood2010-55">[52]</a>中國在2009年9月1日宣布計劃在2010-2015年把出口配額減少至每年3.5萬公噸，以節約稀有資源和保護環境<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中國日報">中國日報</a>》在2010年10月19日援引一位不具名的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國商務部">商務部</a>官員的話報導說，中國“明年將進一步減少稀土出口配額，最多達到30%，以保護這種珍貴元素，避免過度開發。”<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a>中國政府進一步透過加強控制，迫使規模較小的獨立礦業公司為免予關閉而被併入國有企業。2010年底，中國宣布2011年上半年稀土出口配額為14,446公噸，比前一年同期的出口配額減少35%。<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a>進一步於2011年7月14日宣布降低下半年出口配額，全年度出口總量為30,184公噸，而全國總產量的上限定為93,800公噸。<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a>2011年9月，中國宣布把8個主要稀土礦中的3個停產，這3個礦場產能佔中國稀土總產量近40%。<a href="#cite_note-ReutersSept611-60">[57]</a>美國、歐盟、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>在2012年3月透過<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界貿易組織">世界貿易組織</a>（WTO）就此出口和生產限制與中國對質。中國回應說這些限制的動機是出於環保考量。<a href="#cite_note-reuters-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-62">[59]</a>中國在2012年8月又宣布進行20%的減產<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a>美國、日本、和歐盟在2012年向WTO對中國提起聯合訴訟，認為中國不應縮減如此重要的出口。<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-62">[59]</a> 稀土價格因其他國家（澳大利亞<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E8%82%A1%E4%BB%BD%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="萊納斯股份有限公司">萊納斯公司</a>轄下礦場和和美國的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molycorp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molycorp（页面不存在）">Molycorp</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molycorp" class="extiw" title="en:Molycorp">Molycorp</a>）轄下礦場）的新礦場開工而導致下跌。<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a>氧化鏑的價格在2011年為994美元/公斤，但在2014年跌至265美元/公斤。<a href="#cite_note-WTI-65">[62]</a> WTO在2014年8月29日裁定中國違反自由貿易協定，WTO在主要調查結果摘要中表示“中國對國外和國內限制的總體效果，是鼓勵國內開採並確保中國國內製造商能優先使用這些產品。”中國在2014年9月26日宣布會根據WTO裁決行事，但需要一些緩衝時間。然後到2015年1月5日，把所有稀土出口的配額取消，但出口者需要申請出口許可證。<a href="#cite_note-WTO-66">[63]</a> 2019年，中國供應全球17種稀土粉末需求的85%至95%，但其中一半的精礦是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>供應。<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a>緬甸歷經<a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="2021年緬甸軍事政變">2021年軍事政變</a>後，未來在關鍵礦石的供應可能受到限制。此外，有人猜測中國應對美國和歐盟國家實施的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%88%B6%E8%A3%81" title="經濟制裁">經濟制裁</a>，可能會再次減少稀土出口。稀土元素是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="電動載具">電動汽車</a>製造和高科技軍事應用的關鍵材料。<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國以外國家">中國以外國家</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：中國以外國家">编辑</a>]</div> 由於世界需求增加和中國對於出口的限制，一些國家正在儲備稀土資源。<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a>不斷在澳大利亞、巴西、加拿大、南非、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="坦桑尼亞">坦桑尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="格陵蘭">格陵蘭</a>、以及美國尋找替代來源。<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a>這些國家/地區的礦場在1990年代因為中國不斷把稀土的價格壓低而被迫關閉。由於重新生產需要克服很多<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E5%85%A5%E5%A3%81%E5%A3%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進入壁壘（页面不存在）">進入壁壘</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/barriers_to_entry" class="extiw" title="en:barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a>），這些礦場需要幾年的時間才能開始生產。<a href="#cite_note-Livergood2010-55">[52]</a>其中一例是位於加利福尼亞州的Mountain Pass礦場在2012年8月27日宣佈在重新啟動階段的基礎上恢復運營。<a href="#cite_note-Leifert2010-72">[69]</a>中國以外正在開發的其重要礦場包括有南非的Steenkampskraal礦場，這兒蘊藏世界上品質最高的稀土和釷礦，正準備恢復生產中，有超過80%的基礎設施已經完成。<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a>其他礦場包括澳大利亞中部的Nolans項目，美國<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E" title="阿拉斯加州">阿拉斯加州</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E5%9D%8E%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博坎山（页面不存在）">博坎山</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokan_Mountain" class="extiw" title="en:Bokan Mountain">Bokan Mountain</a>）項目，加拿大北部偏遠的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoidas_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoidas Lake（页面不存在）">Hoidas Lake</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoidas_Lake" class="extiw" title="en:Hoidas Lake">Hoidas Lake</a>）項目，<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a>和澳大利亞<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韋爾德山（页面不存在）">韋爾德山</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Weld" class="extiw" title="en:Mount Weld">Mount Weld</a>）項目<a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leifert2010-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a>]Hoidas Lake項目具有潛力可提供<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>需求的10%（價值10億美元）。<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>在2010年10月與日本簽署協議，預定從其<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" title="西北部 (越南)">西北部</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81" title="萊州省">萊州省</a>供應日本稀土。<a href="#cite_note-supply_deal-77">[74]</a> 美國的礦業公司NioCorp Development Ltd已啟動一項不很確定結果的工作，試圖能取得11億美元資金，<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a>用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E" title="內布拉斯加州">內布拉斯加州</a>東南部的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elk_CreekElk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elk CreekElk（页面不存在）">Elk CreekElk</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek,_Nebraska" class="extiw" title="en:Creek, Nebraska">Creek, Nebraska</a>）礦場開採鈮、鈧、和鈦礦<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a>，預計這個礦場可生產每年達7,200公噸的鈮鐵和95公噸的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%AA" title="氧化钪">氧化鈧</a>。<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> 被考慮開發的礦區還有加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9_(%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7)" class="mw-redirect" title="西北地方 (加拿大)">西北地區</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托爾湖（页面不存在）">托爾湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Lake" class="extiw" title="en:Thor Lake">Thor Lake</a>），和在越南的幾個地點。<a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cbc2013-11-04-81">[78]</a> 此外在2010年，在格陵蘭南部的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvanefjeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvanefjeld（页面不存在）">Kvanefjeld</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvanefjeld" class="extiw" title="en:Kvanefjeld">Kvanefjeld</a>）發現有大型稀土礦床存在。<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a>在該地點進行的可行性鑽探證實有大量的黑色異霞正長巖（lujavrite），其中含有約1%的稀土氧化物 (REO)。<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a>歐盟曾敦促格陵蘭限制中國在那裡開發稀土項目，但截至2013年初，格陵蘭政府表示沒有實施此類限制的計劃。<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a>許多<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥">丹麥</a>政界人士擔憂在不久的將來包括中國在內的國家可能會在人口稀少的格陵蘭取得影響力。<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>中部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%9F%8E%E7%9C%81" title="雷阿爾城省">雷阿爾城省</a>，擬議名為“Matamulas稀土開採”項目，據其開發商聲稱可提供的稀土數量高達2,100公噸/年（佔歐盟每年需求的33%）。但由於地方當局考慮到當地社會和環境問題，項目遭到要求而暫停。<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E8%AD%89%E5%88%B8%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="澳洲證券交易所">澳洲證券交易所</a>（ASX）掛牌的公司Peak Resources於2012年2月宣布，他們所擁有位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%A1%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="坦桑尼亞">坦桑尼亞</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngualla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngualla（页面不存在）">Ngualla</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngualla" class="extiw" title="en:Ngualla">Ngualla</a>）項目，不僅擁有中國以外蘊藏量第6大的礦床，而且稀土元素的品質極佳。 <a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> 據報導，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國">北韓</a>在2014年5月和6月期間曾向中國出口價值約188萬美元的稀土礦。<a href="#cite_note-Petrov-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="馬來西亞精煉廠">馬來西亞精煉廠</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：馬來西亞精煉廠">编辑</a>]</div> 在2011年初，報導稱澳大利亞萊納斯公司在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="马来西亚半岛地区">馬來西亞半島地區</a>東海岸工業港<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="關丹">關丹</a>“匆忙完成”一座耗資2.3億美元的稀土精煉廠。這座工廠將提煉來自澳大利亞韋爾德山的鑭系元素精礦。精礦先被卡車運到<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里曼特爾">弗里曼特爾</a>港口，然後經由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E6%AB%83%E8%88%B9" title="貨櫃船">貨櫃船</a>運到關丹卸貨。萊納斯公司預計這座工廠在兩年內能精煉出的稀土元素可滿足中國以外各國需求量的近3分之1。<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a>關丹的開發項目重新引起了人們對馬來西亞<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="霹靂州">霹靂州</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B3%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="红泥山">紅泥山</a>的關注，那裡曾有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%8F%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%A7%E8%82%A1" title="三菱化學控股">三菱化學控股</a>子公司Asian Rare Earth所經營，於1994年關閉的稀土礦場，這座礦場留下持續的環境和健康問題。<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT01-94">[91]</a>馬來西亞政府在2011年中，因為抗議事件而宣布給予萊納斯工廠限制，當時援引<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="道琼斯公司">道瓊斯公司</a>所屬的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%A6%E5%91%A8%E5%88%8A" title="巴伦周刊">巴倫周刊</a>》僅供訂戶閱讀的報導稱萊納斯公司總共投資7.3億美元，工廠產預計可佔全球市場需求“大約達到6分之1。” <a href="#cite_note-B01-95">[92]</a>針對工廠處理的稀土元素可能有放射性危害的擔憂，馬來西亞政府發起並經<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%83%BD%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="國際原子能機構">國際原子能機構</a> (IAEA) 於2011年進行的獨立審查，並沒發現有不符合國際輻射安全標準的情況。<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> 然而馬來西亞當局證實截至2011年10月，萊納斯公司未獲得任何進口稀土礦的許可證。2012年2月2日，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%83%BD%E8%A8%B1%E5%8F%AF%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬來西亞原子能許可委員會（页面不存在）">馬來西亞原子能許可委員會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Licensing_Board" class="extiw" title="en:Atomic Energy Licensing Board">Atomic Energy Licensing Board</a>）（AELB）建議頒發臨時許可證給予萊納斯公司。萊納斯公司最終在2014年9月2日獲得AELB頒發的完整運營許可證（有效期2年）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他來源">其他來源</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：其他來源">编辑</a>]</div> 在<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="愛沙尼亞">愛沙尼亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E6%8B%89%E9%82%81%E5%9F%83" title="錫拉邁埃">錫拉邁埃</a>已經營運50年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>礦、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="頁岩">頁岩</a>、和鈰鈣鈦礦開採過程中積累的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BE%E7%9F%BF" title="尾矿">尾礦</a>中發現有相當數量的稀土氧化物。<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a>由於國際稀土價格上漲，從這些氧化物中提取稀土已具經濟價值。目前愛沙尼亞每年出口約3,000公噸，約佔世界產量的2%。<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a>據信在美國西部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%98%E9%87%91%E6%BD%AE" title="淘金潮">淘金潮</a>時代的礦山曾留下大量當時被認為沒價值的尾礦，其中或許存有大量的稀土。<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> 日本兩所大學的研究人員在2012年5月宣布，他們在日本<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%AA%9B%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="愛媛縣">愛媛縣</a>發現稀土。<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> 一艘日本深海科考船在2013年1月從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%B3%A5%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="南鳥島">南鳥島</a>以南約250公里（160英里）深度5,600至5,800米的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>海床取得7個深海泥芯樣本。<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a>研究小組在海床下方2至4米處發現一個地層，其中稀土氧化物的濃度達到0.66%。潛在礦床的等級可能與中國南方的離子吸收型礦床相媲美，後者提供中國大部分的稀土元素產出，而稀土礦濃度僅在0.05%至0.5%之間。<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="回收">回收</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：回收">编辑</a>]</div> 另一項最近開發出來的稀土來源是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="电子垃圾">電子垃圾</a>和其他含有大量稀土成分的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="垃圾">垃圾</a>。<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6" title="資源回收">資源回收</a>新技術使得從這些廢物中提取稀土變得更加可行，<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a>目前已有回收工廠在日本運作，估計存在報廢的電子產品中共有300,000公噸稀土。<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="罗地亚集团">羅地亞集團</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodia_(company)" class="extiw" title="en:Rhodia (company)">Rhodia (company)</a>）在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%BE%85%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="拉羅謝爾">拉羅謝爾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B8%B0" title="圣丰">聖豐</a>各建一個工廠，預定由日光燈、磁鐵和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="電池">電池</a>回收稀土，年產量為200公噸。<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>炭和煤炭副產品是關鍵元素（包括稀土元素）的潛在來源，估計總共數量在5,000萬公噸左右。<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用途">用途</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：用途">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 157.57478599687px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.461929754415px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6.291466725365px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:90.482705246602px 42.577929156507px 0 0; border-top-color:fuchsia"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:fuchsia"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:53.5826794979px 84.432792550202px 0 0; border-top-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 524.21835811132px 100px 0; border-right-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:aqua"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:0.19732715717284px; border-width:0 0 99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px; border-bottom-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 2015年全球稀土元素用途<a href="#cite_note-zhou2015-111">[108]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  催化劑，24%（24%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  磁鐵，23%（23%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  拋光劑，12%（12%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  其他，9%（9%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  冶金，8%（8%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  電池，8%（8%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  玻璃，7%（7%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  陶瓷器，6%（6%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  磷光體及<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0" title="色素">色素</a>，3%（3%）</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 137.63819204712px; border-left-color:fuchsia"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:fuchsia"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:fuchsia"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 72.654252800536px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.2162452993533E-14px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> 2018年美國稀土元素用途。<a href="#cite_note-USGS2019-112">[109]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  催化劑，60%（60%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  陶瓷器及玻璃，15%（15%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  拋光劑，10%（10%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  其他，5%（5%）</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  冶金，10%（10%）</div> </div> </div></div> 在全球，大多數的稀土元素用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化">催化</a>劑和磁鐵。<a href="#cite_note-zhou2015-111">[108]</a>在美國，超過一半的稀土元素用作催化劑，也在<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8" title="陶瓷器">陶瓷器</a>、玻璃、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%9B%E5%85%89" title="抛光">拋光</a>大量使用。<a href="#cite_note-USGS2019-112">[109]</a> 稀土元素的其他重要用途適用於高性能磁鐵、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>、玻璃、和電子產品的生產。鈰和鑭是重要的催化劑，用於石油精煉和柴油污染物還原劑之用。釹在傳統和低碳技術的磁鐵生產上很重要. 這一類別的稀土元素用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%9B" title="混合動力車輛">油電混合車輛</a>和電動汽車的馬達、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="風力發動機">風力發動機</a>的發電機、電腦<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="硬盤">硬盤</a>、便攜式電子產品、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="麥克風">麥克風</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E8%81%B2%E5%99%A8" title="揚聲器">揚聲器</a>。 鈰、鑭、和釹對於合金、燃料電池、和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E6%B0%AB%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳氫電池">鎳氫電池</a>的製造很重要。鈰、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鎵">鎵</a>和釹對於電子產品的製造很重要，用在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6%E9%A1%AF%E7%A4%BA%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="液晶顯示器">液晶顯示器</a>（LCD）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF%E9%A1%AF%E7%A4%BA%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電漿顯示器">電漿顯示器</a>（Plasma Display Panel）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光纖</a>、雷射裝置、<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a>。稀土元素另可用在醫療應用、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99" title="肥料">肥料</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="水处理">水處理</a>的示蹤劑。<a href="#cite_note-gsl-38">[36]</a> 稀土元素被用於農業，以提高作物生長、生產力、和抗壓性，而且在經使用後似乎對人類和牲畜並無負面影響。中國廣泛把富含稀土元素的肥料用於農業生產。<a href="#cite_note-Pang-114">[111]</a>此外，稀土元素做飼料添加劑使用，可讓牲畜的體型增大，乳和蛋類的生產增加。然而這種做法導致牲畜體內稀土元素生物累積，並影響到相關農業區的植被和藻類生長。<a href="#cite_note-Kyung-115">[112]</a>雖然在目前的低濃度情況下並未觀察到有不良影響，但隨著時間的推移的長期和積累的影響尚無法預測，而促使有人呼籲對其可能的影響應該進行更多的研究。<a href="#cite_note-Pang-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ali_123–134-116">[113]</a> 由於稀土元素的供應量有限，不同行業之間發生直接的資源競爭，例如電子行業與再生能源產業中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%BB%A0" title="風力發電廠">風力發電廠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E4%BC%8F%E6%A8%A1%E7%B5%84" title="光伏模組">太陽電池模板</a>發生直接競爭。<a href="#cite_note-rizk-117">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對環境影響">對環境影響</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：對環境影響">编辑</a>]</div> 在自然環境中的稀土元素濃度非常低。蘊藏這類資源的礦山通常位於環境和社會標準非常低的國家，因為礦山的開發，而導致有侵犯人權、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%A0%8D%E4%BC%90" title="森林砍伐">森林砍伐</a>的事情，並且<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="污染">污染</a>到當地的土地和水源。<a href="#cite_note-rizk-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-standaert-118">[115]</a> 在採礦和工業生產場所附近，稀土元素的濃度會上升到正常背景水準的許多倍。稀土元素一旦進入環境，就會滲入土壤中，然後它們的遷移取決於多種因素，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="侵蚀作用">侵蝕作用</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="風化作用">風化作用</a>、<a href="/wiki/PH%E5%80%BC" title="PH值">pH值</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地下水">地下水</a>等。如同金屬一樣，它們可根據土壤條件形成，無論是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="移動性">移動</a>，或是被吸附到土壤顆粒中。根據它們的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E5%BA%A6" title="生物利用度">生物利用度</a>，稀土元素可被植物吸收，然後被人類和牲畜攝入。對於稀土元素的開採，使用（肥料添加劑）和磷肥的生產，都會導致稀土元素污染。<a href="#cite_note-Volokh-119">[116]</a>此外，在萃取稀土元素的過程中會用到強酸，而這些酸會滲入環境，並通過水體而導致水生環境酸化。另一種會導致稀土元素污染環境的是氧化鈰 (CeO2) 添加劑，它在柴油燃燒過程中產生，成為廢氣顆粒物釋入大氣，嚴重導致土壤和水的污染。<a href="#cite_note-Kyung-115">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baiyunebo_ast_2006181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Baiyunebo_ast_2006181.jpg/220px-Baiyunebo_ast_2006181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Baiyunebo_ast_2006181.jpg/330px-Baiyunebo_ast_2006181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Baiyunebo_ast_2006181.jpg/440px-Baiyunebo_ast_2006181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="包頭">包頭</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E9%84%82%E5%8D%9A%E7%9F%BF%E5%8C%BA" title="白云鄂博矿区">白雲鄂博礦區</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%89%B2" title="假色">假色</a>衛星相片，2006年</figcaption></figure> 對於稀土元素的開採、提煉和回收，如果管理不當，會對環境造成嚴重後果。稀土元素尾礦中的釷和鈾因有低放射性，而存有潛在危害，<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a>這些物質如果處理不當，會對環境造成廣泛的傷害。中國在2010年5月宣布對非法採礦進行為期5個月的重大取締行動，以保護環境及其資源。預計這場取締行動會集中在中國的南方，<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a>那裡的礦山（通常是小型、農村式以及非法者）特別容易會把有毒廢物排放到一般供水中。<a href="#cite_note-Wikinvest-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a>然而，即使是位在內蒙古<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="包頭">包頭</a>的主要生產基地也造成嚴重的環境破壞。<a href="#cite_note-NYT-123">[120]</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國工業和信息化部">工業和信息化部</a>估計清理<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="江西省">江西省</a>的稀土污染成本就高達55億美元。<a href="#cite_note-standaert-118">[115]</a> 雖然可透過各式過濾方法把採礦場隨著廢水流出的稀土元素回收，但並非每個採礦場的廢水排放出口一定會按照規定裝設過濾和回收的設備。<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="稀土回收和再利用">稀土回收和再利用</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：稀土回收和再利用">编辑</a>]</div> 一篇在2004年發表的文獻顯示，除了既有的避免污染措施外，更良好的循環式供應鏈將有助於在萃取稀土元素之時就可降低污染。這表示是把在使用中，或是達到使用生命週期終點的稀土元素回收而再加利用。<a href="#cite_note-Ali_123–134-116">[113]</a>在2014年發表的一項研究，提出一種從廢鎳氫電池中回收稀土元素的方法，回收率可達到95.16%。<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="稀土污染的影響">稀土污染的影響</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：稀土污染的影響">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="對於植物">對於植物</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：對於植物">编辑</a>]</div> 開採稀土元素會對生產區周圍的土壤和水造成污染，附近植被的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="葉綠素">葉綠素</a>減少，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>受到影響，植物的生長受到抑制。<a href="#cite_note-Kyung-115">[112]</a>但是植物受到影響的程度會因當地植物的種類而異：有些植物會吸收而保留稀土元素，有些則不會。此外，植被吸收稀土元素的能力也依土壤中的稀土元素種類而定，整個過程受到許多因素的影響。<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-128">[125]</a>植被中主要受到稀土元素污染影響的是農作物，其中<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="蘋果">蘋果</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E8%8F%9C" title="甜菜">甜菜</a>最會吸收和儲存稀土元素，<a href="#cite_note-Volokh-119">[116]</a>稀土元素也會滲入水生環境而被水生植物吸收，並發生生物積累，有可能進入牲畜和人類的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈">食物鏈</a>。其中一例是中國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%A2%8B%E8%93%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="布袋蓮">布袋蓮</a>，由於在附近的農業區使用富含稀土元素的肥料，水生環境受到污染，而布袋蓮所含鈰的濃度比周遭的水中高出3倍。<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="對於人體健康">對於人體健康</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：對於人體健康">编辑</a>]</div> 所謂稀土元素是一組元素，各有其不同特性，在不同的環境中有不同的濃度。因為這種原因，再加上研究有限，很難確定什麼是人類的安全暴露水準。<a href="#cite_note-Rim-129">[126]</a>有幾項研究都側重於曝露途徑，以及與附近農業、礦場及工業生產的背景水準而做的風險評估。<a href="#cite_note-sun-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-ramos-131">[128]</a>已有資料證明許多稀土元素具有毒性，並且存在環境或工作場所中。接觸這些物質會引發廣泛的負面健康後果，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="呼吸系统疾病">呼吸系統疾病</a>、牙齒脫落，甚至是死亡。<a href="#cite_note-Massari-52">[49]</a>然而稀土元素種類眾多，以不同的形式和不同的毒性水準存在，因此很難做針對癌症風險和毒性發出全面警告，因為其中有些無害，而另一些則具有風險。<a href="#cite_note-Rim-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-ramos-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-sun-130">[127]</a> 毒性似乎是因為大量接觸，透過攝入受到污染的食物和水，或是因為職業危害/接近受到污染的場所（譬如礦場或是城市）而吸入粉塵/煙霧顆粒而導致。因此這些居民主要面臨的問題是稀土元素的生物累積及其對呼吸系統的影響，但總體而言，可能還另存在其他短期和長期的健康影響。<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kyung-115">[112]</a>研究發現，生活在礦山附近的中國人與遠離礦區的對照組相比，其<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液">血液</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E6%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="尿液">尿液</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="骨骼">骨骼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%AE" title="頭髮">頭髮</a>中的稀土元素含量要高出許多倍。這種高稀土元素水準的現象與當地人種植的蔬菜、土壤及井水中的稀土元素含量有關聯，顯示是因為受到附近礦場的影響。<a href="#cite_note-sun-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-ramos-131">[128]</a>雖然當地男性和女性體內的稀土元素水準各不相同，但遭遇最大風險的群體是兒童，因為稀土元素會影響兒童的神經發育，影響到他們的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86" title="智商">智商</a>，並可能導致記憶力減退。<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> 開採稀土和冶煉的過程，會釋放<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氟化物">氟化物</a>進入大氣，它會與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="總懸浮固體">總懸浮固體</a> (TSP) 結合，形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%BA%B6%E8%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="氣溶膠">氣溶膠</a>，然後進入人體呼吸系統，並造成損害和產生呼吸系統疾病。中國在包頭所作的研究顯示，接近稀土礦場空氣中的氟化物濃度高於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界衛生組織">世界衛生組織</a>（WHO）所設的上限，因而會影響周圍的環境，並對附近居住或工作的人構成威脅。<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> 馬來西亞霹靂州紅土山居民們指責當地稀土精煉廠對於當地一個有11,000居民的社區，在5年內造成<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="先天性障碍">出生缺陷</a>和8例<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="白血病">白血病</a>，而當地之前多年並沒白血病病例出現過。其中7名白血病患者死亡。精煉廠Asian Rare Earth董事Osamu Shimizu 說：“他的公司曾試圖做副產品營銷，而試售過幾袋<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%92%99" title="磷酸钙">磷酸鈣</a>肥料；磷酸鈣本身沒放射性，也不危險”，一位紅土山的前居民說，“[用那種肥料幫助生長]草類飼養的乳牛全都死了。”<a href="#cite_note-Bl01-135">[132]</a>馬來西亞最高法院於1993年12月23日裁定，並無證據顯示這家Asian Rare Earth曾污染當地環境。<a href="#cite_note-WIS-136">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="對於動物健康">對於動物健康</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：對於動物健康">编辑</a>]</div> 把<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%A4%A7%E9%BC%A0" title="实验大鼠">實驗大鼠</a>暴露於各種鈰化合物的實驗發現，鈰主要會在在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>中積累，而導致這些器官發生相關的負面健康結果。<a href="#cite_note-Pagano-137">[134]</a>把稀土元素添加到牲畜飼料中可增加牲畜的體型以及產乳量。<a href="#cite_note-Pagano-137">[134]</a>這類元素最常用於增加豬的體型，並發現可提高豬消化系統的消化率和營養吸收率。<a href="#cite_note-Pagano-137">[134]</a>研究指出稀土元素的毒性與正面影響間有劑量因素存在。雖然來自環境的微小劑量或適量使用似乎沒不良影響，但已經證實大劑量對所積聚的器官有負面影響。<a href="#cite_note-Pagano-137">[134]</a>中國的稀土開採過程導致部分地區發生土壤以及水的污染，當這些物質進入水體時，可能會在水生生物群中產生生物累積。再者，有些處在受到稀土元素污染地區的動物被診斷出有器官或是身體系統的問題。<a href="#cite_note-Kyung-115">[112]</a>稀土元素因可保護魚類免受疾病的侵害，已被用於淡水<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%A2%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96" title="水產養殖">水產養殖</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Pagano-137">[134]</a>稀土元素被廣泛添加到牲畜飼養的主要原因是因為它們比無機飼料增強劑具有更好的效果。<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="污染後清理">污染後清理</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：污染後清理">编辑</a>]</div> 在<a href="/w/index.php?title=1982%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%9F%E5%B1%B1%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982年紅土山放射性污染事件（页面不存在）">1982年紅土山放射性污染事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Bukit_Merah_radioactive_pollution" class="extiw" title="en:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution">1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution</a>）之後，這座礦山在2011年一直處在需要花費1億美元做清理工作的焦點。在完成山頂數量達11,000卡車量放射性污染材料的掩埋後，預計還要在2011年夏天把“80,000多裝有放射性廢物的鋼桶移至山頂儲存區。” <a href="#cite_note-NYT01-94">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B3%B6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%A0%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%AB%99%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" class="mw-redirect" title="福島第一核電站事故">福島第一核電站事故</a>發生之後，因為在關丹的萊納斯公司精煉場有放射性廢物，而在2011年5月發生過廣泛的抗議活動。這座工廠要加工的礦石中釷的含量非常低，公司創始人兼首席執行官尼古拉斯·柯蒂斯（Nicholas Curtis）說：“對公共健康絕對沒風險。” T. Jayabalan是當地的醫生，他說他一直在監測和治療受三菱工廠影響的患者，“他對萊納斯公司的保證抱持審慎的態度。”他說，關於礦石中釷的含量低，會比較安全的論點並沒意義，因為輻射暴露會有累積的效果。”<a href="#cite_note-Bl01-135">[132]</a>建廠工作在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%83%BD%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="國際原子能機構">國際原子能機構</a>（IAEA）獨立小組調查完成前暫時停止，調查預計在2011年6月結束。<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a>馬來西亞政府在當年6月下旬宣布增加新的限制。<a href="#cite_note-B01-95">[92]</a> IAEA小組的調查完成後，建廠工作未遭制止。萊納斯公司在2011年依照原預算以及原日程開始生產。IAEA在2011年6月發布的報告，結論是它沒有發現有“任何不合規”的情況，而且這個項目“符合國際輻射安全標準”。<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> 如果礦場遵循安全標準行事，對於開採工作的影響相對較低。後來宣告破產的Molycorp經常會採用比當時環境法規更高的標準，目的是改善公司的公眾形象。<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> 在格陵蘭的Kvanefjeld，由於環境問題，是否可開辦新的稀土礦場，仍存有重大爭議。<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地緣政治因素">地緣政治因素</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：地緣政治因素">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_rare_earth_oxides_production_graph.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A U.S.G.S. graph of global rare-earth-oxide production trends, 1956–2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/USGS_rare_earth_oxides_production_graph.PNG/220px-USGS_rare_earth_oxides_production_graph.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/USGS_rare_earth_oxides_production_graph.PNG/330px-USGS_rare_earth_oxides_production_graph.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/USGS_rare_earth_oxides_production_graph.PNG/440px-USGS_rare_earth_oxides_production_graph.PNG 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>全球稀土氧化物生產趨勢圖，1956年-2008年 (<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="美國地質調查局">美國地質調查局</a>)</figcaption></figure> 中國在全國打擊稀土礦物生產所列出的官方理由是資源會枯竭，以及相關環境問題。<a href="#cite_note-ReutersSept611-60">[57]</a>但中國的稀土政策也被認為具有非環境的動機。<a href="#cite_note-NYT-123">[120]</a>根據《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學人">經濟學人</a>》的報導，“中國削減稀土金屬出口……是為了把中國製造商推升到供應鏈的上游，這樣他們就可向世界出售有價值的製成品，而非廉價的原材料。”<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a>此外，中國目前在世界稀土<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E9%8F%88" title="價值鏈">價值鏈</a>中已具有壟斷地位<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a>（把原礦石透過精煉廠和加工廠轉化為有價值的元素<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a>）。用1970年代末至80年代末的中國政治家<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鄧小平">鄧小平</a>的話來說，“中東有石油，中國有稀土……這些元素具有極其重要的戰略意義，一定要搞好稀土產業，充分發揮我國稀土資源優勢。”<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> 中國具有市場控制地位的一個例子是美國<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="通用汽車">通用汽車</a>的磁體小型化研究部門，於2006年把美國辦公室關閉，然後把所有員工遷往中國<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a>（中國的出口配額僅適用於稀土原料，對於如磁鐵的製成品並無限制）。 據報導<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-148">[145]</a>（但中國官方否認）<a href="#cite_note-wsjs-149">[146]</a>中國應對一名中國漁船船長遭受日本<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%BB%B3" title="海上保安廳">海上保安廳</a>拘留，(參照<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B8%94%E8%88%B9%E4%B8%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B7%A1%E9%80%BB%E8%88%B9%E9%92%93%E9%B1%BC%E5%B2%9B%E7%9B%B8%E6%92%9E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="中国渔船与日本巡逻船钓鱼岛相撞事件">中國漁船與日本巡邏船釣魚島相撞事件</a>）於2010年9月22日制定一項禁止向日本出口稀土氧化物（而非合金）的禁令，<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-62">[59]</a>而在2010年9月2日，也就是漁船事件發生前幾天，《經濟學人》報導稱，“中國……在7月宣布一系列年度出口削減措施中的最新一項，這次是減少40%，精確的說是30,258公噸。“<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-62">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E9%83%A8" title="美國能源部">美國能源部</a>在2010年關鍵材料戰略報告中把鏑確定為美國依賴進口原料中最具關鍵地位者。<a href="#cite_note-#1-151">[148]</a> 由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="美國地質調查局">美國地質調查局</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國內政部">美國內政部</a>發布的2011年《中國稀土產業》報告中，對中國的產業趨勢做出概述，並審查中國指導未來生產的政策。報告指出中國在稀土產業處於領先地位。 1990年中國在此類礦產的數量僅佔世界的27%，而到2009年，世界產量為13.2萬公噸，中國產量為12.9萬公噸（即佔比高於97%）。報告稱，近期的模式表明中國將減緩此類材料的出口：“由於國內需求的增加，政府在過去幾年逐漸減少出口配額。” 中國在2006年允許47家國內稀土生產商和貿易商，以及12家中外合資稀土生產商出口，管制逐年收緊；到2011年，只有22家國內稀土生產商和貿易商，以及9家中外合資稀土生產商取得核准。政府的政策可能會繼續維持嚴格的出口管制：“根據中國的稀土發展規劃草案，2009年至2015年期間稀土年產量可能會控制在13萬至14萬公噸之間。出口配額可能在35,000公噸左右，政府可能允許20家國內稀土生產商和貿易商從事出口。”<a href="#cite_note-#1-151">[148]</a> 美國地質調查局（USGS）在美國軍隊的保護下積極調查<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>南部的稀土礦床。從2009年起，USGS進行遙感調查和實地調查，以驗證當年<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>聲稱當地存有含稀土元素火山岩的說法。USGS研究小組在一座死火山的中心找到一片相當大的岩石區域，其中含有鈰和釹等輕稀土元素。估計適合開採的礦石有130萬公噸，可滿足目前水準長達10年的需求量。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A7%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%BB%88" class="mw-redirect" title="五角大廈">五角大廈</a>估計其價值為約為74億美元。<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> 有人認為在再生能源地緣政治的文獻中，稀土的地緣政治重要性遭到誇大，而把擴大生產的經濟誘因力道予以低估。<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[151]</a>由於釹在製造風力發動機中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%A3%81%E4%BD%93" title="永磁体">永磁體</a>佔有重要地位，有人認為這元素將會在依靠再生能源世界中的地緣政治上成為重要的競爭目標。但這種觀點因未能體認大多數風力發動機具有齒輪，並未使用永磁體，因而受到批評。<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="備註">備註</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：備註">编辑</a>]</div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LREEGd-42"><a href="#cite_ref-LREEGd_42-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>將釓劃分為輕稀土元素。 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E6%89%80%E5%88%97%E9%9D%A2%E8%87%A8%E5%8C%B1%E4%B9%8F%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E6%B8%85%E5%96%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐盟所列面臨匱乏礦物元素清單（页面不存在）">歐盟所列面臨匱乏礦物元素清單</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_elements_facing_shortage" class="extiw" title="en:List of elements facing shortage">List of elements facing shortage</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E8%AD%B7%E7%85%A7" title="材料護照">材料護照</a>: 產品內所含材料清單</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="循環經濟">循環經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E7%B3%BE%E7%B4%9B" title="稀土貿易糾紛">稀土貿易糾紛</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ASella2016-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASella2016_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASella2016_1-1">1.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASella2016_1-2">1.2</a> Professor of Chemistry at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College London">University College London</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Sella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Sella（页面不存在）">Andrea Sella</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvQMiqqzcZE&t=0h0m0s">YouTube上的Andrea Sella: "Insight: Rare-earth metals"</a>, Interview on <a href="/wiki/TRT_World" class="mw-redirect" title="TRT World">TRT World</a> / Oct 2016, minutes 4:40 - ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation book">T Gray. 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Cambridge: RSC Publishing. 2005 [2012-03-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-85404-438-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-85404-438-2">ISBN 978-0-85404-438-2</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2008-05-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&rft.au=N.+G.+Connelly+and+T.+Damhus&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry%3A+IUPAC+Recommendations+2005&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-438-2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=RSC+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Frbook%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Haxel02-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haxel02_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haxel02_4-1">4.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Haxel G.; Hedrick J.; Orris J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214095306/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/fs087-02.pdf">Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology</a> (PDF). Edited by Peter H. Stauffer and James W. Hendley II; Graphic design by Gordon B. Haxel, Sara Boore, and Susan Mayfield. United States Geological Survey. 2002 [2012-03-13]. USGS Fact Sheet: 087‐02. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/fs087-02.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2010-12-14）. <q>However, in contrast to ordinary base and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Precious_metals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precious metals（页面不存在）">precious metals</a>, REE have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. 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Energy Post. 2021-02-25 [2021-02-25]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energypost.eu/eu-u-s-exploring-new-sources-of-rare-earth-minerals-should-china-limit-exports/">原始内容</a>存档于2022-02-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft.aulast=Trakimavicius&rft.btitle=EU%2C+U.S.+exploring+new+sources+of+Rare+Earth+Minerals%2C+should+China+limit+exports&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Energy+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergypost.eu%2Feu-u-s-exploring-new-sources-of-rare-earth-minerals-should-china-limit-exports%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-0">151.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_154-1">151.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Overland, Indra. The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=The+geopolitics+of+renewable+energy%3A+Debunking+four+emerging+myths&rft.aufirst=Indra&rft.aulast=Overland&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2214-6296&rft.jtitle=Energy+Research+%26+Social+Science&rft.pages=36-40&rft.volume=49&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.erss.2018.10.018&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相關多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rare_earth_elements" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rare earth elements">稀土元素</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 160px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">外部媒体链接</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">音频</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/rare-earths-the-hidden-cost-to-their-magic">"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic"</a>, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242, June 25, 2019, Science History Institute</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">视频</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/rare-earth-elements-project">“10 ways rare earth elements make life better”</a>, animation, Science History Institute</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aglMNj4hld0">Rare Earth Elements: The Intersection of Science and Society</a>, presentation and discussion led by Ira Flatow, Science History Institute, September 24, 2019</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Template:化學元素分類"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Template talk:化學元素分類"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:化學元素分類"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素分類" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88" title="Category:化学元素集合">元素分類</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="S区元素">s区元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="P区元素">p区元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="D区元素">d区元素</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ds%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ds区元素">ds區元素</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="F区元素">f区元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="G区元素">g区元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="H区元素">h区元素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">元素周期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC8%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第8周期元素">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC9%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="第9周期元素">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="主族元素">主族元素</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">1</a>（碱金属）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">2</a>（碱土金属）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">13</a>（硼族元素）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">14</a>（碳族元素）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">15</a>（氮族元素）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">16</a>（氧族元素）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">17</a>（鹵素）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">18</a>（稀有气体）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="副族元素">副族元素</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="过渡金属">过渡金属</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="F区元素">內過渡金属</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="镧系元素">镧系元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="锕系元素">锕系元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="超锕系元素">超锕系元素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BA%8F" title="化学序">其它元素分類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金属</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">稀土金属</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貧金屬">貧金屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E7%86%94%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="難熔金屬">難熔金屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬">貴金屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="惰性金屬">惰性金屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91%E6%97%8F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="鉑族金屬">鉑族金屬</a>（PGMs）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="鐵系元素">鐵族元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="轻金属">轻金属</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="重金属">重金属</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然金屬（页面不存在）">自然金屬</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_metals" class="extiw" title="en:Native metals">Native metals</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="类金属">类金属</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="非金属元素">非金屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%80%A7_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" title="兩性 (化學)">兩性元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="重元素">重元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性元素">放射性元素</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="人工合成元素">人工合成元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%93%80%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="超铀元素">超铀元素</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="超重元素">超重元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%90%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="锕系后元素">锕系后元素</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="主要錒系元素（页面不存在）">主要錒系元素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_actinide" class="extiw" title="en:Major actinide">Major actinide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E8%A6%81%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="次要锕系元素">次要錒系元素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:元素周期表">Category:元素周期表</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学">Portal:化学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="产业" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="Template:产业"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="Template talk:产业"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:产业"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="产业" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="产业">产业</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="重工業">重工業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="輕工業">輕工業</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="第一产业">第一产业</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>“农林牧渔” <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%89%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="畜牧业">畜牧业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A" title="渔业">渔业</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="第二產業">第二產業</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="石油產業">石油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E9%A1%B5%E5%B2%A9%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="油页岩工业">油頁岩</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%9A" title="制造业">制造业</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="汽車產業">車輛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="自行车工业">自行車</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E5%95%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="航空航天制造商（页面不存在）">航空</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" class="extiw" title="en:Aerospace manufacturer">Aerospace manufacturer</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E8%88%B9" title="造船">船舶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%98%B2%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD" title="國防工業">國防</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E6%96%BD%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="建築施工">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="食品产业">食品</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%B1%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="肉类加工业">肉類加工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E4%B8%9A" title="酒业">酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B8%E8%8D%89%E6%A5%AD" title="菸草業">菸草</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E4%B8%9A" title="纺织业">紡織</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BA%E7%BB%87%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="纺织工业">纺织工业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%95%B4%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="染整工业">染整工業</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="水利產業">水利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%8D%89%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="皮草貿易">皮草</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%B4%99%E6%A5%AD" title="造紙業">造紙</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%91%E6%96%99%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塑料工业（页面不存在）">塑料</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastics_industry" class="extiw" title="en:Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E8%8D%AF%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="制药产业">製藥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="电子工业">電子工業</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="半导体产业">半导体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源工業（页面不存在）">能源</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industry" class="extiw" title="en:Energy industry">Energy industry</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="电力工业">電力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_industry" class="extiw" title="en:Electric power industry">Electric power industry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" title="可再生能源商业化">可再生能源</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="廣告業">廣告</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="化学工业">化學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="第三产业">第三产业</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A5%AD" title="資訊業">訊信技術</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軟體業（页面不存在）">軟體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industry" class="extiw" title="en:Software industry">Software industry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A8%E7%B7%9A%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E7%87%9F%E9%81%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="在線服務營運（页面不存在）">在線服務</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_service_provider" class="extiw" title="en:Online service provider">Online service provider</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="金融服務">金融</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="保險">保險</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8" title="旅游">旅游和接待</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%BA%97%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="酒店業">酒店</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F%E6%A5%AD" title="飲食業">餐飲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E5%BA%97" title="酒店">酒店</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="色情產業">色情</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="第四产业">第四产业</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="創意產業">創意</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E8%A3%9D" title="時裝">時裝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E4%B8%9A" title="电影业">電影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="音樂產業">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="电子游戏产业">電子遊戲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="广播">广播</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="通讯社">通讯社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="无线电产业">无线电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="电视">电视</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="文化产业">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="醫療衛生產業">医疗卫生产业</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="专业服务（页面不存在）">专业服务</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_services" class="extiw" title="en:Professional services">Professional services</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體育產業（页面不存在）">體育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_industry" class="extiw" title="en:Sport industry">Sport industry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%95%E7%94%A2" title="不動產">不動產</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a></li> <li>娱乐业 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E8%97%9D%E7%95%8C" title="演藝界">演藝界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E5%A0%B4" title="賭場">賭博</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E8%B3%AD%E5%8D%9A" title="網絡賭博">在線賭博</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="内容产业">内容</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E5%83%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音像出版業（页面不存在）">音像</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovisual" class="extiw" title="en:Audiovisual">Audiovisual</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="日本动画">动画</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="语言产业">语言产业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%97%B2%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%9A" title="休闲产业">休闲产业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%94%A2%E6%A5%AD" title="第五產業">第五產業</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190444#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1090143/">FAST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX543215">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132099-2">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563113705171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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