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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bohr_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohr_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Bohr model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohr_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institute_of_Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_of_Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Institute of Physics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_of_Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Quantum mechanics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assistance_to_refugee_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistance_to_refugee_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Assistance to refugee scholars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistance_to_refugee_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meeting_with_Heisenberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meeting_with_Heisenberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Meeting with Heisenberg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meeting_with_Heisenberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manhattan_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manhattan_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Manhattan Project </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manhattan_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Accolades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Niels Bohr</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%A6%E1%88%AD" title="ኔልስ ቦር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔልስ ቦር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلز بور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيلز بور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8D_%E0%A6%AC%27%E0%A7%B0" title="নিলছ্ ব'ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিলছ্ ব'ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नील्स बोर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Bor" title="Nils Bor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nils Bor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیلس بور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیلس بور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0" title="নিলস বোর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিলস বোর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нільс Бор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нільс Бор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нільс Бор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нільс Бор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Бор Нильс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бор Нильс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلز بور – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيلز بور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Νιλς Μπορ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιλς Μπορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیلز بور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیلز بور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%88%BE" title="玻爾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="玻爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0" title="નીલ્સ બૉહર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નીલ્સ બૉહર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EC%96%B4" title="닐스 보어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닐스 보어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Նիլս Բոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիլս Բոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नील्स बोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="נילס בוהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נילס בוהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೀಲ್ಸ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಬೋರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀಲ್ಸ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಬೋರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნილს ბორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნილს ბორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%84%D9%95%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8F%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نیٖلٕز بُہر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیٖلٕز بُہر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нильс Бор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нильс Бор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нильс Бор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нильс Бор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Bohr" title="Nicolaus Bohr – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Bohr" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilss_Bors" title="Nilss Bors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nilss Bors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_David_Bohr" title="Niels Henrik David Bohr – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niels Henrik David Bohr" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC" title="നീൽസ് ബോർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീൽസ് ബോർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नील्स बोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნილს ბორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნილს ბორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلس بور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيلس بور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیلز بور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیلز بور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нильс Бор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нильс Бор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="နီးလ် ဗော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီးလ် ဗော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="निल बोर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निल बोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स् बोर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नील्स् बोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2" title="ニールス・ボーア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニールス・ボーア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨੀਲਸ ਬੋਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਲਸ ਬੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نیلز بوہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیلز بوہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلز بور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيلز بور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A_%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="នីល ហេនរីក ដេវីដ ប៊័រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នីល ហេនរីក ដេវីដ ប៊័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Бор, Нильс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бор, Нильс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोह्र – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नील्स बोह्र" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="නීල්ස් බෝර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නීල්ස් බෝර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_David_Bohr" title="Niels Henrik David Bohr – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Niels Henrik David Bohr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1" title="نیلس بۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیلس بۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நீல்சு போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீல்சு போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Bor" title="Nils Bor – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nils Bor" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="నీల్స్ బోర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీల్స్ బోర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นิลส์ โปร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิลส์ โปร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нільс Бор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нільс Бор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نیلز بوہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیلز بوہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼尔斯·玻尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8" title="ניעלס באהר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניעלס באהר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E7%88%BE" title="尼爾斯·玻爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼爾斯·玻爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼尔斯·玻尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bohr_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bohr (disambiguation)">Bohr (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Niels Bohr</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph showing the head and shoulders of a man in a suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/220px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/330px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/440px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Bohr in 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Niels Henrik David Bohr</div> (1885-10-07)7 October 1885 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 November 1962(1962-11-18) (aged 77) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Copenhagen, Denmark</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Assistens_Cemetery_(Copenhagen)" title="Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)">Assistens Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="#Physics">Physics contributions</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; list-style-type:disc; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bohr_magneton" title="Bohr magneton">Bohr magneton</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bohr_radius" title="Bohr radius">Bohr radius</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein debates</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Kramers%E2%80%93Slater_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory">Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Van_Leeuwen_theorem" title="Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem">Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">Bohr–Sommerfeld theory</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">Complementarity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_principle" title="Correspondence principle">Correspondence principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_N%C3%B8rlund" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe Nørlund">Margrethe Nørlund</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1912)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6; including <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bohr" title="Ernest Bohr">Ernest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1922) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; list-style-type:disc; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1921)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> (1923)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1926) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Foreign Member of the Royal Society</a> (1926)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> (1930) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Lectureship_Prize" title="Faraday Lectureship Prize">Faraday Lectureship Prize</a> (1930)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1938)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a> (1947) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_Award" title="Atoms for Peace Award">Atoms for Peace Award</a> (1957)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a> (1957)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-0503(08)70015-X">Studies on the Electron Theory of Metals</a> (1911)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Christiansen_(physicist)" title="Christian Christiansen (physicist)">Christian Christiansen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Kramers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Kramers">Hendrik Kramers</a> <a href="/wiki/I._H._Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="I. H. Usmani">I. H. Usmani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table vcard" style="line-height: 1.2em; max-width: 420px !important;"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="line-height: 1.2em;"><div style="text-align: center;">Association football career</div></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Position(s)</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data role" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)" title="Goalkeeper (association football)">Goalkeeper</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.5em">Youth career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left"></th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="/wiki/Akademisk_Boldklub" title="Akademisk Boldklub">Akademisk Boldklub</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: transparent; line-height: 1.5em">Senior career*</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Years</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Team</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> <abbr title="League appearances">Apps</abbr></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> (<abbr title="League goals">Gls</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> <a href="/wiki/Akademisk_Boldklub" title="Akademisk Boldklub">Akademisk Boldklub</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> </td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-below" style="color:darkslategray; font-size:95%"> *Club domestic league appearances and goals</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Niels_Bohr_Signature.svg/150px-Niels_Bohr_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Niels_Bohr_Signature.svg/225px-Niels_Bohr_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Niels_Bohr_Signature.svg/300px-Niels_Bohr_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="28" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Niels Henrik David Bohr (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Danish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈne̝ls ˈpoɐ̯ˀ]</a>; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who made foundational contributions to understanding <a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic structure">atomic structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">quantum theory</a>, for which he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1922. Bohr was also a <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, in which he proposed that energy levels of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has been supplanted by other models, its underlying principles remain valid. He conceived the principle of <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">complementarity</a>: that items could be separately analysed in terms of contradictory properties, like behaving as a <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave or a stream of particles</a>. The notion of complementarity dominated Bohr's thinking in both science and philosophy. Bohr founded the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Niels Bohr Institute</a>, which opened in 1920. Bohr mentored and collaborated with physicists including <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kramers" title="Hans Kramers">Hans Kramers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>. He predicted the properties of a new <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>-like element, which was named <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, after the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered. Later, the synthetic element <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> was named after him. During the 1930s, Bohr helped refugees from <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. After <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">Denmark was occupied by the Germans</a>, he met with Heisenberg, who had become the head of the <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_weapon_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear weapon project">German nuclear weapon project</a>. In September 1943 word reached Bohr that he was about to be arrested by the Germans, so he fled to Sweden. From there, he was flown to Britain, where he joined the British <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> nuclear weapons project, and was part of the British mission to the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. After the war, Bohr called for international cooperation on nuclear energy. He was involved with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%B8_DTU_National_Laboratory_for_Sustainable_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy">Research Establishment Risø of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission</a> and became the first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics">Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> in 1957. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Niels Henrik David Bohr was born in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark, on 7 October 1885, the second of three children of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bohr" title="Christian Bohr">Christian Bohr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cphpolice3308989-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais199144–45,_538–539-2">[2]</a> a professor of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> at the University of Copenhagen, and his wife Ellen <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Adler, who came from a wealthy Jewish banking family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais199135–39-3">[3]</a> He had an elder sister, Jenny, and a younger brother <a href="/wiki/Harald_Bohr" title="Harald Bohr">Harald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cphpolice3308989-1">[1]</a> Jenny became a teacher,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais199144–45,_538–539-2">[2]</a> while Harald became a <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a> who played for the <a href="/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team" title="Denmark national football team">Danish national team</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 Summer Olympics</a> in London. Niels was a passionate footballer as well, and the two brothers played several matches for the Copenhagen-based <a href="/wiki/Akademisk_Boldklub" title="Akademisk Boldklub">Akademisk Boldklub</a> (Academic Football Club), with Niels as <a href="/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)" title="Goalkeeper (association football)">goalkeeper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Bohr was educated at Gammelholm Latin School, starting when he was seven.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 1903, Bohr enrolled as an undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen University">Copenhagen University</a>. His major was physics, which he studied under Professor <a href="/wiki/Christian_Christiansen_(physicist)" title="Christian Christiansen (physicist)">Christian Christiansen</a>, the university's only professor of physics at that time. He also studied astronomy and mathematics under Professor <a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Thiele" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorvald Thiele">Thorvald Thiele</a>, and philosophy under Professor <a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a>, a friend of his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais199198–99-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-university-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders of young man in a suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg/170px-Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg/255px-Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg/340px-Niels_Bohr_-_LOC_-_ggbain_-_35303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3415" data-file-height="4723" /></a><figcaption>Bohr as a young man</figcaption></figure> In 1905 a gold medal competition was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a> to investigate a method for measuring the <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> of liquids that had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> in 1879. This involved measuring the frequency of oscillation of the radius of a water jet. Bohr conducted a series of experiments using his father's laboratory in the university; the university itself had no physics laboratory. To complete his experiments, he had to <a href="/wiki/Glass_blowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass blowing">make his own glassware</a>, creating test tubes with the required <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptical</a> cross-sections. He went beyond the original task, incorporating improvements into both Rayleigh's theory and his method, by taking into account the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of the water, and by working with finite amplitudes instead of just infinitesimal ones. His essay, which he submitted at the last minute, won the prize. He later submitted an improved version of the paper to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in London for publication in the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes198662–63-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991101–102-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-university-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaserudHeilbron2013155-10">[10]</a> Harald became the first of the two Bohr brothers to earn a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>, which he earned for mathematics in April 1909. Niels took another nine months to earn his on the electron theory of metals, a topic assigned by his supervisor, Christiansen. Bohr subsequently elaborated his master's thesis into his much-larger <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> thesis. He surveyed the literature on the subject, settling on a model postulated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Drude" title="Paul Drude">Paul Drude</a> and elaborated by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, in which the electrons in a metal are considered to behave like a gas. Bohr extended Lorentz's model, but was still unable to account for phenomena like the <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a>, and concluded that electron theory could not fully explain the magnetic properties of metals. The thesis was accepted in April 1911,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and Bohr conducted his formal defence on 13 May. Harald had received his doctorate the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991107–109-12">[12]</a> Bohr's thesis was groundbreaking, but attracted little interest outside Scandinavia because it was written in Danish, a Copenhagen University requirement at the time. In 1921, the Dutch physicist <a href="/wiki/Hendrika_Johanna_van_Leeuwen" title="Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen">Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen</a> would independently derive a theorem in Bohr's thesis that is today known as the <a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Van_Leeuwen_theorem" title="Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem">Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201243–45-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr_and_Margrethe_engaged_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man in a suit and tie and a young woman in a light coloured dress sit on a stoop, holding hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Niels_Bohr_and_Margrethe_engaged_1910.jpg/170px-Niels_Bohr_and_Margrethe_engaged_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Niels_Bohr_and_Margrethe_engaged_1910.jpg/255px-Niels_Bohr_and_Margrethe_engaged_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Niels_Bohr_and_Margrethe_engaged_1910.jpg/340px-Niels_Bohr_and_Margrethe_engaged_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Bohr and <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_N%C3%B8rlund" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe Nørlund">Margrethe Nørlund</a> on their engagement in 1910</figcaption></figure> In 1910, Bohr met <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_N%C3%B8rlund" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe Nørlund">Margrethe Nørlund</a>, the sister of the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Niels_Erik_N%C3%B8rlund" title="Niels Erik Nørlund">Niels Erik Nørlund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991112-14">[14]</a> Bohr resigned his membership in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a> on 16 April 1912, and he and Margrethe were married in a civil ceremony at the town hall in <a href="/wiki/Slagelse" title="Slagelse">Slagelse</a> on 1 August. Years later, his brother Harald similarly left the church before getting married.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991133–134-15">[15]</a> Bohr and Margrethe had six sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991226,_249-16">[16]</a> The oldest, Christian, died in a boating accident in 1934,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985204-17">[17]</a> and another, Harald, was severely mentally disabled. He was placed in an institution away from his family's home at the age of four and died from childhood meningitis six years later.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991226,_249-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a> became a successful physicist, and in 1975 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, like his father. A son of Aage, Vilhelm A. Bohr, is a scientist affiliated with the University of Copenhagen<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">National Institute on Aging</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Bohr (page does not exist)">Hans</a> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bohr" class="extiw" title="da:Hans Bohr">da</a>] became a physician; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erik_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erik Bohr (page does not exist)">Erik</a> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Bohr" class="extiw" title="da:Erik Bohr">da</a>], a chemical engineer; and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bohr" title="Ernest Bohr">Ernest</a>, a lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-21">[21]</a> Like his uncle Harald, Ernest Bohr became an Olympic athlete, playing <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> for Denmark at the <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948 Summer Olympics</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-hockey-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohr_model">Bohr model</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a></div> In September 1911, Bohr, supported by a fellowship from the <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Foundation" title="Carlsberg Foundation">Carlsberg Foundation</a>, travelled to England, where most of the theoretical work on the structure of atoms and molecules was being done.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh2012122-23">[23]</a> He met <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>. He attended lectures on <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> given by <a href="/wiki/James_Jeans" title="James Jeans">James Jeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a>, and did some research on <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray" title="Cathode ray">cathode rays</a>, but failed to impress Thomson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19856-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991117–121-25">[25]</a> He had more success with younger physicists like the Australian <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201246-26">[26]</a> and New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, whose 1911 small central nucleus <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model">Rutherford model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> had challenged Thomson's 1904 <a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">plum pudding model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991121–125-27">[27]</a> Bohr received an invitation from Rutherford to conduct post-doctoral work at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19857-28">[28]</a> where Bohr met <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Galton_Darwin" title="Charles Galton Darwin">Charles Galton Darwin</a> (whom Bohr referred to as "the grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">real Darwin</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991125–129-29">[29]</a> Bohr returned to Denmark in July 1912 for his wedding, and travelled around England and Scotland on his honeymoon. On his return, he became a <a href="/wiki/Privatdocent" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatdocent">privatdocent</a> at the University of Copenhagen, giving lectures on <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Knudsen" title="Martin Knudsen">Martin Knudsen</a> put Bohr's name forward for a <a href="/wiki/Docent" title="Docent">docent</a>, which was approved in July 1913, and Bohr then began teaching medical students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991134–135-30">[30]</a> His three papers, which later became famous as "the trilogy",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19857-28">[28]</a> were published in <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine" title="Philosophical Magazine">Philosophical Magazine</a> in July, September and November of that year.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bohr_1913_476-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991149-34">[34]</a> He adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>'s quantum theory and so created his <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a> of the atom.<a href="#cite_note-Bohr_1913_476-32">[32]</a> Planetary models of atoms were not new, but Bohr's treatment was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201222-35">[35]</a> Taking the 1912 paper by Darwin on the role of electrons in the interaction of alpha particles with a nucleus as his starting point,<a href="#cite_note-Darwin1912-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabatzis2006-37">[37]</a> he advanced the theory of electrons travelling in <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbits</a> of quantised "stationary states" around the atom's nucleus in order to stabilise the atom, but it wasn't until his 1921 paper that he showed that the chemical properties of each element were largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbits of its atoms.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh198550–67-41">[41]</a> He introduced the idea that an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, in the process emitting a <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quantum</a> of discrete energy. This became a basis for what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_quantum_theory" title="Old quantum theory">old quantum theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbron198539–47-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bohr_atom_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing electrons with circular orbits around the nucleus labelled n=1, 2 and 3. An electron drops from 3 to 2, producing radiation delta E = hv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/220px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/330px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/440px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>The Bohr model of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atom</a>. A negatively charged electron, confined to an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbital</a>, orbits a small, positively charged nucleus; a quantum jump between orbits is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_atomic_models_infographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Evolution_of_atomic_models_infographic.svg/220px-Evolution_of_atomic_models_infographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Evolution_of_atomic_models_infographic.svg/330px-Evolution_of_atomic_models_infographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Evolution_of_atomic_models_infographic.svg/440px-Evolution_of_atomic_models_infographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The evolution of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic model">atomic models</a> in the 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_model" title="Rutherford model">Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Heisenberg/Schrödinger</a></figcaption></figure> In 1885, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Balmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Balmer">Johann Balmer</a> had come up with his <a href="/wiki/Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer series</a> to describe the visible <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atom: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R_{\mathrm {H} }\left({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}\right)\quad {\text{for}}\ n=3,4,5,...}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>for</mtext> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R_{\mathrm {H} }\left({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}\right)\quad {\text{for}}\ n=3,4,5,...}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8be8d9e91da60e2cbe1d37333a1afbb8aa5ab377" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:41.379ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R_{\mathrm {H} }\left({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{n^{2}}}\right)\quad {\text{for}}\ n=3,4,5,...}"></dd></dl> where λ is the wavelength of the absorbed or emitted light and RH is the <a href="/wiki/Rydberg_constant" title="Rydberg constant">Rydberg constant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbron198543-43">[43]</a> Balmer's formula was corroborated by the discovery of additional spectral lines, but for thirty years, no one could explain why it worked. In the first paper of his trilogy, Bohr was able to derive it from his model: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{Z}={2\pi ^{2}m_{e}Z^{2}e^{4} \over h^{3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <msup> <mi>h</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{Z}={2\pi ^{2}m_{e}Z^{2}e^{4} \over h^{3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75b422148f9afff85b0fb9afdfe657246d6a58e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.609ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{Z}={2\pi ^{2}m_{e}Z^{2}e^{4} \over h^{3}}}"></dd></dl> where me is the electron's mass, e is its charge, h is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a> and Z is the atom's <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> (1 for hydrogen).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991146–149-44">[44]</a> The model's first hurdle was the <a href="/wiki/Pickering_series" title="Pickering series">Pickering series</a>, lines that did not fit Balmer's formula. When challenged on this by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fowler" title="Alfred Fowler">Alfred Fowler</a>, Bohr replied that they were caused by <a href="/wiki/Ionised" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionised">ionised</a> <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, helium atoms with only one electron. The Bohr model was found to work for such ions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991146–149-44">[44]</a> Many older physicists, like Thomson, Rayleigh and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, did not like the trilogy, but the younger generation, including Rutherford, <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> saw it as a breakthrough.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991152–155-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh2012109–111-46">[46]</a> The trilogy's acceptance was entirely due to its ability to explain phenomena that stymied other models, and to predict results that were subsequently verified by experiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201290–91-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Today, the Bohr model of the atom has been superseded, but is still the best known model of the atom, as it often appears in high school physics and chemistry texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201239-49">[49]</a> Bohr did not enjoy teaching medical students. He later admitted that he was not a good lecturer, because he needed a balance between clarity and truth, between "Klarheit und Wahrheit".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> He decided to return to Manchester, where Rutherford had offered him a job as a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a> in place of Darwin, whose tenure had expired. Bohr accepted. He took a leave of absence from the University of Copenhagen, which he started by taking a holiday in <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">Tyrol</a> with his brother Harald and aunt <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Adler" title="Hanna Adler">Hanna Adler</a>. There, he visited the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>, where he met Sommerfeld and conducted seminars on the trilogy. The First World War broke out while they were in Tyrol, greatly complicating the trip back to Denmark and Bohr's subsequent voyage with Margrethe to England, where he arrived in October 1914. They stayed until July 1916, by which time he had been appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen, a position created especially for him. His docentship was abolished at the same time, so he still had to teach physics to medical students. New professors were formally introduced to King <a href="/wiki/Christian_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian X">Christian X</a>, who expressed his delight at meeting such a famous football player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991164–167-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_of_Physics">Institute of Physics</h3></div> In April 1917, Bohr began a campaign to establish an Institute of Theoretical Physics. He gained the support of the Danish government and the Carlsberg Foundation, and sizeable contributions were also made by industry and private donors, many of them Jewish. Legislation establishing the institute was passed in November 1918. Now known as the <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Niels Bohr Institute</a>, it opened on 3 March 1921, with Bohr as its director. His family moved into an apartment on the first floor.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991169–171-53">[53]</a> Bohr's institute served as a focal point for researchers into <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and related subjects in the 1920s and 1930s, when most of the world's best-known theoretical physicists spent some time in his company. Early arrivals included <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kramers" title="Hans Kramers">Hans Kramers</a> from the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Klein" title="Oskar Klein">Oskar Klein</a> from Sweden, George de Hevesy from Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Rubinowicz" title="Wojciech Rubinowicz">Wojciech Rubinowicz</a> from Poland, and <a href="/wiki/Svein_Rosseland" title="Svein Rosseland">Svein Rosseland</a> from Norway. Bohr became widely appreciated as their congenial host and eminent colleague.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19859,_12,_13,_15-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHund198571–73-55">[55]</a> Klein and Rosseland produced the institute's first publication even before it opened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991169–171-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr_Institute_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A block-shaped beige building with a sloped, red tiled roof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Niels_Bohr_Institute_1.jpg/220px-Niels_Bohr_Institute_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Niels_Bohr_Institute_1.jpg/330px-Niels_Bohr_Institute_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Niels_Bohr_Institute_1.jpg/440px-Niels_Bohr_Institute_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Niels Bohr Institute</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a></figcaption></figure> The Bohr model worked well for hydrogen and ionized single-electron helium, which impressed Einstein<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> but could not explain more complex elements. By 1919, Bohr was moving away from the idea that electrons orbited the nucleus and developed <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristics</a> to describe them. The <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> posed a particular classification problem for chemists because they were so chemically similar. An important development came in 1924 with <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>'s discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>, which put Bohr's models on a firm theoretical footing. Bohr was then able to declare that the as-yet-undiscovered element 72 was not a rare-earth element but an element with chemical properties similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>. (Elements had been predicted and discovered since 1871 by chemical properties<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>), and Bohr was immediately challenged by the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">Georges Urbain</a>, who claimed to have discovered a rare-earth element 72, which he called "celtium". At the Institute in Copenhagen, <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Coster" title="Dirk Coster">Dirk Coster</a> and George de Hevesy took up the challenge of proving Bohr right and Urbain wrong. Starting with a clear idea of the chemical properties of the unknown element greatly simplified the search process. They went through samples from Copenhagen's Museum of Mineralogy looking for a zirconium-like element and soon found it. The element, which they named <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> (hafnia being the Latin name for Copenhagen), turned out to be more common than gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh198561–64-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991202–210-60">[60]</a> In 1922, Bohr was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991215-61">[61]</a> The award thus recognised both the trilogy and his early leading work in the emerging field of quantum mechanics. For his Nobel lecture, Bohr gave his audience a comprehensive survey of what was then known about the structure of the atom, including the <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_principle" title="Correspondence principle">correspondence principle</a>, which he had formulated. This states that the behaviour of systems described by quantum theory reproduces <a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">classical physics</a> in the limit of large <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohr198591–97-62">[62]</a> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> in 1923 convinced most physicists that light was composed of <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> and that energy and momentum were conserved in collisions between electrons and photons. In 1924, Bohr, Kramers, and <a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">John C. Slater</a>, an American physicist working at the Institute in Copenhagen, proposed the <a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Kramers%E2%80%93Slater_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory">Bohr–Kramers–Slater theory</a> (BKS). It was more of a program than a full physical theory, as the ideas it developed were not worked out quantitatively. The BKS theory became the final attempt at understanding the interaction of matter and electromagnetic radiation on the basis of the old quantum theory, in which quantum phenomena were treated by imposing quantum restrictions on a classical wave description of the electromagnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991232–239-64">[64]</a> Modelling atomic behaviour under incident electromagnetic radiation using "virtual oscillators" at the absorption and emission frequencies, rather than the (different) apparent frequencies of the Bohr orbits, led Max Born, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> and Kramers to explore different mathematical models. They led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">matrix mechanics</a>, the first form of modern <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. The BKS theory also generated discussion of, and renewed attention to, difficulties in the foundations of the old quantum theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJammer1989188-65">[65]</a> The most provocative element of BKS – that momentum and energy would not necessarily be conserved in each interaction, but only statistically – was soon shown to be in conflict with experiments conducted by <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991237-66">[66]</a> In light of these results, Bohr informed Darwin that "there is nothing else to do than to give our revolutionary efforts as honourable a funeral as possible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991238-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_mechanics">Quantum mechanics</h3></div> The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goudsmit" title="Samuel Goudsmit">Samuel Goudsmit</a> in November 1925 was a milestone. The next month, Bohr travelled to <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> to attend celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Hendrick Lorentz receiving his doctorate. When his train stopped in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, he was met by Wolfgang Pauli and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a>, who asked for his opinion of the spin theory. Bohr pointed out that he had concerns about the interaction between electrons and magnetic fields. When he arrived in Leiden, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Paul Ehrenfest</a> and Albert Einstein informed Bohr that Einstein had resolved this problem using <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativity</a>. Bohr then had Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit incorporate this into their paper. Thus, when he met Werner Heisenberg and <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> on the way back, he had become, in his own words, "a prophet of the electron magnet gospel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991243-68">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:344px;max-width:344px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/220px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/330px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/440px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2171" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay_conference_1927_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solvay_conference_1927_detail.jpg/116px-Solvay_conference_1927_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solvay_conference_1927_detail.jpg/174px-Solvay_conference_1927_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Solvay_conference_1927_detail.jpg/232px-Solvay_conference_1927_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="1049" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">1927 <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> in Brussels, October 1927. Bohr is on the right in the middle row, next to <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>.</div></div></div></div> Heisenberg first came to Copenhagen in 1924, then returned to Göttingen in June 1925, shortly thereafter developing the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. When he showed his results to Max Born in Göttingen, Born realised that they could best be expressed using <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrices</a>. This work attracted the attention of the British physicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991275–279-69">[69]</a> who came to Copenhagen for six months in September 1926. Austrian physicist <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> also visited in 1926. His attempt at explaining quantum physics in classical terms using wave mechanics impressed Bohr, who believed it contributed "so much to mathematical clarity and simplicity that it represents a gigantic advance over all previous forms of quantum mechanics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991295–299-70">[70]</a> When Kramers left the institute in 1926 to take up a chair as professor of theoretical physics at the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>, Bohr arranged for Heisenberg to return and take Kramers's place as a <a href="/wiki/Lektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lektor">lektor</a> at the University of Copenhagen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991263-71">[71]</a> Heisenberg worked in Copenhagen as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr from 1926 to 1927.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991272–275-72">[72]</a> Bohr became convinced that light behaved like both waves and particles and, in 1927, experiments confirmed the <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Broglie hypothesis">de Broglie hypothesis</a> that matter (like electrons) also behaved like waves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991301-73">[73]</a> He conceived the philosophical principle of <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">complementarity</a>: that items could have apparently mutually exclusive properties, such as being a wave or a stream of particles, depending on the experimental framework.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985112–113-74">[74]</a> He felt that it was not fully understood by professional philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985101-75">[75]</a> In February 1927, Heisenberg developed the first version of the <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a>, presenting it using a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> where an electron was observed through a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-ray microscope">gamma-ray microscope</a>. Bohr was dissatisfied with Heisenberg's argument, since it required only that a measurement disturb properties that already existed, rather than the more radical idea that the electron's properties could not be discussed at all apart from the context they were measured in. In a paper presented at the <a href="/wiki/Volta_Conference" title="Volta Conference">Volta Conference</a> at <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a> in September 1927, Bohr emphasised that Heisenberg's uncertainty relations could be derived from classical considerations about the resolving power of optical instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991304–309-76">[76]</a> Understanding the true meaning of complementarity would, Bohr believed, require "closer investigation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohr1928582-77">[77]</a> Einstein preferred the determinism of classical physics over the probabilistic new quantum physics to which he himself had contributed. Philosophical issues that arose from the novel aspects of quantum mechanics became widely celebrated subjects of discussion. Einstein and Bohr had <a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">good-natured arguments</a> over such issues throughout their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDialogue1985121–140-78">[78]</a> In 1914 <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacobsen" title="Carl Jacobsen">Carl Jacobsen</a>, the heir to <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Group" title="Carlsberg Group">Carlsberg breweries</a>, bequeathed his mansion (the Carlsberg Honorary Residence, currently known as Carlsberg Academy) to be used for life by the Dane who had made the most prominent contribution to science, literature or the arts, as an honorary residence (Danish: Æresbolig). Harald Høffding had been the first occupant, and upon his death in July 1931, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters gave Bohr occupancy. He and his family moved there in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991332–333-79">[79]</a> He was elected president of the Academy on 17 March 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991464–465-80">[80]</a> By 1929 the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> prompted Bohr to again suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_conservation_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of conservation of energy">law of conservation of energy</a> be abandoned, but <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>'s hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> and the subsequent 1932 discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> provided another explanation. This prompted Bohr to create a new theory of the <a href="/wiki/Compound_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound nucleus">compound nucleus</a> in 1936, which explained how neutrons could be captured by the nucleus. In this model, the nucleus could be deformed like a drop of liquid. He worked on this with a new collaborator, the Danish physicist Fritz Kalckar, who died suddenly in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991337–340,_368–370-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> in December 1938 (and its theoretical explanation by <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>) generated intense interest among physicists. Bohr brought the news to the United States where he opened the Fifth Washington Conference on Theoretical Physics with Fermi on 26 January 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985211–216-83">[83]</a> When Bohr told <a href="/wiki/George_Placzek" title="George Placzek">George Placzek</a> that this resolved all the mysteries of <a href="/wiki/Transuranic_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Transuranic elements">transuranic elements</a>, Placzek told him that one remained: the neutron capture energies of uranium did not match those of its decay. Bohr thought about it for a few minutes and then announced to Placzek, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld" title="Léon Rosenfeld">Léon Rosenfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a> that "I have understood everything."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991456-84">[84]</a> Based on his <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drop model">liquid drop model</a> of the nucleus, Bohr concluded that it was the <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> isotope and not the more abundant <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> that was primarily responsible for fission with thermal neutrons. In April 1940, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a> demonstrated that Bohr was correct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985211–216-83">[83]</a> In the meantime, Bohr and Wheeler developed a theoretical treatment, which they published in a September 1939 paper on "The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div> Heisenberg said of Bohr that he was "primarily a philosopher, not a physicist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonner19821-86">[86]</a> Bohr read the 19th-century Danish <a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian existentialist">Christian existentialist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> argued in <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a> that Bohr was influenced by Kierkegaard through Høffding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes198660-87">[87]</a> In 1909, Bohr sent his brother Kierkegaard's <a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a> as a birthday gift. In the enclosed letter, Bohr wrote, "It is the only thing I have to send home; but I do not believe that it would be very easy to find anything better ... I even think it is one of the most delightful things I have ever read." Bohr enjoyed Kierkegaard's language and literary style, but mentioned that he had some disagreement with <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard's philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaye199137-88">[88]</a> Some of Bohr's biographers suggested that this disagreement stemmed from Kierkegaard's advocacy of Christianity, while Bohr was an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010416-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aaserud-Heilbron-2013-a-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aaserud-Heilbron-2013-b-91">[91]</a> There has been some dispute over the extent to which Kierkegaard influenced Bohr's philosophy and science. <a href="/wiki/David_Favrholdt" title="David Favrholdt">David Favrholdt</a> argued that Kierkegaard had minimal influence over Bohr's work, taking Bohr's statement about disagreeing with Kierkegaard at face value,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavrholdt199242–63-92">[92]</a> while Jan Faye argued that one can disagree with the content of a theory while accepting its general premises and structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWildman1996289-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaye199137-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_physics">Quantum physics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg/220px-Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg/330px-Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg/440px-Niels_Bohr_Albert_Einstein4_by_Ehrenfest_cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Bohr (left) and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (right), pictured on 11 December 1925, had <a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">a long-running debate</a> about the metaphysical implication of quantum physics.</figcaption></figure> There has been much subsequent debate and discussion about Bohr's views and philosophy of quantum mechanics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamilleriSchlosshauer2015-94">[94]</a> Regarding his ontological interpretation of the quantum world, Bohr has been seen as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-realist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-realist">anti-realist</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">instrumentalist</a>, a phenomenological realist or some other kind of realist. Furthermore, though some have seen Bohr as being a <a href="/wiki/Subjectivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivist">subjectivist</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Positivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist">positivist</a>, most philosophers agree that this is a misunderstanding of Bohr as he never argued for <a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">verificationism</a> or for the idea that the subject had a direct impact on the outcome of a measurement.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> Bohr has often been quoted saying that there is "no quantum world" but only an "abstract quantum physical description". This was not publicly said by Bohr, but rather a private statement attributed to Bohr by Aage Petersen in a reminiscence after his death. <a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">N. David Mermin</a> recalled <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> declaring that Bohr wouldn't have said anything of the sort and exclaiming, "Shame on Aage Petersen for putting those ridiculous words in Bohr's mouth!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMermin2004-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Numerous scholars have argued that the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> had a strong influence on Bohr. Like Kant, Bohr thought distinguishing between the subject's experience and the object was an important condition for attaining knowledge. This can only be done through the use of causal and spatial-temporal concepts to describe the subject's experience.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> Thus, according to Jan Faye, Bohr thought that it is because of "classical" concepts like "space", "position", "time", "causation", and "momentum" that one can talk about objects and their objective existence. Bohr held that basic concepts like "time" are built in to our ordinary language and that the concepts of classical physics are merely a refinement of them.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> Therefore, for Bohr, classical concepts need to be used to describe experiments that deal with the quantum world. Bohr writes: <blockquote>[T]he account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms. The argument is simply that by the word 'experiment' we refer to a situation where we can tell to others what we have done and what we have learned and that, therefore, the account of the experimental arrangement and of the results of the observations must be expressed in unambiguous language with suitable application of the terminology of classical physics (APHK, p. 39).<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a></blockquote> According to Faye, there are various explanations for why Bohr believed that classical concepts were necessary for describing quantum phenomena. Faye groups explanations into five frameworks: empiricism (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>); <a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Kantian">Neo-Kantian</a> models of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>); <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a> (which focus on how human beings experientially interact with atomic systems according to their needs and interests); Darwinianism (i.e. we are adapted to use classical type concepts, which <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld" title="Léon Rosenfeld">Léon Rosenfeld</a> said that we evolved to use); and Experimentalism (which focuses strictly on the function and outcome of experiments that thus must be described classically).<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> These explanations are not mutually exclusive, and at times Bohr seems to emphasise some of these aspects while at other times he focuses on other elements.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> According to Faye "Bohr thought of the atom as real. Atoms are neither heuristic nor logical constructions." However, according to Faye, he did not believe "that the quantum mechanical formalism was true in the sense that it gave us a literal ('pictorial') rather than a symbolic representation of the quantum world."<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> Therefore, Bohr's theory of <a href="/wiki/Complementarity_(physics)" title="Complementarity (physics)">complementarity</a> "is first and foremost a semantic and epistemological reading of quantum mechanics that carries certain ontological implications".<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> As Faye explains, Bohr's indefinability thesis is that <blockquote>[T]he truth conditions of sentences ascribing a certain kinematic or dynamic value to an atomic object are dependent on the apparatus involved, in such a way that these truth conditions have to include reference to the experimental setup as well as the actual outcome of the experiment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a></blockquote> Faye notes that Bohr's interpretation makes no reference to a "collapse of the wave function during measurements" (and indeed, he never mentioned this idea). Instead, Bohr "accepted the Born statistical interpretation because he believed that the <a href="/wiki/Wave_function" title="Wave function">ψ-function</a> has only a symbolic meaning and does not represent anything real". Since for Bohr, the ψ-function is not a literal pictorial representation of reality, there can be no real collapse of the wavefunction.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> A much debated point in recent literature is what Bohr believed about atoms and their reality and whether they are something else than what they seem to be. Some like Henry Folse argue that Bohr saw a distinction between observed phenomena and a <a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">transcendental reality</a>. Jan Faye disagrees with this position and holds that for Bohr, the quantum formalism and complementarity was the only thing we could say about the quantum world and that "there is no further evidence in Bohr's writings indicating that Bohr would attribute intrinsic and measurement-independent state properties to atomic objects [...] in addition to the classical ones being manifested in measurement."<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistance_to_refugee_scholars">Assistance to refugee scholars</h3></div> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in Germany prompted many scholars to flee their countries, either because they were Jewish or because they were political opponents of the Nazi regime. In 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a> created a fund to help support refugee academics, and Bohr discussed this programme with the President of the Rockefeller Foundation, <a href="/wiki/Max_Mason" title="Max Mason">Max Mason</a>, in May 1933 during a visit to the United States. Bohr offered the refugees temporary jobs at the institute, provided them with financial support, arranged for them to be awarded fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, and ultimately found them places at institutions around the world. Those that he helped included <a href="/wiki/Guido_Beck" title="Guido Beck">Guido Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>, George de Hevesy, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilde_Levi" title="Hilde Levi">Hilde Levi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, George Placzek, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rozental" title="Stefan Rozental">Stefan Rozental</a>, Erich Ernst Schneider, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._von_Hippel" title="Arthur R. von Hippel">Arthur von Hippel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991382–386-98">[98]</a> In April 1940, early in the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Denmark">invaded and occupied Denmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991476-99">[99]</a> To prevent the Germans from discovering <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a>'s and James Franck's <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">gold Nobel medals</a>, Bohr had de Hevesy dissolve them in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a>. In this form, they were stored on a shelf at the Institute until after the war, when the gold was precipitated and the medals re-struck by the Nobel Foundation. Bohr's own medal had been donated to an auction to the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Relief_Fund" title="Finnish Relief Fund">Finnish Relief Fund</a>, and was auctioned off in March 1940, along with the medal of <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a>. The buyer later donated the two medals to the Danish Historical Museum in <a href="/wiki/Frederiksborg_Castle" title="Frederiksborg Castle">Frederiksborg Castle</a>, where they are still kept,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> although Bohr's medal temporarily went to space with <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a> on <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <a href="/wiki/Expedition_70" title="Expedition 70">Expedition 70</a> in 2023-2024.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Bohr kept the Institute running, but all the foreign scholars departed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991480–481-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meeting_with_Heisenberg">Meeting with Heisenberg</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heisenbergbohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man in a white shirt and tie and an older man in suit and tie sit at a table, on which there is a tea pot, plates, cups and saucers and beer bottles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Heisenbergbohr.jpg/220px-Heisenbergbohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Heisenbergbohr.jpg/330px-Heisenbergbohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Heisenbergbohr.jpg/440px-Heisenbergbohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Werner Heisenberg (left) with Bohr at the Copenhagen Conference in 1934</figcaption></figure> Bohr was aware of the possibility of using uranium-235 to construct an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>, referring to it in lectures in Britain and Denmark shortly before and after the war started, but he did not believe that it was technically feasible to extract a sufficient quantity of uranium-235.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1985267–268-104">[104]</a> In September 1941, Heisenberg, who had become head of the <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear energy project">German nuclear energy project</a>, visited Bohr in Copenhagen. During this meeting the two men took a private moment outside, the content of which has caused much speculation, as both gave differing accounts. According to Heisenberg, he began to address nuclear energy, morality and the war, to which Bohr seems to have reacted by terminating the conversation abruptly while not giving Heisenberg hints about his own opinions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeisenberg198477-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Supek" title="Ivan Supek">Ivan Supek</a>, one of Heisenberg's students and friends, claimed that the main subject of the meeting was <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a>, who had proposed trying to persuade Bohr to mediate peace between Britain and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 1957, Heisenberg wrote to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jungk" title="Robert Jungk">Robert Jungk</a>, who was then working on the book <a href="/wiki/Brighter_than_a_Thousand_Suns:_A_Personal_History_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists">Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists</a>. Heisenberg explained that he had visited Copenhagen to communicate to Bohr the views of several German scientists, that production of a nuclear weapon was possible with great efforts, and this raised enormous responsibilities on the world's scientists on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> When Bohr saw Jungk's depiction in the Danish translation of the book, he drafted (but never sent) a letter to Heisenberg, stating that he deeply disagreed with Heisenberg's account of the meeting,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> that he recalled Heisenberg's visit as being to encourage cooperation with the inevitably victorious Nazis<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and that he was shocked that Germany was pursuing nuclear weapons under Heisenberg's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Frayn" title="Michael Frayn">Michael Frayn</a>'s 1998 play <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_(play)" title="Copenhagen (play)">Copenhagen</a> explores what might have happened at the 1941 meeting between Heisenberg and Bohr.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_(2002_film)" title="Copenhagen (2002 film)">A television film version</a> of the play by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> was first screened on 26 September 2002, with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Rea" title="Stephen Rea">Stephen Rea</a> as Bohr. With the subsequent release of Bohr's letters, the play has been criticised by historians as being a "grotesque oversimplification and perversion of the actual moral balance" due to adopting a pro-Heisenberg perspective.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The same meeting had previously been dramatised by the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (BBC TV series)">Horizon</a> science documentary series in 1992, with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Bate" title="Anthony Bate">Anthony Bate</a> as Bohr, and Philip Anthony as Heisenberg.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The meeting is also dramatised in the Norwegian/Danish/British miniseries <a href="/wiki/The_Heavy_Water_War" title="The Heavy Water War">The Heavy Water War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattan_Project">Manhattan Project</h3></div> In September 1943, word reached Bohr and his brother Harald that the Nazis <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">considered their family to be Jewish</a>, since their mother was Jewish, and that they were therefore in danger of being arrested. The Danish resistance helped Bohr and his wife escape by sea to Sweden on 29 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERozental1967168-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986483–484-117">[117]</a> The next day, Bohr persuaded King <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf V of Sweden">Gustaf V of Sweden</a> to make public Sweden's willingness to provide asylum to Jewish refugees. On 2 October 1943, Swedish radio broadcast that Sweden was ready to offer asylum, and the mass <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">rescue of the Danish Jews</a> by their countrymen followed swiftly thereafter. Some historians claim that Bohr's actions led directly to the mass rescue, while others say that, though Bohr did all that he could for his countrymen, his actions were not a decisive influence on the wider events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986483–484-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilberg1961596-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieler200791–93-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadtlerMorrisonMartin1995136-120">[120]</a> Eventually, over 7,000 Danish Jews escaped to Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991479-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein,_Niels_Bohr,_James_Franck_and_Rabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein%2C_Niels_Bohr%2C_James_Franck_and_Rabi.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein%2C_Niels_Bohr%2C_James_Franck_and_Rabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein%2C_Niels_Bohr%2C_James_Franck_and_Rabi.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein%2C_Niels_Bohr%2C_James_Franck_and_Rabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein%2C_Niels_Bohr%2C_James_Franck_and_Rabi.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Albert_Einstein%2C_Niels_Bohr%2C_James_Franck_and_Rabi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption>Bohr with <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (LR)</figcaption></figure> When the news of Bohr's escape reached Britain, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cherwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cherwell">Lord Cherwell</a> sent a telegram to Bohr asking him to come to Britain. Bohr arrived in Scotland on 6 October in a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">de Havilland Mosquito</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> (BOAC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985280–281-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowers1993237-123">[123]</a> The Mosquitos were unarmed high-speed bomber aircraft that had been converted to carry small, valuable cargoes or important passengers. By flying at high speed and high altitude, they could cross German-occupied Norway, and yet avoid German fighters. Bohr, equipped with parachute, flying suit and oxygen mask, spent the three-hour flight lying on a mattress in the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Bomb_bay" title="Bomb bay">bomb bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThirsk2006374-124">[124]</a> During the flight, Bohr did not wear his flying helmet as it was too small, and consequently did not hear the pilot's intercom instruction to turn on his oxygen supply when the aircraft climbed to high altitude to overfly Norway. He passed out from oxygen starvation and only revived when the aircraft descended to lower altitude over the North Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERife1999242-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedawarPyke200165-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1978474–475-127">[127]</a> Bohr's son Aage followed his father to Britain on another flight a week later, and became his personal assistant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985280–282-128">[128]</a> Bohr was warmly received by <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">John Anderson</a>, but for security reasons Bohr was kept out of sight. He was given an apartment at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> and an office with the British <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> nuclear weapons development team. Bohr was astonished at the amount of progress that had been made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985280–282-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991491-129">[129]</a> Chadwick arranged for Bohr to visit the United States as a Tube Alloys consultant, with Aage as his assistant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockcroft196346-130">[130]</a> On 8 December 1943, Bohr arrived in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where he met with the director of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves Jr.">Leslie R. Groves Jr.</a> He visited Einstein and Pauli at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, and went to <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, where the nuclear weapons were being designed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991498–499-131">[131]</a> For security reasons, he went under the name of "Nicholas Baker" in the United States, while Aage became "James Baker".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1985269-132">[132]</a> In May 1944 the Danish resistance newspaper <a href="/wiki/De_frie_Danske" title="De frie Danske">De frie Danske</a> reported that they had learned that 'the famous son of Denmark Professor Niels Bohr' in October the previous year had fled his country via Sweden to London and from there travelled to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> from where he could be assumed to support the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Bohr did not remain at Los Alamos, but paid a series of extended visits over the course of the next two years. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> credited Bohr with acting "as a scientific father figure to the younger men", most notably <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991497-134">[134]</a> Bohr is quoted as saying, "They didn't need my help in making the atom bomb."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991496-135">[135]</a> Oppenheimer gave Bohr credit for an important contribution to the work on <a href="/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator" title="Modulated neutron initiator">modulated neutron initiators</a>. "This device remained a stubborn puzzle", Oppenheimer noted, "but in early February 1945 Niels Bohr clarified what had to be done".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991497-134">[134]</a> Bohr recognised early that nuclear weapons would change international relations. In April 1944, he received a letter from <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kapitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kapitza">Peter Kapitza</a>, written some months before when Bohr was in Sweden, inviting him to come to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The letter convinced Bohr that the Soviets were aware of the Anglo-American project, and would strive to catch up. He sent Kapitza a non-committal response, which he showed to the authorities in Britain before posting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1985270-136">[136]</a> Bohr met Churchill on 16 May 1944, but found that "we did not speak the same language".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1985271-137">[137]</a> Churchill disagreed with the idea of openness towards the Russians to the point that he wrote in a letter: "It seems to me Bohr ought to be confined or at any rate made to see that he is very near the edge of mortal crimes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaserud2006708-138">[138]</a> Oppenheimer suggested that Bohr visit President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to convince him that the Manhattan Project should be shared with the Soviets in the hope of speeding up its results. Bohr's friend, Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, informed President Roosevelt about Bohr's opinions, and a meeting between them took place on 26 August 1944. Roosevelt suggested that Bohr return to the United Kingdom to try to win British approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986528–538-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaserud2006707–708-140">[140]</a> When Churchill and Roosevelt met at Hyde Park on 19 September 1944, they rejected the idea of informing the world about the project, and the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement#Hyde_Park_Aide-Mémoire" title="Quebec Agreement">aide-mémoire</a> of their conversation contained a rider that "enquiries should be made regarding the activities of Professor Bohr and steps taken to ensure that he is responsible for no leakage of information, particularly to the Russians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Government1972492–493-141">[141]</a> In June 1950, Bohr addressed an "Open Letter" to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> calling for international cooperation on nuclear energy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaserud2006708–709-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991513–518-144">[144]</a> In the 1950s, after the <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> was created along the lines of Bohr's suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1985276-145">[145]</a> In 1957 he received the first ever <a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_Award" title="Atoms for Peace Award">Atoms for Peace Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg/360px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg/480px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Niels_Bohr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Bohr's coat of arms, 1947. <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">taijitu</a> (yin-yang symbol) <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a>. Motto: Contraria sunt complementa ("opposites are complementary").<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the ending of the war, Bohr returned to Copenhagen on 25 August 1945, and was re-elected President of the Royal Danish Academy of Arts and Sciences on 21 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991504-148">[148]</a> At a memorial meeting of the Academy on 17 October 1947 for King <a href="/wiki/Christian_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian X">Christian X</a>, who had died in April, the new king, <a href="/wiki/Frederik_IX" title="Frederik IX">Frederik IX</a>, announced that he was conferring the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a> on Bohr. This award was normally awarded only to royalty and heads of state, but the king said that it honoured not just Bohr personally, but Danish science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991166,_466–467-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224-150">[150]</a> Bohr designed his own <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, which featured a <a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">taijitu</a> (symbol of yin and yang) and a motto in Latin: contraria sunt complementa, "opposites are complementary".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler1985224-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The Second World War demonstrated that science, and physics in particular, now required considerable financial and material resources. To avoid a <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> to the United States, twelve European countries banded together to create <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, a research organisation along the lines of the national laboratories in the United States, designed to undertake <a href="/wiki/Big_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Science">Big Science</a> projects beyond the resources of any one of them alone. Questions soon arose regarding the best location for the facilities. Bohr and Kramers felt that the Institute in Copenhagen would be the ideal site. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victor_Auger" title="Pierre Victor Auger">Pierre Auger</a>, who organised the preliminary discussions, disagreed; he felt that both Bohr and his Institute were past their prime, and that Bohr's presence would overshadow others. After a long debate, Bohr pledged his support to CERN in February 1952, and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> was chosen as the site in October. The CERN Theory Group was based in Copenhagen until their new accommodation in Geneva was ready in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991519–522-153">[153]</a> Victor Weisskopf, who later became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Directors_General_of_CERN" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Directors General of CERN">Director General of CERN</a>, summed up Bohr's role, saying that "there were other personalities who started and conceived the idea of <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. The enthusiasm and ideas of the other people would not have been enough, however, if a man of his stature had not supported it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991521-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Meanwhile, Scandinavian countries formed the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics">Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> in 1957, with Bohr as its chairman. He was also involved with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%B8_DTU_National_Laboratory_for_Sustainable_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy">Research Establishment Risø of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission</a>, and served as its first chairman from February 1956.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991523–525-156">[156]</a> Bohr died of heart failure at his home in <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_(district)" title="Carlsberg (district)">Carlsberg</a> on 18 November 1962.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> He was cremated, and his ashes were buried in the family plot in the <a href="/wiki/Assistens_Cemetery_(Copenhagen)" title="Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)">Assistens Cemetery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8rrebro" title="Nørrebro">Nørrebro</a> section of Copenhagen, along with those of his parents, his brother Harald, and his son Christian. Years later, his wife's ashes were also interred there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991529-158">[158]</a> On 7 October 1965, on what would have been his 80th birthday, the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen was officially renamed to what it had been called unofficially for many years: the Niels Bohr Institute.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Niels_Bohr" title="List of things named after Niels Bohr">List of things named after Niels Bohr</a></div> Bohr received numerous honours and accolades. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he received the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> in 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a> in 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 1938, the Order of the Elephant in 1947, the Atoms for Peace Award in 1957 and the <a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a> in 1961. He became foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters">Finnish Society of Sciences an Letters</a> in 1922,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1923,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> an international member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1925,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECockcroft1963-165">[165]</a> an international member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1940,<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and an international honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The Bohr model's semicentennial was commemorated in Denmark on 21 November 1963 with a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">postage stamp</a> depicting Bohr, the hydrogen atom and the formula for the difference of any two hydrogen energy levels: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\nu =\epsilon _{2}-\epsilon _{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\nu =\epsilon _{2}-\epsilon _{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ae6030f3d2bbae50177de5c353f65b713e71529" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.507ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\nu =\epsilon _{2}-\epsilon _{1}}">. Several other countries have also issued postage stamps depicting Bohr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy198510–11-168">[168]</a> In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_National_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish National Bank">Danish National Bank</a> began circulating the <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Denmark,_1997_series" title="Banknotes of Denmark, 1997 series">500-krone banknote</a> with the portrait of Bohr smoking a pipe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanmarks_Nationalbank200520–21-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> On 7 October 2012, in celebration of Niels Bohr's 127th birthday, a Google Doodle depicting the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom appeared on Google's home page.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> An asteroid, <a href="/wiki/3948_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="3948 Bohr">3948 Bohr</a>, was named after him,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> as was the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_(crater)" title="Bohr (crater)">Bohr lunar crater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a>, the chemical element with atomic number 107.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC97-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bohr,_Niels_%E2%80%93_The_theory_of_spectra_and_atomic_constitution_(Drei_Aufs%C3%A4tze_%C3%BCber_Spektren_und_Atombau),_1922_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10990185.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bohr%2C_Niels_%E2%80%93_The_theory_of_spectra_and_atomic_constitution_%28Drei_Aufs%C3%A4tze_%C3%BCber_Spektren_und_Atombau%29%2C_1922_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10990185.jpg/170px-Bohr%2C_Niels_%E2%80%93_The_theory_of_spectra_and_atomic_constitution_%28Drei_Aufs%C3%A4tze_%C3%BCber_Spektren_und_Atombau%29%2C_1922_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10990185.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bohr%2C_Niels_%E2%80%93_The_theory_of_spectra_and_atomic_constitution_%28Drei_Aufs%C3%A4tze_%C3%BCber_Spektren_und_Atombau%29%2C_1922_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10990185.jpg/255px-Bohr%2C_Niels_%E2%80%93_The_theory_of_spectra_and_atomic_constitution_%28Drei_Aufs%C3%A4tze_%C3%BCber_Spektren_und_Atombau%29%2C_1922_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10990185.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bohr%2C_Niels_%E2%80%93_The_theory_of_spectra_and_atomic_constitution_%28Drei_Aufs%C3%A4tze_%C3%BCber_Spektren_und_Atombau%29%2C_1922_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10990185.jpg/340px-Bohr%2C_Niels_%E2%80%93_The_theory_of_spectra_and_atomic_constitution_%28Drei_Aufs%C3%A4tze_%C3%BCber_Spektren_und_Atombau%29%2C_1922_%E2%80%93_BEIC_10990185.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3820" /></a><figcaption>The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution (Drei Aufsätze über Spektren und Atombau), 1922</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Bohr, Niels (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=10990185">The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution; three essays</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Spectra+and+Atomic+Constitution%3B+three+essays&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D10990185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Nielsen, J. Rud (ed.). Volume 1: Early Work (1905–1911). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+1%3A+Early+Work+%281905%E2%80%931911%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Hoyer, Ulrich (ed.). Volume 2: Work on Atomic Physics (1912–1917). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+2%3A+Work+on+Atomic+Physics+%281912%E2%80%931917%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Nielsen, J. Rud (ed.). Volume 3: The Correspondence Principle (1918–1923). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+3%3A+The+Correspondence+Principle+%281918%E2%80%931923%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Nielsen, J. Rud (ed.). Volume 4: The Periodic System (1920–1923). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+4%3A+The+Periodic+System+%281920%E2%80%931923%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Stolzenburg, Klaus (ed.). Volume 5: The Emergence of Quantum Mechanics (mainly 1924–1926). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+5%3A+The+Emergence+of+Quantum+Mechanics+%28mainly+1924%E2%80%931926%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Kalckar, Jørgen (ed.). Volume 6: Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1926–1932). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+6%3A+Foundations+of+Quantum+Physics+I+%281926%E2%80%931932%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Kalckar, Jørgen (ed.). Volume 7: Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1933–1958). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+7%3A+Foundations+of+Quantum+Physics+I+%281933%E2%80%931958%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Thorsen, Jens (ed.). Volume 8: The Penetration of Charged Particles Through Matter (1912–1954). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+8%3A+The+Penetration+of+Charged+Particles+Through+Matter+%281912%E2%80%931954%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Peierls, Rudolf</a> (ed.). Volume 9: Nuclear Physics (1929–1952). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+9%3A+Nuclear+Physics+%281929%E2%80%931952%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Favrholdt, David (ed.). Volume 10: Complementarity Beyond Physics (1928–1962). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+10%3A+Complementarity+Beyond+Physics+%281928%E2%80%931962%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Aaserud, Finn (ed.). Volume 11: The Political Arena (1934–1961). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+11%3A+The+Political+Arena+%281934%E2%80%931961%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Aaserud, Finn (ed.). Volume 12: Popularization and People (1911–1962). Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+12%3A+Popularization+and+People+%281911%E2%80%931962%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). Aaserud, Finn (ed.). Volume 13: Cumulative Subject Index. Niels Bohr Collected Works. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53286-2"><bdi>978-0-444-53286-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/272382249">272382249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+13%3A+Cumulative+Subject+Index&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Niels+Bohr+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F272382249&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53286-2&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen_paradox" title="Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox">Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cphpolice3308989-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cphpolice3308989_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cphpolice3308989_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033630/http://www.politietsregisterblade.dk/en/component/sfup/?controller=politregisterblade&task=viewRegisterblad&id=3308989">Politiets Registerblade</a> [Register cards of the Police] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Københavns Stadsarkiv. 7 June 1892. Station Dødeblade (indeholder afdøde i perioden). Filmrulle 0002. Registerblad 3341. ID 3308989. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politietsregisterblade.dk/en/component/sfup/?controller=politregisterblade&task=viewRegisterblad&id=3308989">the original</a> on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politiets+Registerblade&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=Station+D%C3%B8deblade+%28indeholder+afd%C3%B8de+i+perioden%29.+Filmrulle+0002.+Registerblad+3341&rft.pub=K%C3%B8benhavns+Stadsarkiv&rft.date=1892-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politietsregisterblade.dk%2Fen%2Fcomponent%2Fsfup%2F%3Fcontroller%3Dpolitregisterblade%26task%3DviewRegisterblad%26id%3D3308989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais199144–45,_538–539-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais199144–45,_538–539_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais199144–45,_538–539_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 44–45, 538–539. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais199135–39-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais199135–39_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 35–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> There is no truth in the oft-repeated claim that Bohr emulated his brother, Harald, by playing for the Danish national team. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDart2005" class="citation news cs1">Dart, James (27 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/jul/27/theknowledge.panathinaikos">"Bohr's footballing career"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527043508/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2005/jul/27/theknowledge.panathinaikos">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bohr%27s+footballing+career&rft.date=2005-07-27&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2005%2Fjul%2F27%2Ftheknowledge.panathinaikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/www/niels/bohr/skole/">"Niels Bohr's school years"</a>. Niels Bohr Institute. 18 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220548/http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/www/niels/bohr/skole/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%27s+school+years&rft.pub=Niels+Bohr+Institute&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbi.ku.dk%2Fenglish%2Fwww%2Fniels%2Fbohr%2Fskole%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais199198–99-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais199198–99_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-university-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-university_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-university_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/www/niels/bohr/universitetet/">"Life as a Student"</a>. Niels Bohr Institute. 16 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220131/http://www.nbi.ku.dk/english/www/niels/bohr/universitetet/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+as+a+Student&rft.pub=Niels+Bohr+Institute&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbi.ku.dk%2Fenglish%2Fwww%2Fniels%2Fbohr%2Funiversitetet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes198662–63-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes198662–63_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991101–102-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991101–102_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaserudHeilbron2013155-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAaserudHeilbron2013155_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAaserudHeilbron2013">Aaserud & Heilbron 2013</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niels-Bohr">"Niels Bohr | Danish physicist"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230808044009/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niels-Bohr">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+%7C+Danish+physicist&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNiels-Bohr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991107–109-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991107–109_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 107–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201243–45-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKragh201243–45_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKragh2012">Kragh 2012</a>, pp. 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991112-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991112_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991133–134-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991133–134_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991226,_249-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991226,_249_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991226,_249_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 226, 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985204-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985204_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuewer1985">Stuewer 1985</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugeavisen.dk/ugeavisenvejle/artikel/udstilling-om-brejnings-historie-hitter-i-vejle">"Udstilling om Brejnings historie hitter i Vejle"</a>. ugeavisen.dk (in Danish). 11 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714232348/https://ugeavisen.dk/ugeavisenvejle/artikel/udstilling-om-brejnings-historie-hitter-i-vejle">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ugeavisen.dk&rft.atitle=Udstilling+om+Brejnings+historie+hitter+i+Vejle&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugeavisen.dk%2Fugeavisenvejle%2Fartikel%2Fudstilling-om-brejnings-historie-hitter-i-vejle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchou2019" class="citation web cs1">Schou, Mette Kjær (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icmm.ku.dk/english/research-groups/bohr-group/">"Bohr Group"</a>. icmm.ku.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019200544/https://icmm.ku.dk/english/research-groups/bohr-group/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icmm.ku.dk&rft.atitle=Bohr+Group&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.aulast=Schou&rft.aufirst=Mette+Kj%C3%A6r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficmm.ku.dk%2Fenglish%2Fresearch-groups%2Fbohr-group%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dir.ninds.nih.gov/Faculty/Profile/vilhelm-bohr.html">"Neuroscience@NIH > Faculty > Profile"</a>. dir.ninds.nih.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019200544/https://dir.ninds.nih.gov/Faculty/Profile/vilhelm-bohr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dir.ninds.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Neuroscience%40NIH+%3E+Faculty+%3E+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdir.ninds.nih.gov%2FFaculty%2FProfile%2Fvilhelm-bohr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize.org-21"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html">"Niels Bohr – Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobelprize.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprize.org">Nobelprize.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111014801/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1922%2Fbohr-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hockey-22"><a href="#cite_ref-hockey_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418093355/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/ernest-bohr-1.html">"Ernest Bohr Biography and Olympic Results – Olympics"</a>. Sports-Reference.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/ernest-bohr-1.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2020. 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Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Constitution+of+Atoms+and+Molecules%2C+Part+II+Systems+Containing+Only+a+Single+Nucleus&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=153&rft.pages=476-502&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441308634993&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1913PMag...26..476B&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ihep.su%2Fdbserv%2Fcompas%2Fsrc%2Fbohr13b%2Feng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohr1913" class="citation journal cs1">Bohr, Niels (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430922">"On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III Systems containing several nuclei"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine" title="Philosophical Magazine">Philosophical Magazine</a>. 26 (155): 857–875. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913PMag...26..857B">1913PMag...26..857B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441308635031">10.1080/14786441308635031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622091927/https://zenodo.org/record/1430922">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2021. 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University of Chicago Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02420-2"><bdi>978-0-226-02420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Electrons%3A+A+Biographical+Approach+to+Theoretical+Entities&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02420-2&rft.aulast=Arabatzis&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdKZYot85OcC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Kragh, Helge. "Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory". 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Retrieved 11 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+institute%3A+The+establishment+of+an+institute&rft.pub=Niels+Bohr+Institute&rft.date=1921-01&rft.aulast=Aaserud&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbi.ku.dk%2Fenglish%2Fwww%2Finstitute%2FHistory%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991169–171-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991169–171_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991169–171_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 169–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19859,_12,_13,_15-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19859,_12,_13,_15_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1985">Kennedy 1985</a>, pp. 9, 12, 13, 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHund198571–73-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHund198571–73_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHund1985">Hund 1985</a>, pp. 71–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> From Bohr's Atom to Electron Waves <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/Bohr_to_Waves/Bohr_to_Waves.html">https://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/Bohr_to_Waves/Bohr_to_Waves.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810030204/http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/252/Bohr_to_Waves/Bohr_to_Waves.html">Archived</a> 10 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The Age of Entanglement, Louisa Gilder, p.799, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Periodic_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic Table">Periodic Table</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History of the periodic table</a> showing elements predicted by chemical properties since <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendeleev">Mendeleev</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh198561–64-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKragh198561–64_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKragh1985">Kragh 1985</a>, pp. 61–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991202–210-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991202–210_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 202–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991215-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991215_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohr198591–97-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohr198591–97_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBohr1985">Bohr 1985</a>, pp. 91–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohrKramersSlater1924" class="citation journal cs1">Bohr, N.; <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kramers" title="Hans Kramers">Kramers, H. A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_C._Slater" title="John C. Slater">Slater, J. C.</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522110143/http://www.cond-mat.physik.uni-mainz.de/~oettel/ws10/bks_PhilMag_47_785_1924.pdf">"The Quantum Theory of Radiation"</a> (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 6. 76 (287): 785–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786442408565262">10.1080/14786442408565262</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cond-mat.physik.uni-mainz.de/~oettel/ws10/bks_PhilMag_47_785_1924.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Quantum+Theory+of+Radiation&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=287&rft.pages=785-802&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786442408565262&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Kramers%2C+H.+A.&rft.au=Slater%2C+J.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cond-mat.physik.uni-mainz.de%2F~oettel%2Fws10%2Fbks_PhilMag_47_785_1924.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991232–239-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991232–239_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 232–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJammer1989188-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJammer1989188_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJammer1989">Jammer 1989</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991237-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991237_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991238-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991238_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991243-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991243_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991275–279-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991275–279_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 275–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991295–299-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991295–299_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 295–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991263-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991263_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991272–275-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991272–275_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 272–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991301-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991301_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985112–113-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985112–113_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKinnon1985">MacKinnon 1985</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985101-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKinnon1985101_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKinnon1985">MacKinnon 1985</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991304–309-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991304–309_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 304–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohr1928582-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohr1928582_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBohr1928">Bohr 1928</a>, p. 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDialogue1985121–140-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDialogue1985121–140_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDialogue1985">Dialogue 1985</a>, pp. 121–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991332–333-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991332–333_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 332–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991464–465-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991464–465_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 464–465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991337–340,_368–370-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991337–340,_368–370_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, pp. 337–340, 368–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohr1937" class="citation journal cs1">Bohr, Niels (20 August 1937). "Transmutations of Atomic Nuclei". <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 86 (2225): 161–165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937Sci....86..161B">1937Sci....86..161B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.86.2225.161">10.1126/science.86.2225.161</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17751630">17751630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Transmutations+of+Atomic+Nuclei&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2225&rft.pages=161-165&rft.date=1937-08-20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17751630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.86.2225.161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1937Sci....86..161B&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985211–216-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985211–216_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStuewer1985211–216_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStuewer1985">Stuewer 1985</a>, pp. 211–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPais1991456-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPais1991456_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPais1991">Pais 1991</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohrWheeler1939" class="citation journal cs1">Bohr, Niels; <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler, John Archibald</a> (September 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pugetsound.edu/files/resources/7579_Bohr%20liquid%20drop.pdf">"The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a>. 56 (5): 426–450. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939PhRv...56..426B">1939PhRv...56..426B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.56.426">10.1103/PhysRev.56.426</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083202/http://www.pugetsound.edu/files/resources/7579_Bohr%20liquid%20drop.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mechanism+of+Nuclear+Fission&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=426-450&rft.date=1939-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.56.426&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1939PhRv...56..426B&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pugetsound.edu%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2F7579_Bohr%2520liquid%2520drop.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonner19821-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHonner19821_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHonner1982">Honner 1982</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes198660-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes198660_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaye199137-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaye199137_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaye199137_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaye1991">Faye 1991</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2010416-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2010416_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2010">Stewart 2010</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aaserud-Heilbron-2013-a-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Aaserud-Heilbron-2013-a_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAaserudHeilbron2013">Aaserud & Heilbron 2013</a>, pp. 159–160: "A statement about religion in the loose notes on Kierkegaard may throw light on the notion of wildness that appears in many of Bohr's letters. 'I, who do not feel in any way united with, and even less, bound to a God, and therefore am also much poorer [than Kierkegaard], would say that the good [is] the overall lofty goal, as only by being good [can one] judge according to worth and right.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-Aaserud-Heilbron-2013-b-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Aaserud-Heilbron-2013-b_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAaserudHeilbron2013">Aaserud & Heilbron 2013</a>, p. 110: "Bohr's sort of humor, use of parables and stories, tolerance, dependence on family, feelings of indebtedness, obligation, and guilt, and his sense of responsibility for science, community, and, ultimately, humankind in general, are common traits of the Jewish intellectual. So too is a well-fortified atheism. Bohr ended with no religious belief and a dislike of all religions that claimed to base their teachings on revelations." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavrholdt199242–63-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavrholdt199242–63_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFavrholdt1992">Favrholdt 1992</a>, pp. 42–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonWildman1996289-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonWildman1996289_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardsonWildman1996">Richardson & Wildman 1996</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamilleriSchlosshauer2015-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamilleriSchlosshauer2015_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamilleriSchlosshauer2015">Camilleri & Schlosshauer 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaye" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Faye, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/">"Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128011247/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/qm-copenhagen/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jutarnji.hr/clanak/art-2006,3,19,supek_intervju,17440.jl?artpg=1">the original</a> on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2007. <q>Istinu sam saznao od Margrethe, Bohrove supruge. ... Ni Heisenberg ni Bohr nisu bili glavni junaci toga susreta nego Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker. ... Von Weizsaeckerova ideja, za koju mislim da je bila zamisao njegova oca koji je bio Ribbentropov zamjenik, bila je nagovoriti Nielsa Bohra da posreduje za mir između Velike Britanije i Njemačke. [I learned the truth from Margrethe, Bohr's wife. ... Neither Bohr nor Heisenberg were the main characters of this encounter, but Carl Friedrich von Weizsaecker. Von Weizsaecker's idea, which I think was the brainchild of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst von Weizsäcker">his father</a> who was <a href="/wiki/Ribbentrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a>'s deputy, was to persuade Niels Bohr to mediate for peace between Great Britain and Germany.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jutarnji+list&rft.atitle=Moj+%C5%BEivot+s+nobelovcima+20.+stolje%C4%87a&rft.date=2006-03-19&rft.au=Portal+Jutarnji.hr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjutarnji.hr%2Fclanak%2Fart-2006%2C3%2C19%2Csupek_intervju%2C17440.jl%3Fartpg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> An interview with Ivan Supek relating to the 1941 Bohr – Heisenberg meeting. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeisenberg" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg, Werner</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017232033/http://childrenofthemanhattanproject.org/MP_Misc/Bohr_Heisenberg/bohr_2.htm">"Letter From Werner Heisenberg to Author Robert Jungk"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Lightcurve+Analysis+of+3948+Bohr+and+4874+Burke%3A+An+International+Collaboration&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2013-01%2F2013-03&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MPBu...40...15K&rft.aulast=Klinglesmith&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.+III&rft.au=Risley%2C+Ethan&rft.au=Turk%2C+Janek&rft.au=Vargas%2C+Angelica&rft.au=Warren%2C+Curtis&rft.au=Ferrero%2C+Andera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanet.info%2FMPB%2FMPB_40-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC97-173"><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC97_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199769122471">"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)"</a>. 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Nature. 121 (3050): 580–590. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928Natur.121..580B">1928Natur.121..580B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F121580a0">10.1038/121580a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4097746">4097746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Quantum+Postulate+and+the+Recent+Development+of+Atomic+Theory&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=3050&rft.pages=580-590&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4097746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F121580a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1928Natur.121..580B&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F121580a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohr1985" class="citation book cs1">Bohr, Niels (1985) [1922]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/91">"Nobel Prize Lecture: The Structure of the Atom (excerpts)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. 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Copenhagen: Munksgaard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7304-228-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7304-228-1"><bdi>978-87-7304-228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%27s+Philosophical+Background&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Munksgaard&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-87-7304-228-1&rft.aulast=Favrholdt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaye1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Faye" title="Jan Faye">Faye, Jan</a> (1991). Niels Bohr: His Heritage and Legacy. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1294-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1294-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-1294-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+His+Heritage+and+Legacy&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-1294-9&rft.aulast=Faye&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gowing" title="Margaret Gowing">Gowing, Margaret</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/266">"Niels Bohr and Nuclear Weapons"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/266">266–277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+and+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=266-277&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilbron1985" class="citation book cs1">Heilbron, John L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/33">"Bohr's First Theories of the Atom"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/33">33–49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bohr%27s+First+Theories+of+the+Atom&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=33-49&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Heilbron&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeisenberg1984" class="citation book cs1">Heisenberg, Elisabeth (1984). Inner Exile: Recollections of a Life With Werner Heisenberg. Boston: Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3146-8"><bdi>978-0-8176-3146-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inner+Exile%3A+Recollections+of+a+Life+With+Werner+Heisenberg&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-3146-8&rft.aulast=Heisenberg&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilberg1961" class="citation book cs1">Hilberg, Raul (1961). The Destruction of the European Jews. Vol. 2. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09557-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09557-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09557-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+the+European+Jews&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09557-9&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonner1982" class="citation journal cs1">Honner, John (March 1982). "The Transcendental Philosophy of Niels Bohr". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 13 (1): 1–29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982SHPSA..13....1H">1982SHPSA..13....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2882%2990002-4">10.1016/0039-3681(82)90002-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3681">0039-3681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+A&rft.atitle=The+Transcendental+Philosophy+of+Niels+Bohr&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-29&rft.date=1982-03&rft.issn=0039-3681&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2882%2990002-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982SHPSA..13....1H&rft.aulast=Honner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHund1985" class="citation book cs1">Hund, Friedrich (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/71">"Bohr, Göttingen, and Quantum Mechanics"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/71">71–75</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bohr%2C+G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+and+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=71-75&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Hund&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJammer1989" class="citation book cs1">Jammer, Max (1989). The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88318-617-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88318-617-6"><bdi>978-0-88318-617-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19517065">19517065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conceptual+Development+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Tomash+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19517065&rft.isbn=978-0-88318-617-6&rft.aulast=Jammer&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._V._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="R. V. Jones">Jones, R . V.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mostsecretwar0000jone">Most Secret War</a>. London: Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89746-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89746-1"><bdi>978-0-241-89746-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3717534">3717534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Most+Secret+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamilton&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3717534&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89746-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R+.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmostsecretwar0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._V._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="R. V. Jones">Jones, R. V.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/278">"Meetings in Wartime and After"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/278">278–287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meetings+in+Wartime+and+After&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=278-287&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1985" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, P. J. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/3">"A Short Biography"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/3">3–15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Short+Biography&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=3-15&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieler2007" class="citation book cs1">Kieler, Jørgen (2007). Resistance Fighter: A Personal History of the Danish Resistance. Translated from the Danish by Eric Dickens. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-397-8"><bdi>978-965-229-397-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance+Fighter%3A+A+Personal+History+of+the+Danish+Resistance&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Gefen+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-965-229-397-8&rft.aulast=Kieler&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh1985" class="citation book cs1">Kragh, Helge (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/50">"The Theory of the Periodic System"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/50">50–67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+the+Periodic+System&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=50-67&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=Helge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh2012" class="citation book cs1">Kragh, Helge (2012). Niels Bohr and the quantum atom: the Bohr model of atomic structure, 1913–1925. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965498-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965498-7"><bdi>978-0-19-965498-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769989390">769989390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr+and+the+quantum+atom%3A+the+Bohr+model+of+atomic+structure%2C+1913%E2%80%931925&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769989390&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965498-7&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=Helge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1985" class="citation book cs1">MacKinnon, Edward (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/101">"Bohr on the Foundations of Quantum Theory"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/101">101–120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bohr+on+the+Foundations+of+Quantum+Theory&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=101-120&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedawarPyke2001" class="citation book cs1">Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (2001). Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime. New York: Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-564-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-564-6"><bdi>978-1-55970-564-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Gift%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Scientists+Expelled+by+the+Nazi+Regime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-564-6&rft.aulast=Medawar&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Pyke%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMermin2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._David_Mermin" title="N. David Mermin">Mermin, N. David</a> (2004). "What's Wrong With This Quantum World?". Physics Today. 52 (2): 10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhT....57b..10M">2004PhT....57b..10M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1688051">10.1063/1.1688051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=What%27s+Wrong+With+This+Quantum+World%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1688051&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhT....57b..10M&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais, Abraham</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrstimesi00pais_0">Niels Bohr's Times, In Physics, Philosophy and Polity</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852049-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852049-8"><bdi>978-0-19-852049-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%27s+Times%2C+In+Physics%2C+Philosophy+and+Polity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852049-8&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrstimesi00pais_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers1993" class="citation book cs1">Powers, Thomas (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heisenbergswarse00powe_0">Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-71623-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-71623-9"><bdi>978-0-316-71623-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heisenberg%27s+War%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+German+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-316-71623-9&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheisenbergswarse00powe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44133-3"><bdi>978-0-671-44133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44133-3&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofatomicbo00rhod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonWildman1996" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, W. Mark; Wildman, Wesley J., eds. (1996). Religion and Science: History, Method, Dialogue. London, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91667-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91667-7"><bdi>978-0-415-91667-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Science%3A+History%2C+Method%2C+Dialogue&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91667-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRife1999" class="citation book cs1">Rife, Patricia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lisemeitnerdawno0000rife">Lise Meitner and the Dawn of the Nuclear Age</a>. Boston: Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3732-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8176-3732-3"><bdi>978-0-8176-3732-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lise+Meitner+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8176-3732-3&rft.aulast=Rife&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flisemeitnerdawno0000rife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozental1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rozental" title="Stefan Rozental">Rozental, Stefan</a> (1967). Niels Bohr: His Life and Work as Seen by his Friends and Colleagues. Amsterdam: North-Holland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-86977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-86977-7"><bdi>978-0-444-86977-7</bdi></a>. Previously published by John Wiley & Sons in 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+His+Life+and+Work+as+Seen+by+his+Friends+and+Colleagues&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-444-86977-7&rft.aulast=Rozental&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadtlerMorrisonMartin1995" class="citation book cs1">Stadtler, Bea; Morrison, David Beal; Martin, David Stone (1995). The Holocaust: A History of Courage and Resistance. West Orange, New Jersey: Behrman House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87441-578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87441-578-0"><bdi>978-0-87441-578-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+History+of+Courage+and+Resistance&rft.place=West+Orange%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Behrman+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87441-578-0&rft.aulast=Stadtler&rft.aufirst=Bea&rft.au=Morrison%2C+David+Beal&rft.au=Martin%2C+David+Stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2010" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Melville Y. (2010). Science and Religion in Dialogue, Two Volume Set. Maiden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8921-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-8921-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Religion+in+Dialogue%2C+Two+Volume+Set&rft.place=Maiden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8921-7&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Melville+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuewer1985" class="citation book cs1">Stuewer, Roger H. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/197">"Niels Bohr and Nuclear Physics"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/197">197–220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+and+Nuclear+Physics&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=197-220&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Stuewer&rft.aufirst=Roger+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThirsk2006" class="citation book cs1">Thirsk, Ian (2006). De Havilland Mosquito: An Illustrated History, Volume 2. Manchester: MBI Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-115-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-115-1"><bdi>978-0-85979-115-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Havilland+Mosquito%3A+An+Illustrated+History%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85979-115-1&rft.aulast=Thirsk&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Government1972" class="citation book cs1">The Conferences at Quebec 1944. Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1972. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/631921397">631921397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conferences+at+Quebec+1944&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F631921397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler, John A.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/221">"Physics in Copenhagen in 1934 and 1935"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anthony_French" title="Anthony French">French, A. P.</a>; Kennedy, P. J. (eds.). Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrcentena00bohr/page/221">221–226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-62415-3"><bdi>978-0-674-62415-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physics+in+Copenhagen+in+1934+and+1935&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+A+Centenary+Volume&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=221-226&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-62415-3&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrcentena00bohr%2Fpage%2F221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanmarks_Nationalbank2005" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523100635/http://www.nationalbanken.dk/C1256BE900406EF3/sysOakFil/Danmarks_penge_2005_ENG/%24File/Coins_Banknotes.pdf">The Coins and Banknotes of Denmark</a> (PDF). Danmarks Nationalbank. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-87251-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-87251-55-6"><bdi>978-87-87251-55-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbanken.dk/C1256BE900406EF3/sysOakFil/Danmarks_penge_2005_ENG/$File/Coins_Banknotes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coins+and+Banknotes+of+Denmark&rft.pub=Danmarks+Nationalbank&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-87-87251-55-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalbanken.dk%2FC1256BE900406EF3%2FsysOakFil%2FDanmarks_penge_2005_ENG%2F%24File%2FCoins_Banknotes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Aaserud, Finn (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021120546/http://www.nba.nbi.dk/papers/introduction.htm">"Release of documents relating to 1941 Bohr-Heisenberg meeting"</a>. Niels Bohr Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nba.nbi.dk/papers/introduction.htm">the original</a> on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+of+documents+relating+to+1941+Bohr-Heisenberg+meeting&rft.pub=Niels+Bohr+Archive&rft.date=2002-02&rft.aulast=Aaserud&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnba.nbi.dk%2Fpapers%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Blaedel, Niels (1988). Harmony and Unity: The Life of Niels Bohr. Madison, Wisconsin: Science Tech. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910239-14-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910239-14-1"><bdi>978-0-910239-14-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17411890">17411890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harmony+and+Unity%3A+The+Life+of+Niels+Bohr&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Science+Tech&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17411890&rft.isbn=978-0-910239-14-1&rft.aulast=Blaedel&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Feilden, Tom (3 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8493000/8493203.stm">"The Gunfighter's Dilemma"</a>. news.bbc.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721015432/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8493000/8493203.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Gunfighter%27s+Dilemma&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft.aulast=Feilden&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Ftoday%2Fhi%2Ftoday%2Fnewsid_8493000%2F8493203.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"> Bohr's researches on reaction times.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Moore, Ruth (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nielsbohrmanhis00moor">Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science, and the World They Changed</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-63101-3"><bdi>978-0-262-63101-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712016">712016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+The+Man%2C+His+Science%2C+and+the+World+They+Changed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712016&rft.isbn=978-0-262-63101-3&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnielsbohrmanhis00moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Ottaviani" title="Jim Ottaviani">Ottaviani, Jim</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leland_Purvis" title="Leland Purvis">Purvis, Leland</a> (2004). Suspended in Language: Niels Bohr's Life, Discoveries, and the Century He Shaped. Ann Arbor, Michigan: G.T. Labs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9660106-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9660106-5-7"><bdi>978-0-9660106-5-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55739245">55739245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suspended+in+Language%3A+Niels+Bohr%27s+Life%2C+Discoveries%2C+and+the+Century+He+Shaped&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=G.T.+Labs&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55739245&rft.isbn=978-0-9660106-5-7&rft.aulast=Ottaviani&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Purvis%2C+Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Frayn" title="Michael Frayn">Frayn, Michael</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_(play)" title="Copenhagen (play)">Copenhagen</a>. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-72490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-72490-8"><bdi>978-0-413-72490-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44467534">44467534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copenhagen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44467534&rft.isbn=978-0-413-72490-8&rft.aulast=Frayn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gino_Claudio_Segre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gino Claudio Segre">Segrè, Gino</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faustincopenhage00segr">Faust in Copenhagen: A Struggle for the Soul of Physics</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03858-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03858-9"><bdi>978-0-670-03858-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76416691">76416691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faust+in+Copenhagen%3A+A+Struggle+for+the+Soul+of+Physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76416691&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03858-9&rft.aulast=Segr%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Gino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaustincopenhage00segr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Vilhjálmsson, Vilhjálmur Örn; Blüdnikow, Bent (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-vilhjalmsson-f06.htm">"Rescue, Expulsion, and Collaboration: Denmark's Difficulties with its World War II Past"</a>. Jewish Political Studies Review. 18: 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408004115/http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-vilhjalmsson-f06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Rescue%2C+Expulsion%2C+and+Collaboration%3A+Denmark%27s+Difficulties+with+its+World+War+II+Past&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Vilhj%C3%A1lmsson&rft.aufirst=Vilhj%C3%A1lmur+%C3%96rn&rft.au=Bl%C3%BCdnikow%2C+Bent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Fphas%2Fphas-vilhjalmsson-f06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Niels Bohr at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" class="extiw" title="c:Niels Bohr">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" class="extiw" title="q:Niels Bohr">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbarchive.dk/">Niels Bohr Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bohr.niels">Author profile</a> in the database <a href="/wiki/ZbMATH" class="mw-redirect" title="ZbMATH">zbMATH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/44167">Works by Niels Bohr</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1106823/">Niels Bohr</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002096">Newspaper clippings about Niels Bohr</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/27">Niels Bohr</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7085#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1922 The Structure of the Atom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-1">Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 31 October 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> – interviews conducted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Kuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas S. Kuhn">Thomas S. Kuhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Rosenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Rosenfeld">Leon Rosenfeld</a>, Erik Rudinger, and Aage Petersen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-2">Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 1 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-3">Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 7 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-4">Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 14 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4517-5">Oral history interview transcript for Niels Bohr on 17 November 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704121809/http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/bohr-heisenberg-meeting.htm">"The Bohr-Heisenberg meeting in September 1941"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/bohr-heisenberg-meeting.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bohr-Heisenberg+meeting+in+September+1941&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fheisenberg%2Fbohr-heisenberg-meeting.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/redingtn/www/netadv/FCintro.html">"Resources for Frayn's Copenhagen: Niels Bohr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+for+Frayn%27s+Copenhagen%3A+Niels+Bohr&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fredingtn%2Fwww%2Fnetadv%2FFCintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/videos/31564/atomic-physics-and-human-knowledge-1962/laureate-bohr">"Video – Niels Bohr (1962): Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a>. Retrieved 9 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Video+%E2%80%93+Niels+Bohr+%281962%29%3A+Atomic+Physics+and+Human+Knowledge&rft.pub=Lindau+Nobel+Laureate+Meetings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org%2Fvideos%2F31564%2Fatomic-physics-and-human-knowledge-1962%2Flaureate-bohr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiels+Bohr" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manhattan_Project" title="Category:Manhattan Project">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li>1931</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1934</li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1922_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1922_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1922 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1922_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1922 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niels Bohr</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Fritz Meyerhof</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1917_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1917 Nobel Prize winners">1917</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1918_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1918 Nobel Prize winners">1918</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1919_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1919 Nobel Prize winners">1919</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1920 Nobel Prize winners">1920</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1921_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1921 Nobel Prize winners">1921</a></dd> <dd>1922 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1923_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1923 Nobel Prize winners">1923</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1924_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1924 Nobel Prize winners">1924</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1925_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1925 Nobel Prize winners">1925</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">Physical constants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newtonian_constant_of_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian constant of gravitation">Newtonian constant of gravitation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_constant" title="Faraday constant">Faraday constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt" title="Johann Josef Loschmidt">Johann Josef Loschmidt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loschmidt_constant" title="Loschmidt constant">Loschmidt constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Balmer" title="Johann Jakob Balmer">Johann Jakob Balmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stefan" title="Josef Stefan">Josef Stefan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Johannes Rydberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rydberg_constant" title="Rydberg constant">Rydberg constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sackur" title="Otto Sackur">Otto Sackur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niels Bohr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bohr_radius" title="Bohr radius">Bohr radius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Tetrode" title="Hugo Tetrode">Hugo Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hartree" title="Douglas Hartree">Douglas Hartree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Brian Josephson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Josephson_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephson constant">Josephson constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Von_Klitzing_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Klitzing constant">von Klitzing constant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units#Scientists_and_SI_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as SI units</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units#Scientists_and_non-SI_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">non SI units</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Sonning_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Sonning_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1960)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niels Bohr</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Dominique Pire</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Visser_%27t_Hooft" title="Willem Visser 't Hooft">Willem Visser 't Hooft</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tau" title="Max Tau">Max Tau</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Dolci" title="Danilo Dolci">Danilo Dolci</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gmeiner" title="Hermann Gmeiner">Hermann Gmeiner</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Heinesen" title="William Heinesen">William Heinesen</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Barba" title="Eugenio Barba">Eugenio Barba</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Hatoum" title="Mona Hatoum">Mona Hatoum</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Heller" title="Ágnes Heller">Ágnes Heller</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/21px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/42px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/17px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/26px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7085#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110281780">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64014369">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716682/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBpKmX6dvDCjKdBRDH4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118661051">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50045711">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119892456">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119892456">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00463466">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV061891">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35831651">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002108032&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1137144">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/15191">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069158924">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90067912">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/141961">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463157205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511457106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00230565?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=105783">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16649230900">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bohr.niels">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=rOoNFe0AAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/38740">MathSciNet</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/niels-bohr/">Leopoldina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6b1b330d-dd57-4af9-8b4b-9934d268a50c">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1107478">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118661051.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118661051">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028659929">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t836n5">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gf0vm2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&oldid=1258421317">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&oldid=1258421317</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niels_Bohr" title="Category:Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1885_births" title="Category:1885 births">1885 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_deaths" title="Category:1962 deaths">1962 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Danish_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century Danish philosophers">20th-century Danish philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physics">Nobel laureates in Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Danish Nobel laureates">Danish Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_physicists" title="Category:Jewish physicists">Jewish physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Category:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester">Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Akademisk_Boldklub_players" title="Category:Akademisk Boldklub players">Akademisk Boldklub players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni of Trinity College, 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