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Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="والتر براتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="والتر براتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ualter_Houzer_Bratteyn" title="Ualter Houzer Bratteyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ualter Houzer Bratteyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والتر هاوسر براتین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والتر هاوسر براتین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ওয়াল্টার হাউজার ব্র্যাটেইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াল্টার হাউজার ব্র্যাটেইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Уолтэр Хаўзер Братэйн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уолтэр Хаўзер Братэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Уолтър Братейн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уолтър Братейн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Brattain" title="Walter H. Brattain – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Walter H. Brattain" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B7%CE%BD" title="Γουόλτερ Χάουζερ Μπράταιην – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουόλτερ Χάουζερ Μπράταιην" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والتر هاوسر براتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر هاوسر براتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%ED%84%B0_%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%80_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9E%98%ED%8A%BC" title="월터 하우저 브래튼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="월터 하우저 브래튼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BF%D6%80_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Վոլտր Բրատեյն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վոլտր Բրատեյն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="वॉल्टर ब्रैट्टैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वॉल्टर ब्रैट्टैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Brattain" title="Walter H. Brattain – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Walter H. Brattain" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Walter Brattain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וולטר בראטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וולטר בראטיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უოლტერ ბრატენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უოლტერ ბრატენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Уолтер Хаузер Браттейн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уолтер Хаузер Браттейн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Walter Brattain" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volters_Brateins" title="Volters Brateins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Volters Brateins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walter Brattain" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Волтер Хаузер Братејн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Волтер Хаузер Братејн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="വാൾട്ടർ എച്ച്. ബ്രാറ്റെയിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാൾട്ടർ എച്ച്. ബ്രാറ്റെയിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="वॉल्टर हाउझर ब्रॅटैन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉल्टर हाउझर ब्रॅटैन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უოლტერ ბრატენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უოლტერ ბრატენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="والتر براتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="والتر براتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والتر هاوسر براتین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="والتر هاوسر براتین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walter Brattain" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="वाल्टर एच ब्राट्टेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वाल्टर एच ब्राट्टेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3" title="ウォルター・ブラッテン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウォルター・ブラッテン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Brattain" title="Walter H. Brattain – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Walter H. Brattain" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والٹر بریٹمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="والٹر بریٹمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Браттейн, Уолтер Хаузер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Браттейн, Уолтер Хаузер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="वाल्टर एच ब्राट्टेन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वाल्टर एच ब्राट्टेन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Волтер Хаузер Братен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Волтер Хаузер Братен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Brattain" title="Walter H. Brattain – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Walter H. Brattain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வால்டர் பிராட்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வால்டர் பிராட்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Волтер Һаузер Брәттейн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Волтер Һаузер Брәттейн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Walter Brattain" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Волтер Гаузер Браттейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Волтер Гаузер Браттейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1_%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="والٹر ہوایسن براطین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والٹر ہوایسن براطین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A1%BF" title="沃尔特·布拉顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沃尔特·布拉顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Walter Houser Brattain" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A1%BF" title="沃尔特·布拉顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沃尔特·布拉顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184577#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Walter_Houser_Brattain" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American physicist (1902–1987)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Walter Houser Brattain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Brattain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brattain.jpg/220px-Brattain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Brattain.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Brattain <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-02-10</span>)</span>February 10, 1902<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 13, 1987<span style="display:none">(1987-10-13)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitman_College" title="Whitman College">Whitman College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brattain" title="Robert Brattain">Robert Brattain</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> (1952)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1956)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">electronic engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitman_College" title="Whitman College">Whitman College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Torrence_Tate_Sr." title="John Torrence Tate Sr.">John Torrence Tate Sr.</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Walter Houser Brattain</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> who, along with fellow scientists <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, invented the <a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">point-contact transistor</a> in December 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shared the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for their invention. Brattain devoted much of his life to research on <a href="/wiki/Surface_states" title="Surface states">surface states</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walter Brattain was born in Amoy (now <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a>, to American parents Ross R. Brattain and Ottilie Houser Brattain. His father was of Scottish descent, while his mother's parents were both immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-prize_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross R. Brattain was a teacher at the Ting-Wen Institute,<sup id="cite_ref-Fire_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> a private school for Chinese boys; Ottilie Houser Brattain was a gifted mathematician.<sup id="cite_ref-ANBO2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANBO2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were graduates of <a href="/wiki/Whitman_College" title="Whitman College">Whitman College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBS1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottilie and baby Walter returned to the United States in 1903, and Ross followed shortly afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> The family lived for several years in <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, then settled on a <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranch">cattle ranch</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tonasket,_Washington" title="Tonasket, Washington">Tonasket, Washington</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> </p><p>Brattain attended high school in Washington, spending one year at <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_High_School,_Seattle" title="Queen Anne High School, Seattle">Queen Anne High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, two years at <a href="/wiki/Tonasket_High_School" title="Tonasket High School">Tonasket High School</a>, and one year at <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_Naval_Academy#Moran_School" title="Puget Sound Naval Academy">Moran School for Boys</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Island,_Washington" title="Bainbridge Island, Washington">Bainbridge Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brattain then attended <a href="/wiki/Whitman_College" title="Whitman College">Whitman College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington" title="Walla Walla, Washington">Walla Walla, Washington</a>, where he studied with Benjamin H. Brown (physics) and Walter A. Bratton (mathematics). He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> from Whitman in 1924, with a double major in physics and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brattain and his classmates <a href="/wiki/Walker_Bleakney" title="Walker Bleakney">Walker Bleakney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rojansky" title="Vladimir Rojansky">Vladimir Rojansky</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._John_Workman" class="mw-redirect" title="E. John Workman">E. John Workman</a> would all go on to have distinguished careers, later becoming known as "the four horsemen of physics".<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> Brattain's brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brattain" title="Robert Brattain">Robert</a>, who followed him at Whitman College, also became a physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> </p><p>Brattain earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a> in 1926, and a Ph.D. from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Minnesota, Brattain had the opportunity to study the new field of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a>. His thesis, supervised by <a href="/wiki/John_Torrence_Tate,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Torrence Tate, Sr.">John T. Tate</a>, was <i>Efficiency of Excitation by Electron Impact and Anomalous Scattering in Mercury Vapor.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p><p>Walter Brattain married twice. His first wife was chemist Keren Gilmore. They were married in 1935 and had a son, William G. Brattain, in 1943. Keren Gilmore Brattain died on April 10, 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Keren1957_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keren1957-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Brattain married Mrs. Emma Jane (Kirsch) Miller, a mother of three children.<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He moved to Seattle in the 1970s and lived there until his death from <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> on October 13, 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-prize_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obit_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at City Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Pomeroy,_Washington" title="Pomeroy, Washington">Pomeroy, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_work">Scientific work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scientific work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1927 to 1928 Brattain worked for the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> in Washington, D.C., where he helped to develop <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric">piezoelectric</a> frequency standards. In August 1929 he joined Joseph A. Becker at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Laboratories">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> as a research physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men worked on the heat-induced flow of <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metal_rectifier" title="Metal rectifier">copper oxide rectifiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> Brattain was able to attend a lecture by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of their subsequent experiments on <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> provided experimental validation for the <a href="/wiki/Free_electron_model" title="Free electron model">Sommerfeld theory</a>. They also did work on the surface state and <a href="/wiki/Work_function" title="Work function">work function</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> Through his studies of rectification and photo-effects on the semiconductor surfaces of cuprous oxide and silicon, Brattain discovered the photo-effect at the free surface of a semiconductor. This work was considered by the Nobel prize committee to be one of his chief contributions to solid state physics.<sup id="cite_ref-prize_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the telephone industry was heavily dependent on the use of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum tubes">vacuum tubes</a> to control electron flow and amplify current. Vacuum tubes were neither reliable nor efficient, and Bell Laboratories wanted to develop an alternative technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 1930s Brattain worked with William B. Shockley on the idea of a semiconductor amplifier that used copper oxide, an early and unsuccessful attempt at creating a <a href="/wiki/Field_effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Field effect transistor">field effect transistor</a>. Other researchers at Bell and elsewhere were also experimenting with semiconductors, using materials such as <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, but the pre-war research effort was somewhat haphazard and lacked strong theoretical grounding.<sup id="cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunMacdonald-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, both Brattain and Shockley were separately involved in research on magnetic detection of submarines with the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Research_Committee" title="National Defense Research Committee">National Defense Research Committee</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brattain's group developed <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> sensitive enough to detect anomalies in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this work, in 1944, Brattain patented a design for a magnetometer head.<sup id="cite_ref-PatentMagnetometer_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PatentMagnetometer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Bell Labs reorganized and created a group specifically to do fundamental research in solid state physics, relating to communications technologies. Creation of the sub-department was authorized by the vice-president for research, <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin Kelly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunMacdonald-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interdisciplinary group, it was co-led by Shockley and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_O._Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley O. Morgan (page does not exist)">Stanley O. Morgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> The new group was soon joined by <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunMacdonald-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bardeen was a close friend of Brattain's brother Robert, who had introduced John and Walter in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Fire_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fire-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often played bridge and golf together.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> Bardeen was a quantum physicist, Brattain a gifted experimenter in materials science, and Shockley, the leader of their team, was an expert in solid-state physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/220px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/330px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg/440px-Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>A stylized replica of the first transistor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardeen_Shockley_Brattain_1948.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bardeen_Shockley_Brattain_1948.JPG/220px-Bardeen_Shockley_Brattain_1948.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bardeen_Shockley_Brattain_1948.JPG/330px-Bardeen_Shockley_Brattain_1948.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bardeen_Shockley_Brattain_1948.JPG/440px-Bardeen_Shockley_Brattain_1948.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> and Walter Brattain at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>According to theories of the time, Shockley's field effect transistor, a cylinder coated thinly with silicon and mounted close to a metal plate, should have worked. He ordered Brattain and Bardeen to find out why it wouldn't. During November and December the two men carried out a variety of experiments, attempting to determine why Shockley's device wouldn't amplify.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bardeen was a brilliant theorist;<sup id="cite_ref-IllinoisAlumni_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IllinoisAlumni-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brattain, equally importantly, "had an intuitive feel for what you could do in semiconductors".<sup id="cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunMacdonald-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> Bardeen theorized that the failure to conduct might be the result of local variations in the <a href="/wiki/Surface_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface state">surface state</a> which trapped the <a href="/wiki/Charge_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge carriers">charge carriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maze_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maze-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 467–468">: 467–468 </span></sup> Brattain and Bardeen eventually managed to create a small level of amplification by pushing a gold metal point into the silicon, and surrounding it with distilled water. Replacing silicon with germanium enhanced the amplification, but only for low frequency currents.<sup id="cite_ref-Levine_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levine-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 16, Brattain devised a method of placing two gold leaf contacts close together on a germanium surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaacson_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaacson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brattain reported: "Using this double point contact, contact was made to a germanium surface that had been anodized to 90 volts, electrolyte washed off in H2O and then had some gold spots evaporated on it. The gold contacts were pressed down on the bare surface. Both gold contacts to the surface rectified nicely... One point was used as a grid and the other point as a plate. The bias (D.C.) on the grid had to be positive to get amplification"<sup id="cite_ref-Maze_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maze-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As described by Bardeen, "The initial experiments with the gold spot suggested immediately that holes were being introduced into the germanium block, increasing the concentration of holes near the surface. The names emitter and collector were chosen to describe this phenomenon. The only question was how the charge of the added holes was compensated. Our first thought was that the charge was compensated by surface states. Shockley later suggested that the charge was compensated by electrons in the bulk and suggested the junction transistor geometry... Later experiments carried out by Brattain and me showed that very likely both occur in the point-contact transistor."<sup id="cite_ref-Maze_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maze-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 470">: 470 </span></sup> </p><p>On December 23, 1947, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen, and William B. Shockley demonstrated the first working <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> to their colleagues at Bell Laboratories. Amplifying small electrical signals and supporting the processing of digital information, the transistor is "the key enabler of modern electronics".<sup id="cite_ref-Lundstrom_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundstrom-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three men received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 "for research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect."<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Convinced by the 1947 demonstration that a major breakthrough was being made, Bell Laboratories focused intensively on what it now called the <i>Surface States Project</i>. Initially, strict secrecy was observed. Carefully restricted internal conferences within Bell Labs shared information about the work of Brattain, Bardeen, Shockley and others who were engaged in related research.<sup id="cite_ref-Maze_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maze-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 471">: 471 </span></sup> Patents were registered, recording the invention of the point-contact transistor by Bardeen and Brattain.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost1997_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was considerable anxiety over whether <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Bray (page does not exist)">Ralph Bray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a>, studying resistance in germanium at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, might make a similar discovery and publish before Bell Laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunMacdonald-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–39">: 38–39 </span></sup> </p><p>On June 30, 1948, Bell Laboratories held a press conference to publicly announce their discovery. They also adopted an open policy in which new knowledge was freely shared with other institutions. By doing so, they avoided classification of the work as a military secret, and made possible widespread research and development of transistor technology. Bell Laboratories organized several symposia, open to university, industry and military participants, which were attended by hundreds of scientists in September 1951, April 1952, and 1956. Representatives from international as well as domestic companies attended.<sup id="cite_ref-Maze_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maze-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 471–472, 475–476">: 471–472, 475–476 </span></sup> </p><p>Shockley believed (and stated) that he should have received all the credit for the discovery of the transistor.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost1997_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavendish_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Transistorized_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transistorized-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He actively excluded Bardeen and Brattain from new areas of research,<sup id="cite_ref-Stuff_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the <a href="/wiki/Junction_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Junction transistor">junction transistor</a>, which Shockley patented.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost1997_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shockley's theory of the junction transistor was an "impressive achievement", pointing the way to future solid-state electronics, but it would be several years before its construction would become practically possible.<sup id="cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BraunMacdonald-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup> </p><p>Brattain transferred to another research group within Bell Laboratories, working with C. G. B. Garrett, and P. J. Boddy. He continued to study the surface properties of solids and the "transistor effect", so as to better understand the various factors underlying semiconductor behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79–81">: 79–81 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carey_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing it as "an intolerable situation", Bardeen left Bell Laboratories in 1951 to go to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>, where he eventually won a second Nobel Prize for his theory of <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost1997_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost1997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shockley left Bell Laboratories in 1953 and went on to form the <a href="/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory" title="Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Orville_Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Orville Beckman">Beckman Instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuff_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE20131129_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE20131129-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, the three men were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden">King Gustaf VI Adolf</a> of Sweden "for research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect."<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bardeen and Brattain were included for the discovery of the point-contact transistor; Shockley for the development of the junction transistor. Walter Brattain is credited as having said, when told of the award, "I certainly appreciate the honor. It is a great satisfaction to have done something in life and to have been recognized for it in this way. However, much of my good fortune comes from being in the right place, at the right time, and having the right sort of people to work with."<sup id="cite_ref-BELLNOBEL_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BELLNOBEL-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the three gave a lecture. Brattain spoke on <i>Surface Properties of Semiconductors</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-NobelBrattain_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelBrattain-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bardeen on <i>Semiconductor Research Leading to the Point Contact Transistor</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-NobelBardeen_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelBardeen-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shockley on <i>Transistor Technology Evokes New Physics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelShockley_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelShockley-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brattain later collaborated with P. J. Boddy and P. N. Sawyer on several papers on electrochemical processes in living matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> He became interested in <a href="/wiki/Blood_clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clotting">blood clotting</a> after his son required heart surgery. He also collaborated with Whitman chemistry professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Frasco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Frasco (page does not exist)">David Frasco</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">phospholipid bilayers</a> as a model to study the surface of living cells and their absorption processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuff_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching">Teaching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brattain taught at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> as a visiting lecturer in 1952 and at Whitman College as a visiting lecturer in 1962 and 1963, and a visiting professor beginning in 1963. Upon formally retiring from Bell Laboratories in 1967, he continued to teach at Whitman, becoming an adjunct professor in 1972. He retired from teaching in 1976 but continued to be a consultant at Whitman.<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Whitman, the Walter Brattain Scholarships are awarded on a merit basis to "entering students who have achieved high academic excellence in their college preparatory work." All applicants for admission are considered for the scholarship, which is potentially renewable for four years.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholarships_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholarships-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walter Brattain has been widely recognized for his contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-NWDA_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Awards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>, 1952 (jointly with Dr. John Bardeen)<sup id="cite_ref-FranklinCSA3247_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FranklinCSA3247-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Medal" title="John Scott Medal">John Scott Medal</a>, 1954 (jointly with Dr. John Bardeen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, 1956 (jointly with Dr. John Bardeen and Dr. William B. Shockley)<sup id="cite_ref-BELLNOBEL_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BELLNOBEL-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>, 1974</li></ul></li> <li>Memberships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.</li> <li>commission on semiconductors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Physics" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Physics">International Union of Pure and Applied Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Research_Advisory_Committee" title="Naval Research Advisory Committee">Naval Research Advisory Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honorary degrees <ul><li>Doctor of Science, Portland University, 1952</li> <li>Whitman College, 1955</li> <li>Union College, 1955 (jointly with Dr. John Bardeen)</li> <li>University of Minnesota, 1957</li></ul></li> <li>Other recognition <ul><li>USS <i>Brattain</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Night_Terrors_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)" title="Night Terrors (Star Trek: The Next Generation)">Night Terrors</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Walter_H._Brattain">"Walter H. Brattain"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Walter+H.+Brattain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FWalter_H._Brattain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prize-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prize_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prize_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prize_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1956/brattain-bio.html">"Walter Houser Brattain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Walter H. Brattain was born in Amoy, China, on February 10, 1902, the son of Ross R. Brattain and Ottilie Houser. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Houser+Brattain&rft.pub=Royal+Swedish+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1956%2Fbrattain-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardeen1994-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardeen1994_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardeen1994" class="citation book cs1">Bardeen, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/brattain-walter-h.pdf"><i>Walter Houser Brattain 1902–1987</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Houser+Brattain+1902%E2%80%931987&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bardeen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fbrattain-walter-h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fire-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fire_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fire_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fire_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fire_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fire_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiordanHoddeson1998" class="citation book cs1">Riordan, Michael; Hoddeson, Lillian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZ6wm5ZSUmsC&pg=PA304"><i>Crystal fire : the invention of the transistor and the birth of the information age</i></a>. New York [u.a.]: Norton. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393318517" title="Special:BookSources/9780393318517"><bdi>9780393318517</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crystal+fire+%3A+the+invention+of+the+transistor+and+the+birth+of+the+information+age&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780393318517&rft.aulast=Riordan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Hoddeson%2C+Lillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZ6wm5ZSUmsC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANBO2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANBO2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2001" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, David Y. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301949">"Brattain, Walter H. (1902–1987), Physicists, Physicists, Nobel Prize Winners"</a>. <i>American National Biography Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1301949">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301949</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198606697" title="Special:BookSources/9780198606697"><bdi>9780198606697</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brattain%2C+Walter+H.+%281902%E2%80%931987%29%2C+Physicists%2C+Physicists%2C+Nobel+Prize+Winners&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1301949&rft.isbn=9780198606697&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=David+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordindex.oup.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1301949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBS1999_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/addlbios/brattainr.html">"Robert Brattain"</a>. <i>PBS Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Online&rft.atitle=Robert+Brattain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ftransistor%2Falbum1%2Faddlbios%2Fbrattainr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardeed1994" class="citation web cs1">Bardeed, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/brattain-walter-h.pdf">"Walter Houser Brattain, 1902–1987"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Houser+Brattain%2C+1902%E2%80%931987&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bardeed&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fbrattain-walter-h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWDA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWDA_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocaMcFarlandMallenHastings" class="citation web cs1">Coca, Andreea; McFarland, Colleen; Mallen, Janet; Hastings, Emi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv72175">"Guide to the Walter Brattain Family Papers 1860–1990"</a>. <i>Northwest Digital Archives (NWDA)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northwest+Digital+Archives+%28NWDA%29&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Walter+Brattain+Family+Papers+1860%E2%80%931990&rft.aulast=Coca&rft.aufirst=Andreea&rft.au=McFarland%2C+Colleen&rft.au=Mallen%2C+Janet&rft.au=Hastings%2C+Emi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnwda.orbiscascade.org%2Fark%3A%2F80444%2Fxv72175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Heller_Anderson1987" class="citation news cs1">Susan Heller Anderson (October 14, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/14/obituaries/walter-brattain-inventor-is-dead.html">"Walter Brattain, Inventor, Is Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Walter H. Brattain, who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics for the invention of the transistor, died yesterday of Alzheimer's Disease in a nursing home in Seattle. He was 85 years old. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Walter+Brattain%2C+Inventor%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=1987-10-14&rft.au=Susan+Heller+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F10%2F14%2Fobituaries%2Fwalter-brattain-inventor-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keren1957-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keren1957_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Necrology". <i>Chemical and Engineering News</i>. <b>35</b> (19): 58. May 13, 1957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v035n019.p058">10.1021/cen-v035n019.p058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+and+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Necrology&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1957-05-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v035n019.p058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dignitymemorial.com/obituaries/tigard-or/william-brattain-8932502">"William Brattain Obituary - Tigard, OR"</a>. <i>Dignity Memorial</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Son of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Walter H. Brattain [...] to inter his ashes beside his father in Pomeroy City Cemetery, Pomeroy, Washington.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dignity+Memorial&rft.atitle=William+Brattain+Obituary+-+Tigard%2C+OR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dignitymemorial.com%2Fobituaries%2Ftigard-or%2Fwilliam-brattain-8932502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OralHistory-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4532_1.html">"Oral History interview transcript with Walter Brattain January 1964 & 28 May 1974"</a>. <i>Niels Bohr Library and Archives</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>. March 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niels+Bohr+Library+and+Archives&rft.atitle=Oral+History+interview+transcript+with+Walter+Brattain+January+1964+%26+28+May+1974&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fohilist%2F4532_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levine-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levine_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2008" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Alaina G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/programs/outreach/history/historicsites/transistor.cfm">"John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain Invention of the Transistor – Bell Laboratories"</a>. <i>APS Physics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APS+Physics&rft.atitle=John+Bardeen%2C+William+Shockley%2C+Walter+Brattain+Invention+of+the+Transistor+%E2%80%93+Bell+Laboratories&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Alaina+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fprograms%2Foutreach%2Fhistory%2Fhistoricsites%2Ftransistor.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BraunMacdonald-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BraunMacdonald_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunMacdonald1982" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Ernest; Macdonald, Stuart (1982). <i>Revolution in miniature : the history and impact of semiconductor electronics</i> (2nd. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521289030" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521289030"><bdi>978-0521289030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+in+miniature+%3A+the+history+and+impact+of+semiconductor+electronics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0521289030&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PatentMagnetometer-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PatentMagnetometer_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2605072">"Integral-drive magnetometer head US 2605072 A"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integral-drive+magnetometer+head+US+2605072+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2605072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacson-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation news cs1">Isaacson, Walter (December 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-12-04/microchips-the-transistor-was-the-first-step">"Microchips: The Transistor Was the First Step"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Business</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Business&rft.atitle=Microchips%3A+The+Transistor+Was+the+First+Step&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbw%2Farticles%2F2014-12-04%2Fmicrochips-the-transistor-was-the-first-step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IllinoisAlumni-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IllinoisAlumni_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoddeson" class="citation news cs1">Hoddeson, Lillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uiaa.org/illinois/news/illinoisalumni/0805b.html">"Gentle Genius UI professor John Bardeen won two Nobel prizes – so why don't more people know about him?"</a>. <i>University of Illinois Alumni Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Illinois+Alumni+Association&rft.atitle=Gentle+Genius+UI+professor+John+Bardeen+won+two+Nobel+prizes+%E2%80%93+so+why+don%27t+more+people+know+about+him%3F&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uiaa.org%2Fillinois%2Fnews%2Fillinoisalumni%2F0805b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maze-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maze_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maze_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maze_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maze_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maze_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoddeson1992" class="citation book cs1">Hoddeson, Lillian (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCpPPHhMdRcC&pg=PA467"><i>Out of the crystal maze : chapters from the history of solid state physics</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195053296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195053296"><bdi>978-0195053296</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+crystal+maze+%3A+chapters+from+the+history+of+solid+state+physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195053296&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWCpPPHhMdRcC%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundstrom-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lundstrom_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundstrom2014" class="citation book cs1">Lundstrom, Mark (2014). <i>Essential Physics of Nanoscale Transistors</i>. Lessons from Nanoscience: A Lecture Notes Series. Vol. 06. World Scientific Pub Co Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9018">10.1142/9018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4571-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4571-73-9"><bdi>978-981-4571-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Physics+of+Nanoscale+Transistors.&rft.series=Lessons+from+Nanoscience%3A+A+Lecture+Notes+Series&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Pub+Co+Inc&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9018&rft.isbn=978-981-4571-73-9&rft.aulast=Lundstrom&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPost1997-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPost1997_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPost1997_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPost1997_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPost1997_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler1997" class="citation news cs1">Kessler, Ronald (April 6, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224230527/http://www1.hollins.edu/faculty/richter/327/AbsentCreation.htm">"Absent at the Creation; How one scientist made off with the biggest invention since the light bulb"</a>. <i>The Washington Post Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.hollins.edu/faculty/richter/327/AbsentCreation.htm">the original</a> on February 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post+Magazine&rft.atitle=Absent+at+the+Creation%3B+How+one+scientist+made+off+with+the+biggest+invention+since+the+light+bulb&rft.date=1997-04-06&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.hollins.edu%2Ffaculty%2Frichter%2F327%2FAbsentCreation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Is_rosCeKUC&pg=PA57"><i>Inventors and inventions</i></a>. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2007. pp. 57–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761477617" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761477617"><bdi>978-0761477617</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventors+and+inventions.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57-68&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0761477617&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Is_rosCeKUC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transistorized-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Transistorized_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/addlbios/egos.html">"Shockley, Brattain and Bardeen"</a>. <i>Transistorized</i>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+Stuff+Works&rft.atitle=Walter+Houser+Brattain&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffamous-scientists%2Fphysicists%2Fwalter-houser-brattain-info.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carey_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2006" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Charles W. Jr. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00r9waSNv1cC&pg=PA39"><i>American Scientists</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816054992"><bdi>978-0816054992</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Scientists&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0816054992&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00r9waSNv1cC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE20131129-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEEE20131129_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brock, David C. (November 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131201061757/http://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/innovation/how-william-shockleys-robot-dream-helped-launch-silicon-valley">"How William Shockley's Robot Dream Helped Launch Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/at-work/innovation/how-william-shockleys-robot-dream-helped-launch-silicon-valley">the original</a> on December 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=How+William+Shockley%27s+Robot+Dream+Helped+Launch+Silicon+Valley&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fat-work%2Finnovation%2Fhow-william-shockleys-robot-dream-helped-launch-silicon-valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BELLNOBEL-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BELLNOBEL_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BELLNOBEL_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to Transistor Inventors". <i>Bell System Technical Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (6): i–iv. 1956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1956.tb03829.x">10.1002/j.1538-7305.1956.tb03829.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bell+System+Technical+Journal&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+Awarded+to+Transistor+Inventors&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=i-iv&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1956.tb03829.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelBrattain-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelBrattain_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrattain1956" class="citation journal cs1">Brattain, Walter H. (December 11, 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/brattain-lecture.html">"Surface Properties of Semiconductors"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>126</b> (3265). Nobelprize.org: 151–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.126.3265.151">10.1126/science.126.3265.151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17743910">17743910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Surface+Properties+of+Semiconductors&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3265&rft.pages=151-3&rft.date=1956-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.126.3265.151&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17743910&rft.aulast=Brattain&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1956%2Fbrattain-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelBardeen-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelBardeen_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardeen1956" class="citation web cs1">Bardeen, John (December 11, 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/bardeen-lecture.html">"Semiconductor Research Leading to the Point Contact Transistor"</a>. <i>Nobel Lecture</i>. Nobelprize.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobel+Lecture&rft.atitle=Semiconductor+Research+Leading+to+the+Point+Contact+Transistor&rft.date=1956-12-11&rft.aulast=Bardeen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1956%2Fbardeen-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelShockley-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelShockley_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShockley1956" class="citation web cs1">Shockley, William (December 11, 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/shockley-lecture.html">"Transistor Technology Evokes New Physics"</a>. <i>Nobel Lecture</i>. Nobelprize.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobel+Lecture&rft.atitle=Transistor+Technology+Evokes+New+Physics&rft.date=1956-12-11&rft.aulast=Shockley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1956%2Fshockley-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholarships-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scholarships_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101340/http://www.whitman.edu/academics/catalog/financial-aid/special-scholarship-programs">"Special Scholarship Programs"</a>. <i>Whitman College</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitman.edu/academics/catalog/financial-aid/special-scholarship-programs">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whitman+College&rft.atitle=Special+Scholarship+Programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitman.edu%2Facademics%2Fcatalog%2Ffinancial-aid%2Fspecial-scholarship-programs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FranklinCSA3247-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FranklinCSA3247_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/bardeenbrattain/file.html">"Case File of John Bardeen and Walter Brattain Committee on Science and the Arts 1954 Ballantine Medal"</a>. <i>Franklin Institute</i>. January 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Franklin+Institute&rft.atitle=Case+File+of+John+Bardeen+and+Walter+Brattain+Committee+on+Science+and+the+Arts+1954+Ballantine+Medal&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearn.fi.edu%2Flearn%2Fcase-files%2Fbardeenbrattain%2Ffile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv72175/">Walter Brattain family papers at the Whitman College and Northwest Archives, Whitman College.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4532-1">Oral history interview transcript with Walter Brattain on June 1964, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4532-2">Oral history interview transcript with Walter Brattain on 28 May 1974, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session II</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardeen1994" class="citation book cs1">Bardeen, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/brattain-walter-h.pdf"><i>Walter Houser Brattain 1902–1987</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Houser+Brattain+1902%E2%80%931987&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bardeen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fpublications%2Fbiographical-memoirs%2Fmemoir-pdfs%2Fbrattain-walter-h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Houser+Brattain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/67">Walter Houser Brattain</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184577#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1956 <i>Surface Properties of Semiconductors</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1956_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1956 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1956_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1956 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (United States)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walter Houser Brattain</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Frédéric Cournand</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1951 Nobel Prize winners">1951</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners">1953</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1954 Nobel Prize winners">1954</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1955_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1955 Nobel Prize winners">1955</a></dd> <dd><b>1956 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184577#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184577#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083802017">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47588186">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/210683/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8vKTk9G3hqPGWy4dRKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12027518X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87891068">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153770&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007322480105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Brattain, Walter H. (Walter Houser)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12486555?l=en">CiNii</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/56b058e2-3ca3-4acf-bcb1-d7ec97d3283b">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd12027518X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/12027518X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x068rn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&oldid=1251338113">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&oldid=1251338113</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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