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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">When a receptor decreases its response to an agonist at high concentration</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg/220px-Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg/330px-Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg/440px-Homologous_Desensitization_Pathways.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>General pathways for GPCR homologous desensitization</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Homologous desensitization</b> occurs when a <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> decreases its response to an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> at high concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a process through which, after prolonged agonist exposure, the receptor is uncoupled from its <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signaling cascade</a> and thus the cellular effect of receptor activation is attenuated.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homologous desensitization is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Heterologous_desensitization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterologous desensitization">heterologous desensitization</a>, a process in which repeated stimulation of a receptor by an agonist results in desensitization of the stimulated receptor as well as other, usually inactive, receptors on the same cell. They are sometimes denoted as agonist-dependent and agonist-independent desensitization respectively. While heterologous desensitization occurs rapidly at low agonist concentrations, homologous desensitization shows a <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose dependent</a> response and usually begins at significantly higher concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homologous desensitization serves as a mechanism for <a href="/wiki/Tachyphylaxis" title="Tachyphylaxis">tachyphylaxis</a> and helps organisms to maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. The process of homologous desensitization has been extensively studied utilizing <a href="/wiki/G_protein%E2%80%93coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein–coupled receptor">G protein–coupled receptors</a> (GPCRs).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the different mechanisms for desensitization are still being characterized, there are currently four known mechanisms: uncoupling of receptors from associated <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">degradation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">downregulation</a>. The degradation and downregulation of receptors is often also associated with <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">drug tolerance</a> since it has a longer onset, from hours to days.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been shown that these mechanisms can happen independently of one another, but that they also influence one another. In addition, the same receptor expressed in different cell types can be desensitized by different mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologous_desensitization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For GPCRs generally, each mechanism of homologous desensitization begins with receptor <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> by an associated <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor_kinase" title="G protein-coupled receptor kinase">G protein-coupled receptor kinase</a> (GRK). GRKs selectively modify activated receptors such that no heterogeneous desensitization will occur. This phosphorylation then acts to recruit other proteins, such as <a href="/wiki/Arrestin" title="Arrestin">arrestins</a>, that participate in one or more of the following mechanisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Receptor_uncoupling">Receptor uncoupling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologous_desensitization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Receptor uncoupling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Receptor uncoupling/phosphorylation is the most rapid form of desensitization that happens within a cell, as its effects are seen within seconds to minutes of agonist application.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">ß<sub>2</sub> adrenergic receptor</a> was the first to have its desensitization studied and characterized. The mechanism of desensitization involves the action of a specific GRK, denoted <a href="/wiki/Beta_adrenergic_receptor_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta adrenergic receptor kinase">ßARK</a>, and also ß-arrestins. The ß-arrestins show high affinity for receptors that are both phosphorylated and activated, but are still able to bind non-phosphorylated receptors with a lower affinity. Additionally, ß-arrestins are better at inactivating ßARK-phosphorylated receptors rather than <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_A" title="Protein kinase A">protein kinase A</a>-phosphorylated receptors, which suggests that the arrestins preferentially mediate homologous desensitization.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mechanism of homologous desensitization for the β<sub>2</sub> receptor is as follows: </p> <ol><li>Agonist binds and activates the receptor, which changes to an active <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">conformational state</a>.</li> <li>Beta adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK), a <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasmic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">kinase</a> is activated and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylates</a> the <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminus</a> of the β<sub>2</sub> receptor.</li> <li>This phosphorylation increases the affinity of β-arrestin for the receptor, resulting in uncoupling of the <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">α subunit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/G_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="G proteins">heterotrimeric G-protein</a> from the receptor, producing desensitization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endocytosis">Endocytosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologous_desensitization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Endocytosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to receptor uncoupling, endocytosis can occur through multiple pathways. GPCR endocytosis has been shown to be either dependent or independent of arrestin activity, depending on the cell type used in the experiment; however, the former is more common. Furthermore, the same receptor expressed in two distinct cell types can be endocytosed through different mechanisms due to differences in GRK and arrestin expression: either through <a href="/wiki/Clathrin" title="Clathrin">clathrin-coated vesicles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caveolae" title="Caveolae">caveolae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, receptor sequestration preferentially affects receptors that are both activated and phosphorylated, but the phosphorylation is not always a necessary component of endocytosis. After being sequestered, the affected receptors can either be degraded by <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a> or reinserted into the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">plasma membrane</a>, which is called receptor recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-translational modification also affects receptor endocytosis. For example, different <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylations</a> on the exterior <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">dopamine receptors</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D<sub>2</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D<sub>3</sub></a> were associated with specific endocytotic pathways. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Palmitoylation" title="Palmitoylation">palmitoylation</a>, which primarily mediates receptor localization within the membrane, can also affect endocytosis. It is required for the endocytosis of <a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a> and D<sub>3</sub> receptors, and it is inhibitory for <a href="/wiki/Leutinizing_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Leutinizing hormone">leutinizing hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1A" title="Vasopressin receptor 1A">vasopressin receptor 1A</a> receptors. It has been shown to have no effect on adrenergic receptors (specifically ß<sub>2</sub> and <a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homologous_desensitization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/dict/homologous-desensitization.html">"homologous desensitization"</a>. <i>Medical Dictionary</i>. Drugs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=homologous+desensitization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fdict%2Fhomologous-desensitization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomologous+desensitization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehmannHabener,_JF1991" class="citation journal cs1">Fehmann, HC; Habener, JF (Jun 1991). "Homologous desensitization of the insulinotropic glucagon-like peptide-I (7-37) receptor on insulinoma (HIT-T15) cells". <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>128</b> (6): 2880–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-128-6-2880">10.1210/endo-128-6-2880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1645253">1645253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Homologous+desensitization+of+the+insulinotropic+glucagon-like+peptide-I+%287-37%29+receptor+on+insulinoma+%28HIT-T15%29+cells.&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2880-8&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo-128-6-2880&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1645253&rft.aulast=Fehmann&rft.aufirst=HC&rft.au=Habener%2C+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomologous+desensitization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangKim2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xiaohan; Kim, Kyeong-Man (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5207461">"Multifactorial Regulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis"</a>. <i>Biomolecules & Therapeutics</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 26–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4062%2Fbiomolther.2016.186">10.4062/biomolther.2016.186</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5207461">5207461</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28035080">28035080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomolecules+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Multifactorial+Regulation+of+G+Protein-Coupled+Receptor+Endocytosis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-43&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5207461%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28035080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4062%2Fbiomolther.2016.186&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaohan&rft.au=Kim%2C+Kyeong-Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5207461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomologous+desensitization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGergsFritscheFabianChrist2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gergs, Ulrich; Fritsche, Julia; Fabian, Stephanie; Christ, Josepha; Neumann, Joachim (2017). "Desensitization of the human 5-HT4 receptor in isolated atria of transgenic mice". <i>Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology</i>. <b>390</b> (10): 987–996. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00210-017-1403-2">10.1007/s00210-017-1403-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28689254">28689254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg%27s+Archives+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Desensitization+of+the+human+5-HT4+receptor+in+isolated+atria+of+transgenic+mice&rft.volume=390&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=987-996&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00210-017-1403-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28689254&rft.aulast=Gergs&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Fritsche%2C+Julia&rft.au=Fabian%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Christ%2C+Josepha&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomologous+desensitization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Stephen S. 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(1997-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1218151">"Regulatory mechanisms that modulate signalling by G-protein-coupled receptors"</a>. <i>Biochemical Journal</i>. <b>322</b> (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj3220001">10.1042/bj3220001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-6021">0264-6021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1218151">1218151</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9078236">9078236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=Regulatory+mechanisms+that+modulate+signalling+by+G-protein-coupled+receptors&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1997-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1218151%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0264-6021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9078236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj3220001&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hm&rft.aufirst=Stephan+K.&rft.au=Grady%2C+Eileen+F.&rft.au=Bunnett%2C+Nigel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1218151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomologous+desensitization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homologous_desensitization&oldid=1086003506">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homologous_desensitization&oldid=1086003506</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Membrane_biology" title="Category:Membrane biology">Membrane biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Category:G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Signal_transduction" title="Category:Signal transduction">Signal transduction</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 May 2022, at 16:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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